Sperm live inside a woman's body for up to 5 days egg is capable of being fertilized for about the first 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. Nine months of pregnancy are divided into three equal periods of three months - called trimesters. Placenta - an organ formed on the outside of the fallopian tube.
Sperm live inside a woman's body for up to 5 days egg is capable of being fertilized for about the first 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. Nine months of pregnancy are divided into three equal periods of three months - called trimesters. Placenta - an organ formed on the outside of the fallopian tube.
Sperm live inside a woman's body for up to 5 days egg is capable of being fertilized for about the first 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. Nine months of pregnancy are divided into three equal periods of three months - called trimesters. Placenta - an organ formed on the outside of the fallopian tube.
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4 Diagnostic Signs of Pregnancy • Presumptive Signs: breast changes, amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, frequent urination • Probable Signs: Positive pregnancy test, physical changes in the uterus • Positive Signs: Ultrasound or X-ray of fetus, fetal heartbeat, fetal movement
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-5 Pregnancy Tests • Physician tests: – Immunologic test based on detection of hCG – Beta-hCG radioimmunoassay • Home pregnancy tests
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-6 Development of the Conceptus • Nine months of pregnancy are divided into three equal periods of three months - called trimesters – First trimester - months 1 to 3 – Second trimester - months 4 to 6 – Third trimester - months 7 to 9
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-7 The Embryo and Its Support Systems • Placenta - an organ formed on the wall of the uterus through which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients and gets rid of waste products • Human chorionic gonadotropin - a hormone secreted by the placenta; it is the substance detected in pregnancy tests
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-8 The Embryo and Its Support Systems • Umbilical cord - the tube that connects the fetus to the placenta • Amniotic fluid - the watery fluid surrounding a developing fetus in the uterus
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-9 Fetal Development During the First Trimester • Develops into a fetus with most of the major organ systems present • 4th to 8th week - external body parts develop
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-10 Fetal Development During the First Trimester • 7th week - liver, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, and intestines have formed and begun limited functioning • End of 12th week - 10 centimeters long; weighs 19 grams
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-11 Fetal Development During the Second Trimester • Quickening occurs - women becomes aware of fetal movements – around the end of the 14th week • Fetal heart beat can be detected • Fetus opens its eyes
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-12 Fetal Development During the Third Trimester • Fetus’s skin is wrinkled and covered with downlike hair • Fetus turns in uterus to assume a head-down position • Fetus experiences rapid growth
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-15 Physical Changes: Second Trimester • Morning sickness disappears • Constipation and nosebleeds sometimes occur • Edema - water retention and swelling • Colostrum may come out of the nipple
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-16 Psychological Changes • Psychological well-being is greater among women who have social support • Depression higher in some studies
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-17 The Father’s Role in Pregnancy • Couvade syndrome - male pregnancy symptoms • The father-to-be - many choose to be actively involved • Diversity in the contexts of pregnancy - there are lots of various family contexts that exist today
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-18 Sex During Pregnancy • Intercourse can continue safely until 4 weeks before the baby is due • If intercourse is uncomfortable for woman, alternatives should be explored
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-19 Nutrition During Pregnancy • Diet during is extremely important • Woman must get enough protein, folic acid, calcium, magnesium and vitamin A • The fetus comes first – it draws the nutrients it needs first, and whatever is left is for mom
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-20 Nutrition Deficiencies • Calcium – future risk of bone and tooth loss • Folic acid – (folate) much higher risk of neural tube defects. (decreases risk by 50%) • Zinc – malformations of the central nervous system
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-21 Effects of Drugs Taken During Pregnancy • Teratogens - a substance that produces defects in a fetus • Antibiotics - may damage fetus • Alcohol - may cause fetal alcohol syndrome • Cocaine - increased risk of premature birth
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-22 Effects of Drugs Taken During Pregnancy • Steroids - can cause masculinization of a female fetus and other fetal damages • Other drugs - check with physician and “when in doubt, don’t” • Dads and drugs – drugs can damage sperm and their genetic content
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-23 Birth: The Beginning of Labor • Bloody show • Amniotic sac ruptures • Progesterone-withdrawal theory
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-32 Attachment to the Baby • Bonding can occur before baby is born • Critical period of bonding occurs in minutes and hours immediately after birth
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-33 Sex During Postpartum • Couple should wait at least 2 weeks before resuming intercourse • If woman had an episiotomy, she may experience vaginal discomfort
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-34 Breast-Feeding • Biological mechanisms – Prolactin - stimulates breasts to produce milk – Oxytocin - stimulates breasts to eject milk • Physical and mental health – Breast feeding is encouraged
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-37 Infertility • Refers to a woman’s inability to conceive and give birth to a living child, or a man’s inability to impregnate a woman • Causes - can be either female factors or male factors
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-38 Causes in the Female • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Failure to ovulate • Blockage of the fallopian tubes • Hostile mucus
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-39 Causes in the Male • Infections in the reproductive system caused by sexually transmitted diseases • Low sperm count • Low motility of the sperm
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-41 Psychological Aspects of Infertility • Couple subjected to psychological stress • Man may feel that his masculinity or virility is in question
Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-44 New Reproductive Technologies • Test-tube babies - in vitro fertilization - egg is fertilized by sperm in a laboratory dish • GIFT - gamete intra-fallopian transfer • ZIFT - zygote intra-fallopian transfer • Cloning • Gender selection
Neonatal and Maternal Complications of Placenta Praevia and Its Risk Factors in Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Gandhi Memorial Hospitals. Unmatched Case-Control Study