Chapter 07

7
Vector Calculus
Exercises 7.1.2
1(a) f (x, y) = c ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 1 + ec
Contours are a family of concentric circles, centre (0,0) and radius > 1 .
1(b) f (x, y) = c ⇒ y = tan c(1 + x)

Contours are a family of straight lines whose y intercept equals their slope and
pass through (-1,0).
2(a) Flow lines given by dx

dt = y and dy
dt = 6x2 − 4x.
Thus,
dy 6x2 − 4x
=
dx y

y dy = (6x2 − 4x) dx + c
1 2
y = 2x3 − 2x2 + c
2
y 2 = 4x2 (x − 1) + 2c
2(b) Flow lines given by dx

dt = y and dy
dt = 16 x3 − x.
Thus,
dy −x
1 3
6x
=
dx y

1
y dy = ( x3 − x) dx + c
6
1 2 1 4 1 2
y = x − x +c
2 24 2
1
y2 = x2 (x2 − 12) + 2c
12

c Pearson Education Limited 2004
Glyn James: Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Third edition 375
3(a) Level surfaces are given by f (r) = c ⇒ z = c + xy .
3(b) Level surfaces are given by f (r) = c ⇒ z = c − e−xy .
dx dy dz
4(a) Field lines given by dt = xy , dt = y2 + 1 , dt = z.
dz
= z ⇒ z = Aet
dt
dy
= 1 + y 2 ⇒ y = tan(t + α)
dt
dx
= xy ⇒ ln x = C − ln(cos(t + α))
dt
B
x=
cos(t + α)
x 2
Since 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ ⇒ 1 + y 2 = B , a hyperbola, so curve is on a hyperbolic
cylinder.
dx dy dz
4(b) Field lines are given by dt = yz , dt = zx, dt = xy .
Hence,
dy x
= ⇒ y 2 = x2 − c
dx y
dz x
= ⇒ z 2 = x2 + k
dx z
The curve is the intersection of these hyperbolic cylinders.
5(a)
∂f ∂f ∂f
= yz − 2x = xz + 1 = xy − 1
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
= −2 =0 =0
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
=z =z =y
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂x∂z
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
=y =x =x
∂z∂x ∂y∂z ∂z∂y

376 Glyn James: Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Third edition
5(b)
∂f ∂f ∂f
= 2xyz 3 = x2 z 3 = 3x2 yz 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
= 2yz 3 =0 = 6x2 yz
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
= 2xz 3 = 2xz 3 = 6xyz 2
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂x∂z
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
= 6xyz 2 = 3x2 z 2 = 3x2 z 2
∂z∂x ∂y∂z ∂z∂y
5(c)

∂f z −y −yz ∂f z 1 xz
= = 2 = = 2
∂x 1 + ( xy )2 x2 x + y2 ∂y 1 + ( xy )2 x x + y2
∂2f 2xyz ∂2f −2xyz
2
= 2 = 2
∂x (x + y 2 )2 ∂y 2 (x + y 2 )2
∂f
−1 y
= tan
∂z x
∂2f
=0
∂z 2
∂2f z 2x2 z z(x2 + y 2 ) − 2x2 z (y 2 − x2 )z

= 2 − = =
∂x∂y x + y2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
∂2f −z 2y 2 z 2y 2 z − z(x2 + y 2 ) (y 2 − x2 )z
= 2 + 2 = = 2
∂y∂x x + y2 (x + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x + y 2 )2

∂2f 1 −y −y ∂2f −y
= y 2 2
= 2 2
= 2
∂x∂z 1 + (x) x x +y ∂z∂x x + y2

∂2f 1 1 x ∂2f x
= y 2 = 2 2
= 2
∂y∂z 1 + (x) x x +y ∂z∂y x + y2
∂f ∂f ∂f −1
6(a) ∂x = 2x, ∂y = 2y , ∂z = −1 , dx
dt = 3t2 , dy
dt = 2, dz
dt = (t−1)2

df −1
= 2(t3 − 1)(3t2 ) + 2(2t)(2) + (−1)
dt (t − 1)2
= {2t(3t4 − 3t + 4)(t − 1)2 + 1}/(t − 1)2
= {2t(3t6 − 6t5 + 3t4 − 3t3 + 10t2 − 11t + 4) + 1}/(t − 1)2

∂f ∂f ∂f
6(b) ∂x = yz , ∂y = xz , ∂z = xy , dx
dt = e−t (cos t − sin t) , dy
dt = −e−t (cos t +
dz
sin t) , dt =1
df
= te−t cos t.e−t (cos t − sin t) − te−t sin t.e−t (cos t + sin t) + e−2t sin t cos t.(1)
dt
= te−2t (cos2 t − sin2 t − 2 sin t cos t) + e−2t sin t cos t
1
= te−2t (cos 2t − sin 2t) + e−2t sin 2t
2
(x2 +y 2 )1/2
7 r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , tan φ = xy , tan θ = z
∂r y ∂φ 1 1 x cos φ
= = sin θ sin φ, = y 2 = 2 2
=
∂y r ∂y 1 + (x) x x +y r sin θ
2 2 1/2

∂θ ∂ −1 (x + y ) yz sin φ cos θ
= {tan }= 2 =
∂y ∂y z (x + y 2 + z 2 )(x2 + y 2 )1/2 r
∂f ∂f cos φ ∂f sin φ cos θ ∂f

= sin θ sin φ + +
∂y ∂r r sin θ ∂φ r ∂θ
∂r z ∂φ
= = cos θ, =0
∂z r ∂z

∂θ 1 (x2 + y 2 )1/2 −(x2 + y 2 )1/2 − sin θ
= x2 2 − 2
= 2 2 2
=
∂z 1 + z+y
2
z x +y +z r
∂f ∂f sin θ ∂f
= cos θ −
∂z ∂r r ∂θ
∂u df ∂r ∂r x ∂u x df
8 ∂x = dr ∂x , ∂x = r ⇒ ∂x = r dr

∂2u ∂ x df x ∂ df
= +
∂x2 ∂x r dr r ∂x dr
x
r − x( r ) df x d2 f x
= +
r2 dr r dr2 r
y 2 + z 2 df x2 d2 f
= +
r.r2 dr r2 dr2

∂2u x2 +y 2 df y2 ∂ 2 f d2 u x2 +z 2 df
2
z2 d f
Similarly (by symmetry), ∂y 2 = r.r 2 dr + r 2 ∂r 2 , dz 2 = r.r 2 dr + r 2 dr 2
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u 2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) df x2 + y 2 + z 2 d2 f

⇒ + 2 + 2 = +
∂x2 ∂y ∂z r.r2 dr r2 dr2
2 df d2 f
= + 2
r dr dr
Hence the result.

2 2
9 V (x, y, z) = 1
z exp − x 4z
+y
2
∂V 1 x + y2 −x
= exp −
∂x z 4z 2z
2 2
∂2V 1 x2 + y 2 −x 1 x + y2
= exp − − 2 exp −
∂x2 z 4z 2z 2z 4z
2
∂V 1 x + y2 −y
= exp −
∂y z 4z 2z
2 2
∂2V 1 x2 + y 2 −y 1 x + y2
= exp − − 2 exp −
∂y 2 z 4z 2z 2z 4z
2 2
2 2
2
∂V 1 x +y 1 x +y x + y2
= − 2 exp − + exp −
∂z z 4z z 4z 4z 2
∂2V ∂2V ∂V
⇒ 2
+ 2
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
10 V = sin 3x cos 4y cosh 5z
∂2V
= −9 sin 3x cos 4y cosh 5z
∂x2
∂2V
= −16 sin 3x cos 4y cosh 5z
∂y 2
∂2V
= 25 sin 3x cos 4y cosh 5x
∂z 2
∂2V ∂2V ∂2V

⇒ + + =0
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

Exercises 7.1.4
11 x + y = u, y = uv
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
+ = 1, =v⇒ =1−v
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
+ = 0, =u⇒ = −u
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v

∂(x, y) 1 − v v
= = u − uv − (−uv) = u
∂(u, v) −u u
12 x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = uvw
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
+ + = 1, + = v, = vw
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
∂z ∂y ∂x
⇒ = vw, = v(1 − w), =1−v
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
+ + = 0, + = u, = uw
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
∂z ∂y ∂x
= uw, = u − uw, = −u
∂v ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
+ + = 0, + = 0, = uv
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
∂z ∂y ∂x
⇒ = uv, = −uv, =0
∂w ∂w ∂w

1 − v v − vw vw
∂(x, y, z)
⇒ = −u u − uw uw
∂(u, v, w)
0 −uv uv

1 − v v vw
1 − v v

= −u u uw = uv
−u u
0 0 uv

2 1 − v v

= u v = u2 v
−1 1

13 x = eu cos v, y = eu sin v
∂x ∂y
= eu cos v, = eu sin v
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y
= −eu sin v, = eu cos v
∂v ∂v

∂(x, y) eu cos v eu sin v
⇒ = = e2u (cos2 v + sin2 v) = e2u
∂(u, v) −eu sin v eu cos v
1
x2 + y 2 = e2u ⇒ u = ln(x2 + y 2 )
2
y y
= tan v ⇒ v = tan−1
x x
∂u x ∂u y ∂v y ∂v x
= 2 2
, = 2 2
=− 2 2
, = 2
∂x x +y ∂y x + y ∂x x +y ∂y x + y2
x y
∂(u, v) x2 +y 2 − x2 +y 2
2
= x +y =
2
1 1
= y x 2 2 2 2 2
= 2u
∂(x, y) x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2 (x + y ) x +y e
Hence the result.
14

∂(u, v) (− sin x cos y − λ cos x sin y) (cos x cos y − λ sin x sin y)
=
∂(x, y) (− cos x sin y − λ sin x cos y) (− sin x sin y + λ cos x cos y)
= − (sin x cos y + λ cos x sin y)(− sin x sin y + λ cos x cos y)
+ (cos x sin y + λ sin x cos y)(cos x cos y − λ sin x sin y)
= − [− sin2 x sin y cos y + λ sin x cos x cos2 y − λ sin x cos x sin2 y
+ λ2 cos2 x sin y cos y] + [cos2 x sin y cos y − λ sin x cos x sin2 y
+ λ sin x cos x cos2 y − λ2 sin2 x sin y cos y]
= sin y cos y − λ2 sin y cos y
∂(u, v)
= 0 ⇒ λ2 = 1 ⇒ λ = −1 or 1
∂(x, y)

15
2Kx 3 (3z + 6y)
∂(u, v, w)
= 8y 2 (2z + 6x)
∂(x, y, z) 2z 1 (2y + 3x)

Kx − 3z 0 (3z − 9x)

= 2 4y − 2z 0 (2z − 4y)
z 1 (2y + 3x)

Kx − 3z 3z − 9x
= −2 = 4(z − 2y)(−Kx + 9x)
4y − 2z 2z − 4y
∂(u, v, w)
=0⇒K=9
∂(x, y, z)
u = 9x2 + 4y 2 + z 2
v 2 = 9x2 + 4y 2 + z 2 + 12xy + 6xz + 4yz
2w = 12xy + 6xz + 4yz
u = v 2 − 2w
16
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
1= + (differentiating u = g(x, y) with respect to u)
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y
0= + (differentiating v = h(x, y) with respect to u)
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u

1 ∂u
∂y
∂x 0 ∂v
∂v
⇒ = ∂u ∂y ∂u = /J
∂u ∂x ∂y ∂y

∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y
∂y ∂v
= − /J
∂u ∂x
Similarly, differentiating u = g(x, y) and v = h(x, y) with respect to v obtains the
other two expressions.
17
u = ex cos y, v = e−x sin y
∂u ∂v
= ex cos y = u, = −e−x sin y = −v
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
= −ex sin y, = e−x cos y
∂y ∂y

∂x e−x cos y
=
∂u cos2 y − sin2 y
∂x ex sin y
=
∂v cos2 y − sin2 y
∂y e−x sin y
=
∂u cos2 y − sin2 y
∂y ex cos y
=
∂v cos2 y − sin2 y
Since 2uv = 2 sin y cos y = sin 2y , it is possible to express these results in terms of
u and v .
1
sin y = (1 + 1 − 4u2 v 2 )
2
1
cos y = (1 − 1 − 4u2 v 2 )
2
1
ex = (1 + 1 − 4u2 v 2 )
2u
Exercises 7.1.6
18(a)
∂ 2
(y + 2xy + 1) = 2y + 2x
∂y
∂
(2xy + x2 ) = 2y + 2x
∂x
therefore an exact differential.
∂f
Let ∂x = y 2 + 2xy + 1 , then f (x, y) = xy 2 + x2 y + x + c(y)
∂f dc
and = 2xy + x2 +
∂y dy
∂f dc
But, = 2xy + x2 from question. Hence,
∂y dy = 0 , so c is independent of x and
y ⇒ f (x, y) = x2 y + y 2 x + x + c.
18(b)
∂
(2xy 2 + 3y cos 3x) = 4xy + 3 cos 3x
∂y
∂
(2x2 y + sin 3x) = 4xy + 3 cos 3x
∂x
therefore an exact differential.

∂f
Let ∂x = 2xy 2 + 3y cos 3x, then f (x, y) = x2 y 2 + y sin 3x + c(y)
∂f dc
and = 2x2 y + y sin 3x +
∂y dy
dc
Hence, dy = 0 and c is a constant with respect to both x and y
⇒ f (x, y) = x2 y 2 + y sin 3x + c
18(c)
∂
(6xy − y 2 ) = 6x − 2y
∂y
∂
(2xey − x2 ) = 2ey − 2x
∂x
Not equal, so not an exact differential.
18(d)
∂ 3 ∂ 3 ∂
(z − 3y) = −3 (z − 3y) = 3z 2 (12y 2 − 3x) = 0
∂y ∂z ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
(12y 2 − 3x) = −3 (3xz 2 ) = 3z 2 (3xz 2 ) = 0
∂x ∂x ∂y
∂f
Hence exact. Let = z 3 − 3y , then f (x, y, z) = z 3 x − 3xy + c(y, z) and
∂x
∂f ∂c ∂c
∂y = −3x + ∂y . This implies that ∂y = 12y 2 and c(y, z) = 4y 3 + k(z) .
∂f ∂c dk
= 3z 2 x + = 3z 2 x + .
∂z ∂z dz
This implies that dk

dz = 0 and so f (x, y, z) = z 3 x − 3xy + 4y 3 + K .
19
∂
(y cos x + λ cos y) = cos x − λ sin y
∂y
∂
(x sin y + sin x + y) = sin y + cos x
∂x
Equal if λ = −1 .
Let ∂f∂x = y cos x − cos y , then f (x, y) = y sin x − x cos y + c(y) and
∂f
∂y =
sin x + x sin y + c (y) so that c (y) = y and c(y) = 12 y 2 + k .

Hence, f (x, y) = y sin x − x cos y + 12 y 2 + k .
1 1
f (0, 1) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 0 + 0 + +k ⇒k =−
2 2
and f (x, y) = y sin x − x cos y + 12 (y 2 − 1) .
20
∂
(10x2 + 6xy + 6y 2 ) = 6x + 12y
∂y
∂
(9x2 + 4xy + 15y 2 ) = 18x + 4y
∂x
Hence not exact.
∂
[(2x + 3y)m (10x2 + 6xy + 6y 2 )] = 3m(2x + 3y)m−1 (10x2 + 6xy + 6y 2 )
∂y
+ (2x + 3y)m (6x + 12y)
∂
[(2x + 3y)m (9x2 + 4xy + 15y 2 )] = 2m(2x + 3y)m−1 (9x2 + 4xy + 15y 2 )
∂x
+ (2x + 3y)m (18x + 4y)
Hence, exact if
3m(10x2 +6xy+6y 2 )+(2x+3y)(6x+12y) = 2m(9x2 +4xy+15y 2 )+(2x+3y)(18x+4y)
Comparing coefficients of x2 gives m = 2 . Let
∂f
= (2x + 3y)2 (10x2 + 6xy + 6y 2 ) = 40x4 + 144x3 y + 186x2 y 2 + 126xy 3 + 54y 4
∂x
⇒ f (x, y) = 8x5 + 36x4 y + 62x3 y 2 + 63x2 y 3 + 54xy 4 + c(y)
∂f
= 36x4 + 124x3 y + 99x2 y 2 + 216xy 3 + c (y)
∂y
⇒ c (y) = 9y 2 × 15y 2 ⇒ c(y) = 27y 5 + k
Hence, f (x, y) = 8x5 + 36x4 y + 62x3 y 2 + 63x2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + 27y 5 + k .

Exercises 7.2.2
21 grad f = (2xyz 2 , x2 z 2 , 2x2 yz) .
At (1,2,3), grad f = (36, 9, 12) = 3(12, 3, 4) .
21(a) Unit vector in direction of (−2, 3, −6) is √(−2,3,−6) = 71 (−2, 3, −6) .

(4+9+36)
Directional derivative of f in direction of (−2, 3, −6) at (1,2,3) is
3(12, 3, 4) · (−2, 3, −6)/7 = −117/7

21(b) Maximum rate of change is |grad f | = 3 (144 + 9 + 16) = 39 and is in
the direction of grad f , i.e. (12,3,4)/13.
22(a) ∇(x2 + y 2 − z) = (2x, 2y, −1)
22(b)
y −zy zx
−1 −1 y
∇ z tan = , , tan
x x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 x
22(c)

e−x−y+z −e−x−y+z 1 3x2 e−x−y+z −e−x−y+z
∇ = − ,
x3 + y 2 x3 + y 2 2 (x3 + y 2 )3/2 x3 + y 2

1 2ye−x−y+z e−x−y+z
− ,
2 (x3 + y 2 )3/2 x3 + y 2

e−x−y+z 3 2
= 3 −x − y − x , −x − y − y, x + y
3 2 3 2 3 2
(x + y 3 )3/2 2
22(d)
∇(xyz sin π(x + y + z)) =(yz sin π(x + y + z) + πxyz cos π(x + y + z),
xz sin π(x + y + z) + πxyz cos π(x + y + z),
xy sin π(x + y + z) + πxyz cos π(x + y + z))

23 grad (x2 + y 2 − z) = (2x, 2y, −1) .

At (1,1,2), grad f = (2, 2, −1) .
Unit vector in the direction of (4, 4, −2) is 3 (2, 2, −1) .
1
Directional derivative is (2, 2, −1) · 3 (2, 2, −1) = 3 (4 + 4

1 1
+ 1) = 3 .
24 ∇(xy 2 − 3xz + 5) = (y 2 − 3z, 2xy, −3x).

At (1, −2, 3) , grad f = (−5, −4, −3) .
√
Unit vector in the direction of grad f is (−5, −4, −3)/ 50.
√
Unit normal to surface xy 2 − 3xz + 5 = 0 at (1, −2, 3) is (5, 4, 3)/ 50.

25(a) r= x2 + y 2 + z 2

x y z
∇r = , ,
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
1
= (x, y, z)
r
r
=
r
25(b)

1 −x −y −z
∇ = , ,
r (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
r
=− 3
r
26
∂φ
= 2xy + z 2 ⇒ φ(x, y, z) = x2 y + xz 2 + f (y, z)
∂x
∂φ ∂f
= x2 + z ⇒ x2 + z = x2 + ⇒ f (y, z) = zy + g(z)
∂y ∂y
∂φ dg
= y + 2xz ⇒ y + 2xz = 2xz + y +
∂z dz
Hence, dg
dz = 0 ⇒ g(z) = c, a constant.
Hence, φ(x, y, z) = x2 y + xz 2 + zy + c.

27 φ(x, y, z) = x2 y − 3xyz + z 3
grad φ = (2xy − 3yz, x2 − 3xz, −3xy + 3z 2 )
At (3,1,2), grad φ = (0, −9, 3) .
√
Unit vector in direction of (3, −2, 6) = (3, −2, 6)/ 49.
Directional derivative at (3,1,2) in direction of (3, −2, 6) is
(0, −9, 3) · (3, −2, 6)/7 = 36/7
28 ∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9) = (2x, 2y, 2z) .

At (2, −1, 2) , grad (x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9) = (4, −2, 4) .
Unit normal to surface at (2, −1, 2) is (2, −1, 2)/3 .
∇(x2 + y 2 − z − 3) = (2x, 2y, −1).
At (2, −1, 2) , grad (x2 + y 2 − z − 3) = (4, −2, −1) .
√
Unit normal to surface at (2, −1, 2) is (4, −2, −1)/ 21.
Let angle between normals be θ , then
(2, −1, 2) (4, −2, −1)

cos θ = · √
3 21
8
⇒ cos θ = √ , hence θ = 54.41◦
3 21
29(a) ∇(x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 − 6) = (2x, 4y, 6z) .

At (1,1,1), grad f = (2, 4, 6) , so tangent plane at (1,1,1) is
(1, 2, 3) · (x − 1, y − 1, z − 1) = 0 i.e. x + 2y + 3z = 6
and normal line is

x−1 y−1 z−1
= =
1 2 3
29(b) ∇(2x2 + y 2 − z 2 + 3) = (4x, 2y, −2z)

At (1,2,3), grad f = (4, 4, −6) , so the tangent plane at (1,2,3) is
(2, 2, −3) · (x − 1, y − 2, z − 3) = 0 i.e. 2x + 2y − 3z = −3
and the normal line is

x−1 y−2 3−z
= =
2 2 3

29(c) ∇(x2 + y 2 − z − 1) = (2x, 2y, −1)

At (1,2,4), grad f = (2, 4, −1) , so that the tangent plane is
(2, 4, −1) · (x − 1, y − 2, z − 4) = 0 i.e. 2x + 4y − z = 6
and the normal line is

x−1 y−2 z−4
= =
2 4 −1
30 The change ∆r in the vector r can be resolved into the three directions ur ,
uθ , uφ . Thus,
∆r = ∆rur + r∆θuθ + r sin θ∆φuφ
Hence,
f (r + ∆r) − f (r)
grad f = lim
∆r→0 |∆r|
∂f 1 ∂f 1 ∂f
= ur + uθ + uφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
Exercises 7.3.2
31(a) div (3x2 y, z, x2 ) = 6xy + 0 + 0 = 6xy
31(b) div (3x + y, 2z + x, z − 2y) = 3 + 0 + 1 = 4
32 div F = 2y 2 − 2yz 3 + 2yz − 3xz 2 .

At (−1, 2, 3) , div F = −61 .

33
∇(a · r) = ∇(a1 x + a2 y + a3 z)
= (a1 , a2 , a3 ) = a

∂ ∂ ∂
(a · ∇)r = a1 , a2 , a3 (x, y, z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (a1 , a2 , a3 ) = a

a(∇ · r) = a(1 + 1 + 1) = 3a
34
1 x2 1 y2 1 z2
∇·v = − 3 + − 3 + − 3
r r r r r r

∂ x 1 1 x.(2x)
since = −
∂x 2 2
x +y +z 2 2 2
x +y +z 2 2 (x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
2
3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 2
Hence ∇.v = − 3
=
r r r

2 − 12 .(2x) − 21 (2y) − 12 (2z)
∇ =2 , ,
r (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
2 2r
= − 3 (x, y, z) = − 3
r r
35
div F = 4xy 2 + 9xy 2 + λxy 2 = (4 + 9 + λ)xy 2
div F = 0 ⇒ λ = −13
36 In spherical polar coordinates, an element of volume has side ∆r in the ur

direction, r∆θ in the uθ direction and r sin θ∆φ in the uφ direction.
The total flow out of the elementary volume is
∂ ∂ ∂
(v · ur r2 sin θ∆θ∆φ)∆r + (v · uθ r sin θ∆φ∆r)∆θ + (v · uφ r∆θ∆r)∆φ
∂r ∂θ ∂φ
+ terms of order |∆r|2

Dividing by the volume of the element, r2 sin θ∆θ∆φ∆r , and proceeding to the
limit, we obtain
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂
div v = (r vr ) + (r sin θv θ ) + (vφ )
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
37 r x y z
div = div , ,
r3 r3 r3 r3
1 3x2 1 3y 2 1 3z 2
= 3− 5 + 3− 5 + 3− 5
r r r r r r
3 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
= 3 −3 =0
r r5
Exercises 7.3.4
38
i j k

curl v = ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
= (y, 6xz − 1, 0)

3xz 2 −yz x + 2z
39
i j k
∂
curl v = ∂x ∂
∂y
∂
∂z = (x − x, y − y, z − z) = 0
yz xz xy
40
i j k

curl v = ∂x ∂ ∂
∂y
∂
∂z
= (0, 0, 0) = 0

2y + zx 2z + xy
2x + yz

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
grad f = , , ⇒ = 2x + yz
∂x ∂u ∂z ∂x
∂f
= 2x + yz ⇒ f (x, y, z) = x2 + xyz + g(y, z)
∂x
∂f ∂f ∂g
= 2y + zx and = xz + ⇒ g(y, z) = y 2 + h(z)
∂y ∂y ∂y
∂f ∂f dh
= 2z + xy and = xy + ⇒ h(z) = z 2 + c
∂z ∂z dz
Hence, f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + xyz + C .

41

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × (f v) = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (x, 5x3 − 2y, z)

zx3 − zy 0 −x4 + xy

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
f (∇ × v) = (x3 − y) ∂x ∂y ∂z

z 0 −x
= (x3 − y)(0, 2, 0) = (0, 2x3 − 2y, 0)
(∇f ) × v = (3x2 , −1, 0) × v

i j k
2

= 3x −1 0 = (x, 3x3 , z)
z 0 −x
42

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
∇×F= ∂x ∂y ∂z = (c − 3, 3az 2 − 6z 2 , 2bx − 4x)

4xy + az 3 bx2 + 3z 6xz 2 + cy
∇ × F = 0 ⇒ c = 3, a = 2, b = 2

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
grad φ = , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ
= 4xy + 2z 3 ⇒ φ(x, y, z) = 2x2 y + 2xz 3 + f (y, z)
∂x
∂φ ∂φ ∂f ∂f
= 2x2 + 3z and = 2x2 + ⇒ = 3z
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
Hence, f (y, z) = 3yz + g(z) .
∂φ ∂φ dg dg
= 6xz 2 + 3y and = 6xz 2 + 3y + ⇒ =0
∂z ∂z dz dz
Hence, φ(x, y, z) = 2x2 y + 2xz 3 + 3yz + C .

43
i j k
1 1 ∂ ∂ ∂
ω = curl u = ∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2
−y x xyz
1
= (xz, −yz, 2)
2
At (1,3,2), ω = 12 (2, −6, 2) = (1, −3, 1)
√
⇒ |ω
ω| = 11
44
div v = a + d

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl v = ∂x
∂y ∂z = (0, 0, c − b)
ax + by cx + dy 0
div v = 0 ⇒ a = −d
curl v = 0 ⇒ c = b
v = (ax + by)i + (bx − ay)j
= grad φ
∂φ ∂φ
⇒ = ax + by and = bx − ay
∂x ∂y
1
⇒ φ(x, y) = ax2 + bxy + f (y)
2
∂φ 1
= bx + f (y) ⇒ f (y) = −ay ⇒ f (y) = − ay 2 + K
∂y 2
1 2 1
Hence, φ(x, y) = ax + bxy − ay 2 + K .
2 2
45 In spherical polar coordinates, an element of volume has side ∆r in the ur

direction, r∆θ in the uθ direction and r sin θ∆φ in the uφ direction.
Setting v · ur = vr , v · uθ = vθ and v · uφ = vφ , we see that the circulation around
the ur direction is
∂ ∂
(vφ r sin θ∆φ)∆θ − (vr∆θ)∆φ + terms of order ∆θ2 etc.
∂θ ∂φ

The area around which this circulation takes place is r2 sin θ∆θ∆φ, so proceeding
to the limit we have

∂ ∂
(curl v) · ur = (vφ r sin θ) − (vθ r) /(r2 sin θ)
∂θ ∂φ

∂ ∂
Similarly (curl v) · uθ = (vr ) − (r sin θvφ ) /(r2 sin θ)
∂φ ∂r

∂ ∂
and (curl v) · uφ = (rvθ ) − (vr ) /r
∂r ∂θ
Hence the result.
Exercises 7.3.6
46
∂g ∂g ∂g
grad g = , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z

dg ∂r dg ∂r dg ∂r
= , ,
dr ∂x dr ∂y dr ∂z
dg x y z
= , , since r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
dr r r r
1 dg
= r
r dr
div [(u × r)g] = (u × r) · grad g + g∇ · (u × r) (7.19d)
∇ · (u × r) = r · (∇ × u) − u · (∇ × r) (7.19f )
∇×r=0 ⇒ ∇ · (u × r) = r · curl u
1 dg
But (u × r) is perpendicular to grad g = r, so
r dr
(u × r) · grad g = 0
Hence, div ((u × r)g) = r · curl u.
47 φ(x, y, z) = x2 y 2 z 3 , F (x, y, z) = (x2 y, xy 2 z, −yz 2 )

47(a) ∇2 φ = 2y 2 z 3 + 2x2 z 3 + 6x2 y 2 z
47(b)
grad div F = grad (2xy + 2xyz − 2yz)
= (2y + 2yz, 2x + 2xz − 2z, 2xy − 2y)
47(c)

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z

x2 y xy 2 z −yz 2
= i(−z 2 − xy 2 ) + j(0) + k(y 2 z − x2 )

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl (curl F) = ∂x ∂y ∂z

−z 2 − xy 2 0 y 2 z − x2
= i(2yz) + j(2x − 2z) + k(2xy)
48
grad [(r · r)(a · r)] = [grad (r · r)](a · r) + (r · r)grad (a · r) (7.19b)

= 2r(a · r) + (r · r)a
div {grad [(r · r)(a · r)]} = 2div [r(a · r)] + div [(r · r)a]
= 2{[div r](a · r) + r · grad (a · r)}
+ [grad (r · r)] · a + (r · r)div a (7.19d)
= 2{3(a · r) + r · a} + 2r · a + 0
= 10(r · a)

49
v = x3 yi + x2 y 2 j + x2 yzk
∇2 v = 6xyi + 2(x2 + y 2 )j + 2yzk
grad div v = grad (3x2 y + 2x2 y + x2 y) = grad (6x2 y) = 12xyi + 6x2 j

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl v = ∂x ∂z = x zi − 2xyzj + (2xy − x )k
2 2 3
∂y

x3 y x2 y 2 x2 yz

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl(curl v) = ∂x ∂y ∂z

x2 z −2xyz 2xy 2 − x3
= (4xy + 2xy)i + (x2 − 2y 2 + 3x2 )j + (−2yz)k
grad div v − curl curl v = 6xyi + 2(x2 + y 2 )j + 2yzk as required.
50

i j k

u × v = 0 xy xz = xy 2 zi + x2 yzj − x2 y 2 k
xy 0 yz
div (u × v) = y 2 z + x2 z = (x2 + y 2 )z

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl u = ∂x ∂y
∂z = 0i − zj + yk
0 xy xz
v · curl u = y 2 z

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl v = ∂x
∂y ∂z = zi + 0j − xk
xy 0 yz
u · curl v = −x2 z
⇒ v · curl u − u · curl v = (x2 + y 2 )z


i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl (u × v) = ∂x ∂y ∂z = −3x2 yi + 3xy 2 j + 0k

xy 2 z x2 yz −x2 y 2
udiv v = (xyj + xzk)(y + y) = 2xy 2 j + 2xyzk
vdiv u = (xyi + yzk)(x + x) = 2x2 yi + 2xyzk

∂ ∂
(v · ∇)u = xy + yz (xyj + xzk) = xy 2 j + 2xyzk
∂x ∂z

∂ ∂
(u · ∇)v = xy + xz (xyi + yzk) = x2 yi + 2xyzk
∂y ∂z

⇒ udiv v − vdiv u + (v · ∇)u − (u · ∇)v = −3x yi + 3xy j + 0k 2 2
51(a)

1 r
grad =− 3
r r

1 r 1 1
div grad = −div 3 = − 3 div r − r · grad
r r r r3

3 −3r 3 3r2
=− 3 −r· =− + =0
r r5 r3 r5
51(b)

1 −k × r 1
curl k × grad = curl 3
= curl (yi − xj)
r r r3

1 1
= [curl (yi − xj)] 3 + grad × (yi − xj)
r r3

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂ 1 3r
= ∂x
∂y ∂z r 3 − r 5 × (yi − xj)
y −x 0


i j k
1 3
= (0i + 0j − 2k) 3 − 5 x y z
r r
y −x 0
2k 3
= − 3 + 5 (−xzi − yzj + (x2 + y 2 )k)
r r
1 k·r −z
grad k · grad = grad − 3 = grad
r r r3

1 1
= −zgrad 3
− (grad z) 3
r r

3r 1
= −z − 5 − 3 k
r r

1 1 3k 3
curl k × grad + grad k · grad = − 3 + 5 (−xzi − yzj
r r r r
+ (x2 + y 2 )k)
3
+ 5 (xzi + yzj + z 2 k)
r
=0
52(a)

A·r A
grad = grad ·r
r3 r3

A A A A
= 3 × curl r + r × curl + (r · ∇) + · ∇ r (7.19c)
r r3 r3 r

1 1 A
= 0 + r × grad 3
× A + A(r · ∇) 3
+
r r r

3r 3r2 A
=r× − 5 ×A +A − 5 +
r r r
Now, a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c

3r 3r 3r
so r× A× 5 = r· 5 A − (A · r)
r r r5

A·r A (A · r)
Hence grad = − 3r
r3 r r5

52(b)

A×r A A A A
curl = (r · ∇) −r ∇· 3 − · ∇ r + 3 (∇ · r)
r3 r 3 r r 3 r

3A A·r A A
= − 3 − r −3 5 − 3 +3 3
r r r r
3 A
= 5
(A · r)r − 3
r r
(A × r) × r = (A · r)r − (r · r)A
(A · r)r = (A × r) × r + Ar2

A×r 3 3Ar2 A
curl 3
= 5 [(A × r) × r] + 5
− 3
r r r r
A 3
=2 3
+ 5 (A × r) × r
r r
53(a)

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl r = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 0

x y z
53(b)

∂ ∂ ∂
(a · ∇)r = a1 + a2 + a3 (xi + yj + zk)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= a1 i + a2 j + a3 k = a
53(c)
∇ × [(a · r)b − (b · r)a] = ∇ × [(a × b) × r]
= (a × b)(∇ · r) − [(a × b) · ∇]r
= 3(a × b) − a × b
= 2a × b

53(d)
∇ · [(a · r)b − (b · r)a] = ∇ · [(a × b) × r]
= (a × b) · (∇ × r)
= (a × b) · (0) = 0
54
∂f 1 ∂f 1 ∂f
∇f = ur + uθ + uφ (Exercise 30)
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

1 ∂ 2 ∂f 1 ∂ sin θ ∂f 1 ∂ 1 ∂f
∇ · (∇f ) = 2 r + +
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ
(using Exercise 36)

1 ∂ 2 ∂f 1 ∂2f 1 ∂ ∂f
= 2 r + 2 2 + 2 sin θ
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂φ2 r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ
55

1 ∂Z
div H = div curl =0 (7.22)
c ∂t
div E = div (curl curl Z) = 0 (7.22)
1 ∂E
curl H = becomes
c ∂t
1 ∂Z
curl H = curl curl
c ∂t
1 ∂E 1 ∂ 1 ∂Z
= (curl curl Z) = curl curl
c ∂t c ∂t c ∂t
curl E = curl curl curl Z
1 ∂H 1 ∂2Z
= curl
c ∂t c ∂t2
1 ∂H 1 ∂2Z
curl E = − ⇒ curl curl curl Z = − 2 curl
c ∂t c ∂t2
1 ∂2Z
⇒ curl curl Z = − 2 2
c ∂t
1 ∂2Z
⇒ grad (div Z) − ∇2 Z = − 2 2
c ∂t
1 ∂2Z
Hence ∇2 Z = when div Z = 0
c2 ∂t2

Exercises 7.4.2
56

B 24 √
y ds = (2 x) 1 + 1/x dx
A 3
24
24 √ 4
= 2 x + 1 dx = (x + 1)3/2
3 3 3
4
= [125 − 8] = 156
3
B
57 ∂S [2xy dx + (x2 − y 2 ) dy] = I
A
x2 + y 2 = 1 ⇒ x dx = −y dy
y=1
I= [−2y 2 + (1 − 2y 2 )] dy
y=0
1 1
4 3 1
= (1 − 4y ) dy = y − y
2
=−
0 3 0 3
58
r = (t3 , t2 , t)
dr = (3t2 , 2t, 1) dt
1
V· dr = [(2yz + 3x2 )(3t2 ) + (y 2 + 4xz)2t + (2z 2 + 6xy)1] dt
C 0
1
= [6t5 + 9t8 + 2t5 + 8t5 + 2t2 + 6t5 ] dt
0
1
11 2 16
= (22t5 + 9t8 + 2t2 ) dt = +1+ =
0 3 3 3

59 A = (2y + 3, xz, yz − x) .

59(a) A· dr where r = (2t2 , t, t3 ) and dr = (4t, 1, 3t2 ) dt
C
1
A· dr = [(2t + 3)4t + (2t5 )1 + (t4 − 2t2 )3t2 ] dt
C 0
1
8 6 1 3
= (12t + 8t − 6t + 2t + 3t ) dt = 6 + − + +
2 4 5 6
0 3 5 3 7
288
=
35
Q R S
59(b) A· dr = A · dr + A · dr + A · dr
C P Q R
where P = (0, 0, 0) , Q = (0, 0, 1) , R = (0, 1, 1), S = (2, 1, 1)
(using straight lines)
On PQ A = 3i (x = y = 0) r = zk
On QR A = (2y + 3)i + yk (x = 0, z = 1) r = yj + k
On RS A = 5i + xj + (1 − x)k (y = 1, z = 1) r = xi + j + k
1 1 2
A· dr = 3i · k dz + [(2y + 3)i + yk] · j dy + [5i + xj + (1 − x)k] · i dx
C 0 0 0
= 10
since i · k = 0 etc.
S
59(c) A· dr = A · dr
C P
where C is a straight line, P = (0, 0, 0) and S = (2, 1, 1) .
Parametrically, straight line is r = (2, 1, 1)t , so
1
A· dr = [(2t + 3)i + 2t2 j + (t2 − 2t)k] · (2i + j + k) dt
C 0
1 1
= [4t + 6 + 2t + t − 2t] dt =
2 2
(2t + 6 + 3t2 ) dt
0 0
= [1 + 6 + 1] = 8

60 F is conservative if there exists a φ such that

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
F = (y cos x + z , 2y sin x − 4, 3xz + z) = −
2 3
, , 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
Such a φ is readily determined giving

F = −grad 4y − y sin x − xz − 2 z
2 3 1 2
Hence work done in moving an object is
(π/2,−1,2)
1 2
F· dr = − 4y − y sin x − xz − z
2 3
C 2 (0,1,−1)

1 1
= 1− − [3 − 4π − 2] = 4π −
2 2

1 2 3 3 1 9 2
61(a) Curve is r = t, 4t , 8t , so that dr = 1, 2 t, 8 t dt and

F = 3t , 4 t − 4 t , 8 t
2 3 4 1 2 3 3
2
3 5 1 3 27 5
F· dr = 3t + t − t + t dt
2
C 0 8 8 64
2
3 6 1 4 9 6
= t + t − t +
3
t
48 32 128 0
1 9
=8+4− + = 16
2 2
61(b) Curve is r = (2t, t, 3t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 , so that

dr = (2, 1, 3) dt and F = (12t2 , 12t2 − t, 3t).
1
F· dr = (24t2 + 12t2 − t + 9t) dt
C 0
1
= (36t2 + 8t) dt = 12 + 4 = 16
0

61(c) No. If F is conservative, there is a function U (x, y, z) such that

F = −grad U
Test for existence of U : F · dr has to be an exact differential
∂ ∂
(3x2 ) = (2xz − y)
∂y ∂x
Hence not exact and F is not conservative.
62 F = (3x2 − y, 2yz 2 − x, 2y 2 z)
∂ ∂
(3x2 − y) = −1 = (2yz 2 − 1)
∂y ∂x
∂ ∂
(3x2 − y) = 0 = (2y 2 z)
∂z ∂x
∂ ∂
(2y 2 z) = 4yz = (2yz 2 − x)
∂y ∂z
Hence conservative and F = −grad U where U = −x3 + xy − y 2 z 2 .

div F = 6x + 2z 2 + 2y 2 = 0 , hence not solenoidal.

(1,2,3)
F· dr = x3 − xy + y 2 z 2 (0,0,0) = 1 − 2 + 36 = 35
C
63 F = (2t3 , −t3 , t4 ) , r = (t2 , 2t, t3 ) , dr = (2t, 2, 3t2 ) dt

i j k

F × dr = 2t3 −t3 4
t dt

2
2t 2 3t
= [(−3t5 − 2t4 )i + (−4t5 )j + (4t3 + 2t4 )k] dt

1
F× dr = [(−3t5 − 2t4 )i − 4t5 j + (4t3 + 2t4 )k] dt
C 0


1 2 4 2
= − − i− j+ 1+ k
2 5 6 5
9 2 7
=− i− j+ k
10 3 5
64

i j k

A × B = 3x + y −x y − z = (3y − 3z − x)i + (y − 2z − 3x)j + (−3y − 7x)k
2 −3 1
r = (2 cos θ, 2 sin θ, 0)
dr = (−2 sin θ, 2 cos θ, 0) dθ
On circle, z = 0 and
A × B = (6 sin θ − 2 cos θ)i + (2 sin θ − 6 cos θ)j − (6 sin θ + 14 cos θ)k

i j k

(A × B) × dr = 6 sin θ − 2 cos θ 2 sin θ − 6 cos θ −6 sin θ − 14 cos θ dθ
−2 sin θ 2 cos θ 0
2π
(A × B) × dr = {(6 sin θ + 14 cos θ)2 cos θi + (6 sin θ + 14 cos θ)2 sin θj
C 0
+ [(6 sin θ − 2 cos θ)(2 cos θ) + (2 sin θ − 6 cos θ)(2 sin θ)]} dθ
2π 2π 2π
1 1
sin θ cos θ dθ = sin 2θ dθ = cos 2θ =0
0 0 2 4 0
2π 2π
2
sin θ dθ = cos2 θ dθ = π
0 0

(A × B) × dr = 28πi + 12πj + 0k
C

Exercises 7.4.4
65(a)
3 2 3 2
1 2 2 1 3
xy(x + y) dy dx = x y + xy dx
0 1 0 2 3 1
3
1 2 1
= x (4 − 1) + x(8 − 1) dx
0 2 3
3
1 3 7 2
= x + x
2 6 0
27 21
= + = 24
2 2
65(b)
3 5 3 5
2 2
x y dy dx = x dx y dy
2 1 2 1
3 5
1 3 1 2
= x y
3 2 2 1
1 1
= (27 − 8) (25 − 1)
3 2
= 76
65(c)
1 2 2 1
2 2 1 3
2
(2x + y ) dy dx = 2x y + y dx
−1 −2 −1 3 −2
1
2 16 16 32
= 8x + dx = + = 16
−1 3 3 3
66
2 2 2
2
x2 1
dx dy = dy x2 dx
y y
1 0 1
0
8 8
= (ln 2) = ln 2
3 3

67
1 1−x 1 1−x
2 2 2 1 3
(x + y ) dy dx = x y+ y dx
0 0 0 3 0
1
1
= x2 (1 − x) + (1 − x)3 dx
0 3
1
1 3 1 4 1
= x − x − (1 − x) 4
3 4 12
0
1 1 1 1
= − − − =
3 4 12 6
2 2x
dy
68(a) dx
1 x x2 + y2
2 2x
1 −1 y
= tan dx
1 x x x
2
1
= (tan−1 2 − tan−1 1) dx
1 x
= (tan−1 2 − tan−1 1)[ln x]21

−1 1
= tan ln 2
3
1 1−x
68(b) dx (x + y) dy
0 0
1 1−x
1 2
= xy + y dx
0 2
1 0

1
= x(1 − x) + (1 − x) dx 2
0 2
2 3
1
x x 1
= − − − (1 − x) 3
2 3 6
0
1 1 1 1
= − + =
2 3 6 3

√ y
1 1−x2
1
68(c) dx √
dy 1
0 x−x2 1 − x2 − y 2 Part circle
1 √1−x2 x2 + y2 = 1
−1 y
= sin √ dx
0
1 − x2 √x−x2 Part circle
1 x 2 − x + y2 = 0
x−x 2
= sin−1 1 − sin−1 dx
0 1 − x2
1
−1 −1 x 0 1/2 1 x
= sin 1 − sin dx
0 1+x
1
π x
= − x sin−1
2 1+x 0
1 √
1 x
+ dx
2 0 (1 + x)
π 1 √ √ 1
= − sin−1 √ + x − tan−1 x 0 , using substitution x = tan2 θ
2 2
π π
= + 1− =1
4 4
69
y
(1,2)
2
1 (2,1)
0 1 2 x

1
sin π(x + y) dx dy
2
1 x 2 3−x
1 1
= dx sin π(x + y) dy + dx sin π(x + y) dy
0 x/2 2 1 x/2 2
1 x 2 3−x
2 1 2 1
= − cos π(x + y) dx + − cos π(x + y) dx
0 π 2 x/2 1 π 2 x/2
1 2
2 3 2 2 3 2 3π
= cos πx − cos πx dx + cos πx − cos dx
0 π 4 π 1 π 4 π 2

1 2
8 3 2 8 3
= sin πx − 2 sin πx + sin πx
3π 2 4 π 0 3π 2 4 1
8 3 8 3π 8 3π
= sin π + 2 sin − 2 sin
3π 2 4 3π 2 3π 4
8
=− 2
3π
1 1
xy
70(a) dx dy
0 x 1 + y4
1 y
xy
= dy dx
1 + y4
1 1 2 y
0 0
x y
= 2 dy
0 1 + y4 0
1 1 3 1
2y 1 2
= dy = . 1 + y4
0 1 + y4 8 1 0
1 √
= ( 2 − 1)
4
π/2 y
70(b) dy cos 2y 1 − k 2 sin2 x dx
0 π/2 0 π/2

= dx cos 2y 1 − k 2 sin2 x dy
x
π/2 π/2
0
1
= sin 2y 1 − k 2 sin x
2
dx
0 2 x
π/2
= − sin x cos x 1 − k 2 sin2 x dx
0 −1
1
= 1 + k 2 t dt
0 2
(Let t = − sin2 x, then
dt = −2 sin x cos x dx)
−1
1 2 3/2
= (1 + k t)
3k 2 0
1
= 2 ((1 − k ) − 1)
2 3/2
3k

1 1
dx
71 dy
√
0 y y(1 + x2 )
1 x2
1 1
= dx √ √ dy
0 0 1 + x2 y
1
1 √ 2
= √ [2 y ]x0 dx
0 1 + x2
1
2x
= √ dx
0 1 + x2
√
= [2 1 + x2 ]10 = 2( 2 − 1)
72 √
1 x−x2
x
dx dy
0 0 x2 + y 2
Equation of circle in polar coordinates is r = cos θ
√
1 x−x2 π/2 cos θ
x r cos θ
dx dy = r dr dθ
0 0 x2 + y2 0 0 r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ
π/2 cos θ
= (cos θ)r dr dθ
0 0
π/2 cos θ
1
= cos θ r2 dθ
0 2 0
π/2 π/2
1 1 2
= cos3 θ dθ = . cos θ dθ
0 2 2 3 0
1
=
3

√
1 1−x2
x+y
73 dx dy
0 0 x2 + y 2
Change to polar coordinates

√
1 1−x2 π/2 1
x+y r cos θ + r sin θ
dx dy = r dr dθ
0 0 x2 + y 2 0 0 r
π/2 1
= (cos θ + sin θ) dθ r dr
0 0
1
π/2 1 2
= [sin θ − cos θ]0 r
2 0
=1

x+y
74 dx dy
x2
+ y 2 + a2
over first quadrant of circle
Use polar coordinates

π/2 a
x+y r cos θ + r sin θ
dx dy = r dr dθ
x + y 2 + a2
2
0 0 r2 + a2
π/2 a
r2
= (cos θ + sin θ) dθ 2 2
dr
0 0 r +a
a
a2
=2 1− 2 dr
0 r + a2
r a π
= 2 r − a tan−1 = 2a 1 −
a 0 4

75 Using polar coordinates, parabola becomes
r2 sin2 θ = 4 − 4r cos θ
r2 = 4 − 4r cos θ + r2 cos2 θ
= (2 − r cos θ)2
π
r = (2 − r cos θ), positive root because r = 2 at θ = 2
2
=
1 + cos θ
π/2 2
x2 − y 2 1+cos θ
dx dy = (cos2 θ − sin2 θ)r dr dθ
x2 + y 2 0 0
π/2
1
= 2(cos2 θ − sin2 θ) dθ
0 (1 + cos θ)2
π/2
2(2 cos2 θ − 1)
= dθ
0 (1 + cos θ)2
= (6π − 20)/3 = −0.3835
(use the substitution t = tan 12 θ ).
76 Circles are r = a cos θ , r = b sin θ and intersect at θ = tan−1 ab .
tan−1 a b sin θ
(x2 + y 2 )2 b 1
dx dy = 2 r dr dθ
(xy)2 0 0 sin θ cos2 θ
π/2 a cos θ
1
+ 2 r dr dθ
tan−1 a
b 0 sin θ cos2 θ
tan−1 a π/2
1 b2 sin2 θ
b 1 a2 cos2 θ
= dθ + dθ
0 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ tan−1 ab
2 sin2 θ cos2 θ
tan−1 ab π/2
1 2 2 1 2
= b sec θ dθ + a cosec2 θ dθ
0 2 tan −1 a 2
b
tan−1 ab π/2
1 2 1 2
= b tan θ + − a cot θ
2 0 2 tan−1 a b
1 1
= ab + ab = ab
2 2

Exercises 7.4.6

77 [sin y dx + (x − cos y) dy]
C1

1 1 1
= sin πx + (x − cos πx) π dx
2 2 2
0
0
1
+ sin π dx
2
1 0
+ [− cos y] dy
π/2 1
2 1 1 2 1
= − cos πx − πx − sin πx
π 2 4 2
0 0
1
+ x sin π + [− sin y]0π/2
2 1
2 1
= −1 + + π − 1 + 1
π 4
2 π
= −1 + +
π 4

[sin y dx + (x − cos y) dy] = [1 − cos y] dx dy
C
A
1 π/2
= dx (1 − cos y) dy
1
0 2 πx
1
π π 1
= − x − 1 + sin πx dx
0 2 2 2
π π 2 π 2
= − −1+ = −1+
2 4 π 4 π

78 [(x2 y − y) dx + (x + y 2 ) dy]

= (1 − x2 + 1) dx dy
A
2 x
= dx(2 − x2 ) dy
0 2 0
2
1 4
= (2x − x ) dx = x − x
3 2
0 4 0
=4−4=0


79 (xy dx + x dy)
C
1
= (x3 + 2x2 ) dx
0
0
3/2 1 1/2
+ x + x dx
1 2
1 2 2 1 11
= + − + =
4 3 5 3 60

(xy dx + x dy) = (1 − x) dx dy
C
A
1 √
x
= dx (1 − x) dy
0 x2
1 √
= (1 − x)( x − x2 ) dx
0
1 √
= x − x3/2 − x2 + x3 dx
0
2 2 1 1 11
= − − + =
3 5 3 4 60
80

x
(e − 3y 2 ) dx + (ey + 4x2 ) dy = (8x + 6y) dx dy
c
A
2π 2
= dθ (8r cos θ + 6r sin θ)r dr dθ
0 0
2π 2
= (8 cos θ + 6 sin θ) dθ r dr
0 0
= 0(2) = 0
a 2a−x
y−x
81 dx dy = I
0 x 4a2 + (y + x)2
1
u=x+y x = (u + v)/2 ∂(x, y) 2 1 1
⇒ and = 2 = −
v =x−y y = (u − v)/2 ∂(u, v) 1 − 12 2
2

y=x ⇒ u−v =u+v ⇒ v=0

y = 2a − x ⇒ u − v = 4a − u − v ⇒ u = 2a
x=0 ⇒ u = −v
(0, 0) ⇒ (0, 0), (a, a) ⇒ (2a, 0), (0, 2a) ⇒ (2a, −2a)
2a
2a 0
−v 1 u2
I= du − dv = 1 du
4a + u2
2 2 4 0 4a2 + u2
0 −u
2a
1 4a2
= 1− 2 du
4 0 4a + u2
1 −1 u
2a a π
= u − 2a tan = 1−
4 2a 0 2 4
1 2−y
x + y x+y
82 dy e dx
0 y x2

u=x+y ∂(u, v) 1 − xy2 1
⇒ = = (x + y)
v = y/x ∂(x, y) 1 1 x2
x

y=x ⇒ v=1
y=0 ⇒ v=0
y =2−x ⇒ u=2
1 2−y 2 1
x + y x+y
dy e dx = du eu dv
0 y x2 0 0
=e −1 2
Exercises 7.4.8
2 2
∂z ∂z
83 Surface area = 1+ + dx dy
∂x ∂y
A
where A is the domain x2 + y 2 ≤ 2 , z = 0 .
∂z ∂z
z = 2 − x2 − y 2 ⇒ = −2x, = −2y
∂x ∂y

Surface area = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dx dy
A
Set x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , then
√
2π 2
Surface area = dθ 1 + 4r2 r dr
0 0
√2
1
= 2π (1 + 4r2 )3/2
12
0
1
= 2π (27 − 1)
12
= 52π/12 = 13π/3
84(a) Direction cosines of normal to S are ( 23 , 13 , 23 ) , so that

2 2 dx dy
(x + y ) dS = (x2 + y 2 )
2/3
S A

where A is the area between y = 6−2x and y = 2−2x lying between y = 0 and
y = 3.
3 6−y
2 2
2 3 2
Thus (x + y ) dS = dy (x + y 2 ) dx
0 2−y
2
2
S
3 6−y
3 x3 2
= + y2 x dy
0 2 3 2−y
2
3
15 2 183
= 13 − 6y + y dy =
0 4 4
√ 2 2
1 + x−x2
∂z ∂z
84(b) z dS = dx √ z 1+ + dy
0 − x−x2 ∂x ∂y
S
∂z x ∂z y
=− , =− and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
∂x z ∂y z
√
1 + x−x2
z dS = dx √ 1 dy
0 − x−x2
S
1
=2 x − x2 dx
0
π
=
4
1 1
(Use the substitution x = 2 + 2 sin t . Alternatively recognise area of circle of
1
radius 2 .)

85(a) v = (xy, −x2 , x + z)

2 2 1
dS = n dS = , , dS
3 3 3

2 2 2 1
⇒ v · dS = xy − x + (x + z) dS
3 3 3
S S
3 3−x
= dx [xy − 2x2 + (x + 6 − 2x − 2y)] dy
0 0
3 3−x
1 2
= xy − 2x y − xy + 6y − y
2 2
dx
0 2 0
3

x
= (3 − x)2 − 2x2 (3 − x) − x(3 − x) + 6(3 − x) dx
0 2
= 27/4
85(b) Use cylindrical polar coordinates, then dS = (i cos φ + j sin φ) dφ dz on

cylinder and v = (3y, 2x2 , z 3 ) = (3 sin φ, 2 cos2 φ, z 3 )

v · dS
S
2π 1
= dφ (3 sin φ cos φ + 2 cos2 φ sin φ) dz
0 0
2π
3 2
= sin φ − cos φ
2 3
=0
2 3 0
x 2 y 2
86 z 2 dS = z2 1+ + dx dy
z z
S A
where x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and A is the interior of the circle x2 + y 2 = 1, z=0

2
z dS = 1 − x2 − y 2 dx dy
S A
2π 1
= dθ 1 − r2 r dr
0 0
1
1 2π
= 2π − (1 − r )
2 3/2
=
3 0 3


87(a) 1 dS = 1 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dx dy
S A
where A is the interior of the circle x2 + y 2 = 2
√
2π 2
dS = dθ 1 + 4r2 r dr
0 0
S
√2
1 2π
= 2π (1 + 4r2 )3/2 = (27 − 1)
12 0 12
= 13π/3 Surface Area
87(b)
√
2π 2
(x2 + y 2 ) dS = dθ r2 1 + 4r2 r dr
0 0
S
√2
2π 1 1
= (1 + 4r2 )5/2 − (1 + 4r)3/2
16 5 3
0
π 1 1
= (243 − 1) − (27 − 1) = 149π/30
8 5 3
2nd moment of surface area about z -axis.
87(c)
√
2π 2
z dS = dθ (2 − r2 ) 1 + 4r2 r dr
0 0
S
√ √
2π 2 2π 2
=2 dθ 1 + 4r2 r dr − dθ r2 1 + 4r2 dr
0 0 0 0
26π 149π 111π 37π
= − = =
3 30 30 10
88 Direction cosines of normal to S are ( 23 , 13 , 23 ) so that

dx dy
dS =
2/3
S A

where A is the interior of x2 + y 2 = 64 lying in the first quadrant.

π/2 8 8
3 π 3 1 2
dS = dθ r dr = × r = 24π
0 0 2 2 2 2 0
S
x 2 y 2
89 dS = 1+ + dx dy
2 2
S A
where A is the annulus between x2 + y 2 = 4 and x2 + y 2 = 12
2π √
12

1
dS = dθ 1 + r2 r dr
0 2 4
S
√
3/2 12
4 1 8π 3/2
= 2π 1 + r2 = [4 − 23/2 ]
3 4 3
2
16π
= (4 − 21/2 )
3
90 Using cylindrical polar coordinates, dS = (4i cos φ + 4j sin φ) dφ dz
and V = zi + 2 cos φj − 12 sin2 φzk
Thus V · dS = (4z cos φ + 8 sin φ cos φ) dφ dz

π/2 5
and V · dS = dφ (4z cos φ + 8 sin φ cos φ) dz
0 0
S
π/2
= (50 cos φ + 40 sin φ cos φ) dφ
0
π/2
= [50 sin φ + 40 sin2 φ]0 = 90
91 F = yi + (x − 2xz)j − xyk

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (x, y, −2z)

y x − 2xz −xy
On sphere, x = a sin θ cos φ, y = a sin θ sin φ, z = a cos θ

and dS = a2 (sin θ cos φ, sin θ sin φ, cos θ) sin θ dθ dφ
curl F · dS = a3 (sin2 θ cos2 φ + sin2 θ sin2 φ − 2 cos2 θ) sin θ dθ dφ

= a3 (sin2 θ − 2 cos2 θ) sin θ dθ dφ
2π π
curl F · dS = dφ a3 [sin3 θ − 2 cos2 θ sin θ] dθ
0 0
S
2π π
3 1
= a dφ sin θ − sin 3θ − 2 cos2 θ sin θ
3
dθ
0 0 4 4
π
3 2π 3 1 2
= a φ 0 − cos θ + 3
cos 3θ + cos θ = 0
4 12 3 0
Exercises 7.4.10
92(a)
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2
dx dy x yz dz = x dx y dy z dz
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 8
= . (4) (32 − 1) =
3 2 2 3
92(b)
2 3 4 2 3 4
2
xyz dz dy dx = dx dy xyz 2 dz
0 1 2 0 1 2
2 3 4
= x dx y dy z 2 dz
0 1 2
1 1 1
= (4) (32 − 1) (43 − 23 )
2 2 3
448
=
3
93
1 z x+z 1 z
dz dx (x + y + z) dy = dz {2z(x + z) + 2xz} dx
−1 0 x−z −1 0
1
= 3z 3 dz = 0
−1

94
π π−x π−x−y

sin(x + y + z) dx dy dz = dx dy sin(x + y + z) dz
0 0 0
V
π π−x
= dx [− cos(x + y + z)]π−x−y
0 dy
0 0
π π−x
= dx [1 + cos(x + y)] dy
0
π
0
= [y + sin(x + y)]π−x
0 dx
0 π
= (π − x + sin π − sin x) dx
0
π
x2 1
= πx − + cos x = π 2 − 2
2 0 2
95
1 1−x 1−x−y

xyz dx dy dz = dx dy xyz dz
0 0 0
V
1 1−x
1
= x dx y(1 − x − y)2 dy
0 0 2
1 1−x
1 1 2 1
= x (1 − x)2 y 2 − (1 − x)y 3 + y 4 dx
0 2 2 3 4 0
1
1
= x(1 − x)4 dx
0 24
1
1
= (x − 4x2 + 6x3 − 4x4 + x5 ) dx
24 0
1
=
720

96

V = dV = dx dy dz
V V
1 √
x 2−x−y
= dx dy dz
0 x2 0
1 √x
= dx (2 − x − y) dy
0 x2
1
√ 1 1 4
= 2 x − x − x − 2x + x + x
3/2 2 3
dx
0 2 2

4 2 1 2 1 1 11
= − − − + + =
3 5 4 3 4 10 30
97
π/2 π/2 1

2 2 2
(x + y + z )x dx dy dz = dφ dθ r2 r sin θ cos φ sin θr2 dr
0 0 0
V
π/2 π/2 1
2
= cos φ dφ sin θ dθ r5 dr
0 0 0
1 π 1 π
=1× × × =
2 2 6 24

98 x2 y 2 z 2 (x + y + z) dx dy dz
V

3 2 2 2 2 3
= x y z dx dy dz + x y z dx dy dz + x2 y 3 z 2 dx dy dz
V V V
1 1−x 1−x−y 1 1−y 1−z−y
3 2 2 3 2
= x dx y dy z dz + y dy z dz x2 dx
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1−z 1−z−x
+ z 3 dz x2 dx y 2 dy
0 0 0
1 1−x 1−x−y
=3 x3 dx y 2 dy z 2 dz from symmetry
0 0 0

1 1−x
1 2
=3 3
x dx y (1 − x − y)3 dy
0 0 3
1 1−x
= x3 dx {y 2 [(1 − x)3 − 3(1 − x)2 y + 3(1 − x)y 2 − y 3 ]} dy
0 0
1
3 1 3 3 1
= x (1 − x) − (1 − x) + (1 − x) − (1 − x) dx
6 6 6 6
0 3 4 5 6
1
1
= x3 (1 − x)6 dx
60 0
1
1
= x6 (1 − x)3 dx
60 0
1
1
= x6 (1 − 3x + 3x2 − x3 ) dx
60 0

1 1 3 3 1
= − + −
60 7 8 9 10
1
=
50400
99 
u = x+y+z x = u − uv
uv = y + z y = uv − uvw

uvw = z z = uvw

1 − v v − vw vw 1 − v v vw
∂(x, y, z)
= −u u − uw uw = −u u uw
∂(u, v, w)
0 −uv uv 0 0 uv

1 v vw

= 0 u uw = u2 v
0 0 uv

I= exp(−(x + y + z)3 ) dx dy dz
V
1 1−x 1−x−y
= dx dy exp(−(x + y + z)3 ) dz
0 0 0
x+y+z =1 ⇒ u=1

u=y+z
x=0 ⇒ ⇒ v=1
uv = y + z


u = x+z
y=0 ⇒ uv = z ⇒ w=1

uvw = z

u = x+y
z=0 ⇒ uv = y ⇒ w=0

uvw = 0
1 1 1
3
I= du dv e−u u2 v dv
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 −u3
= u e du v dv dw
0 0 0
1 1
1 −u3 1 2
= − e v [w]10
3 0 2 0
1
= [1 − e−1 ]
6
100
1 1−x 2−x−y

yz dx dy dz = dx dy yz dz
0 0 0
V
1 1−x
1
= dx y(2 − x − y)2 dy
0 0 2
1 1−x
1
= dx [y(2 − x)2 − 2y 2 (2 − x) + y 3 ] dy
0 0 2
1
1 1 2 1
= (1 − x) (2 − x) − (1 − x) (2 − x) + (1 − x) dx
2 2 3 4
0 2 2 3 4
1
1 1 2 2 1
= t (1 + t)2 − t3 (1 + t) + t4 dt
0 2 2 3 4
1
1 1 2 1 4 2 3 2 4 1 4
= t + t + t − t − t + t dt
3
0 2 2 2 3 3 4

1 1 1 1 2
= + + =
2 6 12 60 15


Volume of prism = dx dy dz
V
1 1−x 2−x−y
= dx dy dz
0 0 0
1 1−x
= dx (2 − x − y) dy
0 0
1
1
= (2 − x)(1 − x) − (1 − x) dx
2
0 2
1
1 1 2
= 2 − 3x + x − + x − x
2
dx
0 2 2
3 1 2
= −1+ =
2 6 3
101
2π π/2 1
z dx dy dz = dφ dθ r3 cos θ sin θ dr
0 π/4 0
V
2π 1
π/2
1
= dφ sin 2θ r3 dr
0 π/4 2 0
π/2
1 1 π
= [2π] − cos 2θ =
4 π/4 4 8
102
π/2 π/2 a

x dx dy dz = dφ dθ r sin2 θ.r cos φ dr
0 0 0
V
π/2 π/2 a
2
= cos φ dφ sin θ dθ r3 dr
π 1
0 0 0
= [1] a4 = πa4 /16

4 4

Exercises 7.4.13

103 F · dS F = (4xz, −y 2 , yz)
S
S has six faces and the integral can be evaluated as the sum of six integrals.

F · dS = F · dS + F · dS + F · dS
S on x=0 on x=1 on y=0

+ F · dS + F · dS + F · dS
on y=1 on z=0 on z=1
1 1
= (0, −y 2 , yz) · (−i dy dz)
0 0
1 1
+ (4z, −y 2 , yz) · (i dy dz)
0 0
1 1
+ (4xz, 0, 0) · (−j dx dz)
0 0
1 1
+ (4xz, −1, yz) · (j dx dz)
0 0
1 1
+ (0, −y 2 , 0) · (−k dx dy)
0 0
1 1
+ (4x, −y 2 , y) · (k dx dy)
0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
=0 + 4z dy dz + 0 + (−1) dx dz + 0 + y dx dy
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3
=2 − 1 + =
2 2

104 F · dS = div F dV
S
V
= (z + z + 2z) dx dy dz
V
2π π/2 2
= dφ dθ 4r cos θ.r2 sin θ dr
0 0 0
2
π/2 1 4
= [2π] [− cos 2θ]0 r = 16π
4 0

105 On z = 0, dS = −k dx dy, F = (4x, −2y 2 , 0), F · dS = 0

On z = 3, dS = k dx dy, F = (4x, −2y 2 , 9), F · dS = 9 dx dy
2
On x + y = 4, 2
dS = (i cos φ + j sin φ)2 dφ dz, F = (8 cos φ, −8 sin φ, z 2 )
and F · dS = 16(cos2 φ − sin3 φ) dφ dz
2π 3
F · dS = 9 dx dy + dφ 16(cos2 φ − sin3 φ) dz
0 0
S (z=3)
2π
= 36π + 48 cos2 φ − sin3 φ dφ
0
= 84π

div F dV = (4 − 4y + 2z) dx dy dz
V V
2π 2 3
= dφ dr (4 − 4r sin φ + 2z)r dz
0 0 0
2π 2
= dφ (21 − 12r sin φ)r dr
0 0
2π
= (42 − 32 sin φ) dφ = 84π
0
106 div (F × grad φ) = grad φ · curl F − F · curl (grad φ) and curl (grad φ) ≡
0 for all φ.

Hence grad φ · curl F dV = (F × grad φ) · dS
V S
107

F · dS = F · dS + F · dS + F · dS + F · dS
S on x=0 on y=0 on z=0 on z=1

+ F · dS
on x2 +y 2 =4
On x = 0 , F = (y 2 , 0, 0) , dS = −i dy dz
On y = 0 , F = (0, 0, 0)
On z = 0 , F = (xy + y 2 , x2 y, 0) , dS = −k dx dy
2 2
On z = 1 , F = (xy + y , x y, 0) , dS = k dx dy

On x2 + y 2 = 4 , F = (4(sin φ cos φ + sin2 φ), 8 cos2 φ sin φ, 0) , dS = 2(cos φi +

sin φj) dφ dz
π/2 1
F · dS = dφ 8 sin φ cos2 φ + 8 sin2 φ cos φ + 16(cos2 φ sin2 φ) dz
0 0
S
π/2
8 8 1
= − cos φ + sin φ + 2φ − sin 4φ
3 3
3 3 2 0
16
= +π
3

div F dV = (y + x2 ) dx dy dz
V V
π/2 2 1
= dφ dr (r sin φ + r2 cos2 φ)r dz
0 0 0
π/2 2
= dφ (r2 sin φ + r3 cos2 φ) dr
0 0
π/2
8 2
= sin φ + 4 cos φ dφ
0 3
8
= +π
3
108
i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z

36xz + 6y cos x 3 + 6 sin x + z sin y 18x − cos y
2
= i(sin y − sin y) + j(36x − 36x) + k(6 cos x − 6 cos x)

=0
Hence there is a function φ(x, y, z) , such that F = grad φ
109
A · dr = curl A · dS
C
S
i j k
∂
∂
curl A = ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂ = 2k

−y x 0

A · dr = 2k · dS
C
S

x2 y2
Let S be the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1, z = 0
Then, dS = k · dx dy , and

A · dr = 2 dx dy = 2πab
S
110

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = i(−2yz + 2yz) + j(0) + k(1)

2x − y −yz 2 −y 2 z
=k
2π π/2
curl F · dS = 16 dφ k · (sin θ cos φi + sin θ sin φj + cos θk) sin θ dθ
0 0
S
2π π/2 π/2
1
= 16 dφ sin θ cos θ dθ = 16[2π] sin2 θ
0 0 2 0
= 16π

F · dr
C
On circle x2 + y 2 = 16 , z = 0 , x = 4 cos φ, y = 4 sin φ, r = 4(cos φ, sin φ, 0)
F = (8 cos φ − 4 sin φ, 0, 0), dr = 4(− sin φ, cos φ, 0) dφ
2π
F · dr = (−32 cos φ sin φ + 16 sin2 φ + 0) dφ
C 0
= 16π
111
curl (af (r)) = −a × grad f (r)

−(a × grad f (r)) · n dS = af (r)· dr
C
S

⇒ −(grad f (r) × n) · a dS = af (r)· dr
C
S


⇒ a· (n × grad f (r)) dS = a · f (r) dr
C
S

⇒ n × grad f (r) dS = f (r) dr
C
S
f (r) = 3xy 2 ⇒ grad f (r) = (3y 2 , 6xy, 0)
n × grad f (r) = k × grad f (r) = (−6xy, 3y 2 , 0)

1 2 1
2
dx (−6xy, 3y , 0) dy = (−12x, 8, 0) dx
0 0 0
= (−6, 8, 0)
1 2 0 0
2
f (r) dr = 0.i dx + 3y j dy + 12xi dx + 0.j dy
C 0 0 1 2
= (−6, 8, 0)

112 curl F · dS = F · dr
C
S

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x
∂y ∂z = (2, 2, −1)
2y + z x−z y − x

curl F · dS = (2, 2, −1) · (sin θ cos φ, sin θ sin φ, cos θ) sin θ dφ dθ
S S
π/2 π/2
= dφ (2 sin θ cos φ + 2 sin θ sin φ − cos θ) sin θ dθ
0 0
π/2
1 3π
= π sin φ − dφ =
0 2 4
Here, C has three portions:
On z = 0 , r = (cos φ, sin φ, 0) ⇒ dr = (− sin φ, cos φ, 0) dφ
and F = (2 sin φ, cos φ, sin φ − cos φ)
π/2
π
F · dr = (−2 sin2 φ + cos2 φ) dφ = −
0 4
On y = 0 , r = (sin θ, 0, cos θ) ⇒ dr = (cos θ, 0, − sin θ) dθ

and F = (cos θ, sin θ − cos θ, − sin θ)
π/2
π
F · dr = (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) dθ =
0 2
On x = 0 , r = (0, sin θ, cos θ) ⇒ dr = (0, cos θ, − sin θ) dθ

and F = (2 sin θ + cos θ, − cos θ, sin θ)
0
π
F · dr = (− cos2 θ − sin2 θ) dθ =
π/2 2
Review Exercises 7.7
1
∂u −y
= nxn−1 f (t) + xn f (t)
∂x x2

∂u n 1
= x f (t)
∂y x
∂u ∂u
x +y = nxn f (t) = nu (1)
∂x ∂y
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x
∂u ∂2u ∂2u ∂u
+x 2 +y =n (2)
∂x ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. y
∂2u ∂u ∂2u ∂u
x + +y 2 =n (3)
∂x∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
x × (2) + y × (3) ⇒
2

∂u ∂u 2∂ u ∂2u 2
2∂ u ∂u ∂u
x +y +x + 2xy +y =n x +y
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂2u 2
2∂ u
⇒ x2 + 2xy + y = n(n − 1)u
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2

u(x, y) = x4 + y 4 + 16x2 y 2
∂u
x = x(4x3 + 32xy 2 )
∂x
∂u
y = y(4y 3 + 32x2 y 2 )
∂y
∂u ∂u
x +y = 4(x4 + 16x2 y 2 + y 4 )
∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂2u 2
2∂ u
x2 2
+ 2xy + y 2
= x2 (12x2 + 32y 2 ) + 2xy(64xy) + y 2 (12y 2 + 32x2 )
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
= 12(x4 + y 4 + 16x2 y 2 )
2
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂ 2 f ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
= + , 2 = + 2 +
∂x ∂u ∂v ∂x ∂u2 ∂u∂v ∂v 2
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
=a 2 +b + 2b+ a
∂x∂y ∂u ∂u∂v ∂v ∂v∂u
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂ 2 f ∂2f 2 ∂2f ∂2f 2
= a+ b, 2 = a + 2 ab + b
∂y ∂u ∂v ∂y ∂u2 ∂u∂v ∂v 2
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f 2
2 ∂ f
2
2 ∂ f
9 − 9 + 2 =(9 − 9a + 2a ) + (9 − 9b + 2b )
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2 ∂u2 ∂v 2
2
9 ∂ f
+ 2 9 − (a + b) + 2ab
2 ∂u∂v

9 − 9a + 2a2 = 0  
 3
⇒ 9 − 9b + 2b = 0
2
⇒ a = b ⇒ a = 3, b=

 2

9 − 92 (a + b) + 2ab = 0
∂2f
=0 ⇒ f = F (u) + G(v)
∂u∂v
i.e. f (x, y) = F (x + 3y) + G(x + 3y/2)
f (x, 0) = F (x) + G(x) = sin x
∂f 3
(x, 0) = 3F (x) + G (x) = 3 cos x
∂y 2
1
⇒ F (x) + G(x) = sin x + k
2

1
⇒ G(x) = −k and F (x) = sin x + 2k
2
⇒ f (x, y) = sin(x + 3y)
3

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × (P, Q, R) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂f ∂f ∂f

∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2
∂ f ∂2f ∂ f ∂2f ∂ f ∂2f
=i − +j − +k −
∂y∂z ∂z∂y ∂x∂z ∂z∂x ∂x∂y ∂y∂x
=0
⇒ ∇ × (∇f ) ≡ 0
4(a) xy = c, hyperbolas
c
grad f = (y, x) = , x on hyperbola
x
c dy c
y= ⇒ =− 2
x dx x

i.e. tangent in direction of 1, − xc2 = t
c c
t · grad f = − =0 i.e. orthogonal
x x
x
4(b) =c circles, centres on x-axis, through (0,0)
x2 + y 2

y 2 − x2 −2y
grad f = , 2
(x + y ) (x + y 2 )2
2 2 2
5(a)
grad ω · r = ω × (∇ × r) + r × (∇ × ω) + (ω · ∇)r + (r · ∇)ω
=ω×0+ω+0+0
=ω

5(b)
curl ω × r = −(ω
ω · ∇)r + ω (∇ · r)(+r · ∇)ω
ω − r(∇ · ω )
= −ω
ω + 3ω
ω+0+0
ω
= 2ω
6(a) See problem 3 above.
6(b)
div v = div {grad [zf (r)] + αf (r)k}
= div {kf (r) + z grad f (r)} + αk · ∇f (r)
= k · ∇f (r) + k · grad f (r) + z∇2 f (r) + αk · ∇f (r)
∂f
= (2 + α)
∂z
∇ v = ∇(∇ · v) − ∇ × (∇ × v)
2

∂f
= (2 + α)∇ − ∇ × (∇ × (∇(zf ) + αf k))
∂z
∇ × ∇(zf ) ≡ 0
∇ × (αf k) = α∇f × k
∇ × (∇ × αf k) = α(k · ∇)∇f − αk(∇2 f )

∂ ∂f
= α (∇f ) = α∇
∂z ∂z

∂f
⇒ ∇ v = 2∇
2
∂z
7 F = (x2 − y 2 + x)i − (2xy + y)j

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
∇×F= ∂x ∂y ∂z = (0, 0, −2y + 2y) = 0

x2 − y 2 + x −2xy − y 0

∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = , , = (x2 − y 2 + x, −2xy − y, 0)
∂x ∂y ∂z
x3 x2 − y 2
⇒ f (x, y, z) = −y x+
2
+c
3 2

(2,1) (2,1)
(2,1) 22
F · dr = grad f · dr = [f ](1,2) =
(1,2) (1,2) 3
dr = i dx + j dy = (i − j) dx
as on y = 3 − x, dy = − dx
2 2
(x − y + x + 2xy + y) dx =
2 2
(x2 − (3 − x)2 + x + 2(3 − x) + 3 − x) dx
1 1
22
=
3
8
W = F· dr
C
r = (1 − cos θ)i + sin θj
dr = (sin θi + cos θj) dθ
8(a) F = 2 sin 12 θi π
θ θ
F· dr = 4 sin2
cos dθ
C 2 2
0 π
8 θ 8
= sin3 =
3 2 0 3
8(b) F = 2 sin θ2 n̂ = 2 sin θ2 (sin θi + cos θj)

π π
θ θ
F· dr = 2 sin dθ = 4 − cos =4
C 0 2 2 0
9
r = (i + j + k)t 0≤t≤1
dr = (i + j + k) dt
1
W = F · dr
0
F = (xy, −y, 1) = (t2 , −t, 1)

1
1 1 5
⇒ W = (t2 − t + 1) dt = − + 1 =
0 3 2 6

10
F=I dr × B
C
θ
r = sin θi + cos θj + sin k
2
1 θ
dr = cos θi − sin θj + cos k dθ
2 2
B = sin θi − cos θj + k
2π
1 θ 1 θ
F=I i cos cos θ − sin θ + j cos sin θ − cos θ
0 2 2 2 2

4
+ k(sin2 θ − cos2 θ) dθ = Ij
3
11

Circulation = v · dr
C
−1 −1
−y dx x dy 1
y dx 1
x dy
= + + +
1 x2 + y 2 1 x + y2
2
−1 x + y2
2
−1 x2+ y2
on y = 1 on x = −1 on y = −1 on x = 1
1 −1 1 1
1 dy dx dy
= 2
dx + − +
−1 1 + x 1 1 + y2 −1 1 + x
2
−1 1 + y
2
=0
12
Iz = ρ(x2 + y 2 ) dA, where density ρ = kxy
A
c c
= dx (x2 + y 2 )kxy dy
0 x2 /c
c c
1 2 2 2
= kx(x + y ) dx
0 4 x2 /c
c
4 2

1 x 1
= − kx x2 + 2 + kx(x2 + c2 )2 dx
0 4 c 4
c 9
1 x 2x7
= k − + 2 − 2x c − xc
3 2 4
dx
4 0 c4 c
13 6
= kc
80

a2
13 Equation of cone is x2 + y 2 = h2 (z − h)2
√
a a2 −x2
V =2 dx z dy
c 0
√
a a2 −x2
h 2
=2 dx h+ x + y2 dy
c 0 a
a √a2 −x2
hx2 y hy
=2 hy + sinh−1 − x2 + y 2 dx
c 2a x 2a
a
0
√
h hx2
a2 − x2
=2 a2 − x2 + sinh−1 dx
c 2 2a x
√

2ha π 2 c hc hc3
a −c
2 2
= − sin−1 − a2 − c2 − tanh−1
3 2 a 3 3a a

14 Volume is 8 dV
x y z≥0
x2 + y 2 = a2 is a cylinder with z -axis as axis of symmetry, radius a.
z 2 + y 2 = a2 is a cylinder with x-axis as axis of symmetry, radius a.
a √a2 −y2 √a2 −y2

⇒ V =8 dy dx dz
a √ 0 0
√ 2 2
0
a2 −y 2 a −y
=8 [x]0 [z]0 dy
0
a a
1 3 16a3
=8 (a − y ) dy = 8 a y − y
2 2 2
=
0 3 0 3
15 Elastic energy of ∆V is q 2 ∆V /(2EI) where q = q0 ρ/r and ρ is distance from

centre, r is radius of cylinder.
2π r l
q02 ρ3
Total energy = dφ dρ dz
0 0 0 2EIr2
r
q02 ρ3
dρ
= 2πl
0 2EIr2
πq 2 r2 l
= 0
4EI

16 On x = 0, dS = −i dy dz and v · dS = −3x2 y dy dz ≡ 0
On y = 0, v · dS = 0 On z = 0, v · dS = 0
On z = 1, v · dS = 0 On x + y = 1, dS = √1 (i
2
+ j) dS

1 1
3 2 1 √
⇒ ⊂⊃ v · dS = dx √ x (1 − x) + √ x(1 − x)2
2 dz
0 0 2 2
1
= (2x2 + x)(1 − x) dx
0
1
=
3

17 ⊂⊃ v · dS
S
On S , dS = (i sin θ cos φ + j sin θ sin φ + k cos θ)a2 sin θ dθ dφ
and v = i2a sin2 θ cos φ sin φ − ja2 sin2 θ sin2 φ + k(a sin θ cos φ + a sin θ sin φ)
π 2π
⊂⊃ v · dS = dθ {2a3 sin4 θ cos2 φ sin φ − a4 sin4 θ sin3 φ
0 0
S
+ a3 sin2 θ cos θ cos φ + a3 cos θ sin2 θ sin φ} dφ
=0

18 F · dr
C
C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 16, z = 0 so that on the circle

F = x2 + y − 4, 3xy, 0 , r = 4 (cos θ, sin θ, 0)
and dr = (−4 sin θ, 4 cos θ, 0) dθ
2π
F · dr = −16 4 cos2 θ + sin θ − 1 sin θ + 192 cos θ sin2 θ dθ
C θ=0
2π
= −16 sin2 θ dθ (from symmetries)
0
= −16π


i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (0, −2z, 3y − 1)

x2 + y − 4 3xy 2xz + z 2
On hemisphere
r = 4 (sin θ cos φ, sin θ sin φ, cos θ)
dS = 16 (sin θ cos φ, sin θ sin φ, cos θ) sin θ dφ dθ

curl F . dS =
S
π/2 2π
dθ 16(−8 sin2 θ cos θ sin φ + 12 sin2 θ cos θ cos φ − cos θ sin θ)dφ
0 0
π/2
= −16 cos θ sin θ [2π] dθ = −16π
0
19
a · dS = div a dV − a · dS
S V S1
where V is hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 (different a from the vector a ), S1 is

the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 , z = 0 . div a = 0 and dS = −k dx dy on S1

a · dS = (xi + yj) · (−k dx dy) = 0
S1 S
Hence
a · dS = 0
S
20
1 1−x 2−x
xyz dV = xyz dz dy dx
V 0 0 0
1 1−x
1 2
= xy (2 − x) dy dx
0 0 2
1
1 2 2
= x (1 − x) (2 − x) dx
0 4
1
1 5
= x − 6x4 + 13x3 − 12x2 + 4x dx
0 4
1 3 13 1 13
= − + −1+ =
24 10 16 2 240


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7

1(b) f (x, y) = c ⇒ y = tan c(1 + x)

2(a) Flow lines given by dx

2(b) Flow lines given by dx

3(a) Level surfaces are given by f (r) = c ⇒ z = c + xy .

3(b) Level surfaces are given by f (r) = c ⇒ z = c − e−xy .

∂2f z 2x2 z z(x2 + y 2 ) − 2x2 z (y 2 − x2 )z

∂f ∂f cos φ ∂f sin φ cos θ ∂f

∂2u ∂2u ∂2u 2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) df x2 + y 2 + z 2 d2 f

10 V = sin 3x cos 4y cosh 5z

∂2V ∂2V ∂2V

This implies that dk

Hence, f (x, y) = y sin x − x cos y + 12 y 2 + k .

and f (x, y) = y sin x − x cos y + 12 (y 2 − 1) .

3m(10x2 +6xy+6y 2 )+(2x+3y)(6x+12y) = 2m(9x2 +4xy+15y 2 )+(2x+3y)(18x+4y)

Comparing coeﬃcients of x2 gives m = 2 . Let

⇒ f (x, y) = 8x5 + 36x4 y + 62x3 y 2 + 63x2 y 3 + 54xy 4 + c(y)

⇒ c (y) = 9y 2 × 15y 2 ⇒ c(y) = 27y 5 + k

Hence, f (x, y) = 8x5 + 36x4 y + 62x3 y 2 + 63x2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + 27y 5 + k .

21(a) Unit vector in direction of (−2, 3, −6) is √(−2,3,−6) = 71 (−2, 3, −6) .

3(12, 3, 4) · (−2, 3, −6)/7 = −117/7

22(a) ∇(x2 + y 2 − z) = (2x, 2y, −1)

23 grad (x2 + y 2 − z) = (2x, 2y, −1) .

Directional derivative is (2, 2, −1) · 3 (2, 2, −1) = 3 (4 + 4

24 ∇(xy 2 − 3xz + 5) = (y 2 − 3z, 2xy, −3x).

(0, −9, 3) · (3, −2, 6)/7 = 36/7

28 ∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9) = (2x, 2y, 2z) .

(2, −1, 2) (4, −2, −1)

29(a) ∇(x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 − 6) = (2x, 4y, 6z) .

and normal line is

29(b) ∇(2x2 + y 2 − z 2 + 3) = (4x, 2y, −2z)

(2, 2, −3) · (x − 1, y − 2, z − 3) = 0 i.e. 2x + 2y − 3z = −3

and the normal line is

29(c) ∇(x2 + y 2 − z − 1) = (2x, 2y, −1)

(2, 4, −1) · (x − 1, y − 2, z − 4) = 0 i.e. 2x + 4y − z = 6

and the normal line is

31(a) div (3x2 y, z, x2 ) = 6xy + 0 + 0 = 6xy

31(b) div (3x + y, 2z + x, z − 2y) = 3 + 0 + 1 = 4

32 div F = 2y 2 − 2yz 3 + 2yz − 3xz 2 .

36 In spherical polar coordinates, an element of volume has side ∆r in the ur

+ terms of order |∆r|2

Hence, f (y, z) = 3yz + g(z) .

Hence, φ(x, y, z) = 2x2 y + 2xz 3 + 3yz + C .

45 In spherical polar coordinates, an element of volume has side ∆r in the ur

Hence the result.

Hence, div ((u × r)g) = r · curl u.

47 φ(x, y, z) = x2 y 2 z 3 , F (x, y, z) = (x2 y, xy 2 z, −yz 2 )

47(a) ∇2 φ = 2y 2 z 3 + 2x2 z 3 + 6x2 y 2 z

grad [(r · r)(a · r)] = [grad (r · r)](a · r) + (r · r)grad (a · r) (7.19b)

grad div v − curl curl v = 6xyi + 2(x2 + y 2 )j + 2yzk as required.

⇒ v · curl u − u · curl v = (x2 + y 2 )z

udiv v = (xyj + xzk)(y + y) = 2xy 2 j + 2xyzk

vdiv u = (xyi + yzk)(x + x) = 2x2 yi + 2xyzk

Now, a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c

where P = (0, 0, 0) , Q = (0, 0, 1) , R = (0, 1, 1), S = (2, 1, 1)

(using straight lines)

60 F is conservative if there exists a φ such that

Hence work done in moving an object is

61(b) Curve is r = (2t, t, 3t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 , so that

61(c) No. If F is conservative, there is a function U (x, y, z) such that

Hence conservative and F = −grad U where U = −x3 + xy − y 2 z 2 .

63 F = (2t3 , −t3 , t4 ) , r = (t2 , 2t, t3 ) , dr = (2t, 2, 3t2 ) dt

= [(−3t5 − 2t4 )i + (−4t5 )j + (4t3 + 2t4 )k] dt

dr = (−2 sin θ, 2 cos θ, 0) dθ