Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pakistan
September 2006
Introduction
The information in this report was gathered from publicly available sources (the
source list is available at www.energyrecipes.org), like surveys, statistical data from
the internet and books and other publications. The information consists of:
Due to differences in availability of data per country the level of detail of these
reports will differ.
For all the 114 developing and emerging countries of the INCO list a report like this
is available. (see also www.energyrecipes.org for the countries) Except for the
following 15 countries, where more detailled reports are available.
Data collection on the situation and potential of renewable energy in emerging and
developing countries is the core of the RECIPES project.
See the RECIPES website (www.energyrecipes.org) for relevant data collected and
reports produced.
Environmental problems
Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited
natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to
potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
Energy situation
Pakistan produces natural gas and some crude oil and coals. Natural gas is used by
the electricity and industry sector. Some crude oil and petroleum is imported to meet
domestic demands, which are mainly in the transportation and electricity sector.
About 40% of total energy use consists of traditional biomass, mainly wood.
Growth in power generation in recent years has come primarily from new
independent power producers (IPP\'s), some of which have been funded by foreign
investors, and a few hydroelectric dam projects by the Water and Power
Development Authority (WADPA).
The two largest private power plants in Pakistan are the Hub Power Company
(HUBCO) and the Kot Addu power company (KAPCO). HUBCO is owned by a
consortium of International Power (UK), Xenal (Saudi Arabia), and Mitsui
Corporation, and has a 1,300-MW capacity. The Kot Addu plant, with a 1,600-MW
capacity, was privatized in 1996 (from WAPDA). Both of these plants, as well as a
few other small private operators, sell power to the national grid currently run by
WAPDA.2
There are nine small hydro plants in operation, with a total capacity of 108 MW.
Another two under construction (10 MW) and 18 are planned (180 MW).14
The electric power sector in Pakistan is still primarily state-owned, but a privatization
program is reportedly underway. The main state-owned utilities are the Water and
Power Development Authority (WAPDA), and the Karachi Electricity Supply
Corporation (KESC), which serves only Karachi and surrounding areas. Together,
WAPDA and KESC transmit and distribute all power in Pakistan -- over half to
household consumers, about one third to industrial consumers and the rest to
commercial and government consumers. Rates are determined by the National
Electric Power Regulatory Authority (Nepra) and disputes over adjustments to rates
are common within the industry.2
Although Pakistan is an ideal physical environment for solar energy, many past
projects have failed because systems needed maintenance after expert personnel
had left. Studies are underway on how future solar projects can be sustained at a
local level by Pakistani villages.2
Renewable energy
Pakistan Unit
General
Population (2005) 162419946
Country area 880254 km²
Total density of population (people/km2) 185.000 capita/km²
Growth of people % /year 2.030 %
Land use arable (%) 27.870 %
Land use perm crops (%) 0.870 %
Percentage of total people living in cities 33.700 %
HDI (2002) 0.497
Social
Illiteracy 45.700 %
Year of estimation 2003
Corruption (CPI 2003) 0=high 10=low 2.500
GDP in ppp mostly $ 2004 est 347.3 billion
Economic
Income /capita $ mostly 2004 2200
Variability of income/capita GINI index (2004) 33.000
Population below poverty line 32.000 %
Year of estimation FY00/01
Total External Debt in % GDP (2004 est.) 71.400 %
Inflation rate (consumer prices) (%) 4.800 %
Year of estimation FY03/04
Growth of economy 6.100 %
Year of estimation 2004
EDI energy development index 0.387
Energy development
Percentage of people connected to the grid (electricity) 53.000 %
Traditional fuel consumption (% of total energy requirements
2002) . Estimated consumption of fuel wood, charcoal, bagasse 26.600
(sugar cane waste) and animal and vegetable wastes.
Oil consumption 365000.000 bbl/day
Energy production
millions short
Total coal production (Million Short Tons) 3.650
tonnes/year
Total natural gas production 23.4 billion cu m
Total Electricity Production GWh 75704.000 GWh
Electricity
Electricity production from coal % 0.000 %
Electricity production from oil % 32.000 %
Electricity production from gas % 36.000 %
Electricity production from biomass % 0.000 %
Electricity production from waste % 0.000 %
Electricity production from nuclear % 2.000 %
Electricity production from hydro % 30.000 %
Electricity production from geothermal % 0.000 %
Electricity production from solar thermal and PV % 0.000 %
Electricity production from other sources % 0.000 %
Electricity consumption GWh (2003) 71537.000 GWh
Total final electricity consumption GWh (2002) 52656.000 GWh
Electricity used by Industry % (2002) 31.000 %
Electricity used by Transport % (2002) 0.000 %
Electricity used by Agriculture % (2002) 11.000 %
Electricity used by Commerce and Public Services % (2002) 13.000 %
Electricity used by Residential % (2002) 45.000 %
Electricity used by Other Non-Specified % (2002) 0.000 %
Electricity used by Non-Energy Use % (2002) 0.000 %