Professional Documents
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ZigBee
802.15.4 and the ZigBee Alliance
Motorola 802.15.4/ZigBee™ Platform
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Contents
1. The ZigBee Alliance and 802.15.4
2. Features of Protocol Stack
3. ZigBee and Bluetooth
4. Reliability Throughout the Stacks
5. Robustness Throughout the Stacks
6. 802.15.4/ZigBee vs. Bluetooth
7. Motorola 802.15.4/ZigBee™ Platform
8. An Application Example
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
The ZigBee Alliance and 802.15.4
1. The ZigBee Alliance is
¾ A consortium of end users and solution providers, primarily responsible for
the development of the 802.15.4 standard
¾ Developing applications and network capability utilizing the 802.15.4 packet
delivery mechanism
¾ Addresses application and interoperability needs of a substantial part of the
market
2. IEEE 802.15.4
¾ Composed of many of the individuals and companies that make up the
ZigBee Alliance
¾ Developed the basic PHY and MAC standard with the requirement that 15.4
be simple and manageable and that high‐level functionality (networking,
security key management, applications) be considered
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee (1/2)
1. ZigBee is designed to be a low power, low cost, low data rate, wireless
solution.
2. ZigBee relies upon the robust IEEE 802.15.4 PHY/MAC to provide
reliable data transfer in noisy, interference‐rich environments
3. ZigBee layers on top of 15.4 with Mesh Networking, Security, and
Applications control
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee (2/2)
1. ZigBee Value Propositions
¾ Addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control network
applications
1) Infrequent, low rate and small packet data
¾ Enables the broad‐based deployment of wireless networks with low cost &
low power solutions
1) Example: Lighting, security, HVAC,
2) Supports peer‐to‐peer, star and mesh networks
¾ Monitor and sensor applications that need to have a battery life of years on
alkaline batteries
1) Example – security systems, smoke alarms
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
What is the ZigBee Alliance?
1. Organization defining global standards for reliable, cost‐effective, low
power wireless applications
2. A rapidly growing, worldwide, non‐profit industry consortium of
¾ Leading semiconductor manufacturers
¾ Technology providers
¾ OEMs
¾ End‐users
3. Sensors are one of the reasons for ZigBee!
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
What is ZigBee technology?
1. Cost‐effective, standards‐based wireless networking solution
2. Developed for and targets applications that need
¾ Low to moderate data rates and low duty cycles
¾ Low average power consumption / long battery life
¾ Security and reliability
¾ Flexible and dynamic network topologies
1) Star, cluster tree and mesh networks
¾ Interoperable application frameworks controlled by an industry alliance to
ensure interoperability/compatibility
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
The ZigBee Alliance Solution
1. Targeted at
¾ Industrial and Commercial control/monitoring systems
¾ Wireless sensor systems
¾ Home and Building automation and controls
¾ Medical monitoring
¾ Consumer electronics
¾ PC peripherals
2. Industry standard through application profiles running over IEEE
802.15.4 radios
3. Primary drivers
¾ Simplicity
¾ Long battery life
¾ Networking capabilities
¾ Reliability
¾ Low cost
4. Alliance member companies provide interoperability and certification
testing
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Why do we need ZigBee technology?
1. ONLY standards‐based technology that
¾ Addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control and
sensory network applications
¾ Enables the broad‐based deployment of wireless networks with low cost, low
power solutions
¾ Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive primary batteries for a
typical monitoring application
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee Alliance
1. Submission Title: [What You Should Know about the ZigBee Alliance]
2. Date Submitted: [24 September 2003
3. Source: [Jon Adams] Company [Motorola]
4. Address [2100 E Elliott Rd, Tempe AZ 85254]
5. Voice:[480‐413‐3439], FAX: [480‐413‐4433], E‐Mail:[jta@motorola.com]
6. Re: [Sensors Expo Workshop]
7. Abstract: [Description of measures used to enhance reliability in IEEE
802.15.4/ZigBee]
8. Purpose: [Point of discussion for the Sensors Expo]
9. Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the ZigBee Alliance. It is offered
as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or
organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and
content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or
withdraw material contained herein.
10. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution will be
posted in the member area of the ZigBee web site. Hanyang
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Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee Stack Release Matrix
Application Profiles
Stack Version Release date and status Feature summary Compatibility
Supported
“ZigBee V1.0”, “r06” Spec: 8 bit clusters, KVP/MSG
(sometimes referred December 2004 services Home Controls No frame compatibility
to as Home Platform test: March 2005 Joint routing Lighting (since with “ZigBee” or “ZigBee‐
Controls V0) Currently shipped by all CSKIP addresses abandoned) Pro”
platform suppliers! Coordinator binding
16 bit clusters, KVP/MSG
services removed Commercial Frame compatibility with
Spec: Joint routing with CSKIP Building ZigBee‐Pro expected
“ZigBee” stack
August 2006 (est) addresses Automation No frame compatibility
(formerly known as
Platform test: Coordinator binding Industrial Plant with “ZigBee V1.0”
Home Controls V1) optional Monitoring
August 2006 (est) No compatibility with
ZigBee cluster library Home Automation “ZigBee‐Pro” networks
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Architecture Objectives
ZigBee Architecture Objectives
1. Enables cost‐effective, low power, reliable devices for monitoring and
control
2. ZigBee’s architecture developed to target environments and applications
best suited to the technology
3. Provide a platform and implementation for wirelessly networked devices
4. Ensure interoperability through the definition of application profiles
5. Define the ZigBee network and stack models
6. Provide the framework to allow a separation of concerns for the
specification, design, and implementation of ZigBee devices
7. Allow future extension of ZigBee
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee Feature Set
1. ZigBee V1.0
¾ Ad‐hoc self forming networks
1) Mesh, Cluster Tree and Star
¾ Logical Device Types
1) Coordinator, Router and End Device
¾ Applications
1) Device and Service Discovery
2) Messaging with optional responses
3) Home Controls Lighting Profile
4) General mechanism to define private Profiles
¾ Security
1) Symmetric Key with AES‐128
2) Authentication and Encryption at MAC, NWK and Application levels
3) Master Keys, Network Keys and Link Keys
¾ Qualification
1) Conformance Certification (Platform and Profile)
2) Interoperability Events
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
How A ZigBee Network Forms
1. Devices are pre‐programmed for their network function
¾ Coordinator scans to find an unused channel to start a network
¾ Router (mesh device within a network) scans to find an active channel to join,
then permits other devices to join
¾ End Device will always try to join an existing network
2. Devices discover other devices in the network providing complementary
services
¾ Service Discovery can be initiated from any device within the network
3. Devices can be bound to other devices offering complementary services
¾ Binding provides a command and control feature for specially identified sets
of devices
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee Address Architecture
1. Addressing
¾ Every device has a unique 64 bit MAC address
¾ Upon association, every device receives a unique 16 bit network address
¾ Only the 16 bit network address is used to route packets within the network
¾ Devices retain their 16 bit address if they disconnect from the network,
however, if the LEAVE the network, the 16 bit address is re‐assigned
¾ NWK broadcast implemented above the MAC:
1) NWK address 0xFFFF is the broadcast address
2) Special algorithm in NWK to propagate the message
4) Radius Limited Broadcast feature
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Packet Structure
1. Packet Fields
¾ Preamble (32 bits) ‐ synchronization
¾ Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits) ‐ specifies one of 3 packet types
¾ PHY Header (8 bits) ‐ Sync Burst flag, PSDU length
¾ PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) ‐ Data
6 Bytes 0‐127 Bytes
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
General Data Packet Structure
Preamble sequence
Start of Packet Delimiter
CRC‐16
Data sequence number
Addresses according to specified mode
Flags specify addressing mode
Length for decoding simplicity
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee Network Model
1. Star networks support a single ZigBee coordinator with one or more
ZigBee End Devices (up to 65,536 in theory)
2. Mesh network routing permits path formation from any source device
to any destination device Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Wireless Networking Basics
1. Network Scan
¾ Device scans the 16 channels to determine the best channel to occupy.
2. Creating/Joining a PAN
¾ Device can create a network (coordinator) on a free channel or join an existing
network
3. Device Discovery
¾ Device queries the network to discover the identity of devices on active
channels
4. Service Discovery
¾ Device scans for supported services on devices within the network
5. Binding
¾ Devices communicate via command/control messaging
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Network Pieces – PAN Coordinator
1. PAN Coordinator
PAN Coordinator
¾ “owns” the network
1) Starts it
2) Allows other devices to join it
3) Provides binding and address‐table
services
4) Saves messages until they can be
delivered
5) And more… could also have i/o
capability
¾ A “full‐function device” – FFD
¾ Mains powered
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Network Pieces ‐ Router
1. Routers
¾ Routes messages
¾ Does not own or start network
1) Scans to find a network to join
9 Given a block of addresses to assign
¾ A “full‐function device” – FFD
¾ Mains powered depending on topology
¾ Could also have i/o capability Routers
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Network Pieces – End Device
1. End Device
¾ Communicates with a single device
¾ Does not own or start network
1) Scans to find a network to join
¾ Can be an FFD or RFD (reduced function device)
¾ Usually battery powered
End Device
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Battery Life
1. ZigBee protocol was designed from the ground up to support
¾ very long life battery applications
2. Users can expect
¾ Near‐shelf life in a typical monitoring application
3. Battery life is ultimately a function of
¾ battery capacity and application usage
4. Many industrial applications are in harsh thermal environments
¾ Batteries may include alkalines or Li‐primaries
¾ Other forms of power generation might include solar, mechanical,
piezoelectric
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee Membership Classes
1. Promoters
¾ founding members of ZigBee, who form the Board of Directors. There are
currently 5 promoters + 1 chairperson
2. Participants
¾ members who generally wish to make technical contributions and/or serve
on the Technical Group committees. These members have early access to
specifications, and they may also chair working group subcommittees. They
are in a position to help shape the ZigBee technology for industrial
applications and the connected home.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee Alliance Member
Promoters
Participants
And more each month…
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15 Working Group
Hanyang
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Robot Sensor Networks
Comparison between WPAN
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 Basics (1/2)
1. Simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless networks
¾ Released in May 2003
¾ Channel Access is via Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance
and optional time slotting
¾ Message acknowledgement and an optional beacon structure
¾ Multi‐level security
¾ Works well for
1) Long battery life, selectable latency for controllers, sensors, remote monitoring and
portable electronics
¾ Configured for maximum battery life, has the potential to last as long as the
shelf life of most batteries
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 Basics (2/2)
Frequency Band License Required? Geographic Region Data Rate Channel Number (s)
Normal Channel Occupancy
2.412 2.437 2.462 2.4835
(end of ISM Band)
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (1/2)
Introduction to The IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
1. IEEE 802.15.4 standard released May 2003
¾ Semiconductor manufacturers
1) Sampling Transceiver ICs and platform hardware/software to Alpha Customers now
¾ Users of the technology
1) Defining application profiles for the first products, an effort organized by the ZigBee
Alliance
2. Includes layers up to and including Link Layer Control
¾ LLC is standardized in 802.1
3. Supports multiple network topologies including Star, Cluster Tree and
Mesh
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (2/2)
1. Features of the MAC: ZigBee Application Framework
¾ Association/dissociation
Networking App Layer (NWK)
¾ ACK
¾ frame delivery Data Link Controller (DLC)
¾ channel access mechanism
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.15.4 LLC
¾ frame validation LLC, Type I
¾ guaranteed time slot management IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
¾ beacon management
IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4
¾ channel scan 868/915 MHz PHY 2400 MHz PHY
¾ Low complexity:
1) 26 primitives versus 131 primitives for 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY overview
1. PHY functionalities:
¾ Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver
¾ Energy detection within the current channel
¾ Link quality indication for received packets
¾ Clear channel assessment for CSMA‐CA
¾ Channel frequency selection
¾ Data transmission and reception
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
PHY frame structure
1. PHY packet fields
¾ Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization
¾ Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) – shall be formatted as “11100101”
¾ PHY header (8 bits) –PSDU length
¾ PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) – data field
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Operating frequency bands
2.4 GHz
PHY Channels 11‐26 5 MHz
2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Frequency bands and data rates
1. The standard specifies two PHYs :
¾ 868 MHz/915 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (11 channels)
1) 1 channel (20Kb/s) in European 868MHz band
2) 10 channels (40Kb/s) in 915 (902‐928)MHz ISM band
¾ 2450 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (16 channels)
1) 16 channels (250Kb/s) in 2.4GHz band
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
1. Employs 64‐bit IEEE & 16‐bit short addresses
¾ Ultimate network size can be >> nodes (more than we’ll probably need…)
¾ Using local addressing, simple networks of more than 65,000 (2^16) nodes
can be configured, with reduced address overhead
2. Three devices specified
¾ Network Coordinator
¾ Full Function Device (FFD)
¾ Reduced Function Device (RFD)
3. Simple frame structure
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
1. Reliable delivery of data
2. Association/disassociation
3. AES‐128 security
4. CSMA‐CA channel access
5. Optional super frame structure with beacons
6. Optional GTS mechanism
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
MAC/PHY Frame Format
IEEE 802.15 .4 MAC/PHY Frame Format
Max 127 Bytes
Four frame types:
1. Beacon
Bytes: 2 1 0‐20 variable 2
2. Data
3. MAC command Frame Sequence Address Frame check
Payload
control number info sequence
4. Acknowledge
MAC MAC service
MAC Header data unit MAC footer
sub
layer
MAC protocol data unit MAC
frame
Bytes: 4 1 1 Max 127 Bytes
PHY protocol data unit
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Superframe (1/3)
Beacon Beacon
CAP CFP
GTS GTS
Inactive
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
BI = aBaseSuperframeDuration*2 BO symbols
1. A superframe is divided into two parts
¾ Inactive: all devices sleep
¾ Active:
1) Active period will be divided into 16 slots
2) 16 slots can further divided into two parts
9 Contention access period
9 Contention free period
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Superframe (2/3)
1. Beacons are used for
¾ starting superframes
¾ synchronizing with associated devices
¾ announcing the existence of a PAN
¾ informing pending data in coordinators
2. In a beacon enabled network,
¾ Devices use the slotted CAMA/CA mechanism to contend for the usage of
channels
¾ FFDs which require fixed rates of transmissions can ask for guarantee time slots
(GTS) from the coordinator
3. The structure of superframes is controlled by two parameters: beacon
order (BO) and superframe order (SO)
¾ BO decides the length of a superframe
¾ SO decides the length of the active potion in a superframe
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Superframe (3/3)
1. For a beacon‐enabled network, the setting of BO and SO should satisfy
the relationship 0≦SO≦BO≦14
2. For channels 11 to 26, the length of a superframe can range from 15.36
msec to 215.7 sec.
¾ which means very low duty cycle
3. Each device will be active for 2‐(BO‐SO) portion of the time, and sleep for 1‐
2‐(BO‐SO) portion of the time
4. In IEEE 802.15.4, devices’ duty cycle follow the specification
BO-SO 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ≧10
Duty cycle
100 50 25 12 6.25 3.125 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.195 < 0.1
(%)
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Device to Coordinator
Data Transfer Model (Device to Coordinator)
1. Data transferred from device to coordinator
¾ In a beacon‐enable network, device finds the beacon to synchronize to the
superframe structure. Then using slotted CSMA/CA to transmit its data.
¾ In a non beacon‐enable network, device simply transmits its data using
unslotted CSMA/CA
Communication to a coordinator Communication to a coordinator
In a beacon‐enabled network In a non beacon‐enabled network
Hanyang
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Robot Sensor Networks
Coordinator to Device (1/2)
Data Transfer Model (Coordinator to Device )
1. Data transferred from
coordinator to device
¾ In a beacon‐enable network, the
coordinator indicates in the
beacon that the data is pending.
Device periodically listens to the
beacon and transmits a MAC
command request using slotted
CSMA/CA if necessary.
Communication from a coordinator
In a beacon‐enabled network
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Coordinator to Device (2/2)
Data Transfer Model (Coordinator to Device )
1. Data transferred from coordinator to
device
¾ In a non‐beacon‐enable network, a
device transmits a MAC command
request using unslotted CSMA/CA. If
the coordinator has its pending data,
the coordinator transmits data frame
using unslotted CSMA/CA. Otherwise, Communication from a coordinator
coordinator transmits a data frame in a non beacon‐enabled network
with zero length payload.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Channel Access Mechanism
1. Two type channel access mechanism:
¾ In non‐beacon‐enabled networks Æ unslotted CSMA/CA channel access
mechanism
¾ In beacon‐enabled networks Æ slotted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
CSMA/CA Algorithm
1. In slotted CSMA/CA
¾ The backoff period boundaries of every device in the PAN shall be aligned
with the superframe slot boundaries of the PAN coordinator
1) i.e. the start of first backoff period of each device is aligned with the start of the
beacon transmission
¾ The MAC sublayer shall ensure that the PHY layer commences all of its
transmissions on the boundary of a backoff period
2. Each device shall maintain three variables for each transmission attempt
¾ NB: number of time the CSMA/CA algorithm was required to backoff while
attempting the current transmission
¾ CW: contention window length, the number of backoff periods that needs to
be clear of channel activity before transmission can commence (initial to 2 and
reset to 2 if sensed channel to be busy)
¾ BE: the backoff exponent which is related to how many backoff periods a
device shall wait before attempting to assess a channel
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Options
1. Two channel access mechanisms
¾ Non‐beacon network
1) Standard ALOHA CSMA‐CA communications
2) Positive acknowledgement for successfully received packets
¾ Beacon‐enabled network
1) Super frame structure
9 For dedicated bandwidth and low latency
9 Set up by network coordinator to transmit beacons at predetermined intervals
9 15ms to 252sec (15.38ms*2n where 0 ≤ n ≤ 14)
9 16 equal‐width time slots between beacons
9 Channel access in each time slot is contention free
¾ Three security levels specified
1) None
2) Access control lists
3) Symmetric key employing AES‐128
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types
1. Three device types
¾ Network Coordinator
1) Maintains overall network knowledge; most sophisticated of the three types; most
memory and computing power
¾ Full Function Device
1) Carries full 802.15.4 functionality and all features specified by the standard
2) Additional memory, computing power make it ideal for a network router function
3) Could also be used in network edge devices (where the network touches the real
world)
¾ Reduced Function Device
1) Carriers limited (as specified by the standard) functionality to control cost and
complexity
2) General usage will be in network edge devices
2. All of these devices can be no more complicated than the transceiver, a
simple 8‐bit MCU and a pair of AAA batteries!
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Data Frame Format
1. One of two most basic and important structures in 15.4
2. Provides up to 104 byte data payload capacity
3. Data sequence numbering to ensure that all packets are tracked
4. Robust frame structure improves reception in difficult conditions
5. Frame Check Sequence (FCS) ensures that packets received are without
error
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Acknowledgement Frame Format
1. The other most important structure for 15.4
2. Provides active feedback from receiver to sender that packet was received
without error
3. Short packet that takes advantage of standards‐specified “quiet time”
immediately after data packet transmission
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
MAC Command Frame Format
1. Mechanism for remote control/configuration of client nodes
2. Allows a centralized network manager to configure individual clients
no matter how large the network
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Beacon Frame Format
1. Beacons add a new level of functionality to a network
2. Client devices can wake up only when a beacon is to be broadcast, listen
for their address, and if not heard, return to sleep
3. Beacons are important for mesh and cluster tree networks to keep all of the
nodes synchronized without requiring nodes to consume precious battery
energy listening for long periods of time
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Frequencies and Data Rates
1. The two PHY bands (UHF/Microwave) have different physical,
protocol‐based and geopolitical characteristics
¾ Worldwide coverage available at 2.4GHz at 250kbps
¾ 900MHz for Americas and some of the Pacific
¾ 868MHz for European‐specific markets
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ISM Band Interference and Coexistence
1. Potential for interference exists in every ISM band, not just 2.4GHz
2. IEEE 802.11 and 802.15.2 committees are addressing coexistence issues
3. ZigBee/802.15.4 Protocol is very robust
¾ Clear channel checking before transmission
¾ Backoff and retry if no acknowledgement received
¾ Duty cycle of a ZigBee‐compliant device is usually extremely low
¾ It’s the “cockroach that survives the nuclear war”
1) Waits for an opening in otherwise busy RF spectrum
2) Waits for acknowledgements to verify packet reception at other end
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 1451.5 Sensor Group
IEEE 1451.5 Sensor Group Wireless Criteria
1. A survey was conducted mid‐2002 on the characteristics of a wireless
sensor network most important to its users
2. In order of importance, these characteristics are
¾ Data Reliability
¾ Battery Life
¾ Cost
¾ Transmission Range
¾ Data Rate
¾ Data Latency
¾ Physical Size
¾ Data Security
3. How would you modify these requirements, if at all?
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Freescale 802.15.14 Radio Example
1. Key Features
¾ IEEE® 802.15.4 Compliant
1) 2.4GHz
2) 16 selectable channels
3) 250Kbps Data Rate
4) 250Kbps 0‐QPSK DSSS
¾ Multiple Power Saving Modes
1) Hibernate 2.3uA MC13191/2/3
MC9S08GT Family
2) Doze 35uA Analog GPIO
Digital Transceiver
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Freescale 802.15.14 Radio Example
cont’d
¾ Internal Timer comparators (reduce MCU resources)
¾ ‐16.6dBm to +3.6dBm output power
1) Software selectable
2) On‐chip regulator
¾ Up to ‐92 Rx sensitivity at 1% PER
¾ 2V to 3.4 operating voltage
¾ ‐40˚C to +85˚C operating temperature
¾ Low external component count
1) Requires single 16Mhz Xtal (Auto Trim)
¾ 5mmx5mm QFN‐32
1) Lead‐Free
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802.15.4
MC13201 MC13202 MC13203
Low cost 2.4 GHz transceiver for IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant 2.4 GHz ZigBee‐Ready 2.4 GHz transceiver
proprietary applications transceiver
Overview
Buffered transmit and receive data packets for use with low cost MCUs
Low component count reduces complexity and cost
Programmable clock output available to MCU
Network Topology Point‐to‐Point and Star Peer‐to‐Peer, Star and Mesh
Software
Simple MAC (SMAC) IEEE 802.15.4 MAC ZigBee Stack
Transfer Mode Packet Packet and Streaming
Throughput 250 Kbps, O‐QPSK Modulation, DSSS Energy Spreading Scheme
Tx/Rx Switch Integrated on‐chip
Low Power Modes Off, Hibernate, Doze and Idle
Sensitivity ‐91 dBm ‐94 dBm
Power Supply 2.0 to 3.4 V
MCU Support 8‐bit MCU, ColdFire, S12, DSC Optimized for 8‐bit HCS08 Family
MCU Interface SPI Interface to MCU
Power Output ‐27 dBm to +4 dBm (software selectable)
Operating Temp ‐40º to +85ºC Operating Temperature
Package 5x5x1 mm 32‐pin QFN (Meets RoHS requirements)
10K SRP $2.35 $2.75 $3.28
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
The 802.15.4 / Zigbee Sandbox
Wireless Video
Applications
Faster
802.11a WiFi
Peak Data Rate
IrDA
802.11b
2.5G/3G
HomeRF
Bluetooth
ISM Link
ZigBee
802.15.4
Slower
Range
Closer Farther
Hanyang
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Robot Sensor Networks
The Application Space
The Application Space for 802.15.4/ZigBee
CONSUMER
BUILDING ELECTRONICS
AUTOMATION
Remote Control PC & PERIPHERALS
Security, HVAC,
AMR, Mouse, Keyboard,
Lighting Control, Joystick
Access Control
RESIDENTIAL/
LIGHT COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
INDUSTRIAL
Security, HVAC, CONTROL
Lighting Control,
PERSONAL
Access Control Asset Mgt,
HEALTH CARE
Process Control,
Energy Mgt
Patient monitoring
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
The Wireless Market
802.11b
< RANGE
802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g
ZigBee
Bluetooth 2
PAN
Bluetooth1
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Market Size
802.15.4/ZigBee Market Size
1. Strong growth in areas such as wireless sensors will help fuel the
growth of 802.15.4 and ZigBee
¾ Harbor Research reports that by 2008, 100 million wireless sensors will be in
use
¾ On World reports that by 2010, more then 500 million nodes will ship for wireless
sensor applications
2. ABI Research forecasts shipments of ZigBee devices in 2005 at about 1
million, growing to 80 million units by the end of 2006
3. In‐Stat 2004 report has an aggressive forecast of over 150 million annual
units of 802.15.4 and ZigBee chipsets by 2008
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Features of Protocol Stack
Development of the Standard
1. ZigBee Alliance
¾ 50+ companies: semiconductor mfrs, IP providers, OEMs, etc.
¾ Defining upper layers of protocol stack: from network to application, including
application profiles
¾ First profiles published mid 2003
2. IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group
¾ Defining lower layers of protocol stack: MAC and PHY scheduled for release in April
APPLICATION Customer
ZIGBEE STACK
ZigBee
Alliance
IEEE
SILICON 802.15.4
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University
Robot Sensor Networks
Frequencies and Data Rates
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Stack Reference Model (1/2)
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Stack Reference Model (2/2)
1. Microcontroller utilized
2. Full protocol stack <32 k
APPLICATIONS Customer
3. Simple node-only stack ~4k
APPLICATION INTERFACE
4. Coordinators require extra RAM
SECURITY
¾ Node device database
ZigBee
NETWORK LAYER
¾ Transaction table Star/Cluster/Mesh
Alliance
¾ Pairing table
MAC LAYER
MAC LAYER IEEE
802.15.4
PHY LAYER
2.4 GHz 915MHz 868 MHz
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
ZigBee and Bluetooth
Optimized for different applications
ZigBee Bluetooth
¾ Smaller packets over large ¾ Larger packets over small network
network ¾ Ad‐hoc networks
¾ Mostly Static networks with ¾ File transfer
many, infrequently used devices ¾ Screen graphics, pictures, hands‐
¾ Home automation, toys, remote free audio, Mobile phones,
controls, etc. headsets, PDAs, etc.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Address Different Needs
1. Bluetooth is a cable replacement for items
like Phones, Laptop Computers, Headsets
2. Bluetooth expects regular charging
¾ Target is to use <10% of host power
3. ZigBee is better for devices Where the
battery is ‘rarely’ replaced
¾ Targets are :
1) Tiny fraction of host power
2) New opportunities where wireless not yet
used
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Air Interface
ZigBee Bluetooth
1. DSSS‐ 11 chips/ symbol 1. FHSS
2. 62.5 K symbols/s 2. 1 M Symbol / second
3. 4 Bits/ symbol 3. Peak Information Rate
4. Peak Information Rate ~720 Kbit / second
~128 Kbit/second
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Protocol Stack Comparison
User Interface
Group Call
Application
Cordless
Intercom
Headset
vMessage
Networking
vCard
vNote
vCal
Dial-up
Fax Service
Application Interface Discovery
Telephony OBEX Protocol
Voice
Control
Network Layer Protocol RFCOMM
(Serial Port)
L2CAP
Data Link Layer
Host Control Interface
Zigbee Bluetooth
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Timing Considerations
ZigBee:
¾ Network join time = 30ms typically
¾ Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically
¾ Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically
Bluetooth:
¾ Network join time = >3s
¾ Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically
¾ Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically
ZigBee protocol is optimized for timing
critical applications
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Comparison Overview
Bluetooth ZigBee
AIR INTERFACE FHSS DSSS
BATTERY rechargeable non‐rechargeable
DEVICES/NETWORK 8 255
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Reliability Throughout the Stacks (1/8)
1. Consistently perform a given task to the desired result despite all
changes of environmental behavior
2. Without fail
3. A necessary ingredient of trust
4. “When the sensor measures its environment; the controller always
knows that same value”
5. The wireless medium is not a protected environment like the wired
medium, but rather, it is fraught with degradations, disruptions, and
pitfalls such as dispersion, multipath, interference, frequency dependent
fading, sleeping nodes, hidden nodes, and security issues.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Reliability Throughout the Stacks (2/8)
1. Each of these degradations and disruptions can be mitigated by various
mechanisms within the ISO layers; but not all mechanisms are compatible
with all other mechanisms or may negatively impact critical performance
attributes
2. The system must be optimized for the best performance in a realistic
environment
3. In addition to the previous disruptions there is the case of sending
messages to devices that are not receiving, e.g. they’re in the “sleep” mode.
When this happens the message needs to be buffered by another device
that is able to send the message when the sleeping device wakes up.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Reliability Throughout the Stacks (3/8)
Interferer
Router
XX Multipath
Hidden Node
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Reliability Throughout the Stacks (4/8)
1. IEEE 802.15.4 has built upon the successes of previous IEEE 802
standards by selecting those mechanisms proven to ensure good
reliability without seriously degrading system and device performance.
ISO Layers:
1. PHY: Direct Sequence with Frequency Agility (DS/FA)
2. MAC: ARQ, Coordinator buffering
3. Network: Mesh Network (redundant routing)
4. Application Support Layer: Security
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Reliability Throughout the Stacks (5/8)
PHY Layers:
1. Direct sequence: allows the radio to reject multipath and interference by
use of a special “chip” sequence. The more chips per symbol, the higher
its ability to reject multipath and interference.
2. Frequency Agility: ability to change frequencies to avoid interference
from a known interferer or other signal source.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Reliability Throughout the Stacks (6/8)
MAC:
1. ARQ (acknowledgement request) is where a successful transmission is
verified by replying with an acknowledge (ACK). If the ACK is not
received the transmission is sent again
2. Coordinator buffering is where the network coordinator buffers
messages for sleeping nodes until they wake again
Network:
1. Mesh Networking: allows various paths of routing data to the
destination device. In this way if a device in the primary route is not able
to pass the data, a different valid route is formed, transparent to the user.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Reliability Throughout the Stacks (7/8)
Application Support Sub‐layer(APS):
1. Security: supports reliability by keeping other devices from corrupting
communications.
2. The APS configures the security emplaced in the MAC layer and also
adds some of its own.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Reliability Throughout the Stacks (8/8)
Reliability: Mesh Networking
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University
Robot Sensor Networks
IEEE 802 Direct Sequence
15.4 15.4
IEEE 802. 11 11b
(900) (2.4)
Chips/Symbol 11 11 15 32
1. As can be seen from above, IEEE802.15.4/ZigBee has more processing
gain (chips/symbol) than its predecessors
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Direct Sequence and Frequency Agility
Interferer Desired Signal
Over the Air After DS correlation
2.4 GHz PHY 5 MHz
Channels 11‐26
2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Robustness Throughout the Stacks (1/4)
Robustness of IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee
1. Let’s define robustness as the ability to tolerate significant degrading
phenomena in the physical medium
2. Multipath and interference are probably the most significant
degradations to the channel model.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Robustness Throughout the Stacks (2/4)
1. Frequency hopping is a method that allows the radio to periodically
change channels to over time minimize the effect of a “bad” channel.
While this technique is very effective in some circumstances it creates
other problems such as latency, network uncertainty for sleeping nodes,
loss of the product bandwidth x time, etc.
2. Direct Sequence with Frequency Agility (DS/FA) combines the best
features of DS and FH without most of the problems caused by frequency
hopping because frequency changes aren’t necessary most of the time,
rather they’re appropriate only on an exception basis.
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Robustness Throughout the Stacks (3/4)
1. The 802.11 Working Group couldn’t agree upon which of the following
PHYs was the best: FH, IR, or DS. So all three were standardized and left
to the market to decide.
2. Of the three PHYs; DS was the clear market winner. DS provided
sufficient robustness with higher overall performance.
3. Excess robustness does not achieve higher performance, rather it
typically costs performance
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Robustness Throughout the Stacks (4/4)
Reliability and Robustness throughout the stacks of IEEE
802.15.4 and ZigBee
1. IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee have addressed reliability throughout the ISO stack
with proven mechanisms to minimize the uncertainty of the wireless
medium
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
802.15.4/ZigBee vs Bluetooth
1. Bluetooth and 802.15.4 transceiver physical characteristics are very
similar
2. Protocols are substantially different and designed for different purposes
3. 802.15.4 designed for low to very low duty cycle static and dynamic
environments with many active nodes
4. Bluetooth designed for high QoS, variety of duty cycles, moderate data
rates in fairly static simple networks with limited active nodes
5. Bluetooth costs and system performance are in line with 3rd and 4th
generation products hitting market while 1st generation 15.4 products
will be appearing only late this year
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Transceiver Comparisons
1. Instantaneous Power Consumption
¾ 15.4 Transceivers are “similar” to Bluetooth Transceivers
1) 802.15.4
9 OQPSK with shaping
9 Max data rate 250kbps over the air
9 2Mchips/s over the air Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (62.5ksps*32 spread)
9 ‐90 dBm sensitivity
9 40ppm xtal
2) Bluetooth
9 FSK
9 Max data rate 720kbps over the air
9 1Msps over the air Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum (79 channels @ 1600 hps)
9 ‐85dBm sensitivity
9 20ppm xtal
2. Instantaneous power consumption will be similar for the raw
transceivers without protocol
3. Bluetooth’s frequency hop makes it extremely difficult to create
extended networks without large synchronization cost
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
General Schematic
Vcc Vcc
3Vdc
802.15.4 SPI 4 SPI
MCU
XCVR
IRQ/ INT IRQ
RESET OSC1 OSC2
16.000MHz 32.768kHz
Plus about 10‐12 small value capacitors, resistors Heartbeat
excluding any special components for heartbeat sensor) Sensor
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
802.15.4/ZigBee Operation Mode
1. 802.15.4/ZigBee Mode
¾ Network environment using Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS)
¾ Network beacons occurring either every
1) 960ms or 61.44s (closest values to 1 and 60 s)
2) Guaranteed time slot occurs at some predetermined point in the beacon interval
2. Sensor has two ongoing processes
¾ Heartbeat time logging
¾ Transmit heartrate and other information (8 bytes total)
1) Instantaneous heartrate (1/timeinterval between last two pulses,1ms precision)
2) Running average heartrate (1/time interval between last twenty pulses, 1ms
precision)
3) Sensor average temperature (0.1C precision)
4) Sensor average battery state (0.1V precision)
heartbeat
GTS
Beacon
time
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Protocol Makes the Difference
1. 15.4 Protocol was developed for very different reasons than Bluetooth
¾ 802.15.4
1) Very low duty cycle, very long primary battery life applications
2) Static and dynamic star and mesh network structures with potentially a very large
number (>>65534) of client units, low latency available but not necessary
3) Ability to remain quiescent for long periods of time without communicating to the
network
¾ Bluetooth
1) Moderate duty cycle, secondary battery operation where battery lasts about the
same as master unit
2) Wire replacement for consumer devices that need moderate data rates with very
high QoS and very low, guaranteed latency
3) Quasi‐static star network structure with up to 7 clients (and ability to participate in
more than one network simultaneously)
4) Generally used in applications where either power is cycled (headsets, cellphones)
or mains‐powered (printers, car kits)
2. Protocol differences can lead to tremendous optimizations in power
consumption
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Applications
1. Industrial Control/Monitoring Space
¾ Asset Management
1) Basic identification
9 Device ID, Device PN/SN, Device source/destination, etc.
2) Asset “health”
9 Temperature, humidity, shock, fuel levels, etc.
9 Nearly any parameter can be monitored given an appropriate sensor
¾ Asset Tracking
1) Location tracking through two‐way communication
9 Simplest form is communication/identification when passes a checkpoint
9 Same as other RFID tagging systems
9 More sophisticated “what other devices can it hear/communicate with?”
9 Other options include ranging (time of flight) and SNR measurement
9 Has the potential for very precise location measurement
¾ The wireless network uses protocol gateways to move command/monitor
data between the end devices and the network data management center
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Product Examples
Warehouses, Fleet management, Factory, Supermarkets, Energy, diagnostics, e‐Business services
Office complexes ¾ Gateway or Field Service links to sensors &
¾ Gas/Water/Electric meter, HVAC equipment
¾ Smoke, CO, H2O detector ¾ Monitored to suggest PM, product updates, status
changes
¾ Refrigeration case or appliance
¾ Nodes link to PC for database storage
¾ Equipment management services & PM
¾ PC Modem calls retailer, Service Provider, or Corp
¾ Security services headquarters
¾ Lighting control ¾ Corp headquarters remotely monitors assets, billing,
energy management
¾ Assembly line and work flow, Inventory
¾ Materials processing systems (heat, gas flow, cooling,
chemical)
Field Service or
mobile worker
Temp. Database
Gateway Security
Sensor
Sensor
Back End
Mfg Flow Server
Telephone
Cable line
Materials HVAC
Corp
handling Office
Service
Provider Hanyang
Retailer
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Home & Diagnostics Examples
1. Mobile clients link to PC for database
storage
¾ PC links to peripherals, interactive
SOHO toys
Retailer
Dealer
¾ PC Modem calls retailer, SOHO,
Service Service Provider
Provider 2. Gateway links to security system,
temperature sensor, AC system,
Customers entertainment, health.
3. Gateway links to field sales/service
Back End
Server
Server
PC &
Telephone Gateway(s) peripherals Entertainment
Cable line
Temp.
Field Sensor
Service
Body
monitor
Security
AC or heat Sensor
Pump Data Communication
Two way White goods
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Motorola 802.15.4/ZigBee™ Platform
System Simplicity and Flexibility
Motorola RF Packet Radio Motorola 8‐Bit MCU
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Motorola 802.15.4 / ZigBee™ Solution
1. Features
¾ 2.4 GHz Band, ‐90 dBm RX sensitivity at 1% PER
1) IEEE spec is –85 dBm
¾ Power supply 2.0‐3.6 V w/ on‐chip regulator, logic interface 1.7 to 3.3
1) Runs off a single Li or 2 alkaline cells
¾ Complete RF transceiver data modem – antenna in, fully packetized data out
¾ Data and control interface via standard SPI at 4 to 8 MHz
¾ 802.15.4 MAC
¾ A large number of Motorola’s substantial line of HC08 MCUs will
interoperate with the data modem chip
1) Often 802.15.4 functionality can be added to existing systems simply by including
the modem chip and reprogramming an existing MCU that may already be in the
application
¾ HC08 RAM/FLASH configurations from 384B/4kB to 2kB/60kB depending
upon application SW needs
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
RF Data Modem Transceiver (1/2)
1. Designed for the IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee™ standards
¾ Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band available worldwide
¾ Cost effective CMOS design
¾ Low external components, no T/R switch required
¾ On‐chip low noise amplifier
¾ 0dBm (1.0 mW) PA, step adjustable to –30dBm
¾ Integrated VCO, no external components
¾ Full spread‐spectrum encoding and decoding compatible with 802.15.4
¾ RX sensitivity of –90 dBm at 1% PER, better than specification
¾ Engineered to support 250 kBit/s O‐QPSK data in 5.0 MHz channels, per the
IEEE 802.15.4 specification
¾ No line‐of‐sight limitations as with infrared (IR)
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
RF Data Modem Transceiver (2/2)
1. Designed to run DIRECTLY off two alkaline AA or AAA cells, or one
Lithium cell
¾ 2.0 to 3.6 V with on‐chip voltage regulator
¾ Can use the full capacity of the battery (to end of life ~1.0V per cell)
2. Buffered transmit and receive data packets for simplified use with low‐
end microcontrollers
3. SPI data and control interface, operates up to 8MHz
4. Designed to support peer to peer and star topologies
5. On‐board timers to support optional Superframe/Guaranteed Time Slots
for low latency transfer
6. Will support optional Zigbee™ Network layer software
7. Application‐configurable power‐saving modes that take best advantage
of battery operation
¾ RX/TX > Idle > Doze > Hibernate > Off
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Scalability to Address Specific Needs
802.15.4 is a guest in existing microcontrollers
802.15.4 PHY Compliant Transceiver Application‐
RF Transceiver IC specific
Zigbee NWK
SPI Application interfaces
RF Receiver Digital 15.4 FFD MAC
Processing
System Complexity and Cost
RF >32kB FLASH 8‐Bit
Transmitter Microcontroller
RF Transceiver IC Application
SPI Zigbee NWK
RF Receiver Digital 15.4 RFD MAC
RF Processing 32kB FLASH 8‐Bit
Transmitter Microcontroller
RF Transceiver IC
Application
SPI
RF Receiver Digital 15.4 RFD MAC
RF Processing 12kB FLASH 8‐Bit
Transmitter Microcontroller
RF Transceiver IC
Application
SPI
RF Receiver Digital
Direct SPI Calls
RF Processing 3kB FLASH (min) 8‐Bit
Microcontroller
Hanyang
Transmitter
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Advantages
1. Total System Solution
¾ Single source for platform solution
1) Integrated Circuits, Reference Designs, Modules, Stack Software, Development Systems
2. Key technology enhancements provide for a superior solution
¾ Adjacent channel rejection
1) Improvements in noisy environment
¾ High Sensitivity Radio Solution
1) 5 dBm beyond spec – longer range
¾ Extended Temperature Operating Range
1) ‐40°C to +85°C for industrial and automotive applications
¾ Operating voltage range optimized for alkaline or lithium primary cells
1) 2.0 Vdc to 3.6 Vdc, disposable
¾ Adjustable TX Output power
1) Improved coexistence for short range applications, improved battery life
3. IEEE and ZigBee™ Alliance membership
¾ Technology and standards driver
¾ Early access to new technology
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
An Application Example (1/7)
Wireless Keyboard
1. Scenario Parameters
¾ Battery‐operated keyboard
1) Part of a device group including a mouse or trackball, sketchpad, other human
input devices
2) Each device has a unique ID
3) Device set includes a USB to wireless interface dongle
9 Dongle powered continuously from computer
4) Keyboard does not have ON/OFF switch
5) Power modes
9 Keyboard normally in lowest power mode
9 Upon first keystroke, wakes up and stays in a “more aware” state until 5 seconds of
inactivity have passes, then transitions back to lowest power mode
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
An Application Example (2/7)
Keyboard Usage
1. Typing Rates
¾ 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 words per minute
2. Typing Pattern
¾ Theoretical: Type continuously until battery is depleted
1) Measures total number of hours based upon available battery energy
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
An Application Example (3/7)
Wireless Keyboard Using 802.15.4
1. 802.15.4 Operation Parameters
¾ Star network
¾ Non‐beacon mode (CSMA‐CA)
¾ USB Dongle is a PAN Coordinator Full Functional Device (FFD)
¾ Keyboard is a Reduced Function Device (RFD)
¾ Power Modes
1) Quiescent Mode used for lowest power state
9 First keystroke latency is approx 25ms
2) Idle mode used for “more aware” state
9 Keystroke latency 8‐12 ms latency
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
An Application Example (4/7)
Wireless Keyboard Using 802.15.4
1. 802.15.4 Chipset Parameters
1) Motorola 802.15.4 Transceiver and HCS08 MCU
2) Battery operating voltage 2.0 – 3.6 V
9 All required regulation internal to ICs
9 Nearly all available energy usable with end of life voltage at 2.0 volts
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
An Application Example (5/7)
Wireless Keyboard Using Bluetooth
1. Bluetooth Operation Parameters
¾ Piconet network
¾ USB Dongle is piconet Master
¾ Keyboard is a piconet Slave
¾ Power Modes
1) Park mode used for lowest power state
9 1.28 second park interval
9 First keystroke latency is 1.28s
2) Sniff mode used for “more aware” state
9 15ms sniff interval
9 15ms latency
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
An Application Example (6/7)
Wireless Keyboard Using Bluetooth
1. Bluetooth Chipset Parameters
¾ CSR BlueCore 2 –External + Flash + Regulator
¾ Battery Operating Voltage 2.7 – 3.6 Vdc
1) Requires external regulator for best performance
2) Only 19 to 30 percent of available battery life usable with 2.7V cutoff voltage
¾ Power Consumption (estimated)
1) Park Mode @ 1.28 s interval: 0.05mA avg
2) Sniff Mode @ 15ms interval: 8mA avg
3) NOTE: I do not assume a deep sleep mode since wake up time of 4 to 30 seconds
seems unacceptable
Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
An Application Example (7/7)
Bluetooth vs. 15.4 Keyboard Comparison
Bad Hunt n’
Peck
802.15.4: Approx
38 days
BT: Approximately 5
operating days
By the way,
WirelessUSB looks
much like BT Hanyang
University
Robot Sensor Networks
Q&A
1. 경청해 주셔서 감사합니다.
2. Q & A
Hanyang
University