CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE MODULE-

LEVEL I

CHAPTER 2 : BODY COORDINATION

UNIT 2.2 : UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

A student is able to :

• Identify the component parts of the human nervous system

• State the function of each component part of nervous system
• State what a neurone is
• Identify the parts of a neurone
• State the function of each part of the neurone
• Identify the different types of neurone
• State the function of each type of neurone
• Compare and contrast the different types of neurone

Human nervous system

Sistem saraf manusia

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous

Sistem saraf pusat system

Brain Spinal cord Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Otak Saraf Sistem saraf somatik Sistem saraf autonomik

Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

Saraf kranium Saraf spina

1. Complete the boxes using the informations provided.

Lengkapkan petak menggunakan maklumat yang disediakan.

• Central nervous system

Sistem saraf pusat
• Brain
Otak
• Peripheral nervous system
Sistem saraf periferi
• Spinal cord
Saraf tunjang
• Autonomic nervous system
Sistem saraf autonomik
• Spinal nerves
Saraf spina
• Cranial nerves
Saraf kranium
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CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE MODULE-
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Nervous system
Sistem saraf

Central nervous system

Sistem saraf pusat

Somatic nervous system

• controls voluntary actions
mengawal tindakan terkawal

Cranial nerve
Saraf kranium

2. Using the informations given label the parts of the human nervous system in the diagram below.
Menggunakan maklumat yang diberi labelkan bahagian-bahagian sistem saraf manusia dalam
rajah di bawah.

• Spinal cord
Saraf tunjang
• Brain
Otak
• Spinal nerves
Saraf spina
• Cranial nerves
Saraf kranium

Central nervous
system Peripheral nervous
Sistem saraf pusat system
Sistem saraf periferi

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3. a) Complete the boxes below with the informations given. You may use the information
more
than once.
Lengkapkan petak di bawah dengan maklumat yang diberi.Anda boleh menggunakan
maklumat lebih daripada sekali.

• Dendrite (Dendrit)
• Dendrone(Dendron)
• Axon (Akson)
• Cell body (Badan sel)
• Nucleus (Nukleus)
• Myelin sheath (Salut Mielin)
• Receptor (Reseptor)
• Central nervous system (Sistem saraf pusat)
• Effector (Efektor)
• Sensory neurone (Neuron deria)
• Motor neurone (Neuron motor)

Neurones (Neuron) Function (Fungsi)

i) _______________Neurone Carry impulses from

______________to _______________

Membawa impuls daripada _________

Cell body
ke ____________________

Dendron Receptor

ii) ______________Neurone Carry impulses from ____________ to

the _______________
Dendrite
Membawa impuls daripada

________________ ke_____________

Cell body

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iii) __________________ Neurone Carry impulses from ______________

Nucleus to the _______________

Axon
Membawa impuls daripada_________

ke ______________________
Myelin sheath

UNIT 2.3 : NERVOUS COORDINATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES.

A student will be able to :

• State what receptors and effectors are

• State the function of receptors effectors
• Explain with examples what a reflec action is
• Describe a reflex arc
• Illustrate the path taken by an impulse in the reflex arc

Important notes :

• Receptor is the sensory organ which detects stimuli resulting from the changes in the
surroundings.
Reseptor ialah organ deria yang mengesan rangsangan daripada perubahan persekitaran

• The examples of receptor are skin, eye, ear, nose and tongue
Contoh-contoh reseptor ialah kulit, mata, telinga, hidung dan lidah

• Effector is the organ which responds to the stimuli

Efektor ialah organ yang bertindak balas terhadap rangsangan)

• The examples of effector are muscle and glands

Contoh efektor ialah otot dan kelenjar

• Reflex action is the automatic and fast response of the body towards external stimuli without the
involvement of thinking
Tindakan refleks ialah tindakan automatic dan pantas terhadap rangsangan luar tanpa
melibatkan pemikiran

• Reflex arc is the path that is involved in a reflex action

Arka refleks ialah laluan melibatkan tindakan refleks

• The importance of the reflex action is to avoid us from serious injuries

Kepentingan tindakan refleks ialah untuk mengelakkan daripada kecederaan serius

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CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE MODULE-
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• The flow chart that shows the reflex arc of a reflex action :
Carta alir yang menunjukkan arka reflek bagi tindakan refleks.

Impulse Impulse

Receptor Sensory neurone Relay neurone

Reseptor Neuron deria Neuron perantaraan

Impulse Impulse

Effector Motor neurone

Efektor Neuron motor

4. Fill in the blanks with the words given in the table below. You may use the words more than
once.
Isikan tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang diberikan dalam jadual di bawah. Anda boleh
menggunakan perkataan yang sama lebih daripada sekali.

Spinal cord Smaller serious injury fast reflex arc

Saraf tunjang mengecil kecederaan serius pantas arka refleks
Hot Automatic Sharp Insect reflex action
panas automatik tajam serangga tindakan refleks

a. Reflex actions are automatic and ________________ response of the body without the
involvement of thinking.

Tindakan refleks ialah gerakbalas badan yang mengecil dan _______________ tanpa
melibatkan pemikiran.

b. Reflex actions controlled by _________________________________

Tindakan refleks dikawal oleh ________________________________.

c. The path of reflex action is called a _____________________________.

Lintasan tindakan refleks disebut ____________________________.

d. Reflex actions are important to prevent us from _______________________.

Tindakan refleks adalah penting untuk mengelakkan ______________________.

e. Some examples of reflex actions are:

Beberapa contoh tindakan refleks ialah:

• Jerking away of hand when in contact with a _____________ kettle.

Tangan tersentak apabila tersentuh cerek yang _________________.

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• Lifting of leg when the foot accidentally stepped on a _____________ object.

Kaki terangkat apabila apabila terpijak benda ___________________.

• Blinking the eyes to avoid the entry of small _____________ .

Mata mengerlip untuk mengelakkan kemasukan ______________ kecil.

• Pupil gets _______________when a bright light is directed to the eye.

Anak mata _______________ apabila cahaya terang disinarkan pada mata.

UNIT 2.4 : PROPRIOCEPTORS

LEARNING OUTCOMES .

A student will be able to :

• Explain what proprioceptors are

• Explain the importance of proprioceptors

Important notes

The definition of proprioceptors (Maksud proprioseptor)

The receptors that are sensitive to movement, pressure or stretching within the body.
Reseptor yang sensitive terhadap pergerakan, tekanan atau ketegangan dalam badan.

The location of proprioceptors (Kedudukan proprioseptor)

In muscles, joints, ligaments and tendon

Dalam otot, sendi, ligament dan tendon

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The flow of impulses involving proprioceptors (Aliran impuls melibatkan proprioseptor)

Muscles are stretched(Stimulus)

Otot diregang (Rangsangan)

Stretch receptor(generate impulses)

Reseptor regang (hasilkan impuls)

Sensory neurone (transmit impulses)

Neuron deria (pindahkan impuls)

Brain(interpret information)
Otak (tafsir maklumat)

Motor neurone(transmit impulses)

Neuron motor (pindahkan impuls)

Effectors (produce movement)

Efektor (hasilkan pergerakan)

5. Fill in the blanks with the words given in the table below. You may use the informations from the
notes above.
Isikan tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang diberikan dalam jadual di bawah. Anda boleh
menggunakan maklumat daripada nota di atas..

Proprioceptors

What are proprioceptors? Where can they be found? What are the importances of
Apakah reseptor regang? Di manakah ia didapati? proprioceptors?
Apakah kepentingan reseptor regang?

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• • In muscles • To maintain balance and

Dalam otot posture
• Joints Untuk mengekalkan
Sendi keseimbangan dan postur
badan
•
• To coordinate daily muscular
• activities
Untuk mengkoordinasi aktiviti
otot

UNIT 2.5 : THE HUMAN BRAIN

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

A student will be able to :

• Identify the main parts of the human brain

• State the functions of each main part of the human brain
• Explain what voluntary action is
• Give examples of voluntary action
• Explain what involuntary action is
• Give examples of involuntary action
• Explain the effects of injuries to specific parts of the human brain

A – Cerebrum (Serebrum)
Controls mental, sensory and voluntary actions
Mengawal aktiviti mental, deria dan tindakan terkawal

B – Medulla oblongata (Medula oblongata)

Controls involuntary actions
Mengawal tindakan luar kawal

C – Cerebellum (Serebelum)
Controls body balanceMengawal keseimbangan badan

D – Spinal cord (Saraf tunjang)

Controls reflex actions / Mengawal tindakan refleks

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6. a) Label the parts of the human brain in the diagram below.

Labelkan bahagian-bahagian otak manusia dalam rajah di bawah.

i)Cerebrum

ii)
iii)

b). Complete the table below to show the the functions of the different parts of the brain.
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk menunjukkan fungsi bahagian-bahagian otak.

Parts of the brain Function

i) Cerebrum Controls ______________________ action

Serebrum
Mengawal tindakan _____________________

ii)_______________ Controls ______________________________

Mengawal _____________________________

iii) Medulla oblongata Controls _________________________ action

Mengawal tindakan______________________

Unit 2.6 : Human Endocrine System

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

A student is able to:

› Describe what hormone is,

› Describe what endocrine glands are,
› Identify the main endocrine glands and their respective locations in the body,
› State the functions of hormones secreted by the endocrine glands,
› Describe the effects of hormonal imbalance on health.

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CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE MODULE-
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HORMONAL COORDINATION

Important notes.

secrete carried by the bloodstream

• The endocrine merembeskan hormones dibawa oleh aliran darah To the target
gland hormon organs
are
ialah

Chemical substances secreted by the endocrine

glands into the blood stream
Bahan kimia yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar
endokrin ke dalam darah

• The endocrine gland and their functions

Kelenjar endokrin dan fungsinya

Endocrine gland Function

Kelenjar endokrin Fungsi

Pituitary As the main gland that stimulates other endocrine gland

Kelenjar utama yang merangsang kelenjar-kelenjar lain

Thyroid To control the rate of metabolisme

Untuk mengawal kadar metabolisme

Pancreas To control the level of blood sugar

Untuk mengawal aras gula dalam darah

Adrenal To increase the rate of heartbeats and respiration

Untuk meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung dan pernafasan

Testes To control the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

Untuk mengawal perkembangan ciri-ciri seks sekunder lelaki

Ovary To control the development female secondary sexual characteristics

Untuk mengawal perkembangan ciri-ciri seks sekunder perempuan

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7. Label the main endocrine glands in the diagram below.
Labelkan kelenjar endokrin utama dalam rajah di bawah.

Pituitary

i)

Adrenal

ii)

Testes

iii)

8. State the effects of hormonal imbalance in the table below.

Nyatakan kesan ketidakseimbangan hormon dalam jadual di bawah.

Endocrine Gland Function of Hormone Shortage Effect Excessive Effect

Kelenjar endokrin Fungsi Hormon Kesan Kekurangan Kesan berlebihan

i) Pituitary Dwarfism Gigantism

Kerdil Gergasi

ii) Thyroid Stunted physical Increase in

and mental metabolic rate
Fizikal dan mental Kadar metabolisme
terbantut meningkat

iii) To control the level of May lead to shock

blood sugar and coma
Untuk mengawal aras Boleh
gula dalam darah menyebabkan
terkejut dan coma

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iv) Testes Low sperm count Early puberty

Sperma berkurang Matang awal

2.7 COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
KOORDINASI ANTARA SISTEM SARAF DAN SISTEM ENDOKRIN

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

A student is able to:

› Compare and contrast nervous coordination with hormonal coordination,

› Explain with examples the coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system in
response to a specific stimulus,

Important notes.

Comparison between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Perbandingan antara system saraf dan sistem endokrin

NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

SISTEM SARAF SISTEM ENDOKRIN

Similarities
Persamaan

To control and coordinate functions and activities of organs in the body

Mengawal dan mengkoordinasi fungsi serta aktiviti organ dalam badan

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 CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE MODULE-
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NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

SISTEM SARAF Differences SISTEM ENDOKRIN
Perbezaan

Impulses Hormones
Impuls Information in the form of Hormon
Maklumat dalam bentuk

Through nerves Bloodstream

Melalui saraf Aliran darah
Way of information
MARKING SCHEME transmission
Cara penghantaran maklumat
Marking Scheme
Very fast Slow
1.
Sangat cepat Perlahan
Speed of response
Kelajuan gerak balas
Very brief Long-lasting
Singkat Tahan lama
Duration of effects
Tempoh kesan

Specific
Khusus Wide
Target organs Luas
Organ sasaran

9. Answer the questions below based on the notes given.

Jawab soalan di bawah menggunakan nota yang telah diberi.

Question (Soalan) Answer (Jawapan)

a. What makes up the nervous system ?
Apakah yang membina sistem saraf ?
b. What makes up the endocrine system?
Apakah yang membina sistem endokrin?
c. How are the hormones sent through to the target
organs ?
Bagaimanakah hormon dihantar ke organ sasaran?
d. State the speed of impulse transmission in nervous
system.
Nyatakan kelajuan penghantaran impuls dalam
sistem saraf..
e. State one similarity of nervous system and
endocrine system.
Nyatakan satu persamaan sistem saraf dan sistem
endokrin.

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CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE MODULE-
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2.8 Evaluating the effects of drug abuse on body coordination and health

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

A student is able to:

› Define what drugs are,

› List examples of drugs,
› Explain what drug abuse is,
› Describe the effects of drug abuse on body coordination,
› Describe the effects of drug abuse on health.

Important Notes
Chemicals that can change the functions
DRUGS are and physiology of the body
DADAH ialah Bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah fungsi
dan fisiologi badan.

Type of drugs Example of drugs Effects of drugs

Jenis dadah Contoh dadah Kesan dadah

Stimulants Cocaine • Stay awake or active

Aktif dan kurang tidur

Heroin • Relieve pain

Narcotics
Tahan sakit

• Is the taking of drugs excessively, not under

Drug Abuse means a doctor’s prescription
Penyalahgunaan Dadah bermaksud Pengambilan dadah berlebihan, tidak
mendapat nasihat doktor

Effects on
Kesan terhadap

Body coordination Health

Koordinasi badan Kesihatan

• Depression, • High blood pressure

Tekanan Tekanan darah tinggi
• Unhappiness • Heart problems
Sedih Masalah jantung
• Confused thoughts • Damage to the liver
Pemikiran bercelaru Kerosakan hati

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10. Answer the questions below based on the notes given.
Jawab soalan di bawah menggunakan nota yang telah diberi.

Question (Soalan) Answer (Jawapan)

a. State the definition of drug.
Nyatakan definisi dadah.
b. State the definition of drug abuse.
Nyatakan definisi penyalahgunaan dadah.
c. Name two types of drug and their examples.
Namakan dua jenis dadah dan contohnya.
d. What is the effect of drug abuse on body
coordination?
Apakah kesan penyalahgunaan dadah ke atas
koordinasi badan?
e. What is the effect of drug abuse on health?
Apakah kesan penyalahgunaan dadah ke atas
kesihatan?

2.9 Analysing the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination and health

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

A student is able to:

› List examples of alcoholic drinks,

› Describe the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination,
› Describe the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on health,
› Justify the importance of avoiding excessive consumption of alcohol.

Important notes.

• Alcoholic drinks are drinks that contain ethanol

Minuman beralkohol ialah minuman yang mengandungi etanol.
• Two examples of alcoholic drinks are beer and whisky
Dua contoh minuman beralkohol ialah bir dan wiski.
• The effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination are
longer the response time during emergencies and slow down its impulse
transmissions
Kesan penggunaan alkohol yang berlebihan ke atas koordinasi badan ialah
melambatkan masa bertindak semasa kecemasan.
• The effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on health are can cause liver
cirrhosis and hepatitis
Kesan penggunaan alkohol yang berlebihan ke atas kesihatan ialah boleh
menyebabkan sirosis hati dan hepatitis

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11. Complete the charta below based on the notes given.
Lengkapkan carta di bawah berdasarkan nota yang diberi.

Alcoholic drinks
Minuman beralkohol The effects of
excessive consumption
Kesan pengambilan
berlebihan

• Definition (Definisi) • On body coordination

Ke atas koordinasi badan
Alcoholic drinks are _______________________
_____________________________
Minuman beralkohol ialah _______________________
_____________________________
• On health
• Two examples of alcoholic drinks Ke atas kesihatan
Dua contoh minuman beralkohol _______________________
______________________
______________________ _______________________

2.10 Realising the importance of sound and healthy mind

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

A student is able to:

› State what mind is,

› Identify factors that affect the mind
› Explain how substance abuse can affect the mind,
› Justify the importance of a healthy and sound mind.

Important notes.

• The mind is the ability of the brain to think and reason

Minda ialah kebolehan otak untuk berfikir dan menaakul.
• A healthy and sound mind enables an individual to think before acting
Minda yang sihat membolehkan seseorang berfikir sebelum bertindak
• Someone who is mentally strong is independent, thinks positively, thinks rationally
and shows loving kindness.
Seseorang yang mempunyai mental yang kuat merupakan seorang yang berdikari,
berfikir secara rasional dan menunjukkan kasih sayang.

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12. Complete the chart below using the words given.
Lengkapkan carta di bawah menggunakan perkataan yang diberi.

• Hormonal (hormon)
• Reason (menaakul)
• Caring (kasih sayang)
• Mental (jiwa)
• Social (sosial)
• Alcohol (alkohol)
• Drug (dadah)
• Think (berfikir)
• Short-tempered (cepat
marah)

The mind
Minda
Influence
Mempengaruhi

Definition (Definisi) • External factor (Faktor luaran)

The ability of the brain to _______ Examples : ____________ stress
and ________ Tekanan __________
Keupayaan otak untuk __________ : ____________ factor
dan _______________ Faktor ___________

• Internal factor (Faktor dalaman)

Examples : ___________ imbalance

Ketidakseimbangan _________
: _________ abuse
Penyalahgunaan ___________
: Excessive consumption of
______________
Pengambilan ____________
berlebihan.

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