CH.

Section 1

Like begets like, more or less

-applies to only asexual reproduction
-offspring inherit al their DNA from a single parent, they are exact
genetic replicas of that one parents and of each other
-single-celled organism (ex.amoeba) reproduce asexually
-Chromosomes: the structure that contain most of the organism's
DNA
-Amoeba's chromosomes have been duplicated and identical
chromosomes have been allocated to opposite sides of the parent
cell

Section 2

Cell arise only from preexisting cells

-1858 German Physician Rudolf Virchow said "All cells come from
cell"
-cellular reproduction = Cell division
2 roles of Cell Division
-cell division makes it possible for a fertilized egg to develop through
various embryonic stages, and for an embryo to develop into an
adult organism
-Cell division ensures the continuity of life from generation to
generational; it is the basis of both asexual reproduction and the
formation of sperm and eggs in sexual reproduction

Section 3

Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission

-Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce by a type of cell
reproduction : Binary Fission
-Binary Fission : dividing in half
-In prokaryotes, most genes are carried on a circular DNA molecule
that, with associated proteins constitutes the organism's single
chromosome.
-DNA and protein exist in chromosomes in pro/eukaryotes
-Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
cells
-When the DNA in the cell is replicating, it is attached to the plasma
membrane.

Section 4
The large,complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each
cell division
-Eukaryotic cells are more complex,larger,and have more genes
-Human cell: carries 100,000 genes vs. 3000 bacteria genes
-Almost all the genes are found in nucleus (eukaryotes only)
grouped into multiple chromosomes
-Chromosomes are clearly visible when a cell is in the process of
dividing (rest of the time, the chromosomes exist as a diffuse mass
of very long thin fibers)
-Long thin fibers: Chromatin (combination of the protein and DNA)
-As a cell prepares to divide, its chromatin coils up, forming
compact,distinct chromosomes
Pro/Eukaryote, contains one long DNA molecule bearing thousands
of genes but eukaryotes have more complicated structure than that
of Prokaryotes
-includes, many more proteins(which helps organize the chromatin
of the chromosomes and control the activity its genes)
-The number of chromosomes in Eukaryotes is depends on the
species
-before Eukaryotes cell begins to divide, 1.) it duplicates all of its
chromosomes 2.)DNA molecule of each chromosome is copied 3.)
new protein molecules attach as needed
-each chromosome now consists of two copies called Sister
Chromatids (which contains identical genes)
-2 chromatids are joined together especially tightly by the
centromere
1.When the cell divides, the sister chromatids of a duplicated
chromosome separate from each other
2.Once separated, each chromatid is called a chromosomes and it is
identical to the chromosome we started with
3.Each daughter cell receives a complete and identical set of
chromosomes
-In human, a typical dividing cell has 46 duplicated chromosomes
and each of the two daughter cells that results from it has 46 single
chromosomes

Section 5

The cell cycle multiplies cells

-Cell division is essential to life
-Cell division is basis of reproduction for every organism and it
enables..
1. multicellular organism to grow to adult size
2. replaces worn-out or damaged cells
3. keeps the total cell number in a mature individual relatively
constant
-60 trillion cells in human body
-Eukaryotic cells that divide undergo an cell cycle (orderly sequence
of events that extends from the time a cell divides to form two
daughter cells to the time those daughter cells divide again)
-Before cell divisions occur, the cell is roughly doubles everything in
its cytoplasm and precisely duplicates its chromosomal DNA in
preparation for division period
-most of the cell cycle is spent in interphase (cell's metabolic
activate is very high, performs various functions)
-During interphase, Chromosomes duplicate, many cells are made,
the cell does most of its growing
-Interphase last 90% of the total time required for the cell cycle
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Section 6
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Section 7
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Section 8
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Section 9
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Section 10
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Section 11
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Section 12
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Section 13
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