‫السم‪:‬عبدالرحمن ابوالنجا عبدالرحمن‬

‫الرقم‪45:‬‬
‫الموضوع‪ :‬طرق قطع المعادن‬
‫المصدر‪:‬ويكى بيديا ‪ +‬صور جوجل‬
 :The Main Types of Cutting
Gas Cutting-1
Mechanical Cutting-2
Numerical Cutting-3
Plasma Cutting-4
Laser Cutting-5

Gas Cutting-1
Oxy-fuel welding (commonly called oxyacetylene welding, oxy
welding, or gas welding in the U.S.) and oxy-fuel cutting are processes
that use fuel gases and oxygen to weld and cut metals, respectively.
French engineers Edmond Fouché and Charles Picard became the first
.to develop an oxygen-acetylene welding set-up in 1903
Pure oxygen, instead of air (20% oxygen/80% nitrogen), is used to
increase the flammable temperature to allow localized melting of the
workpiece material (e.g. steel) in a room environment. A common
propane/air flame burns at about 2,000 °C (3,630 °F), a
propane/oxygen flame burns at about 2,500 °C (4,530 °F), and an
.(acetylene/oxygen flame burns at about 3,500 °C (6,330 °F
Welding torch:
A welding torch head is used to weld metals. It can be identified by
having only one or two pipes running to the nozzle and no oxygen-
blast trigger and two valve knobs at the bottom of the handle letting
.the operator adjust the oxygen flow and fuel flow

Rose-bud torch:
A rose-bud torch is used to heat metals for bending, straightening, etc.
where a large area needs to be heated. It is called as such because the
flame at the end looks like a rose-bud. A welding torch can also be used
to heat small area such as rusted nuts and bolts.
Injector torch:
A typical oxy-fuel torch, called an equal-pressure torch, merely mixes
the two gases. In an injector torch, high pressure oxygen comes out of a
small nozzle inside the torch head so that it drags the fuel gas along with
it, via venturi effect.

Fuel:
Oxy-fuel processes may use a variety of fuel gases, the most common
being acetylene. Other gases that may be used are propylene, liquified
petroleum gas (LPG), propane, natural gas, hydrogen, and MAPP gas.
Many brands use different kinds of gases in their mixes.
Cutting:
For cutting, the set-up is a little different. A cutting torch has a 60- or
90-degree angled head with orifices placed around a central jet. The
outer jets are for preheat flames of oxygen and acetylene. The central
jet carries only oxygen for cutting. The use of a number of preheating
flames, rather than a single flame makes it possible to change the
direction of the cut as desired without changing the position of the
nozzle or the angle which the torch makes with the direction of the cut,
as well as giving a better preheat balance. Manufacturers have
developed custom tips for Mapp, propane, and polypropylene gases to
optimize the flames from these alternate fuel gases.
The flame is not intended to melt the metal, but to bring it to its
ignition temperature.
The torch's trigger blows extra oxygen at higher pressures down the
torch's third tube out of the central jet into the workpiece, causing the
metal to burn and blowing the resulting molten oxide through to the
other side. The ideal kerf is a narrow gap with a sharp edge on either
side of the workpiece; overheating the workpiece and thus melting
through it causes a rounded edge.

Mechanical Cutting-2
I.e. using machine to shear metals
Here are some pictures of those machines:
 Numerical Cutting-3
Using computer to control the cutting process
 Plasma Cutting-4
Plasma cutting is a process that is used to cut steel and other metals of
different thicknesses (or sometimes other materials) using a plasma torch.
In this process, an inert gas (in some units, compressed air) is blown at
high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an electrical arc is formed
through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning some of
that gas to plasma. The plasma is sufficiently hot to melt the metal being
cut and moves sufficiently fast to blow molten metal away from the cut.
:Starting Method
Plasma cutters use a number of methods to start the arc. In some units,
the arc is created by putting the torch in contact with the work piece.
Some cutters use a high voltage, high frequency circuit to start the arc.
This method has a number of disadvantages, including risk of
electrocution, difficulty of repair, spark gap maintenance, and the large
amount of radio frequency emissions. Plasma cutters working near
sensitive electronics, such as CNC hardware or computers, start the
pilot arc by other means. The nozzle and electrode are in contact. The
nozzle is the cathode, and the electrode is the anode. When the plasma
gas begins to flow, the nozzle is blown forward. A third, less common
method is capacitive discharge into the primary circuit via a silicon
.controlled rectifier
 :Laser Cutting
Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typicall
used for industrial manufacturing applications, but is also starting to appear i
schools. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser, by
computer, at the material to be cut. The material then melts, burns, vaporizes
away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving an edge with a high-quality
surface finish. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as we
.as structural and piping materials
:Types
There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting. The CO2
laser is suited for cutting, boring, and engraving. The neodymium
(Nd) and neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd-YAG) lasers are
identical in style and differ only in application. Nd is used for boring
and where high energy but low repetition are required. The Nd-YAG
laser is used where very high power is needed and for boring and
engraving. Both CO2 and Nd/ Nd-YAG lasers can be used for
welding.[2]
Common variants of CO2 lasers include fast axial flow, slow axial
flow, transverse flow, and slab.
CO2 lasers are commonly "pumped" by passing a current through the
gas mix (DC-excited) or using radio frequency energy (RF-excited).
The RF method is newer and has become more popular. Since DC
designs require electrodes inside the cavity, they can encounter
electrode erosion and plating of electrode material on glassware and
optics. Since RF resonators have external electrodes they are not
prone to those problems.
CO2 lasers are used for industrial cutting of many materials including
mild steel, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, paper, wax, plastics,
wood, and fabrics. YAG lasers are primarily used for cutting and
scribing metals and ceramics.
In addition to the power source, the type of gas flow can affect
performance as well. In a fast axial flow resonator, the mixture of
carbon dioxide, helium and nitrogen is circulated at high velocity by
a turbine or blower. Transverse flow lasers circulate the gas mix at a
lower velocity, requiring a simpler blower. Slab or diffusion cooled
resonators have a static gas field that requires no pressurization or
glassware, leading to savings on replacement turbines and glassware.
The laser generator and external optics (including the focus lens)
require cooling. Depending on system size and configuration, waste
heat may be transferred by a coolant or directly to air. Water is a
commonly used coolant, usually circulated through a chiller or heat
transfer system.

:Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of laser cutting over mechanical cutting include easier
workholding and reduced contamination of workpiece (since there is
no cutting edge which can become contaminated by the material or
contaminate the material). Precision may be better, since the laser
beam does not wear during the process. There is also a reduced chance
of warping the material that is being cut, as laser systems have a small
heat-affected zone. Some materials are also very difficult or
impossible to cut by more traditional means.
Laser cutting for metals has the advantages over plasma cutting of
being more precise and using less energy when cutting sheet metal,
however, most industrial lasers cannot cut through the greater metal
thickness that plasma can. Newer lasers machines operating at higher
power (6000 watts, as contrasted with early laser cutting machines'
1500 watt ratings) are approaching plasma machines in their ability to
cut through thick materials, but the capital cost of such machines is
much higher than that of plasma cutting machines capable of cutting
thick materials like steel plate.
The main disadvantage of laser cutting is the high power consumption.
Industrial laser efficiency may range from 5% to 15%. The power
consumption and efficiency of any particular laser will vary depending
on output power and operating parameters. This will depend on type of
laser and how well the laser is matched to the work at hand. The
amount of laser cutting power required, known as heat input, for a
particular job depends on the material type, thickness, process
(reactive/inert) used, and desired cutting rate.