Wahhabi 1

Wahhabi
Wahhabi (Arabic : ‫ةيباهولا‬, Al-Wahhābīyya) is a Sunni Islamic sect based on the teachings of Muhammad ibn
Abd-al-Wahhab, an 18th century Muslim theologian from what is today known as Saudi Arabia, who advocated
purging Islam of what he considered impurities. Wahhabism is the dominant form of Islam in Saudi Arabia.[1] It is
often referred to as a "sect"[1] or "branch"[2] of Islam, though its supporters and some opponents reject such
appellations. It has developed considerable influence in the Muslim world in part through Saudi funding of mosques,
schools and social programs.
The primary Wahhabi doctrine is Tawhid, the uniqueness and unity of God.[3] Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab was influenced by
the writings of Ibn Taymiyya and questioned medieval interpretations of Islam, claiming to rely on the Qur'an and
the Hadith.[3] He attacked a "perceived moral decline and political weakness" in the Arabian Peninsula and
condemned idolatry, the popular cult of saints, and shrine and tomb visitation.[3]
The terms "Wahhabi" and "Salafi" (as well as ahl al-hadith, people of hadith) are often used interchangeably, but
Wahhabi has also been called "a particular orientation within Salafism",[2] an orientation some consider
ultra-conservative.[4] [5] Critics have used the word "cult" to describe Wahhabis.[6] [7]

History

Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi

Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab's teacher Abdallah ibn Ibrahim ibn Sayf introduced the relatively young man to Mohammad
Hayya Al-Sindhi in Medina and recommended him as a student. Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab and al-Sindi became very close
and Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab stayed with him for some time. Al-Sindi was a renowned scholar of hadith who was well
known for repudiating innovations. Scholars have described Muhammad Hayya as having an important influence on
Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, encouraging him to denounce rigid imitation of medieval commentaries and to utilize informed
individual analysis (ijtihad). Muhammad Hayya also taught Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab to reject popular religious practices
associated with walis and their tombs that resembles later Wahhabi teachings. Muhammad Hayya and his milieu are
important for understanding the origins of at least the Wahhabi revivalist impulse.[8]

Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab

Mohammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab studied in Basra (in what is today southern Iraq) and is reported to have developed
his ideas there.[9] [10] He is reported to have studied in Mecca and Medina while there to perform Hajj[11] [12] before
returning to his home town of 'Uyayna in 1740.
After his return to 'Uyayna, ibn Abd-al-Wahhab began to attract followers, including the ruler of the town, Uthman
ibn Mu'ammar. With Ibn Mu'ammar's support, ibn Abd-al-Wahhab began to implement some of his ideas such as
leveling the grave of Zayd ibn al-Khattab, one of the Sahaba (companions) of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad, and
ordering that an adulteress be stoned to death. These actions were disapproved of by Sulaiman ibn Muhammad ibn
Ghurayr of the tribe of Bani Khalid, the chief of Al-Hasa and Qatif, who held substantial influence in Nejd and ibn
Abd-al-Wahhab was expelled from 'Uyayna.[13]
Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab was invited to settle in neighboring Diriyah by its ruler Muhammad ibn Saud in 1740 (1157
AH), two of whose brothers had been students of al-Wahhab. Upon arriving in Diriyya, a pact was made between
Ibn Saud and Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, by which Ibn Saud pledged to implement and enforce Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab's
teachings, while Ibn Saud and his family would remain the temporal "leaders" of the movement.
Wahhabi 2

Saudi sponsorship
Beginning in the last years of the 18th century Ibn Saud and his heirs would spend the next 140 years mounting
various military campaigns to seize control of Arabia and its outlying regions, before being attacked and defeated by
Ottoman forces. The invasions were justified according to the Wahhabis because the destruction of the villages of
polytheists is authorized in the Qu'ran.
One of their most famous and controversial attacks was on Karbala in 1802 (1217 AH). There, according to Wahhabi
chronicler `Uthman b. `Abdullah b. Bishr:
"[Wahhabis] scaled the walls, entered the city ... and killed the majority of its people in the markets and
in their homes. [They] destroyed the dome placed over the grave of al-Husayn [and took] whatever they
found inside the dome and its surroundings. .... the grille surrounding the tomb which was encrusted
with emeralds, rubies, and other jewels. .... different types of property, weapons, clothing, carpets, gold,
silver, precious copies of the Qur'an."[14]
In the early 20th Century, the Wahhabist-oriented Al-Saud dynasty conquered and unified the various provinces on
the Arabian peninsula, founding the modern day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.[15] This provided the movement
with a state. Vast wealth from oil discovered in the following decades, coupled with Saudi control of the holy cities
of Mecca and Medina, have since provided a base and funding for Wahhabi missionary activity.
The Saudi government established the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, a state
religious police unit, to enforce Wahhabi rules of behaviour.[1]

Beliefs
The Wahhabi subscribe to the primary doctrine of the uniqueness and unity of God (Tawhid).[3] [16] The first aspect
is believing in Allah's Lordship that He alone is the believer's lord (Rabb). The second aspect is that once one affirms
the existence of Allah and His Lordship, one must worship Him and Him alone.
Wahhabi theology treats the Qur'an and Hadith as the only fundamental and authoritative texts. Commentaries and
"the examples of the early Muslim community (Ummah) and the four Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661 C.E.)" are
used to support these texts but are not considered independently authoritative.[17]
Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab further explains in his book Kitab al-Tawhid (which draws on material from the Qur'an and the
narrations of the prophet) that worship in Islam includes conventional acts of worship such as the five daily prayers;
fasting; Dua (supplication); Istia'dha (seeking protection or refuge); Ist'ana (seeking help), and Istigatha (seeking
benefits). Therefore, making dua to anyone or anything other than Allah, or seeking supernatural help and protection
that is only befitting of a divine being from something other than Allah are acts of "shirk" and contradict Tawhid. Ibn
Abd-al-Wahhab further explains that Prophet Muhammad during his lifetime tried his utmost to identify and
repudiate all actions that violated these principles.
The most important of these commentaries are those by Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab (even though he was not among the first
three generations) including his book Kitab al-Tawhid, and the works of Ibn Taymiyyah. Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab was a
follower of Ahmad ibn Hanbal's school of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) like most in Nejd at the time, but "was
opposed to any of the schools (Madh'hab) being taken as an absolute and unquestioned authority". Therefore, he
condemned taqlid, or blind adherence, at the scholarly level.[18] Although Wahhabis are associated with the Hanbali
school, early disputes did not center on fiqh and the belief that Wahhabism was borne of Hanbali thought has been
called a "myth".[19]
Wahhabi 3

Condemnation of "Priests" and other religious leaders

Wahhabism denounces the practice of blind adherence to the interpretations of scholars, and of practices passed on
within the family or tribe. Pagans around the time of the prophet often claimed that they worshiped idols because
their forefathers engaged in that practice. Ibn Abd-Al-Wahhab argued that individual Muslims were responsible to
learn and obey the divine commands as they were revealed in the Quran and the Sunnah.[20] A correlate of this idea
was that blind deference to religious authority obstructs this direct connection with the Qur'an and Sunnah, leading
him to deprecate the importance of leaders such as the priests, preachers, and rabbis of other Abrahamic sects,
including those within Islam. He uses as evidence an "ayah" of the Qur'an in which Allah condemns the children of
Israel for taking their rabbis as authorities besides Allah.

Fiqh
The Wahhabis/Salafis consider themselves to be 'non-imitators' or 'not attached to tradition' (ghayr
muqallidun is also the name give by critics specially Shiite, the actual defination of Wahhabi/salfi
fiqh is Mutabbeh means under orders of Prophet Mohammed peace be upon him by following his
hadiths & sunnah), and therefore answerable to no school of law at all, observing instead what they
would call the practice of early Islam. However, to do so does correspond to the ideal aimed at by Ibn
Hanbal, and thus they can be said to be of his 'school'.[21]

Criticism and controversy

Naming controversy: Wahhabism and Salafism

Ibn Abd-Al-Wahab's aversion to the elevation of scholars and other individuals helps explain the preference of
so-called "Wahhabi's" for the term "Salafist". Among those who criticize the use of the term "Wahhabi" is social
scientist Quintan Wiktorowicz. In a footnote of his report, Anatomy of the Salafi Movement,[22] he wrote:
Opponents of Salafism frequently affix the "Wahhabi" designator to denote foreign influence. It is
intended to signify followers of Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab and is most frequently used in countries where
Salafis are a small minority of the Muslim community but have made recent inroads in "converting" the
local population to the movement ideology. ... The Salafi movement itself, however, never uses this
term. In fact, one would be hard pressed to find individuals who refer to themselves as Wahhabis or
organizations that use "Wahhabi" in their title or refer to their ideology in this manner (unless they are
speaking to a Western audience that is unfamiliar with Islamic terminology, and even then usage is
limited and often appears as "Salafi/Wahhabi").
Indeed, to this day, the term is still used to stir up conflict between Muslims.[23]
Other observers describe the term as "originally used derogatorily by opponents", but now commonplace and used
even "by some Najdi scholars of the movement".[2]

Criticism by other Muslims

In "The Refutation of Wahhabism in Arabic Sources, 1745–1932,[24] Hamadi Redissi provides original references to
the description of Wahhabis as a divisive sect (firqa) and outliers (Kharijites) in communications between Ottomans
and Egyptian Khedive Muhammad Ali. Redissi details refutaions of Wahhabis by scholars (muftis) among them
Ahmed Barakat Tandatawin who in 1743 describes Wahhabism as ignorance (Jahala). In 1801 and 1802, the Saudi
Wahhabis under Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud attacked and captured the holy Shi'a cities of Karbala and
Najaf in Iraq, massacred parts of the Shi'a population and destroyed the tombs of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of
Muhammad, and son of Ali (Ali bin Abu Talib), the son-in-law of Muhammad. (see: Saudi sponsorship mentioned
previously) In 1803 and 1804 the Saudis captured Mecca and Medina and destroyed historical monuments and
Wahhabi 4

various holy Muslim sites and shrines, such as the shrine built over the tomb of Fatimah, the daughter of
Muhammad, and even intended to destroy the grave of Muhammad himself as idolatrous.[25] [26] [27]
Some Muslims, such as the Islamic Supreme Council of America, and Abdul Hadi Palazzi classify Wahhabbism as
extremist and heretical mainly based on Wahhabbism's rejection of traditional Sunni scholars and interpretation.[28]
[29]

Wahabbism is intensely opposed by Hui Muslims in China, by the Hanafi Sunni Gedimu and Sufi Khafiya and
Jahriyya. The Yihewani (Ikhwan) Chinese sect, which is fundamentalist and was founded by Ma Wanfu who was
originally inspired by the Wahhabis, reacted with hostility to Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing, who attempted to
introduce Wahhabism/Salafism as the main form of Islam. They were branded as traitors, and Wahhabi teachings
were deemed as heresy by the Yihewani leaders. Ma Debao established a Salafi/Wahhabi order, called the
Sailaifengye(Salafi) menhuan in Lanzhou and Linxia, separate from other Muslim sects in China.[30] Salafis have a
reputation for radicalism among the Hanafi Sunni Gedimu and Yihewani. Sunni Muslim Hui avoid Salafis, including
family members.[31] The number of Salafis in China is so insignificant that they are not included in classifications of
Muslim sects in China.[32]
The Kuomintang Sufi Chinese Muslim General Ma Bufang, who backed the Yihewani (Ikhwan) Muslims,
persecuted the Salafi/Wahhabis. The Yihewani forced the Salafis into hiding. They were not allowed to move or
worship openly. The Yihewani had become secular and Chinese nationalist, and they considered the Salafis to be
"Heterodox" (xie jiao), and people who followed foreigner's teachings (wai dao). After the Communist revolution
the Salafis were allowed to worship openly until a 1958 crackdown on all religious practice.[33]

Wahhabism in the United States

A study conducted by the NGO Freedom House found Wahhabi publications in mosques in the United States. These
publications included statements that Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way", but "hate
them for their religion ... for Allah's sake", that democracy "is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th
century", and that Shia and certain other non-Wahhabi Muslims were infidels.[34] [35]
The Saudi government stated: "[It has] worked diligently during the last five years to overhaul its education system
[but] [o]verhauling an educational system is a massive undertaking... As with previous reports, Freedom House
continues to exhibit a disregard for presenting an accurate picture of the reality that exists in Saudi Arabia."[36]
A review of the study by Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU) complained the study cited documents
from only a few mosques, arguing most mosques in the U.S. are not under Wahhabi influence.[37] ISPU comments
on the study were not entirely negative however, and concluded:
American-Muslim leaders must thoroughly scrutinize this study. Despite its limitations, the study highlights an
ugly undercurrent in modern Islamic discourse that American-Muslims must openly confront. However, in the
vigor to expose strains of extremism, we must not forget that open discussion is the best tool to debunk the
extremist literature rather than a suppression of First Amendment rights guaranteed by the U.S.
Constitution.[37]
Wahhabi 5

Militant and political Islam

What connection, if any, there is between Wahhabism and Jihadi Salafis is disputed. Among others, Daniel Pipes
observes "a direct line between the Wahhabis and Osama bin Laden". However, Natana De Long-Bas, senior
research assistant at the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University,
argues:
The militant Islam of Osama bin Laden does not have its origins in the teachings of Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab and is
not representative of Wahhabi Islam as it is practiced in contemporary Saudi Arabia, yet for the media it has
come to define Wahhabi Islam in the contemporary era. However "unrepresentative" bin Laden's global jihad
is of Islam in general and Wahhabi Islam in particular, its prominence in headline news has taken Wahhabi
Islam across the spectrum from revival and reform to global jihad.[38]
Noah Feldman distinguishes between what he calls the "deeply conservative" Wahhabis and what he calls the
"followers of political Islam in the 1980s and 1990s," such as Egyptian Islamic Jihad and later Al-Qaeda leader
Ayman al-Zawahiri. While Saudi Wahhabis were "the largest funders of local Muslim Brotherhood chapters and
other hard-line Islamists" during this time, they opposed jihadi resistance to Muslim governments and assassination
of Muslim leaders because of their belief that "the decision to wage jihad lay with the ruler, not the individual
believer".[39]
Karen Armstrong, former US "emissary" to Islam, states that Osama bin Laden, like most extremists, follows the
ideology of Sayyid Qutb, not "Wahhabism".[23]

Destruction of Islam's early historical sites

The Wahhabi teachings disapprove of veneration of the historical sites associated with early Islam, on the grounds
that only God should be worshipped and that veneration of sites associated with mortals leads to idolatry.[40] Many
buildings associated with early Islam, including mazaar, mausoleums and other artifacts have been destroyed in
Saudi Arabia by Wahhabi's from early 19th century through the present day.[41] [42] This practice has proved
controversial and has received considerable criticism from Sunni and Shia Muslims and in the non-Muslim world.

International influence and propagation

According to observers such as Gilles Kepel, Wahhabism gained considerable influence in the Islamic world
following a tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s and the progressive takeover of Saudi Aramco in the
1974-1980 period. The Saudi government began to spend tens of billions of dollars throughout the Islamic world to
promote Wahhabism, which was sometimes referred to as "petro-Islam".[43] According to the documentary called
The Qur'an aired in the UK, presenter Antony Thomas suggested the figure may be "upward of $100 billion".[44]
Its largess funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith", throughout the Muslim world, according to
journalist Dawood al-Shirian.[45] The funds supported children's madrasas, high-level scholarship, mosque
construction ("more than 1500 mosques were built from Saudi public funds over the last 50 years") were paid for.[46]
) and operation and many other activities.[47] It rewarded journalists and academics, who followed it and built
satellite campuses around Egypt for Al Azhar, the oldest and most influential Islamic university.[48]
This financial power has done much to overwhelm less strict local interpretations of Islam, according to observers
like Dawood al-Shirian and Lee Kuan Yew,[45] and has caused the Saudi interpretation to be perceived as the correct
interpretation in many Muslims' minds.[49]
The Saudis have spent at least $87 billion propagating Wahhabism abroad during the past two decades, and the scale
of financing is believed to have increased in the past two years. The bulk of this funding goes towards the
construction and operating expenses of mosques, madrasas, and other religious institutions that preach Wahhabism.
It also supports imam training; mass media and publishing outlets; distribution of textbooks and other literature; and
endowments to universities (in exchange for influence over the appointment of Islamic scholars). Some of the
Wahhabi 6

hundreds of thousands of non-Saudis who live in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf have been influenced by
Wahhabism and preach Wahhabism in their home country upon their return. Agencies controlled by the Kingdom's
Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Da'wah and Guidance are responsible for outreach to non-Muslim
residents and are converting hundreds of non-Muslims into Islam every year.[50] [51] [52] [53] [54]

Explanation for influence

Khaled Abou El Fadl attributed the appeal of Wahhabism to some Muslims as stemming from
• Arab nationalism, which followed the Wahhabi attack on the Ottoman Empire;
• Reformism, which followed a return to Salaf (as-Salaf aṣ-Ṣāliḥ;)
• Control of Mecca and Medina, which gave Wahhabis great influence on Muslim culture and thinking;
• Oil, which after 1975 allowed Wahhabis to promote their interpretations of Islam using billions from oil export
revenue.[55]

Notes
[1] Glasse, Cyril, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Rowan & Littlefield, (2001), pp.469-472
[2] "Wahhabi" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20050507090328/ http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ gulf/ wahhabi. htm).
GlobalSecurity.org. 2005-04-27. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ gulf/ wahhabi. htm) on
2005-05-07. . Retrieved 2008-05-10.
[3] Esposito 2003, p. 333
[4] Washington Post, For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/
2006/ 09/ 04/ AR2006090401107_2. html)
[5] John L. Esposito, What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam, p.50
[6] Allen, Charles (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press.
p. 21. "The founder of Wahhabism saw himself as a reformer and revivalist reacting against corruption inside Islam. He declared holy war on
those corruptions and took that war to his fellow Muslims. But his Wahhabism very quickly developed its own militant politico-religious
ideology built around an authority figure who was both a temporal and spiritual leader. It became, in essence, a cult."
[7] Schwartz, Stephen (Winter 2005). "Wahhabi Islam: From Revival to Global Jihad (review)" (http:/ / www. meforum. org/ 1517/
wahhabi-islam-from-revival-to-global-jihad). Middle East Quarterly XII (1). . Retrieved 2 October 2010.
[8] BOOK REVIEWS - Robinson 3 (1): 116 - Journal of Islamic Studies (http:/ / jis. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ pdf_extract/ 3/ 1/ 116)
[9] Tarikh Najd by 'Husain ibn Ghannam, Vol. 1, Pg. 76-77
[10] 'Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd, by 'Uthman ibn Bishr an-Najdi, Vol. 1, Pg. 7-8
[11] Shaikh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, by Judge Ahmad ibn 'Hajar al-Butami, Pg. 17-19
[12] Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab: His Da'wah and Life Story, by Shaikh ibn Baaz, Pg. 21
[13] Shaikh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, by Judge Ahmad ibn 'Hajar al-Butami, Pg. 28
[14] Saudi appointed Kaaba "Imam": Shias are pagans (http:/ / www. iraq-war. ru/ article/ 216433)
[15] Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Macmillan Reference USA, (2004), p.727
[16] "Allah" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9005770/ Allah). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. . Retrieved 2008-05-28.
[17] DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 42.
ISBN 0195169913. First edition.
[18] Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam, Vintage Books, 1982, p.61
[19] Commins 2006, p. 12 According to Commins, Kitab al-Tawhid "has nothing to say on Islamic law, which guides Muslims’ everyday lives.
This is a crucial point. One of the myths about Wahhabism is that its distinctive character stems from its affiliation with the supposedly
‘conservative’ or ‘strict’ Hanbali legal school. If that were the case, how could we explain the fact that the earliest opposition to Ibn Abd
al-Wahhab came from other Hanbali scholars? Or that a tradition of anti-Wahhabi Hanbalism persisted into the nineteenth century? As an
expert on law in Saudi Arabia notes, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab produced no unprecedented opinions and Saudi authorities today regard him not as a
mujtahid in fiqh [independent thinker in jurisprudence], but rather in da’wa or religious reawakening… The Wahhabis’ bitter differences with
other Muslims were not over fiqh [jurisprudence] rules at all, but over aqida, or theological positions.’"
[20] Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Third Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2004. Page.123.
[21] Glasse, Cyril, The New Encyclopedia of Islam Altamira, 2001, p.407
[22] Wiktorowicz, Quintan. "Anatomy of the Salafi Movement" in Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 29 (2006): p.235.
[23] Armstrong, Karen. The label of Catholic terror was never used about the IRA. (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ politics/ 2005/ jul/ 11/
northernireland. july7) guardian.co.uk
[24] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=UKkWRu6u29gC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Kingdom+ without+ borders:+ Saudi+ political,+
religious+ and+ media+ frontiers& hl=en& ei=FcoaTJ75JpDCMebB8MYM& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&
Wahhabi 7

ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false

[25] The Destruction of Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina (http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 6999574/ Spirit) By Irfan Ahmed in Islamic Magazine,
Issue 1, July 2006
[26] Nibras Kazimi, A Paladin Gears Up for War (http:/ / www. nysun. com/ article/ 65662?page_no=3), The New York Sun, November 1, 2007
[27] John R Bradley, Saudi's Shi'ites walk tightrope (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ Middle_East/ GC17Ak01. html), Asia Times, March 17,
2005
[28] "Radicalism: Its Wahhabi Roots and Current Representation", (http:/ / www. islamicsupremecouncil. org/ bin/ site/ wrappers/
extremism_wahabroots. html) Islamic Supreme Council of America
[29] The Islamists Have it Wrong (http:/ / www. meforum. org/ 14/ the-islamists-have-it-wrong) By Abdul Hadi Palazzi Middle East Quarterly,
Summer 2001
[30] Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC& pg=PA72& dq=ma+ anliang& hl=en& ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA& sa=X& oi=book_result&
ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=wahhabism ma debao& f=false). Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 104.
ISBN 0700710264, 9780700710263. . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
[31] Maris Boyd Gillette (2000). Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims (http:/ / books.
google. com/ books?id=b21aKLh6_KkC& pg=PA79& dq=gedimu+ ikhwan& hl=en& ei=AXmOTNbGOcWqlAf-y8jmAg& sa=X&
oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=gedimu ikhwan& f=false). Stanford University Press.
pp. 279. ISBN 0804736944. . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
[32] John L. Esposito (1999). The Oxford history of Islam (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=imw_KFD5bsQC& pg=PA458& dq=gedimu+
ikhwan& hl=en& ei=AXmOTNbGOcWqlAf-y8jmAg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&
q=kubrawiyya percent gedimu hui ma tong& f=false). Oxford University Press US. p. 462. ISBN 00195107993. . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
[33] BARRY RUBIN (2000). Guide to Islamist Movements (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=wEih57-GWQQC& pg=PA79& dq=ma+
bufang+ secret+ war& hl=en& ei=Lh6YTKKkLYT68AbGy7iKAQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&
ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=ma bufang secret war& f=false). M.E. Sharpe. p. 79. ISBN 0765617471. . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
[34] Saudi Publications on Hate Ideology (http:/ / www. freedomhouse. org/ uploads/ special_report/ 45. pdf)
[35] quotes from a study "based on a year-long study of over two hundred original documents, all disseminated, published or otherwise generated
by the government of Saudi Arabia and collected from more than a dozen mosques in the United States". New Report on Saudi Government
Publications (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20061002030100/ http:/ / www. freedomhouse. org/ religion/ news/ bn2005/ bn-2005-01-28.
htm) at the Internet Archive
[36] Turki Al-Faisal (2006-05-22). "Saudi Ambassador responds to Freedom House editorial" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070805231908/
http:/ / www. saudiembassy. net/ 2006News/ Press/ PressDetail. asp?cIndex=297). Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. Archived from the
original (http:/ / www. saudiembassy. net/ 2006News/ Press/ PressDetail. asp?cIndex=297) on 2007-08-05. . Retrieved 2008-05-10.
[37] "Freedom House" (http:/ / rightweb. irc-online. org/ profile/ 1476). International Relations Center. 2007-07-26. . Retrieved 2008-05-10.
[38] Natana J. Delong-Bas, "Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad", (Oxford University Press: 2004), p. 279
[39] After Jihad: American and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy by Noah Feldman, New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003, p.47
[40] Salah Nasrawi, Mecca’s ancient heritage is under attack - Developments for pilgrims and the strict beliefs of Saudi clerics are encroaching
on or eliminating Islam’s holy sites in the kingdom (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2007/ sep/ 16/ news/ adfg-mecca16), Los Angeles Times,
September 16, 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
[41] Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl (2004). "The Middle East: Cradle of the Muslim World". The Muslim World After 9/11. Rand Corporation.
p. 103, note 60.. ISBN 0833037129.
[42] Howden, Daniel (August 6, 2005). "The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage" (http:/ / www.
independent. co. uk/ news/ world/ middle-east/ the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647. html).
The Independent. . Retrieved 2009-12-21.
[43] Kepel 2002, pp. 69–75
[44] The Qur'an review in The Independent (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ arts-entertainment/ film-and-tv/ tv-radio-reviews/
last-nights-tv-the-quran-channel-4-banged-up-five-867474. html)
[45] Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?' Al-Hayat, May 19, 2003
[46] Kepel 2002, p. 72
[47] Abou al Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, p.48-64
[48] (Murphy, Caryle, Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Simon and Schuster, 2002 p. 32
[49] An interview with Minister Mentor of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew (http:/ / www. accessmylibrary. com/ coms2/
summary_0286-25472708_ITM)
[50] Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism and the Spread of Sunni Theofascism (http:/ / www. globalpolitician. com/ 23661-saudi)
[51] Wahhabism: A deadly scripture (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ uk/ home-news/ wahhabism-a-deadly-scripture-398516. html)
[52] Saudi Arabia's Export of Radical Islam (http:/ / www. sullivan-county. com/ x/ fox_imm. htm)
[53] Islam in South and Southeast Asia (http:/ / fpc. state. gov/ documents/ organization/ 43999. pdf)
[54] Radical Islam in Central Asia (http:/ / www. kashmirherald. com/ featuredarticle/ radicalislam. html)
[55] Abou El Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.70-72
Wahhabi 8

References
• Commins, David Dean (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 184885014X.
• Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195125584.
• Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. trans. Anthony F. Roberts (1st English edition ed.).
Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00877-4.
• Saint-Prot, Charles. Islam. L'avenir de la tradition entre révolution et occidentalisation (Islam. The Future of
Tradition between Revolution and Westernization). Paris: Le Rocher, 2008.

Additional reading
• Algar, Hamid, Wahhabism : A Critical Essay, Islamic Publications International, ISBN 1-889999-13-X
• Delong-Bas, Natana J., Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad, Oxford University Press,
ISBN 0-19-516991-3
• Holden, David and Johns, Richard, The House of Saud, Pan, 1982, ISBN 0-330-26834-1
• Al-Rasheed, Madawi, A History of Saudi Arabia, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-64412-7
• De Gaury, Gerald and Stark, Freya, Arabia Phoenix, Kegan Paul International Limited, ISBN 0-7103-0677-6,
ISBN 9780710306777
• Oliver, Haneef James, The 'Wahhabi' Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin
Laden, T.R.O.I.D. Publications, February 2004, ISBN 0-9689058-5-4
• Quist, B. Wayne and Drake, David F., Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American Values, iUniverse,
2005, ISBN 0595672728
• Spencer, Robert (2003). Onward Muslim Soldiers. Regnery Publishing, USA. ISBN 0-89526-100-6.
• Spencer, Robert (2005). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades). Regnery Publishing, USA.
ISBN 0-89526-013-1.
• Spencer, Robert (2006). The Truth About Muhammad. Regnery Publishing, USA. ISBN 978-1596980280.
• Malik, S. K. (1986). The Quranic Concept of War (http://wolfpangloss.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/
malik-quranic-concept-of-war.pdf). Himalayan Books. ISBN 8170020204.
• Swarup, Ram (1982). Understanding Islam through Hadis. Voice of Dharma. ISBN 0-682-49948-X.
• Trifkovic, Serge (2006). Defeating Jihad. Regina Orthodox Press, USA. ISBN 192865326X.
• Phillips, Melanie (2006). Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within. Encounter books. ISBN
1-59403-144-4.

External links
• "Wahhabism." Oxford Bibliographies Online: Islamic Studies. (http://oxfordbibliographiesonline.com/
?wicket:interface=:6:1:::)
• What Is a Salafi And Is Their Approach Valid? (http://www.islamfortoday.com/keller06.htm)
• Leading American Academic Discusses the Wahhabi Myth (http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/
SalafiManhaj_WahaabiMyth)
• Who First Used the Term 'Wahhabi'? (http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_TermWahhabi)
• The Ideology of Terrorism and Violence in Saudi Arabia: Origins, Reasons and Solution (http://www.
salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_Terrorism_In_KSA.pdf)
• Does Saudi Arabia Preach Intolerance in the UK and US? (http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/
SalafiManhaj_Saudi.pdf)
• Full Text of Kitab Al Tawhid by Ibn Abdul Wahhab (http://islamicweb.com/beliefs/creed/abdulwahab/)
• Spero News - Bosnia: Muslims upset by Wahhabi leaders (http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.
asp?id=6540)
• The Wahhabi Myth (http://www.thewahhabimyth.com/)
Wahhabi 9

• The Wahhabi Movement (http://www.islamiccentre.org/presentations/wahhabi.pdf)

• Wahhabi School (http://www.muslimprepschool.co.uk/)
• History of early Wahhabism and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Urdu) (http://www.maktabah.org/index.php/
component/content/article/51-general/919.html)
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Wahhābis". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University
Press.

Critical
• Analysis: Inside Wahhabi Islam (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1571144.stm)
• Wahhabism: Understanding the roots and role models of islamic extremism (http://www.sunnah.org/articles/
Wahhabiarticleedit.htm)
• The 'Wahhabi' Nemesis: Exposing those responsible for causing terror (http://www.salafimanhaj.com/article.
php?article=21)
• Wahabi Way (http://www.alsunna.org/salaf.htm)
• Definitive Wahhabi Profile (http://www.ummah.net/Al_adaab/salafi2.html)
• Refutation of Wahabism (http://www.amislam.com/warning.htm)
• Saudi Publications on Hate Ideology (http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/45.pdf)
• Wahhabi School (http://www.muslimprepschool.co.uk/)
Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and Contributors

Wahhabi  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=401266226  Contributors: *drew, AA, AAA765, ACSE, Aaliyah Stevens, AbdullahAlSaeed, Abiyoyo, AbsenceWiki, Abu adam,
Abureem, Abuubaydullah, AdjustShift, AdultSwim, Afghana, Agari, Ahb110, Ahmad Shah Bukhari, Ahmad2099, Ahmadi, Aimuhith, Aitias, Akmalali, Aktron, Alai, AlexTG, AlexanderKaras,
Alexandre8, Alexb102072, Ali.shehzad13, Alrasheedan, Aminullah, Amronpaulian, Andrew Maiman, Angela, Angry Rapper, Anjouli, Anomalocaris, AnonMoos, Aqdas, Aristides, Arre,
Arrow740, Ashmoo, Ashwinr, Atropos235, Auntof6, Avs5221, Babajobu, Badanedwa, Bahram.zahir, Banjotchat, Barastert, Bart133, Bcorr, Beland, Bera7m, Berserkerz Crit, Besho84,
Bharlem145, Big Cowboy Kev, BigCoolGuyy, Bihco, Bless sins, Bob Burkhardt, Bobo192, BogdanM02, Bonassra, BoogaLouie, BrentDanzig, Brian Wiseman, BrotherSulayman, Bushnaq,
CalJW, CambridgeBayWeather, Carl Henderson, CartoonDiablo, Catskul, Causteau, Ceranthor, Chameleon, Chaosandwalls, ChessPlayer, Chris the speller, Chubeat8, Church of emacs,
CinchBug, Clearcrash1, Cometstyles, Commando2047, Coolrider110, Countersubject, CreazySuit, Cronodevir, Cunado19, D6, Dadude3320, Danaseilhan, Daniel J. Leivick, Danieliness, David
McArthur, Dawgsb1, Dawud.Beale, De Administrando Imperio, Dgokhale, DigiBullet, DiiCinta, Dino, DionysiusThrax, Discospinster, Dmyersturnbull, DocWatson42, DrJahangirAli, Duke
Ganote, Dysprosia, Ebbervisa, Editor2020, Edward321, Eequor, Efcmagnew, El C, Eliyahu S, Elonka, Emc2, Emiellaiendiay, Emmetfahy, EnochJ, Epbr123, Erebus555, Ericjs, EronMain,
Erxnmedia, Eshay, Esowteric, Estuera, Eszett, Etafly, Euryalus, Exor674, Faith&reason, Fang Aili, Faradayplank, Favonian, Fayenatic london, Ferkelparade, Feyoun1, Firien, Fozzymalik,
Fragma08, Fuzheado, Fuzzbuzz, GCarty, Gabbe, Gaff, Gazpacho, Geozeyad, Gergis, Gjakova, Gobonobo, Gr8opinionater, GraemeL, Graf Bobby, Graft, Grenavitar, Greudin, HJ Mitchell, Hadj,
HalfShadow, Harmeet1, Harprit, Harxxn, Hassanfarooqi, Helicon, Heliocentric915, Hemlock Martinis, Heron, Hinio, Hmains, Hojimachong, Hourick, Howabout1, Humaliwalay, HussaynKhariq,
HybridBoy, IFaqeer, IRP, IZAK, Ian Salisbury, Ibn Kofi, Idekii, Iftekhar mahmood, Igor, IgorSF, Ijlal khalid, Ioannes Pragensis, Ipatrol, Iridescent, IronGargoyle, Isthatyou, Itaqallah, Ittihadawi,
Ixnayonthetimmay, Izady, J'raxis, J.A.McCoy, J.delanoy, JForget, JNW, JVkamp, Jaakobou, Jacobolus, Jagged 85, James Wanten, James uk, JamesBWatson, Jeff3000, Jessy501, Jikanter,
Jimpaz, Jlix, Johnbibby, Johnbod, Jon Stafford, JonHarder, Joriki, Joshjcpa, Jossi, Joy, Jschuur, K33ka, Karl Meier, KarlM, Kashi lesta, Kashif.khan.salfi, Kbahey, Ken JP Stuczynski, Kevlar67,
Khalidkhoso, Khoikhoi, Killminister, Kingpin13, Kirachinmoku, Knucmo2, Koavf, Kralizec!, Kray0n, Kukini, Kummi, Kungfuadam, Kuru, Kwamikagami, La goutte de pluie, LaMenta3, Le
Anh-Huy, LedgendGamer, Leeb33, Leif, Leroy65X, Lfstevens, Liastnir, LilHelpa, Lingvo9, LittleDan, Locos epraix, Lurker, MBisanz, MC MasterChef, MK8, MRasco, MUA, MVNdude,
Macdorman, Macy, Makeemlighter, Mani1, Manuel Anastácio, Markirwin, Marknutley, Markoff Chaney, Mathew40, Matt Deres, MatthewVanitas, Mazarin07, Mazzarin, Mcp779, Meegs,
Mervyn, MezzoMezzo, Michael Safyan, Michaelmichael, Mike18xx, Mild Bill Hiccup, MinorFixes, Mintguy, Mirv, Misconceptions2, Miss Madeline, Mistercow, Mkmcconn, Mkubica,
Mohammadkidwai, Mohammadpatel, Mohonu, Mohsinbangash, Mohsinkhan, Mpatel, Mrengland070591gz70, Msignor, Msin10, Msoamu, Muflihoon, Muhammad Fahad001, Mukadderat,
Muqarrab, Musa as-Salafi, Muslim sunni, Mustafaa, Mxn, Mystictim, NAccount, Nahum Reduta, Nalvage, Namenotek, Nanno123, Nawshath, Neko-chan, Nepaheshgar, Neptune5000, Neural,
Neurolysis, Neutrality, New8005, Nick, Nixeagle, Nobs01, Noloop, Nonstopdrivel, Notedgrant, Nsaa, Nsk92, Nubiatech, OlEnglish, OneGuy, Organicman101, Osli73, PFHLai, Pan Dan, Past
dayz back, Patrickneil, Phuzion, Physicistjedi, Piano non troppo, Pietyandtruth, Pinethicket, Plasma713, Pob1984, Populus, Pretender, PrimeCupEevee, ProtectWomen, Qmanballer, Quadell, RK,
Rafchile, Raheem0046, Randroide, Rasmus Faber, RavShimon, Rayis, Razimantv, Rd232, Rdsmith4, Recognizance, Renegade MUFC, RenoRich, RevolutionExpert, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough,
Rickterp, Rjwilmsi, Rm uk, Roadrunner, Robert Southworth, Rursus, Ryan Albrey, Sageraza, Saisumanth, Sajjed, Salamurai, Salleyye, Samsparky, Saqibsohail, Savant1984, Sayfullah, Scchiang,
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Spider84, SpikeToronto, Spongefrog, Stomaco, Sue H. Ping, Superweirdash, TPK, Talibghaffari, Talkie tim, Tanzeel, Tchoutoye, Tetlowgm, ThaGrind, ThaddeusB, Thatguyflint, The Flying
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Trueblood786, Twalls, Typhoonchaser, Ultrabias, Umair younas, Unbreakable MJ, Uncle Dick, Unitasos, Urashimataro, Usedbook, Varlaam, Versus22, Vice regent, WacoJacko, WarFox,
Waynequist, Webmailnet, WereSpielChequers, Wetman, Whitem420, Wik, Wiki Raja, Wiki Wikardo, Wiki alf, Wikipidian, Wikpedia8110, Wmahan, Xe Cahzytr Ryz, Xufanc, Xumm1du,
Yahoodi, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yodakii, Yosters, Yuber, Zakuragi, Zantolak, ZaydHammoudeh, Zazaban, ZeZo, Zeno of Elea, Zigger, Zikrullah, Zora, Zunaid, Дунгане, 1387 anonymous edits

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