WASTE WATER TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT

A ELECTIVE REPORT

Submitted to the department of

Biotechnology

Biyani Girls College

University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

For the partial fulfillment of the degree of

Master of Science in Biotechnology

(2010-2011)

Submitted by

(SONIYA GURBANI)

Under supervision of

Mr. Rajneesh Mishra

Lecturer, Department Of Biotechnology,

Biyani Girls College, University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur

 Acknowledgements

With sense of pride I would like to place my profound thanks to GOD which help
me in my every moment of life & all those who helped me to complete this
elective report. Firstly, I am deeply indebted to my, Director of Biyani Girls
College Mr. Rajeev Biyani and H.O.D Dr. Rajashree Chakarvorti for their
guidance to fulfill my resources in course of the study. Without them this report
work would have not been possible.
I place my sincere thanks to my Lectures; specially Mr. Rajneesh Mishra sir. I
shall remain ever indebted to her for creative & export guidance, constant
encouragement, incessant discussion & everlasting moral support. For her friendly
support untiring help, concern throughout my project & extreme patience to
explain the details to pace up my elective report step by step.
I am grateful to Google search engine for providing me the matter which is
necessary for completion my report.
I am grateful to all my Lectures, Department of Biotechnology, Biyani Girls
College, under University of Rajasthan for providing me with all sort of support
during my elective report work & its successful completion.
To put in it a nutshell……………………..A BIG THANKS TO ALL.

SONIYA GURBANI
M.Sc. Biotechnology(final)
 Certificate

This is to certified that the elective report entitled ‘wastewater

treatment & management’ is an original piece of work carried out by
Ms. Soniya Gurbani under my supervision. This work has not been
submitted for any other degree in India & abroad.

DATE ( Mr. Rajneesh Mishra)

Lecturer, Department Of
Biotechnology,
Biyani Girls College,
University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur.
Contents
1) INTRODUCTION

2) DIFFERENT TYPE OF DRINKING WATER SOURCE

3) PURIFIED WATER

4) CLASSIFICATION OF WATER

5) IMPORTANCE OF DRINKING WATER BEFORE USAGE

6) MEASURE WATER POLLUTION

7) CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

8) SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION

9) WATER TREATMENT

• Physical process

• Chemical process

• Biological process

i. Aerobic method

ii. Anaerobic method

10) WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

11) BIOTECHNOLOGY APPROACHES FOR WASTE

WATER MANAGEMENT
 12) APPLICATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT

13) REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
The majority of the human body is comprised of water and human beings can live
only a very short time without water. Water is a chemical substance that is
essential to all known forms of life. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. It is found in
the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water
rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, airborne vapor and sea ice.

Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation,

precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life.

In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. Of all the water in the world, only
about 3% is drinkable by human beings. Of this small percentage, the majority is
either wholly or partially polluted by natural or man made contaminants. The body
requires H2O to survive but not the contaminants found in most drinking water.

Peoples can either drink tap water provided by the municipalities they live in or
well water on their own land.Water is available to anyone for no cost. It can be
found in so many places. The earth is comprised of mostly water.
Human depend on water for every day things and it is up there with needing food.
Some of the daily chores that we must complete can not be done without water to
help. When water is used, can it be recycled to be available again.

Water pollution is any condition caused by human activity adversely affected

quality of a stream , lakes, oceans or ground water.

Or

The adding to water or any substance or the changing of water physical o

chemical characteristics in any way which inter interfere which is used for
different purpose.

Or

Any contaminants that adversely affected the used of rationale water for human
consumption or hat harm any aquatic &other wild life.

Or

Introduction into water of substance of such character & quality that its natural
quality so altered as o impair its useful ness render it to sure off right taste &
smell.

Wastewater is essentially the water supply of the community after it has been
fouled by a variety of uses. From the standpoint of sources of generation, waste
water may be defined as a combination of the liquid (or water) carrying wastes
removed from residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial
establishment, together with such groundwater, surface water, and storm water as
may be present.

All of the waste water produced by a city eventually ends up in a river, lakes, or
oceans. Municipal waste water within the sewerage system of a community is
called sewage.

Generally, the wastewater discharged from domestic premises like residences,

institutions, and commercial establishments is termed as “Sewage / Community
wastewater”. It comprises of 99.9% water and 0.1% solids and is organic because
it consists of carbon compounds like human waste, paper, vegetable matter etc.

Besides community wastewater / sewage, there is industrial wastewater in the

region. Many industrial wastes are also organic in composition and can be treated
physico-chemically and/or by micro-organisms in the same way as sewage

Even wastewater is recyclable when it completes a process known as wastewater

treatment. There is not only one method for wastewater treatment. Many of the
methods are still as good today as they were years ago.

This method of wastewater treatment gets rid of the odor by getting rid of the algae
or bacteria in the water. The taste is also made better by chemicals being added to
it in other treatment processes.

The particles are gotten out with a filtration process. Methods for treating
wastewater differ in many ways to ensure that the water is clean and safe for you to
reuse again and again.

The water of ganga which were considered o be pure are no longer because the
discharge of sewage and industrial effluents. Many of over lakes e.g. lakes of
Kashmir (deal lake) have become highly polluted.
Pollution water are turbid, not pleasant for drinking. Some time bad smell are
produce from these sources and are not suitable for bathing, washing, or other
activity of human beings. They are harmful & disease causing like typhoid, malaria
& water borne diseases.

Different Types of Drinking Water

Generally there are three choices for drinking water available to the consumer:

•Tap Water (provided by local municipal water suppliers)

•Well Water (found in more rural areas of the country)
•Bottled Water (sold commercially throughout the country)
1) Tap Water:

Tap water comes from local rivers and streams and very often plants that
recycle raw sewerage and other waste water. Because many rivers, streams and
other groundwater sources are polluted by natural runoff and man made
contaminants, and all waste water and raw sewerage contain high levels of
bacteria, increasing levels of chlorine are required to kill bacterial and other
harmful organisms.

Tap water is regulated by The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) an

agency of the Federal Government but EPA regulations in no way require the
elimination of contaminants. The EPA only sets minimum levels of
contaminants (including chlorine) and the long term effects of these poisons on
the human body are largely unknown. In addition chlorine adds unpleasant
odors and taste to tap water.

2) Well Water:

Well water is subject to the same types of natural and man made pollution as
tap water but it is unregulated. The Commonwealth of Virginia, for example,
strongly recommends chlorination and dechlorination of owner’s individual
wells but mandatory compliance is not required. Well water is particularly
subject to ground bacteria pollution through the wellhead itself. The use of
chlorine adds unpleasant odors and taste to the well supplied drinking water.

3) Bottled Water:

i) Repackaged bottled water:

There are many types of bottled drinking water on the market today with the
result that some are good, some are bad and some are useless when it comes to
providing pure drinking water.Some unethical suppliers merely take tap water
and bottle the water in small packages. These bottlers are able to charge a
premium for tap water but the levels of contaminants are the same as in tap
water.
 ii) Spring water:

The source of some bottled water is spring water and this term implies a fresh
mountain spring of wholesome drinking water. Springs however, are subject to
the same types and levels of natural and man made contaminants as tap and
well water and the consumer does not get the benefit of pure water.

Purified Water
Purified water is the only water that that one should drink for their health and
the health of their family. There are two processes used in order to purify
water: distillation and reverse osmosis.

1) Distillation is a process whereby water is turned to steam and condensed

leaving behind all contaminants and bacteria. Many countries without natural
source water and the Department of Defense use distillation to provide pure
drinking water.

2) Reverse osmosis is a process where by water is filtered through a very small

filter and contaminants are removed but bacteria and trace elements are left in
the water.

Distillation removes the water from the contaminants while reverse osmosis
merely filters the water without removing all bacteria and other material.
But distillation is the best way to create pure water.
 An individual interested in maintaining a healthy lifestyle or a parent that is
concerned about the health of your family, you should consider adding purified
water to your diet.

BOD &COD OF WATER Purity of water depend on the COD

&BOD values.

BOD (biolobical oxygen demand) COD (chemical oxygen demand)

It is amount of oxygen used for It is he amount of oxygen required by
biochemical oxidation by organic matter in a sample of water for
microorganism in an unit volume of its oxidation by a chemical oxidant &is
water . this have been developed for 5 expressed as ppm of oxygen . taken
days at 20c temperature. form a solution of potassium dichromate
in 2 hrs.
BOD value approx the amount of This value is a poor measure of (waste
oxidizable organic matter , therefore strength) organic matter as o2 is also
used as a measure of degree of water consume in the oxidation of inorganic
pollution & waste strength. matter such as nitrates, sulphate &
reduce metal ion & also some organic
material benzene , pyrimidine are
nonoxidize.
BOD value are useful in process I very important parameter in
designing &loading calculation , management & designing of treatment
measures of treatment effency & plant , therefore its rapidity of
operation sting population control determination.
Type of microorganism , pH, presence Presence of toxin & other such
of toxins, reduce minerals process are unfavorable substance condition for the
important factors that influence the growth of microorganism do not effect
BOD. COD.

Polarity of Water
Polarity is charge inequality on two ends of any molecule. Due to the unequal
distribution of electrons in water molecule, one part of the molecule is more
negatively charged than the other part.

This is caused by the property of 'electronegativity', which can be defined as ability

of an element to attract electrons. If the atoms that make up a molecule have
different electronegativities, that differ substantially, they attract electrons
unequally, causing polarity.

Alkaline Water
To hydrate our bodies sufficiently and hence should drink alkaline water which is
rich in minerals. The fluids in our body should be alkaline in nature rather than
being neutral or acidic.

pH level is a measure of alkalinity or acidity of a solution. It is simply measured on

a scale of 0 to 14. Those solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline
solutions and those which have pH levels less than 7 are acidic.

Pure water is neutral i.e. it is neither alkaline nor acidic, and so has a pH level of
exactly7.
Alkaline Water formation
The water with pH levels above 7 is alkaline in nature. But for safe human
consumption, pH levels of water must not be more than 8.5. In chemical terms
alkalinity is achieved by dissolving a hydrate of a metal-oxide.

Metal-oxides are formed due to combustion of metals in presence of oxygen (Yes,

metals do burn!). For example, when sodium burns, it results in formation of
sodium oxide (Na2O).

Now, hydrate is formed by chemically reacting it with water. The reaction that
takes place is explained in the equation below:

Na2O + H2O → 2 NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

The resultant Sodium Hydroxide is nothing but a Base or an Alkali. And so the
solution becomes alkaline. So, all that we need to make water alkaline is a metal-
oxide, directly or indirectly.
Chemically, baking soda is called sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen
carbonate, i.e. NaHCO3.

It is a crystalline compound formed when sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacted with

CO2 and H2O to form NaHCO3.

When baking soda dissolves in water, NaHCO3 looses its ionic bond to give Na+
ions and HCO3- ions.
NaHCO3 → Na+ + HCO3-

Now, the HCO3- ions react with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which further
decomposes to give carbon dioxide(CO2) and water (H2O) leaving behind NaOH,
which we have seen an alkali. Let some chemical equations do the talking:

NaHCO3 + H2O → Na+ + HCO3- + H2O ______________ (1)

Now,

HCO3- + H2O → H2CO3 + OH- __________________ (2)

Na+ formed in equation (1) and OH- formed in equation (2) form an ionic bond to
give NaOH.

Na+ + OH- → NaOH

To maintain safe pH levels, not add more than 10g of baking soda to a liter of
water. This is how to make alkaline water with baking soda. pH levels can vary by
adding or reducing the concentration of the alkali (in this case, NaOH) in water.

At home, there are many other products like bleaching powder or any acetate,
sulphate or carbonate can be used to make water alkaline.

Simple soapy water is also alkaline, but never fit for consumption. A litmus paper
is to check the alkalinity of a solution. If it turns blue when in contact with a
solution, then it's alkali, or if the litmus turns red, solution is acidic.

Precaution while preparing alkaline water:-

While working with alkaline or acidic solutions, it is strongly advised to wear
gloves and protect other areas from direct contact especially if the solution is
strong. Alkaline water has a slippery feel when touched and there's no burning
sensation, but like acids, they surely eat through the skin. Loss of sensation is
because they quickly annihilate the nerve cells, so pain signals are not received by
the brain even as they burn through.

Alkaline Water Benefits

• Increase in intracellular hydration

• It replenishes essential minerals like calcium, potassium, magnesium, and

sodium

• Helps to maintain normal blood flow

• Flushes out wastes and prevents it from recollecting in cells

• alkaline water is to keep the chemical imbalances neutralized in the body.

• Prevents free radicals from damaging the cells

 • Alkaline water that contains ionic minerals act as a conductor of
electrochemical activity from cell to cell.

• Some studies advise drinking ionized alkaline water as it helps the body
resist diseases and slows aging.

• alkaline water health benefits, like reducing indigestion, reduction in

heartburn, and better hydration between cells.

• also helps in treating asthma amongst many other treatments

Chemical Imbalance Caused by Lack of Alkaline Water

Imbalance might put stress on the other tissues, body systems, organs, etc. A low
or imbalanced pH level can cause high acidity in the body, and this can create a lot
of bodily dysfunctions. For example, if the pH level gets too much on the acidic
side, we can face symptoms like loss of energy, tiredness, weight gain, and
improper digestion.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF WATER
There are two types of water is available in nature. These are basically two
classifications of water based on its chemical content. The hardness of the water
depends on its calcium content, which is measured in parts per million.

If the calcium content of the water is 160 ppm or less, it is referred to as soft
water, and if the same is above 160 ppm, it is referred to as hard water.

1) SOFT WATER

2) HARD WATER

Hard Water
The simplest definition of hard water would be water with high mineral content.
These contents of hard water, which include calcium, magnesium, chalk, lime, etc.,
get dissolved into the water as it makes its way through the ground.

Among these minerals, calcium and magnesium are found in abundance. Other
than this, hard water may also include other compounds such as bi-carbonates
and/or sulfates.

Hard water is generally preferred as drinking water owing to its high mineral
content. Even in terms of taste, hard water is superior to soft water.

Soft Water
Soft water is the water which contains very few or absolutely no traces of minerals,
such as calcium and magnesium. Among the ground water sources, soft water is
generally derived from igneous rocks, such as granite, or sedimentary rocks, such
as sandstone, which are themselves low in mineral content.

Soft water can also be derived by getting rid of all the minerals in the hard water
using a water softener system. In terms of taste, soft water is relatively salty, and
sometimes not at all suitable to drink.

Hard Water vs Soft Water

One of the most crucial difference between hard and soft water is that the former
doesn't work well with soap, while the later does.

In case of hard water, the ions dissolved in water tend to react with the chemicals
present in the soap and produces a insoluble residue which is quite difficult to
wash away. On the other hand soft water and soap work very well together, and
make the skin smooth and glowing.

Extremely hard water can also be harmful for the plumbing system and hence this
water is subjected to treatment to make it soft. Another important hard and soft
water difference is its use for consumption.

A report given by National Research Council in 1980s stated that the high
mineral content of hard water makes its an important source of these minerals, and
thus gives it an edge over soft water.

Some researchers believe that soft water has an edge over hard water as it saves
money by increasing the efficiency of cleaning by more than 200 percent, while
some believe that hard water has an edge over soft water, as the former is an
important source of minerals such as magnesium and calcium.

5 Important Things You Should Know About Drinking Water

1. More than 35,000 people die each day throughout the world from disease caused
by impure or lack of drinking water. That equals more than 12,000,000 per year or
more than the per year total killed in each of the six years of World War II.

2. The absence of clean drinking water and sanitation is one of the largest causes of
death and loss of productivity throughout the world.

3. Three to four of every five children related deaths are directly related to
unsanitary or contaminated drinking water.

4. Municipal water supplies in the United States, although regulated by the

Environmental protection agency (EPA) still contain a large number of
contaminants. Many types of bottled water also contain contaminants.

5. Purified water using a distillation/oxygenation process produces the highest

quality drinking water.
It is a fact that because of urban growth and industrial pollution, drinking water is
becoming more polluted and water related health hazards are increasing. Heavier
amounts of chlorine are being added to kill bacteria but this ruins the fresh water
taste.

Measure Water Pollution

Facts about water pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water so that it becomes unfit for usage.
About 20% of the world's population lacks access to safe drinking water and about
50% lacks adequate sanitation. In many developing countries, rivers downstream
of large cities are little cleaner than open sewers. Levels of suspended solids in
Asia's rivers, for example, almost quadrupled since the late 1970s and rivers
typically contain four times the world average and 20 times OECD levels.

The faecal coliform count in Asia's rivers is 50 times higher than the WHO
guidelines. People using such water for washing, bathing or drinking are at high
risk. In Latin America as a whole, only about 2 per cent of sewage receives any
treatment. Worldwide, polluted water is estimated to affect the health of about
1200 million people and to contribute to the death of about 15 million children
under five every year (ICWE 1992).

Eutrophication: Factors that cause increased nutrient concentrations can

potentially lead to eutrophication. Excess of nutrients stimulates luxerant growth
of algae which is known as eutrophication. This kind of pollution is a result of
nutrient pollution such as the release of sewage effluent and run-off from lawn
fertilizers into natural waters, although it may also occur naturally in situations
where nutrients accumulate or where they flow into systems on an ephemeral basis.
Eutrophication generally promotes excessive plant growth and decay, and is likely
to cause severe reductions in water quality . Eutrophication causes decreased
biodiversity, changes in species composition, dominance(algal boom), and toxicity
effects. Any factor that causes increased nutrient concentrations can potentially
lead to eutrophication.

Hypoxia: Eutrophication leads to hypoxia. This phenomenon of oxygen depletion

in which molecular oxygen dissolved in water is reduced in concentration between
1 and 30% is called Hypoxia. To overcome this problem of hypoxia, it is vital to
reduce the amount of land-derived nutrients reaching rivers.

This can be done by improving sewage treatment and by reducing the amount of
fertilizers leaching into the rivers and by restoring natural environments along a
river; marshes are particularly effective in reducing the amount of phosphorus and
nitrogen (nutrients) in water.
Some more water pollution facts: Asian rivers are the most polluted in the world.
They have three times as many bacteria from human waste as the global average
and 20 times more lead than rivers in industrialized countries. Thirty percent of
Ireland's rivers are polluted with sewage or fertilizer.

15 Japanese cities that have 30 per cent of all groundwater supplies are
contaminated by chlorinated solvents from industry; in some cases, the solvents
from spills traveled as far as 10 km from the source of pollution (UNEP 1996b).

The King River is Australia's most polluted river, suffering from a severe acidic
condition related to mining operations.100, 000 marine mammals, 1 million sea
birds and other aquatic lives are killed due to plastic waste in water and coastal
area.

Bangladesh has some of the most polluted groundwater in the world. In this case,
the contaminant is arsenic, which occurs naturally in the sediments. Around 85%
of the total area of the country has contaminated groundwater, with at least 1.2
million Bangladeshis exposed to arsenic poisoning and with millions more at risk.
Each year there are about 250 million cases of water-related diseases, with roughly
5 to 10 million deaths.

With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if
these very bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes.
Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting
capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted.
Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of
bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer.

Causes of Water Pollution

The causes of water pollution may be due to direct and indirect contaminant
sources. The former are effluent outputs from refineries, factories, waste treatment
plants. Fluids of differing qualities are emitted to the urban water supplies. The
latter are the water supply from soils/groundwater systems that have fertilizers,
pesticides and industrial wastes. Also those through the atmosphere like bakeries,
factories emission and automobile discharge. Contaminants can also be divided
into inorganic, organic, acid/base and radioactive.
Organic water pollutants are:

• Food processing waste, including pathogens

• Insecticides and herbicides other chemicals.

• Tree and brush debris from logging operations

• Bacteria from sewage or livestock operations

• Petroleum hydrocarbons like diesel, gasoline, jet fuels, fuel oils, motor oils

• Volatile organic compounds like industrial solvents.

Inorganic water pollutants are:

• pre-production industrial raw resin pellets

 • heavy metals including acid mine drainage

• chemical waste as industrial by-products

• acidity due to industrial discharges like sulphur dioxide

• silt in surface runoff due to logging, slash and burn practices, construction
sites or land clearing sites

• fertilizers in runoff from agriculture including nitrates and phosphates.

SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTIONS

TYPES OF SOURCE

Sewage waste industrial waste agriculture waste physical waste

1) sewage waste

Municipal causes are related to waste water from homes and commercial
establishments. Water born wastes (including house waste), excretion of animals&
human beings, pluse food processing plant wastes. If Sewage waste is less
contaminants than aerobic treatment are applied; whereas if contaminants is highly
dense than anaerobic treatment is used. Many infectious diseases caused are given
below:-

GROUP ORGANISMS DISEASES CONDITION

Viruses a) entroviruses,polypmycetes Paralysis, fever, respiratory
diseases
 b) hepatitisA,B hepatitis
c) rotovirus diarrhea
d) adenovirus diarrhea
Bacteria a) sarmonella species typhoid
b) shigella diarrhea
c) E.coli diarrhea
Protozoans a) entamoeba amoebioses
b) giardia diarrhea
Helimanthes a) tennia tapeworm

2)industrial wastes

Industrial causes vary as per the biochemical demand, suspended solids, inorganic
and organic substances. Industrial wastes are discarded into rivers , due to this
contaminants of rivers takes place.

Some of them are:-

Mahi 550000
Narmada 260000
Tapti 37000
Waingangā 3699
Sarbimai 1174
Periyar 767
caveri 439
Krishna 57
Godavari 7

Effluent from these contain a wide variety of organic &inorganic substance such as
oil , plastic, metallic waste , suspended waste , phenol, & other wastes.

EPA agency has listed arsenic, cadmium, copper, heavy metals.

Pollutants these metal finding their way in water bodies & pollutant it.

These discharge of industrial wastes into water way causes the following he
environmental hazards.

1) Organic substances depleted oxygen.

2) Inorganic substance render the water unfit for drinking & other purpose.

3) Colour producing dyes are aesthetically objectionable

4) Toxin substance like cyanides &phenols effect & damage the flora & fauna.

5) Oil &glycerol interfere with aquatic life.

Chemicals like mercury, cyanide, sulfuric acid, arsenic and methyl mercury
are used in various stages of mining. Most of the chemicals are released into
nearby water bodies that leads to water pollution. In spite of tailings (pipes)
being used to dispose these chemicals into the water bodies, possibilities of
leakage are always there. When the leaked chemicals slowly percolate
through the layers of the earth, they reach the groundwater and pollute it.
Surface run-off of just soil and rock debris, although non-toxic, can be
harmful for vegetation of the surrounding areas. Sometimes the liquid waste
that is generated after the metals or minerals have been extracted is disposed
in a mining pit.
 As the pit gets filled up by the mine tailings, they become a stagnant pool of
water. This becomes the breeding ground for water-borne diseases causing
insects and organisms like mosquitoes to flourish.

3)Agriculture wastes

Agricultural causes include commercial livestock and poultry farming. These lead
to organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater. Mordewn
agriculture partices requires he use of large amount of fertilizers, pesticides,
biosides, etc. some of hese makes there way into water & distrubted the ecosystem.

A) Fertilizers:-

Fertilizers having a large quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus cause a high

biological oxygen demand in the water. As oxygen is depleted, only anaerobic life-
forms prosper.

The depletation of oxygen is post by inducer algal growth which leaves to the the
depth of fishses & aquatic plant & other aquatic biodata.

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers after leads to accumulation of nitrogen in

water when such water are drinking by cattle or human beings. Hese nitrate takes
into our bdy & are convered into toxic nitrite.

These combines to hemoglobin to form Methenoglodamebia . these causes a

respiratory system also, blue colour of the skin & even cancer.Nitrate restrict the
amount of oxygen to rich into the brain causing the blue baby syndrome (baby turn
to blue & dried).

B) Pesticides:-
Pesticides are biologically active chemical which are used to kill plant & animals
pest it is general turn that include insecticides , herbisides, algisides, fungisidies
etc.

The various catagerious of pesticides along which are the targeted organism are
listed these are:-

CLASS OF PESTICIDES TARGET TYPES OF PESTICIDES

ORGANISM
Insecticide Insects Endosulfans,
DDT,aldrichlordane,
metathione.
Herbicide Weeds 2,4-D
Fungicide Fungi Capton, caplafol
Nematodicide Nematodes Ethylene dibromide
rodenticide rodents Zinc phosphide, warforin

2) Physical pollutant

It is defined as the increasing the temperature of water by the discharge of

substances whose temperature is higher then the surroundings, chemical industrial,
fossil fuel, nucler power plant use lot of water for cooling purpose 7 retain this
water stream & high temperature . Radioactive substances from nuclear power
plants and industrial, medical and scientific use are also contributive. Uranium and
thorium mining and refining are some of the examples. Heat is a leading cause as it
results in the death of several aquatic organisms.
Discharge of cooling water by factories and power plants lowers the temperature of
the water bodies. Causes some pollution are:-

1) Fishes egg hatch so easily in the spring that the natural food organism
needed by the young fishes.

2) BOD increases as a result of depletation of oxygen in hot water.

3) There is a change in diurnal & sygenable behavior of the organization.

4) Effect migration of aquatic life.

Wastewater Treatment
Satisfactory disposal of wastewater, whether by surface, subsurface methods or
dilution, is dependent on its treatment prior to disposal.

Adequate treatment is necessary to prevent contamination of receiving waters to a

degree which might interfere with their best or intended use, whether it be for
water supply, recreation, or any other required purpose.

Wastewater treatment is a process, wherein the contaminants are removed from

wastewater as well as household sewage, to produce waste stream or solid waste
suitable for discharge or reuse. Wastewater treatment consists of applying known
technology to improve or upgrade the quality of a wastewater.

Usually wastewater treatment will involve collecting the wastewater in a central,

segregated location (the Wastewater Treatment Plant) and subjecting the
wastewater to various treatment processes.

Most often, since large volumes of wastewater are involved, treatment processes
are carried out on continuously flowing wastewaters (continuous flow or "open"
systems) rather than as "batch" or a series of periodic treatment processes in which
treatment is carried out on parcels or "batches" of wastewaters.

While most wastewater treatment processes are continuous flow, certain

operations, such as vacuum filtration, involving as it does, storage of sludge, the
addition of chemicals, filtration and removal or disposal of the treated sludge, are
routinely handled as periodic batch operations.

Wastewater treatment, however, can also be organized or categorized by the nature

of the treatment process operation being used; for example, physical, chemical or
biological. A complete treatment system may consist of the application of a
number of physical, chemical and biological processes to the wastewater.

PRINCIPLE OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT

The aim of wastewater treatment is to convert waste material present in waste

water into stable oxidized end products that can be easily disposed.
The method is useful in controlling public health, recycle & recovery of valuable
products. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens,
chambers, and chemicals processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. During primary
treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids & inorganic material is
removed from sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is to reduce organic
material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is
necessary if the water is to be reused. The purpose of water pollution control is to
remove the contaminants from water so that treated water can meet the acceptable
quality standards.

PURPOSE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

The purpose of wastewater treatment is generally to remove from the wastewater
enough solids to permit the remainder to be discharged to a receiving water
without interfering with its best or proper use. The solids which are removed are
primarily organic but may also include inorganic solids. Treatment must also be
provided for the solids and liquids which are removed as sludge. Finally, treatment
to control odors, to retard biological activity, or destroy pathogenic organisms may
also be needed. The actuall process of wastewater treatment is describe under :
METHODS OF TREATMENT
Wastewater Treatment Methods & Disposal

Physical Chemical Biological

Sedimentation (Clarification) Chlorination Aerobic

Screening Ozonation Activated Sludge

Aeration Neutralization Trickling Filtration
Filtration Coagulation oxidation pond
Flotation and Skimming Adsorption Lagoons
Degassification Ion Exchange Aerobic Digestion

Anaerobic
Anaerobic Digestion
Septic Tanks
Lagoons
Physical methods include processes where no gross chemical or biological
changes are carried out and strictly physical phenomena are used to improve or
treat the wastewater. Examples would be coarse screening to remove larger
entrained objects and sedimentation (or clarification). In the process of
sedimentation, physical phenomena relating to the settling of solids by gravity
are allowed to operate.

Aeration is another physical water treatment method used, wherein air is added
to the wastewater physically to provide oxygen to it. In yet another method
known as filtration, sewage is passed through filters to separate the
contaminating solids from the water. In a number of wastewater treatment
methods, semi-solid contaminants like grease and oil are allowed to float on the
surface of the water, and then they are physicallyremoved.

Chemical treatment consists of using some chemical reaction or reactions

to improve the water quality. Probably the most commonly used chemical
process is chlorination. Chlorine, a strong oxidizing chemical, is used to kill
bacteria and to slow down the rate of decomposition of the wastewater.
Bacterial kill is achieved when vital biological processes are affected by the
chlorine. Another strong oxidizing agent that has also been used as an oxidizing
disinfectant is ozone.
 A chemical process commonly used in many industrial wastewater treatment
operations is neutralization. Neutralization consists of the addition of acid or
base to adjust pH levels back to neutrality. Since lime is a base it is sometimes
used in the neutralization of acid wastes.

Coagulation consists of the addition of a chemical that, through a chemical

reaction, forms an insoluble end product that serves to remove substances from the
wastewater. Polyvalent metals are commonly used as coagulating chemicals in
wastewater treatment and typical coagulants would include lime (that can also be
used in neutralization), certain iron containing compounds (such as ferric chloride
or ferric sulfate) and alum (aluminum sulfate).

Certain processes may actually be physical and chemical in nature. The use of
activated carbon to "adsorb" or remove organics, for example, involves both
chemical and physical processes. Processes such as ion exchange, which involves
exchanging certain ions for others, are not used to any great extent in wastewater
treatment.

Biological treatment methods

In the biological water treatment process, microorganisms such as bacteria are
used to biochemically decompose the wastewater and stabilize the end product.
Microorganisms convert waste to carbon dioxide, water and other end products.
Generally, biological treatment methods can be divided into aerobic and anaerobic
methods, based on availability of dissolved oxygen.

In the aerobic process, bacteria consumes the organic matter and helps convert it
to carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen, while in the anaerobic process, sludge
is fermented at a particular temperature in the absence of oxygen. Composting is
yet another aerobic process, wherein the sludge is mixed with carbon sources such
as sawdust to treat wastewater.

Unit Operations/Processes, Their Functions and Units Used for Domestic

Wastewater Treatment

Unit
Functions Treatment Devices
Operations/Processes
Screening Removal of large floating, Bar racks and screens of
suspended and settleable various description
solids
Grit Removal Removal of inorganic Grit chamber
suspended solids
Primary Sedimentation Removal of organic/inorganic Primary sedimentation tank
settleable solids
Aerobic Biological Conversion of colloidal, Activated sludge process units
Suspended Growth dissolved and residual and its modifications, Waste
Process suspended organic matter into stabilisation ponds, Aerated
settleable biofloc and stable lagoons
inorganics
Aerobic Biological same as above Trickling filter, Rotating
Attached Growth Process biological contactor
Anaerobic biological Conversion of organic matter Anaerobic filter, Fluid bed
growth processes into CH4 & CO2 and relatively submerged media anaerobic
reactor, Upflow anaerobic
stable organic residue
sludge blanket reactor,
Anaerobic rotating biological
contactor
Anaerobic Stabilization of same as above Anaerobic digestor
Organic Sludges
 PRIMARY TREATMENT
Primary treatment method selectively remove materials which could interfere with
the physical operation & subsequent treatment processes. The processes are based
on exploitation of the physical properties of the contaminants & are generally used
at the initial stage of effluent treatment . it helps in improving he treatment
efficiencies by reducing the surface area. Some of the primary treatment includes
are:-

•Screening

•Flow equalization

•Comminuting

•Mixing

•Floatation

•Flocculation

•Sedimentation

1) SCREENING

Screening of various size & shape are used depending on the nature of solid to
remove 7cleaning is done either manually & mechanically. Large floating objects
(paper, plastic, wood etc.) could be removed by passing the waste water through
screening e.g. fixed bar screening used in domestic waste water treatment. The
waste solids are known as screenings or rankings. They are unhygienic due to
collection of fecal matter and so are normally bagged. The bar screening are made
up of parallel metal bar which having a apparatus in the range 20-26mm & 10-
20mm for fine & medium stream.
It is decided to remove large solid to remove in order to avoid any problem.
Screening process produce adjustable screening in satisfactory insertions, grinding
& digestion.
A typical sedimentation tank may remove from 60 to 65 percent of suspended
solids, and from 30 to 35 percent of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from the
sewage.

2) SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentations are terms which are used for settling & interchangeable this is
processes through which suspended solids are removed from suspension by
allowing the particles gravited to the flour of a tank to form a sludge. In this
sedimentation process settled solids are removed by gravitational settling .

three type of settling:-

i) Settling of diluted suspension of discrete particles.

ii) Settling of diluted suspension of flocculent particles.

iii) Zone of which include hindered settling & comprehensive settling.

The sedimentation process is carried out in rectangular, horizontal flow basin,

circular radial flow basins, vertical flow basin.

Sedimentation is widely used in unit operation water & waste water treatment
basically used in primary treatment to remove settable organic & inorganic
material to reduce organic load to secondary treatment. It is also used in secondary
treatment to remove materials which has been converted to settable solids during
biological face of treatment such as removal of humus from the filter effluents &
recovery of activated sludge processes.
 3) FLOTATION
Flotation technique is used to recovery of fine fibers from the screen effulent &
clarification of oil baring wastes particles which are very close in density to that of
water, are very difficult to settle in normal sedimentation tanks, & take a longer
time for separation.

In such case, the separation can be speeded by aerating the effluent by air bubbles
attached to the suspended matter.

METHODS

DISPERSED AIR FLOATATION DISSOLVED AIR FLOATATION

In this air is introduced directly into air is intimately brought into contact

the liquid through a revolving impeller with the waste water at a pressure of

or diffusers. several atmospheres when air is

dissolved.

4) AERATION
Aeration is a physical treatment process consisting of aeration that is physical
added air usually to provide oxygen to waste water. A gas or substance dissolved
in water may further react with water. Such a reaction is called hydration. Ionic
substance dissolve due to hydration, for example:

HCl(g) + XH2O = H(H2O)X+ + Cl-

 H2S = H(aq)+ + HS(aq)-
These reactions are reversible, and aeration may also causes dehydration resulting
in releasing the gas from water. Henry's law is applicable to this type of
equilibrium for consideration.
Industries use the aeration method of treating wastewater more than the residential
sectors do. This process is completed to get rid of the foul odor creating chemicals.
These chemicals could be ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. There are many different
ways to aerate the water. Diffused aeration is completed by making bubbles in the
water while aeration by a spray is completed by spraying the water in the air.
Repeated aeration is done by letting the water go through the many conduits before
it is allowed to mix in the air.

The cascading aeration is completed to make little waterfalls that allow the water
to flow through many layers. The final type of aeration is stripping. This stripping
mixes multiple aeration and cascade aeration together.

Methods of aeration are

• Diffused aeration - Air bubbles through water.

• Spray aeration - Water is sprayed through air.
• Multiple-tray aeration - Water flows through several trays to mix with air.
• Cascade aeration - Water flows downwards over many steps in the form of
thin water falls.

Air stripping - A combination of multiple tray and cascade technique plus

random packed blocks causing water to mix thoroughly with air
 5) CLARIFIERS
Removal of fine , suspended or flocculated solid is accomplished by means of
clarifiers. In these, the velocity of the waste stream is diminished to 1ppm or less,
by dispersal into tanks of large cross sectional area held as a rule for two or more
hours. filters are used to clarify the solid maters from wastewater.

FILTRATION
Filtration is the process of removing solids from a fluid by passing it through a
porous medium. Coarse, medium, and fine porous media have been used
depending on the requirement. The filter media are artificial membranes, nets, sand
filter, and high technological filter systems. The choice of filters depends on the
required filtering speed and the cleanness requirement.

The flow required for filtration can be achieved using gravity or pressure. In
pressure filtration, one side of the filter medium is at higher pressure than that of
the other so that the filter plane has a pressure drop. Some portion of this filter type
must be enclosed in a container.
The process of removing the clogged portion of the filter bed by reversing the flow
through the bed and washing out the solid is called back washing. During this
process, the solid must be removed out of the system, but otherwise the filters must
be either replaced or taken out of service to be cleaned.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
It consists of using some chemical reaction or reactions to improve the water
quality. The most commonly used chemical process is chlorination. Chlorine, a
strong oxidizing chemical, is used to kill bacteria and to slow down the rate of
decomposition of the wastewater. Bacterial kill is achieved when vital biological
processes are affected by the chlorine. A chemical process commonly used in
many industrial wastewater treatment operations is neutralization.

Some of the methods used are:-

• Chlorination

• Neutralization

• Coagulation

• Adsorption

• Ion exchange

1) CHLORINATION
Probably the most commonly used chemical process is chlorination.

Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a method of

water purification to make it fit for human consumption as drinking water. Water
which has been treated with chlorine is effective in preventing the spread of
waterborne disease. Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent due to its property of
chlorine it is used to kill bacteria & slow down the rate of decomposition of
wastewater.
The chlorination of public drinking supplies was originally met with resistance, as
people were concerned about the health effects of the practice. The use of chlorine
has greatly reduced the prevalence of waterborne disease as it is effective against
almost all bacteria and viruses, as well as amoeba. Chlorination is also used to
sanitize the water in swimming pools and as a disinfection stage in sewage
treatment.

Shock chlorination is a process used in many swimming pools, water wells,

springs, and other water sources to reduce the bacterial and algal residue in the
water. Shock chlorination is performed by mixing a large amount of sodium
hypochlorite, which can be in the form of a powder or a liquid such as chlorine
bleach, into the water. Water that is being shock chlorinated should not be swum in
or drunk until the sodium hypochlorite count in the water goes down to three ppm
or less. Most popularly used chlorinators for the treatment of well water are
sodium hypochlorite (also known as bleach) and calcium hypochlorite.

Chlorine react with water

When chlorine is added to water, it reacts to form a pH dependent equilibrium

mixture of chlorine, hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid[4] :

Cl2 + H2O → HOCl + HCl

Depending on the pH, hypochlorous acid partly dissociates to hydrogen and

hypochlorite ions:

HClO → H+ + ClO-
 In acidic solution, the major species are Cl2 and HOCl while in alkaline solution
effectively only ClO- is present. Very small concentrations of ClO2-, ClO3-, ClO4-
are also found.

APPLICATIONS

It involves the application of chlorine to the wastewater for the following

purposes:

1. Disinfection or destruction of pathogenic organisms

2. Prevention of wastewater decomposition-

(a) odor control, and

(b) protection of plant structures

ADVANTAGES:-
There are several advantages of chlorinators used for the treatment of well water.
To mention a few, they are effective for killing disease causing microbes (bacteria,
viruses) and reducing rotten egg smell caused by hydrogen sulfide. Studies have
shown that chlorinators are also effective for breaking down bacterial slimes and
destroying algae. Another advantage of chlorinators is facilitating the removal of
iron from the well water.

Drawbacks
Disinfection by chlorination can be problematic, in some circumstances.

1)Chlorine can react with naturally occurring organic compounds found in the
water supply to produce dangerous compounds, known as disinfection
byproducts (DBPs). The most common DBPs are trihalomethanes (THMs) and
 haloacetic acids (HAAs). Due to the carcinogenic potential of these compounds,
federal regulations in the United States of America require regular monitoring of
the concentration of these compounds in the distribution systems of municipal
water system

2) chlorine has volatile nature which causes it to disappear too quickly from the
water system, and aesthetic concerns such as taste and odour.

3) they may form harmful chlorine compounds with the chemicals and minerals
present in the well water.

4) Some fluorides, nitrates, radionuclide substances and hazardous chemicals

like pesticides and heavy metals retain in the well water even after the treatment
with chlorinators.

5) Also, the amount of chlorinator required for the effective treatment of well
water is very high.

2) NEUTRILIZATION

Wastewater neutralization plays an important part in a wastewater treatment

process The wastewater neutralization process is modeled based on the reaction
between a strong basic solution and a strong acidic solution in a reactor. It is
assumed that the wastewater is acidic in nature.. It provides the optimum
environment for microorganism activity i.e. between pH 6.5 and 7.5, and the right
water discharge to the public sewage as mandated by the Department of
Environment of between pH 5 and 9 (Environmental Quality Act, 1974).
Wastewater of pH below 4.5 and above 9 may greatly reduce the activity of the
microorganisms which treat the water and may not support their life at all.
In the neutralization process, acidic wastewater is treated with alkaline solution,
while alkaline wastewater is treated with acidic solution. In either case, the
wastewater is treated until it neutralized to pH 7 or any other desired pH. The
process can be either operated as a continuous stirred tank (CSTR) or in batch
operation. In contrast to CSTR, a semi batch operation ensures complete
neutralization of wastewater present in the reactor.
The control system implemented in the neutralization process depends upon the
desirable ‘quality’ of the treated wastewater. An on-off control system is suitable
for a broad range of pH control, such as the final stage of the neutralization
process, whereby the controlled range is between 5 and 9. For a narrower range of
pH control, a proportional-integral (PI) control system is recommended.
Controlling the wastewater neutralization process has been known to be
intrinsically difficult, due to various factors such as nonlinearity of pH system,
varying process parameters ,vessel design and process equipment used ,control
valve characteristics and type of controllers used .

3) COAGULATION

Coagulation water treatment uses chemical processes to prepare water for human
use or to return it to the environment. This consist of adding of chemical that
through a chemical reaction from & an insoluble end products that serve to remove
the substance from the wastewater polyvalent metals are used as a coagulating
chemicals in wastewater treatment & typical coagulation are:-

Lime, certain iron containing compounds such as ferric chloride & ferric sulphate
& aluminum sulphate.
Working action of coagulation

Water in its natural and waste water forms includes small particulates. In water,
those particulates with the same charge are suspended into a colloid (a mixture
with properties between a fine suspension and a solution). The repulsion
process--the physical property of particles with the same charge (i.e., negative
and negative) repelling each other--stops the particulates from combining into a
settled form. Coagulation water treatment applies chemicals to assist water
particulates in combining together. When particulates are aggregated, they can
be more easily removed from the treated water.

4) ABSORPRTION

Certain process may be actually be physically & chemically in nature the use of
activated carbon absorption & removal of organic material for e.g. involve both
physical & chemical treatments.

5) ION EXCHANGE

Ion exchange is an adsorption process that employ the reversible interchange

of ions of the same charge between a solid ion-exchange medium & a solution.
Used primarily for water softening, ca+2 & Mg+2 cations are exchanged by Na+
where the Na2R is the ion exchange medium with R the negatively charged
polymer.

Ca+2 +2NaR CaR2 +2Na+

Mg2++2NaR Mg2++2Na+
When all the exchange sites have been used , flushing with a 5-10% NaCl
solution regenerates the medium.

CaR2+2Na+ Ca2++2Nar

MgR2+@Na+ Mg2++2NaR

Ion exchange water softening is carried out in a down flow fixed bed reactor.
The granular resin is housed in an enclosed metal tank rather similar to a
pressurized rapid sand filter in design.

Most exchange media used as ion exchange are synthetic polymer resins,
naturally occurring zeolites such as sodium-alumino-silicates, analicate,
clioptilolite & monotmorillonite.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
In biological degradation the remaining suspended solids are decomposed and the
number of pathogens is reduced. In this stage , the effluent from primary treatment
may be pumped into a trickling filters, an aerated tank, or asp etc. This stage
removes 80-85% BOD contaminants. The process is initially aerobic but sewage
sludge so product is degraded by anaerobic mechanism.

TREATMENT

AEROBIC PROCESS ANAEROBIC PROCESS

Activated Sludge Anaerobic Digestion

Trickling Filtration Septic Tanks
oxidation pond Lagoons
Lagoons Up flow activated sludge process
Aerobic Digestion fixed bed reactor
COD Balance: In the wastewater engineering field organic pollution is measured
by the weight of oxygen it takes to oxidize it chemically. This weight of oxygen is
referred to as the "chemical oxygen demand" (COD). COD is basically a measure
of organic matter content or concentration. The best way to appreciate anaerobic
wastewater treatment is to compare its COD balance with that of aerobic
wastewater treatment, as shown in Figure below.

Figure 2. Comparison of the COD balance during anaerobic and aerobic treatment of
wastewater containing organic pollution
Anaerobic Treatment: The COD in wastewater is highly converted to methane,
which is a valuable fuel. Very little COD is converted to sludge. No major inputs
are required to operate the system.

Aerobic Treatment: The COD in wastewater is highly converted sludge, a

bulky waste product, which costs lots of money to get rid of. An aerobic
wastewater treatment facility is in essence a "waste sludge factory". Elemental
oxygen has to be continuously supplied by aerating the wastewater at a great
expense in kilowatt hours to operate the aerators.

 AEROBIC TREATMENTS
In aerobic wastewater treatment refers to the removal of organic pollutants in
wastewater by bacteria that require oxygen to work. Water and carbon dioxide
are the end products of the aerobic wastewater treatment process. Processes
include trickling filtration, activated sludge, and rotating biological contactors.
Bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environments work to break down and digest
the wastewater inside the aerobic treatment plant or system. This process is called
aerobic digestion.

Fig. aerobic treatment processor plant

1)TRICKLING FILTERS
Trickling Filters

Trickling filters used to provide biological wastewater treatment of municipal by

industrial waste. Trickling filters is a non submerged fix film biological reactor
using rocks or plastic packing over bridges waste water is distributed
continuously. Trickling filter are effected by temperature , therefore cold weather
condition slow down the process & slow down the biological activity in the
filter. Milk processing unit , paper mill, pharmaceutical wastes are treated by
trickling filters.

i) CONVENTIONAL TRICKLING FILTERS

Conventional trickling filters is an attached growth process i.e. process in

which microorganisms responsible for treatment are attached to an inert packing
material. Packing material used in attached growth processes include rock,
gravel, slag, sand, redwood, and a wide range of plastic and other synthetic
materials.
Process Description

• The wastewater in trickling filter is distributed over the top area of a vessel
containing non-submerged packing material. Many conventional trickling
filters using rocks as the packing material have ben converted to plastic
packing to increase treatment capacity these are called biotowers. The
microbal population develops as a slim layer on these rocks called biofilm.
• Air circulation in the void space, by either natural draft or blowers, provides
oxygen for the microorganisms growing as an attached biofilm.
• During operation, the organic material present in the wastewater is
metabolised by the biomass attached to the medium. The biological slime
grows in thickness as the organic matter abstracted from the flowing
wastewater is synthesized into new cellular material.
 • The thickness of the aerobic layer is limited by the depth of penetration of
oxygen into the microbial layer.
• The organic material present over these filter medium is called the zooleal
film.
• The micro-organisms near the medium face enter the endogenous phase as
the substrate is metabolised before it can reach the micro-organisms near the
medium face as a result of increased thickness of the slime layer and loose
their ability to cling to the media surface. The liquid then washes the slime
off the medium and a new slime layer starts to grow. This phenomenon of
losing the slime layer is called sloughing.
• The sloughed off film and treated wastewater are collected by an
underdrainage which also allows circulation of air through filter. The
collected liquid is passed to a settling tank used for solid- liquid separation.

ii) MORDEN TRICKLING FILTERS

The morden trickling filters are 30 fet deep is quite advance. It is used in domastic
as well as industrial wastewater purification system the introduction of the
thermoformed PVC sheet media is largely responsible for the success of morden
trickling filters.
The morden trickling filters are used because of :-

a. low power requirements

b. simple operation
c. lower sludge yield
d. wide flow passage
e. superior ventilation
f. low operating cost

Aerobic condition are maintained in the trickling filter by an upward flow of air
through the spaces between the particles of he packed solid support. The
heterotrophic organisms in the upper part of the filter obtain energy & nutrients
oxidizing the organic matter.
The mixed microbial population in the upper layer of trickling filters consist
mainly of aerobic chemo heterotrophic bacteria and fungi.

Bacterial genera include Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Beggiatoa, Flovobacterium,

Pseudomonas, Zoogloea etc.In trickling filters the BOD reduced by upto85%.

Advantages
Process is simple & reliable
Does not required large land area for wastewater treatment.
Relatively low power is required.
Effective for the presence of high concen. of organics in waste water.
Appropriate for small & medium size communities.
High degree of performance.

Disadvantages
Additional treatment may be needed to meet morestringent discharge standards.
The sludge that is generated needs to treated are then disposed off.
Regular operator attention is needed.
Incidence of clogging is relative high.
Has limited flexibility & control compared to activated sludge process.
2)ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES

HYPERION TREATMENT PLANT (PLAYA DEL REY, CALIFORNIA)

INTRODUCTION

In general, the activated sludge process is a continuous or semi continuous(fill and

draw) aerobic method for biological wastewater treatment, including carbonaceous
oxidation and nitrification. This process is based on the aeration of wastewater
with flocculating biological growth, followed by separation of treated wastewater
from this growth. Part of this growth is then wasted, and the remainder is returned
to the system.
Usually, the separation of the growth from the treated wastewater is performed by
settling (gravity separation) but it may also be done by flotation and other methods.

The activated-sludge process is a biological method of wastewater treatment that is

performed by a variable and mixed community of microorganisms in an aerobic
aquatic environment.

These microorganisms derive energy from carbonaceous organic matter in aerated

wastewater for the production of new cells in a process known as synthesis, while
simultaneously releasing energy through the conversion of this organic matter into
compounds that contain lower energy, such as carbon dioxide and water, in a
process called respiration.

As well, a variable number of microorganisms in the system obtain energy by

converting ammonia nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen in a process termed nitrification.
This consortium of microorganisms, the biological component of the process, is
known collectively as activated sludge. The overall goal of the activated-sludge
process is to remove substances that have a demand for oxygen from the system.

This is accomplished by the metabolic reactions (synthesis-respiration and

nitrificaction) of the microorganisms, the separation and settling of activated-
sludge solids to create an acceptable quality of secondary wastewater effluent, and
the collection and recycling of microorganisms back into the system or removal of
excess microorganisms from the system.
Fig:- diagram of activated sludge process.

Purpose
In a sewage (or industrial wastewater) treatment plant, the activated sludge
process can be used for one or several of the following purposes:

• oxidizing carbonaceous matter: biological matter.

• oxidizing nitrogenous matter: mainly ammonium and nitrogen in biological
materials.
• removing phosphate.
• driving off entrained gases carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen, etc.
• generating a biological floc that is easy to settle.
• generating a liquor that is low in dissolved or suspended material.
MICROORGANISM INVOLVED IN ASP

Various type of microorganism are used in the aeration tank of activated sludge
plant.these includes mostly

Bacteria such as Escherichia , Entrobacter, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter,

Flavobacterium, Zoogloea, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter,& Beggiatoa.

Fungi such as Geotrichium, Cephalosporium, Cladosporium, &Penicillium.

& some yeast, protozoa etc.

There are two important role of microbes are:-

1) The microbes oxidize a fraction of the waste materials to carbon dioxide,

nitrate & water.
2) They assimilate most remaining colloidal & soluble organics.

ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES

The activated-sludge process contains five essential interrelated equipment

components.

First:- The first is an aeration tank or tanks in which air or oxygen is introduced
into the system to create an aerobic environment that meets the needs of the
biological community and that keeps the activated sludge properly mixed. At least
seven modifications in the shape and number of tanks exist to produce variations in
the pattern of flow.
Fig:- PRIMARY AERATION TANK

In the ASP wastewater received from primary treatment is mixed with activated
sludge(an inoculums of microorganisms) & continuously aerated for a period of
upto 15 hours to provide O2 to the microorganisms.

Second, an aeration source is required to ensure that adequate oxygen is fed into
the tank(s) and that the appropriate mixing takes place. This source may be
provided by pure oxygen, compressed air or mechanical aeration. the content of the
aeration tank is referred to as mixed-liquor suspended solids(MLSS).the organic
part of the MLSS is called the mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS),
which includes the nonmicrobial organic matter as well as dead & living
microorganisms & cell debris.

The activated sludge process must be controlled to maintain a proper ratio of food-
to-microorganisms (F/M). F/M is controlled by the rate of activated sludge
wastage. Wastage or secondary sludge is sludge that is not returned as activated
sludge .
 AERATION TANK AGITATOR OXYGEN AND EFFLUENT
INFLOW PIPES

Third, in the activated-sludge process, aeration tanks are followed by secondary

clarifiers. In secondary clarifiers, activated-sludge solids separate from the
surrounding wastewater by the process of flocculation (the formation of large
particle aggregates, or flocs, by the adherence of floc-forming organisms to
filamentous organisms) and gravity sedimentation, in which flocs settle toward the
bottom of the clarifier in a quiescent environment. The microorganism grow, they
form clumps called flocks to which soluble organic matter become attached. These
flocks serve as substratum for biodegration. This separation leads ideally to the
formation of a secondary effluent (wastewater having a low level of activated-
sludge solids in suspension) in the upper portion of the clarifier and a thickened
sludge comprised of flocs, termed return activated sludge, or RAS, in the bottom
portion of the clarifier.
Fig:- SECONDARY CLARIFIER (HYPERION TREATMENT FACILITY)

Fourth:-Next, return activated sludge must be collected from the secondary

clarifiers and pumped back to the aeration tank(s) before dissolved oxygen is
depleted. In this way, the biological community needed to metabolize influent
organic or inorganic matter in the wastewater stream is replenished.

fig:-EFFLUENT OUT FLOW LINE

Finally, activated sludge containing an overabundance of microorganisms must be

removed, or wasted (waste activated sludge, or WAS), from the system.
This is accomplished with the use of pumps and is done in part to control the food-
to-microorganism ratio in the aeration tank(s). Chlorine or hydrogen peroxide
are used to kill filamentous microorganism selectively.

Advantages of activated sludge process

• Diverse; can be used for one household up a huge plant

• Removes organics
• Oxidation and Nitrification achieved
• Biological nitrification without adding chemicals
• Biological Phosphorus removal
• Solids/ Liquids separation
• Stabilization of sludge
• Capable of removing ~ 97% of suspended solids
• The most widely used wastewater treatment process

Disadvantages of activated sludge process

• Does not remove color from industrial wastes and may increase the color
through formation of highly colored intermediates through oxidation
• Does not remove nutrients, tertiary treatment is necessary
• Problem of getting well settled sludge
• Recycle biomass keeps high biomass keeps high biomass concentration in
aeration tanks allowing it to be performed in technologically acceptable
detention times.
APPLICATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

• NITROGEN REMOVAL BY THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.

Activated sludge processes can b modified for nitrogen removal to encourage

nitrification followed by denitrification. The establishment of a nitrifying
population in activated sludge depends on the wasting rate of the sludge &
therefore on the BOD load, MLSS & retention time.

The growth rate of nitrifiers is lower ; so the a long sludge retention time is
necessary for the conversion of ammonia to nitrate.

Nitrification

There are two groups of chemoautotrophic bacteria that can be associated with the
process of nitrification. One group (Nitrosomonas) derives its energy through the
oxidation of ammonium to nitrite, whereas the other group (Nitrobacter) obtains
energy through the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate.

Both the groups, collectively called Nitrifiers, obtain carbon required, from
inorganic carbon forms.

Nitrification of ammonia to nitrate is a two step process:

 Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter

NH3 NH4 NO2 NO3

Biological Denitrification

When a treatment plant discharges into receiving stream with low available
nitrogen concentration and with a flow much larger than the effluent, the presence
of nitrate in the effluent generally does not adversely affect stream quality.

However, if the nitrate concentration in the stream is significant, it may be

desirable to control the nitrogen content of the effluent, as highly nitrified effluents
can still accelerate algal blooms.

Even more critical is the case where treatment plant effluent is discharged directly
into relatively still bodies of water such as lakes or reservoirs. Another argument
for the control of nitrogen in the aquatic environment is the occurrence of infantile
methemoglobinemia, which results from high concentration of nitrates in drinking
water.

The four basic processes that are used are:

(1) ammonia stripping,

(2) selective ion exchange,
(3) break point chlorination, and
(4) biological nitrification/denitrification.
The conventional activated sludge system can be modified to encourage
denitrification. Here such processes are described below.

1) Single sludge system

This system comprises a series of aerobic & anaerobic tanks in lieu of a single
aeration tank. Methanol or settled sewage serves as the source of carbon for
denitrifiers.

2) Multisludge system

Carbonaceous oxidation , nitrification, & denitrification are carried out in the three
separate system.
 3)Bardenpho process

The process consist of two aerobic & two anoxic tanks followed by a sludge
settling tank. Tank 1 is anoxic & is used for denitification, with waste water used
as a cardon source. Tank 2 is an aerobic tank utilized for both carbonaceous
oxidation & nitrification.

• PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE

PROCESS

Phosphorus can also be reduced by the activity of microorganism in modified

activated sludge process. The process depends on the uptake of phosphrous by the
microbes during he aerobic stage & subsequent release during he anaerobic stage.
Phosphorus precipitation is ususally achieved by addition of chemicals like
calcium hydroxide, ferrous or ferric chloride, or alum, either in the primary or the
final settling tank.

Alum is more expensive and generates more hydroxide, which creates extra sludge,
that is difficult to dewater. Use of lime results in an increase of approximately 50%
in surplus sludge, but the sludge is reported to have good dewatering properties.

When using iron salts, a molar ratio of 1.0:1.4 of iron to phosphorus is reported to
give 91-96% removal of total phosphorus using ferrous chloride dosed directly
beneath the aerator. Chemical addition prior to biological treatment is feasible if a
primary settling tank exists as in the case of the conventional activated sludge
process. The dose requirement then increases, but chemical precipitation also
improves organic removal, thus reducing BOD load on the biological treatment.
For extended aeration plants there is no primary settling; chemical addition has to
be done in the final settling tank.

Fig:- process for phosphorus removal.

Advantages & disadvantages of activated sludge process over trickling filters

Advantages
The activated sludge process requires less land space than he trickling filters, &
since it exposes less area to the atmosphere, it does not stink so much .

Disadvantages

The activated sludge process is bit tricker to operate & can lose its effectiveness
when overloaded suddenly.

3)OXIDATION PONDS (LAGOONS)

Oxidation Ponds

Oxidation Ponds are also known as stabilization ponds or lagoons. They are used
for simple secondary treatment of sewage effluents. A pond that contains partially
treated wastewater which is then left to allow the growth of algae and bacteria
which decompose the rest of the waste.

Oxidation Pond A man-made (anthropogenic) body of water in which waste is

consumed by bacteria, used most frequently with other waste-treatment processes;
a sewage lagoon. Within an oxidation pond heterotrophic bacteria degrade organic
matter in the sewage which results in production of cellular material and minerals.
The production of these supports the growth of algae in the oxidation pond.
Growth of algal populations allows further decomposition of the organic matter by
producing oxygen.

The production of this oxygen replenishes the oxygen used by the heterotrophic
bacteria. Typically oxidation ponds need to be less than 10 feet deep in order to
support the algal growth. In addition, the use of oxidation ponds is largely
restricted to warmer climate regions because they are strongly influenced by
seasonal temperature changes.

Oxidation ponds also tend to fill, due to the settling of the bacterial and algal cells
formed during the decomposition of the sewage. Overall, oxidation ponds tend to
be inefficient and require large holding capacities and long retention times.

The degradation is relatively slow and the effluents containing the oxidized
products need to be periodically removed from the ponds. An oxidation pond can
be seen in the figure below.

Oxidation Pond

These oxidation ponds can be used to raise fish. Tilapia & Mandarin fish are some
of the species that are cultured in sewage fed waters in china & other countries.

These tanks are classified into 4 main types:-

TYPES
Aerobic ponds facultative ponds aerated ponds anaerobic ponds

Aerobic ponds :-

In these water waste containing organic impurity are purified by the action of
aerobic bacteria & algae. O2 is supplied by natural diffusion across the & by algal
photosynthesis. Aerobic condition is maintained depth of the pond for whole time.

Facultative ponds:-

These ponds have an aerobic upper zone & anaerobic lower zone. Operation of
typical facultative pond allow he organic wastes to enter at one of the end of pond.
Where the suspended solids settle to he bottom & the settle sludge is degraded by
anaerobic organism to provide CO2,NH2,CH4 in the upper zone aerobic bacterial
degradation of waste takes place & facultative zone exist between these 2 zones
which is generally variable.

Aerated ponds:-

These are similar to activated sludge process unit where O2 is supplied by

mechanical aerator ; install on flat or an parment base. The basic difference
between the ASP& aerated pond is that recycling & wasting of the sludge is
provided in the latter as means of controlling solids in the aerators.
Anaerator ponds:-

These ponds are maintained in anaerobic condition by applying a BOD load that
exceed O2 production from photosynthesis anaerobic ponds are usually employed
as pretreatment ponds for the treatment of high temperature, high strength of
wastewater where the reduction in the waste strength is more important than the
effluent quality.

Advantages

 It can achieve required degree of purification at the lowest cost & with the
minimum of maintenance.
 It can also achieve the desired reduction in suspended solids, BOD &,COD.
 Skilled person are required for its operation
 It can efficiently treat a wide variety of industrial & agricultural wastes.
 The removal of pathogens.
 The algae produced in the lagoon are a potential source of high protein
food , which can be exploited for fish farming.

Disadvantage

 Lagoonization requires a large space

 It is not an efficient process for removing fecal bacteria
 Algae may die, if not removed from the lagoon; causes pollution.
  ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Anaerobic wastewater treatment is the biological treatment of wastewater

without the use of air or elemental oxygen. Many applications are directed
towards the removal of organic pollution in wastewater, slurries and sludges.
The organic pollutants are converted by anaerobic microorganisms to a gas
containing methane and carbon dioxide, known as "biogas".

Figure 1. Conversion of Organic Pollutants to Biogas by Anaerobic

Microorganisms

Anaerobic wastewater treatment is a process whereby bacteria digests biosolids

in the absence of oxygen. One major feature of anaerobic digestion is the
production of biogas, which can be used in generators for electricity production or
in boilers for heating purposes.

This, plus the fact that aerobic wastewater treatment requires a method for the
introduction of oxygen into the process, makes anaerobic wastewater treatment
generally more cost effective.

Anaerobic treatment is a biological process ideally suited for the pretreatment of

high-strength wastewaters that are typical of many industrial facilities. The
anaerobic process utilizes naturally-occurring bacteria to break down
biodegradable material in an industrial waste stream. The anaerobic process is
time-tested and does not require the purchase of special bacteria or nutrients.
Because the bacteria are anaerobic they do not require oxygen like the organisms
in an aerobic process. Reactors are enclosed or covered to prevent the introduction
of air and the release of odors.

Anaerobic Reactor

Various types of anaerobic units that have been developed are as follows:

• Upflow anaerobic filters packed with either pebbles, stones, PVC sheets,
etc. as media to support submerged biological growths (fixed film). The
units are reported to work well but a likely problem is accumulation of
solids in the interstices.
 • Downflow anaerobic filters packed with similar media as above but not to
be confused with usual trickling filters which are aerobic. In the anaerobic
units, the inlet and outlet are so placed that the media and fixed film stay
submerged.
• UASB type units in which no special media have to be used since the
sludge granules themselves act as the 'media' and stay in suspension. These
are commonly preffered.
• Fluidized bed units filled with sand or plastic granules are used with
recirculation under required pressure to keep the entire mass fluidized and
the sludge distributed over the entire reactor volume. Their power
consumption is higher.

Fundamental Microbiology OF Anaerobic treatment

The anaerobic treatment of organic wastes resulting in the production of carbon

dioxide and methane, involves two distinct stages. In the first stage, complex waste
components, including fats, proteins, and polysaccharides are first hydrolyzed by a
heterogeneous group of facultative and anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria then
subject the products of hydrolysis to fermentations, β-oxidations, and other
metabolic processes leading to the formation of simple organic compounds, mainly
short-chain (volatile) acids and alcohols. The first stage is commonly referred to as
"acid fermentation". However in the second stage the end products of the first
stage are converted to gases (mainly methane and carbon dioxide) by several
different species of strictly anaerobic bacteria. This stage is generally referred to as
"methane fermentation".
The primary acids produced during acid fermentation are propionic and acetic
acid. It is reported that only one group of methane bacteria is necessary for
methane fermentation of acetic acid, whereas propionic acid, which is fermented
through acetic acid requires two different groups of methane bacteria. The
methane fermentation reactions for these two acids are:
The bacteria responsible for acid fermentation are relatively tolerant to changes in
pH and temperature and have a much higher rate of growth than the bacteria
responsible for methane fermentation.

As a result, methane fermentation is generally assumed to be the rate limiting step

in anaerobic wastewater treatment.

1)ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Anaerobic Digester is one of the most commonly used method for treating
organic sludge’s generally resulting from the biological treatment of wastewaters
passing through activated sludge processes. Under this process the organic sludge
is treated in the absence of oxygen to reduce both the quantity and odor of sludge’s
by breaking down the organic matter.

The resultant sludge is rich in nutrients and organic matter which can improve the
soil conditions if applied as soil supplement. The reduction in sludge quantity
reduces the cost of sludge dewatering and disposal.

During the process of Anaerobic treatment of organic sludge’s, a usable source of

energy is generated in the form of bio-gas which is rich in methane content and can
be used for energy demand in or outside the treatment plant requirement.
Both these streams i.e. Digested sludge and bio-gas are withdrawn for further
processing which is described in the subsequent chapters of this section. The key
component of the Digestor is the tank where the sludge content is received, stored
and mixed so that fresh sludge gets uniformly dispersed with already existing
sludge inside the Digestor.
The digestor efficiency is very largely dependent on the efficient sludge mixing.
Anaerobic Digester tanks can be provided in various options in concrete and steel
construction and the covers can be either fixed or floating to meet client's specific
requirement.
While fixed covers can be provided in steel or concrete construction, the floating
covers will be in steel construction. The Digestor tank can be supplied in sizes upto
120' and above also.

Environmental & Economic Benefits of Anaerobic Digesters:

• Generate practically free Biomethane (also referred to as

Renewable Biogas or Renewable Natural Gas) from waste streams.
The Biomethane can then be used as fuel for an onsite power plant
such as a cogeneration or trigeneration power plant.
• Using the free Biomethane onsite to produce "green energy"
qualifies your facility for additional revenue streams in the form of a
Renewable Energy Credit, Carbon Dioxide Credits and/or other
Greenhouse Gas Emissions credits.

• Reduction in biological oxygen demand in wastewater by over 50%

• Reduction in nitrogen in wastewater by over 50%
• Reduction in phosphorous in wastewater by over 50%
• Dramatic and significant reductions of odors, pollution of surface
and groundwaters and nutrient runoff from dairy farms (and other
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations), wastewater treatment
plants.
 • Better neighbors.... facilities that have installed Anaerobic
Digesters have fewer complaints from their neighbors as a result of the
reduction or elimination of odors.

2)UPFLOW SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR

PROCESS

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as

UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of
wastewater.
 The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved
from the anaerobic clari digester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is
the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester.

UASB Reactor Process

UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge

which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is
processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow
combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of
flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge
granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria.
In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective
environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each
other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact
biofilms referred to as "granules"

Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this

may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export
and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring
when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed
out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity
generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.

The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention
time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the
reactors for periods up to 90 day. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can
be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less
than a day.
Advantages over conventional treatment
Conventional treatment settles sludge which is then digested, and then aerates
the remaining liquids which use bacteria to oxidise the potential digester fuel,
and uses up energy to drive the compressors. The result is that on a standard
western treatment works the energy produced from settled sludge digestion is all
used by the aeration process, with little power export.

With UASB the aeration the whole process of settlement and digestion occurs in
one or more large tank(s). Only the post UASB liquids, with a much reduced bod
needs to be aerated.

This leads to a halving of the aeration energy and a doubling of the power
generated from digestion, leading over all to a tripling of power generated.
ADVANTAGES OF THE UASB PROCESS
· Low investment cost.
· Low land Requirements.
· Low energy costs, just transport of the influent to the plant.
· Production of valuable by product: - Biogas.
· Very high loading rate can be applied, including for low strength domestic
wastewater.
· Short retention time.
· Preservation of anaerobic sludge in the reactor for many months without
loosing much of its activity is possible.
· No need of support medium as required in other high rate anaerobic process.
· Low production of stabilized excess sludge, which can be easily dewatered.
· Acceptable effluent quality with high COD removal efficiency (65 to 90%).
· Simple reactor construction.
· Nutrient requirement is low.
Fluidized bed reactor
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to
carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor, a
fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a granular solid material (usually a catalyst
possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid
and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This process, known as
fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR. As a result, the
fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications.

Basic diagram of a fluidized bed reactor.

principles
The solid substrate (the catalytic material upon which chemical species react)
material in the fluidized bed reactor is typically supported by a porous plate,
known as a distributor. The fluid is then forced through the distributor up
through the solid material. At lower fluid velocities, the solids remain in place as
the fluid passes through the voids in the material. This is known as a packed bed
reactor. As the fluid velocity is increased, the reactor will reach a stage where the
force of the fluid on the solids is enough to balance the weight of the solid
material. This stage is known as incipient fluidization and occurs at this
minimum fluidization velocity. Once this minimum velocity is surpassed, the
contents of the reactor bed begin to expand and swirl around much like an
agitated tank or boiling pot of water. The reactor is now a fluidized bed.
Depending on the operating conditions and properties of solid phase various
flow regimes can be observed in this reactor.

Advantages
The increase in fluidized bed reactor use in today’s industrial world is largely
due to the inherent advantages of the technology.

• Uniform Particle Mixing: Due to the intrinsic fluid-like behavior of the

solid material, fluidized beds do not experience poor mixing as in packed
beds. This complete mixing allows for a uniform product that can often be
hard to achieve in other reactor designs. The elimination of radial and axial
concentration gradients also allows for better fluid-solid contact, which is
essential for reaction efficiency and quality.
• Uniform Temperature Gradients: Many chemical reactions require the
addition or removal of heat. Local hot or cold spots within the reaction bed,
 often a problem in packed beds, are avoided in a fluidized situation such as
an FBR. In other reactor types, these local temperature differences,
especially hotspots, can result in product degradation. Thus FBRs are well
suited to exothermic reactions. Researchers have also learned that the bed-
to-surface heat transfer coefficients for FBRs are high.
• Ability to Operate Reactor in Continuous State: The fluidized bed nature
of these reactors allows for the ability to continuously withdraw product and
introduce new reactants into the reaction vessel. Operating at a continuous
process state allows manufacturers to produce their various products more
efficiently due to the removal of startup conditions in batch processes.

Disadvantages
As in any design, the fluidized bed reactor does have it draw-backs, which any
reactor designer must take into consideration.

• Increased Reactor Vessel Size: Because of the expansion of the bed

materials in the reactor, a larger vessel is often required than that for a
packed bed reactor. This larger vessel means that more must be spent on
initial capital costs.
• Pumping Requirements and Pressure Drop: The requirement for the fluid
to suspend the solid material necessitates that a higher fluid velocity is
attained in the reactor. In order to achieve this, more pumping power and
thus higher energy costs are needed. In addition, the pressure drop associated
with deep beds also requires additional pumping power.
• Particle Entrainment: The high gas velocities present in this style of
reactor often result in fine particles becoming entrained in the fluid. These
captured particles are then carried out of the reactor with the fluid, where
 they must be separated. This can be a very difficult and expensive problem
to address depending on the design and function of the reactor. This may
often continue to be a problem even with other entrainment reducing
technologies.
• Lack of Current Understanding: Current understanding of the actual
behavior of the materials in a fluidized bed is rather limited. It is very
difficult to predict and calculate the complex mass and heat flows within the
bed. Due to this lack of understanding, a pilot plant for new processes is
required. Even with pilot plants, the scale-up can be very difficult and may
not reflect what was experienced in the pilot trial.
• Erosion of Internal Components: The fluid-like behavior of the fine solid
particles within the bed eventually results in the wear of the reactor vessel.
This can require expensive maintenance and upkeep for the reaction vessel
and pipes.
• Pressure Loss Scenarios: If fluidization pressure is suddenly lost, the
surface area of the bed may be suddenly reduced, this can either be an
inconvenience (e.g. making bed restart difficult), or may have more serious
implications, such as runaway reactions (e.g. for exothermic reactions in
which heat transfer is suddenly restricted).
 3)SEPTIC TANKS

A septic tank is a key component

of the septic system, a small scale
A septic tank before installation
sewage treatment system common
in areas with no connection to main
sewage pipes provided by local
governments or private
corporations. (Other components,
typically mandated and/or
restricted by local governments, The same tank partially installed in the ground
Septic tank scheme
optionally include pumps, alarms,
Septic tank and septic drain field
sand filters, and clarified liquid
effluent disposal means such as a septic drain field, ponds, natural stone fibre filter
plants or peat moss beds.) Septic systems are a type of On-Site Sewage Facility
(OSSF). In North America approximately 25% of the population relies on septic
tanks; this can include suburbs and small towns as well as rural areas (Indianapolis
is an example of a large city where many of the city's neighborhoods are still on
separate septic systems). In Europe they are generally limited to rural areas only.

The term "septic" refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the
tank and which decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank.
Septic tanks can be coupled with other on-site wastewater treatment units such as
biofilters or aerobic systems involving artificial forced aeration.
 Periodic preventive maintenance is required to remove the irreducible solids
which settle and gradually fill the tank, reducing its efficiency. In most
jurisdictions this maintenance is required by law, yet often not enforced. Those
who ignore the requirement will eventually be faced with extremely costly
repairs when solids escape the tank and destroy the clarified liquid effluent
disposal means. A properly maintained system, on the other hand, can last for
decades and possibly a lifetime.

PROCESS
A septic tank generally consists of a tank (or sometimes more than one tank) of
between 4000 - 7500 litres (1,000 and 2,000 gallons) in size connected to an inlet
wastewater pipe at one end and a septic drain field at the other.

These pipe connections are generally made via a T pipe which allows liquid entry
and exit without disturbing any crust on the surface. Today the design of the tank
usually incorporates two chambers (each of which is equipped with a manhole
cover) which are separated by means of a dividing wall which has openings located
about midway between the floor and roof of the tank.

Wastewater enters the first chamber of the tank, allowing solids to settle and scum
to float. The settled solids are anaerobically digested, reducing the volume of
solids.

The liquid component flows through the dividing wall into the second chamber
where further settlement takes place, with the excess liquid then draining in a
relatively clear condition from the outlet into the leach field, also referred to as a
drain field or seepage field, depending upon locality.

Septic tank lift pump alarm system located in a house.

The remaining impurities are trapped and eliminated in the soil, with the excess
water eliminated through percolation into the soil (eventually returning to the
groundwater), through evaporation, and by uptake through the root system of
plants and eventual transpiration. A piping network, often laid in a stone filled
trench (see weeping tile), distributes the wastewater throughout the field with
multiple drainage holes in the network. The size of the leach field is proportional to
the volume of wastewater and inversely proportional to the porosity of the drainage
field.

The entire septic system can operate by gravity alone, or where topographic
considerations require, with inclusion of a lift pump. Certain septic tank designs
include siphons or other methods of increasing the volume and velocity of outflow
to the drainage field. This helps to load all portions of the drainage pipe more
evenly and extends the drainage field life by preventing premature clogging.

problems

• Excessive dumping of cooking oils and grease can cause the inlet drains to
block. Oils and grease are often difficult to degrade and can cause odour
problems and difficulties with the periodic emptying.
• Flushing non-biodegradable items such as cigarette butts and hygiene
products such as sanitary towels and cotton buds will rapidly fill or clog a
septic tank; these materials should not be disposed of in this way.
• The use of garbage disposers for disposal of waste food can cause a rapid
overload of the system and early failure.
• Certain chemicals may damage the working of a septic tank, especially
pesticides, herbicides, materials with high concentrations of bleach or
caustic soda (lye) or any other inorganic materials such as paints or solvents.
• Roots from trees and shrubbery growing above the tank or the drain field
may clog and/or rupture them.
• Playgrounds and storage buildings may cause damage to a tank and the
drainage field. In addition, covering the drainage field with an impervious
surface, such as a driveway or parking area, will seriously affect its
efficiency and possibly damage the tank and absorption system.
 • Excessive water entering the system will overload it and cause it to fail.
Checking for plumbing leaks and practicing water conservation will help the
system's operation.
• Over time biofilms develop on the pipes of the drainage field which can lead
to blockage. Such a failure can be referred to as "Biomat failure".
• Septic tanks by themselves are ineffective at removing nitrogen compounds
that can potentially cause algal blooms in receiving waters; this can be
remedied by using a nitrogen-reducing technology, or by simply ensuring
that the leach field is properly sited to prevent direct entry of effluent into
bodies of water.
• Historically at least, not all varieties of toilet paper were suitable for disposal
in a septic tank as they did not deteriorate sufficiently (or, at least at some
points in history, some toilet paper was specifically marked as suitable for
use in septic systems and some was not).

Environmental issues
Some pollutants, especially sulfates, under the anaerobic conditions of septic
tanks, are reduced to hydrogen sulfide, a pungent and toxic gas. Likewise,
methane, a potent greenhouse gas is another by-product. Nitrates and organic
nitrogen compounds are reduced to ammonia. Because of the anaerobic
conditions, fermentation processes take place, which ultimately generate carbon
dioxide and methane.

The fermentation processes cause the contents of a septic tank to be anaerobic

with a low redox potential, which keeps phosphate in a soluble and thus
mobilized form.
Because phosphate can be the limiting nutrient for plant growth in many
ecosystems, the discharge from a septic tank into the environment can trigger
prolific plant growth including algal blooms which can also include blooms of
potentially toxic cyanobacteria.

Soil capacity to retain phosphorus is large compared with the load through a
normal residential septic tank. An exception occurs when septic drain fields are
located in sandy or coarser soils on property adjoining a water body. Because of
limited particle surface area, these soils can become saturated with phosphate.
Phosphate will progress beyond the treatment area, posing a threat of
eutrophication to surface waters.[5]

In areas with high population density, groundwater pollution levels often exceed
acceptable limits. Some small towns are facing the costs of building very
expensive centralized wastewater treatment systems because of this problem,
owing to the high cost of extended collection systems.

To slow development, building moratoriums and limits on the subdivision of

property are often imposed. Ensuring existing septic tanks are functioning
properly can also be helpful for a limited time, but becomes less effective as a
primary remediation strategy as population density increases.

Trees in the vicinity of a concrete septic tank have the potential to penetrate the
tank as the system ages and the concrete begins to develop cracks and small
leaks. Tree roots can cause serious flow problems due to plugging and blockage
of drain pipes, but the trees themselves tend to grow extremely vigorously due to
the continuous influx of nutrients into the septic system
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

Wastewater management is to reduce the water use & recycle the wastewater of the
drinking purpose, & other activities. EPA’s (Environmental Protection Agency,
U>S>A) sustainable facilities practices branch development the following list of
top 10 water management techniques that have proven helpful in managing water
use at facilities through out the agency.

1. Eliminate Single Pass Cooling

Single Pass Cooling uses a continuous flow of water that is circulated one through
the system for cooling purposes, & is than disposed of down the drain. For
example:-

• In FY 2001, the National Vehicles and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL)

in Ann Arbor, Michigan, replaced its single pass cooling system with an
upgraded cooling plant comprised of a recirculated chilled water loop. This
upgrade helped NVFEL reduce its water consumption by 80 percent, saving
the lab. 24.8 million gallons of water .

• In FY 2004, the Western Ecology Division Laboratory (WEDL) in

Corvallis, Oregon, installed a closed loop system that uses a recycled chilled
glycol solution instead of water to cool
BIOTECHNOLOGY APPROACHES FOR WATER POLLUTION
MANAGEMENT

The level of water pollution is increasing in large cities in many countries.

Moreover, effects are being made to minimize water pollution level and apply
biotechnological tools to waste water treatment.

Japan has to applied genetic engineering methods & improved biorectores for
wastewater treatment & industrial waste treatment.

A) USE OF COMMERCIAL BLENDS OF MICROORGANISMS/ENZYMES

IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Bioaugmentation (use of blends of microorganism):-

Acceleration of biodegradation of specific compounds by inoculating bacterial cell

is called Bioaugmentation. Bacterial cells contain specific plasmids which encodes
enzymes for degradation of these compounds.

Varieties of plasmids have been reported from Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter,

Arthobacter, Beijerinkia, Klebisiella, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas.

Microorganisms capable of degrading herbicides/other chemicals in industrial

water are isolated from waste water , composed sludge etc.

Before their use in environment they are tested in lab for their biodegradation
ability.

Commercial Bioaugmentation products are single culture of consortia of

microorganisms which certain degerdtive properties or their desirable characters.
At present most important users are the industrial waste water treatment plants.

The use of added microorganisms for treating hazardous wastes such as phenol,
ethylene, glycol, formaldehyde has been attempted.

Cells of Condida tropicalis have been used for removal of high concentration of
phenol present in fresh water.

Fig:- isolation & purification of microbial blends used for pollution control.
B)USE OF IMMOBILISED CELLS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
Various methods to immobilized the microbial, plant & animal cell such as-
Entrapment- immobilization of cells in polymeric material eg:- alginate,
carrageenan, polyacrylamide etc.
Adsorption- solids get attached on the surface ; these surface are made on sand
beads, porous silica, porous brick & wood.
Covalent binding- using hydroxymethyl acrylate.
Some of following examples of pollution control has been discussed by
Bitton(1999):-

a) Removal of brown ligin compound:- Brown lignin is found in

paper mill effluent. Immobilized white rot fungus ( Coriolus
Versicolor) can be used to remove this compound.

b) Biodegradation of phenolic compound:- Immobilized cells of

Pseudomonas, Arthobacterium & Alcaligens degerate chlorinated
phenols. Bioreactor containing Flavobacterium immobilized in
calcium alginate & degrade pentachorophenol.

c) Methane production by immobilized methanogens:- Anaerobic

waste treatment can be enhanced using immobilized methanogens.

d) Dehalogenation of chromatics:- Immobilized cells of

Pseudomonas species removes chlorides linked to aromatic
compound.
 e) Use of immobilized cells/enzymes in biosensor technology:-
Biosensor is device consisting of a wide range of biological sensing
molecules are immobilized microorganism enzymes , nucleic acid or signal.
This signal is than converted to electrical signal.
APPLICATION OF WASTERWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS
The wastewater is generated from almost all the domestic activity of human
beings, industries & minings etc. these waste water is teated by various methods as
described above. Some of the application of these treatment methods in today are
given below:-
1) HOUSE HOLD WASTE WATER TREATMENT

The wastewater is generated form the houses; such as bathing water, washing
water, etc.; are collected into separate tank . in this tank waste water is separated
from the solid/ suspended materials by primary treatment methods like filteration,
sedimentation etc.
The water gets purified & this water is used of various purposes like irrigating the
garden, in aquarium pots. But this water is not sutiable for drinking purpose.
 2) MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

The raw water from different sources is stored in a suitable reservoir . the water is
pass to he aerated tank where the oxygen is added to the waste water. Aerated
wastewater is than pass into flocculation chambers ; into which flocculation
particles are added to the wastewater so that the particles which are very close in
density to that of water are differentiated to settle down in the sedimentation tank .
this water is than filter to further improvement of water quality..
The filter water is than treated with chlorine this method is called chlorination
process. After chlorination water BOD & COD is calculated & store in the
storage tanks of different areas. The water is supplied to the house from this tank.
 3) JALMAHAL WATER TREATMENT PLANT

In the year 2000, Government of Rajasthan entrused to IL&FS the task of

finding a permanent solution to the development requirements of the Man Sagar
lake and the palace. In 2001, Government of Rajasthan initiated a project for the
'Ecological Restoration of Man Sagar Lake' through the Jaipur Development
Authority (JDA) as the nodal agency.

Joint sector project

Man Sagar lake, the palace and the vicnity,

The project stake holders are: the Government of Rajasthan and their subordinate
organizations such as the Public Works Department (PWD), Rajasthan Urban
Development Authority (RUIDP), the Jaipur Development Authority (JDA -
the nodal agency for implementation of all aspects of the project), the
Department of Tourism, Rajasthan Project Development Fund (RPDF) and the
Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation (RTDC) and an Empowered
Committee on Infrastructure Development (ECID); the Central Government
organizations associated for planning and financing are the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MOE&F) through its National River Conservation
Program (NRCP) and ILFS.
 The Private Sector Developer (PSD) appointed was M/s KGK Consortium.
Under the public–private sector partnership model approved by the EICD,
PDCOR had prepared the Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the restoration of
Man Sagar lake, Jal Mahal restoration

Unique features of the project

The studies indicated two approaches to tackle the nature of environmental
degradation that had occurred in the lake, namely, dealing with natural
catchment area and concurrently addressing the serious problem of municipal
sewerage emerging from large scale urbanization or human settlement. Keeping
this broad planning approach in view, under the lake restoration project, the
works undertaken involved were: the re-alignment of city drains, de-silting of the
lake, construction of artery road from Amber to Mansagar Dam (about
2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi)), construction of check dam in a 100 metres (330 ft)
length with silt removed from the lake, creation of three nesting islands for
migratory birds, lake front promenade in1 kilometre (0.62 mi)), afforestation and
treatment of forest area portion of lake catchment, plantation to stabilize the
slopes of bank formation. Afforestation envisaged plantation of local plant
species such as Acacia arabica (Desi babool) and tamarix indica (planting
close to the water edge where they can grow well), Terminalia arjuna (Arjun )
poplar, Neem and all species of Ficus, which would provide diversity in
vegetation and also better habitat diversity for feeding by birds and wild life.
[9][13]

In addition, to remove eutriphication of the lake water and improve its water
quality, in-situ Bioremediation process with 140 diffusers & 5 air compressors
to aerate and create inversion of the lake bed and stored water was also
envisaged.
 The city sewage, which supplied 7.0 MLD of untreated sewage was treated with
Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) and then led to the lake to maintain its water
level, after due removal of nutrients through tertiary treatment. This process
involved diversion of the Brahampuri Nala into the Nagtalai Nala by a lined
channel to its south.

The restoration of Man Sagar Lake, which Lunkad dubs as a goodwill gesture by
NR Kothari, chairman of KGK Group of companies. The group is the parent
company of Jal Mahal Resorts.

4) INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

All the large scale industries have the waste water treatment plants but the small ,&
un authorized industries ( which are running in the houses & in ruler area ) do not
have wastewater treatment plants.
The major problem is that the ratio of small scale industries are more in our
countries. Even some of the big industries like the printing press, paper making
industries, dying industries etc. do not have waste water treatment plants.
Some of the e.g. of these waste water treatment plant is coca cola plant. These
industries have large laborites to check the quality of products e.g. medicinal;
industries has to check the expire date of the prepared drugs of a particular batch.
they used different types of bacteria to test it.
References
1. Khopkar, S. M. (2004). Environmental Pollution Monitoring

And Control. New Delhi: New Age International. p. 299.

Retrieved 2009-06-28.

2. Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Augusta, ME.

"Aerated Lagoons - Wastewater Treatment." Maine Lagoon Systems Task Force.

Accessed 2010-07-11.

3. Beychok, Milton R. (1967) causes of Wastewater

4. Dr. Allen Davis, Auburn University, page 6 of 8 pdf pages

including schematic of packed tower trickling filter)

5. E.H. Bryan and D.H. Moeller, Aerobic Biological Oxidation Using

Dowpac, Paper 42, Conference on Biological Waste Treatment,

Manhattan College, April 20, 1960.

6. Marcus Van Sperling (2007). Activated Sludge and Aerobic

Biofilm Reactors. IWA Publications. ISBN 1-84339-165-1.

7. Davis, Mackenzie L., Masten, Susan J. (2004) Principles of

Enviromental Engineering and Science / primary treatment of

wastewate

8. "Hindsight and Foresight, 20 Years After the Exxon Valdez

Spill". NOAA. 2010-03-16. http://vimeo.com/10216588 . Retrieved 2010-04-

30.

9. "The Environmental Literacy Council - Oil Spills".

Enviroliteracy.org.2008-06-25

http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/540.html. Retrieved

2010-06-16.

10. Finstein, M. S., Zadik, Y., Marshall, A. T. & Brody, D.

(2004) The ArrowBio Process for Mixed Municipal Solid Waste –

Responses to “Requests for Information”, Proceedings for

Biodegradable and Residual Waste Management, Proceedings.

(Eds. E. K. Papadimitriou & E. I. Stentiford), Technology and

Service Providers Forum, p. 407-413

Web Links:-
1. www.water.siemens.com/ Municipal & Industrial wastewater

system.

2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment

3. www.wastewatertreatment.co.in/ Wastewater Treatment Plant

4. books.google.co.in/books/ Wastewater treatment: biological and

chemical processes

5. nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-co/activated sludge process

6. www.environengg.com/ Effluent Treatment Plant Sewage

Treatment Plants

7. www.buzzle.com/articles/wastewater-treatment.

8. http://seeps.geol.ucsb.edu/ oil spill

9. water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/meth physical, chemical

and biological methods.

10. www.thewatertreatmentplant.com/secondarytreatmentplant
11. www.freedrinkingwater.com/water alkalinity..

12. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinity

13. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickling_filter - Cached - Similar

14. nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-co./trickling filter process

15. water.me.vccs.edu/course/ENV149/tricking verses activated

sludge process

16. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic tank

17. septictank.org/ making & maintains

18. www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/oxidation_pond..

19. www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Env./ oxidation pond &

anaerobic digestion.

20. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

21. Images for up flow anaerobic

 22. www.anaerobic-digestion.com/html/Upflow Anaerobic Sludge

Blanket Process

23. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidized_bed_reactor

BOOKS

1. METCALL and EDDY, Inc.,Tala McGraw Hill, Delhi.

Wastewater Engineering

2. A.K.De; Environmental Chemistry.

3. Indus Shaker Thakur; Wastewater Treatment Technology

4. B.D.Singh Biotechnology & Genomes

5. Poppe, Wayne; Hurst, Renee Water Pollution WATER

QUAL INT, pp. 39-43

6. Richman, M IND. Water Pollution WASTEWATER, vol.

5, no. 2, pp. 24-29, 1997