INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

The Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Emissions Calculator is a tool that compares the
anticipated emissions from a CHP system to the emissions from systems using separate heat
and power (SHP). The CHP Emissions Calculator was originally developed with support from the
U.S. Department of Energy's Distributed Energy Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Enhancements have been supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's CHP
Partnership.1

A user can select from a large number of different SHP system profiles, compare them to
a CHP system (characterized by the user), and estimate the carbon, CO2, SO2 and NOX emissions
from both systems and the corresponding emissions reductions achieved by the CHP
system. The CHP Emissions Calculator is intended to help CHP end users and other
interested parties calculate the emissions attributable to their CHP projects. In addition to
estimating emission reductions, the CHP Emissions Calculator presents the carbon equivalency
of these emissions reductions in terms of acres of trees planted and number of cars removed
from the road (see the Additional Information section below for more information).

The CHP Emissions Calculator is designed for users with at least a moderate understanding of
CHP technology and its terminology; therefore, a glossary of the terms that appear in the
Emissions Calculator is not provided here. If you would like to learn more about CHP
technologies, please visit www.epa.gov/chp.

Please note that the results generated by the CHP Emissions Calculator are intended for
educational and outreach purposes only; it is not designed for use in developing emission
inventories or preparing air permit applications. All results achieved through the
independent use of the Calculator are subject to error and are not endorsed by the EPA
CHP Partnership. If you are interested in obtaining verified and endorsed Calculator
results for a specific project, please contact Anne Hampson at AHampson@icfi.com
(technical support contractor to the CHP Partnership.)

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

The primary components of the CHP Emissions Calculator are the Inputs and Results
worksheets. (Note: the CHP Emissions Calculator contains two additional worksheets
recommended for advanced users only. See the Additional Information section below for more
information about the use of these worksheets.)

Inputs

To use the Inputs worksheet, you will characterize a CHP system and an equivalent SHP by
completing each of the 29 numbered subsections. Each subsection contains a question, at least
one cell to complete or select, and a Submit button. To complete a subsection, you can choose
among three options:

1) Manually enter or select (from a pull-down menu) system-specific information.

2) Use default system information provided in the available MSExcel note (see below).
3) Skip the subsection.

The CHP Emissions Calculator provides concise instructions and default system information for
each subsection in the form of MSExel notes. To view the notes, move the mouse cursor over
the cell with a red triangle in its upper right-hand corner. When typing an entry into a field, press
the Enter key on your keyboard to complete your entry. After completing a subsection, click on
the corresponding Submit button before moving on to the next subsection.

Note that some subsections are not applicable to the CHP system or displaced SHP and
therefore do not have to be addressed by the user. (For example, if you were to select No from
the dropdown menu in subsection 15 regarding the existence of duct burners, you can then skip
subsections 16, 17 and 18.)

Once you have addressed all 31 subsections, click on one of the Check All Inputs and Go To
Results buttons located on the Inputs worksheet. This action will open the Results worksheet.

If you are having difficulty understanding how to complete the subsections, see the Example
below to view a diagram that explains the components of an example subsection.

Example
Subsection number Subsection question

Cells to complete. In this case, a user may
choose an option provided by the pull-
down menu OR enter the number of hours
per year as a percentage.
Submit button
Note that each of these cells has a red
triangle in the upper right-hand corner. This
means that additional information for this
subsection is available. View by moving the
mouse cursor over the cell.

Results

The Results worksheet consists of several tables:

Table 1 (colored white) presents a summary of the emissions information of the CHP
system, the displaced SHP, and the corresponding emission reductions and relational
benefits associated with the CHP system.

Table 2 (colored green) presents a summary of CHP system information.

Table 3 (colored blue) presents information about displaced thermal production.

Table 4 (colored yellow) presents information about the displaced electric production.

The remaining tables provide additional emissions information about the CHP system and the
displaced electric and thermal production. The Results worksheet also includes two diagrams that
present the inputs and outputs of the CHP system and displaced SHP.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

More detailed documentation on the CHP Emissions Calculator is available by clicking on the
Documentation: Emissions Calculator icon at the top of the Input worksheet.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency supports CHP because of the significant cost-
effective emissions reductions that can be achieved by increasing efficient energy supply. The
average efficiency of fossil-fueled power plants in the United States is 33 percent and has
remained virtually unchanged for 40 years. This means that two-thirds of the energy in the fuel is
lost-vented as heat-at most power plants in the United States. CHP systems achieve effective
electrical efficiencies of 50 percent to 70 percent. This improvement in efficiency translates into
emissions reductions. These reductions can be converted into terms (called relational benefits)
that are more readily understood by the public. The CHP Emissions Calculator presents these
relational benefits in terms of acres of forest planted and numbers of cars removed from the road.
For example, when a CHP system is described as reducing emissions equivalent to planting
10,000 acres of forest, this means the difference in carbon emissions between the CHP system
and displaced SHP is equal to the atmospheric carbon annually sequestered by 10,000 acres of
forest. Likewise, when a CHP system is described as reducing emissions equivalent to 20,000
cars, this means the difference in carbon emissions between the CHP system and displaced SHP
is equal to the carbon emissions produced by 20,000 cars each year.

HELP US IMPROVE THE CHP EMISSIONS CALCULATOR

We welcome your input on the CHP Emissions Calculator's usability and functionality. Should
you encounter any bugs when using the tool, please report them via e-mail to EPA Technical Support
Contractor Anne Hampson Ahampson@icfi.com
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1. CHP: Type of System

Submi
2 t
1
2. CHP: Electricity Generating Capacity (per unit)
Normal size range for this technology is 75 to 2,615 kW
Submi
1,250 kW t
3. CHP: How Many Identical Units (i.e., engines) Does This System Have?
Submi
8 t
4. CHP: How Many Hours per Year Does the CHP System Operate?

As a number of hours per year 5,840 Submi

OR As a percentage t
0%

5. CHP: Does the System Provide Heating or Cooling or Both?

1

If Heating and Cooling: How many of the 5,840 hours are in cooling mode?
As a number of hours per year 10
as a percentage of the 5,840 hours? 0%
Submi
If Heating and Cooling: Does the System Provide Simultaneous Heating and Cooling? t
2

6. CHP: Fuel
Fuel Type 1

Submi
t
High sulfur oil: 0.15% or
7. CHP: If Diesel, Distillate, Coal or Other: What is the Sulfur Content?
1,500
Low sulfur oil:ppm
0.05% or
I will enter a value in one or
500 ppm
0 of the following blocks Ultra low sulfur diesel: 15
ppm
Enter Sulfur Content of Fuel as a percent 0.000% Submi
t
OR ppm - ppm

8. CHP: What is the CO2 Emission Rate for this Fuel? (default completed for fuel in Item 6) Submi
Enter alternative value: 116.7 lb CO2/MMBtu t
9. CHP: What is the Heat Content of this Fuel? (Enter a value in only ONE of the boxes)
1,020 Btu/cubic foot (HHV)
OR - Btu/gallon (HHV) Submi
OR - Btu/lb (HHV) t

10. CHP: Boiler Steam To Process (Steam Turbine CHP Only)

Boiler Steam to Process as lb Steam/hr 22,400

Boiler Steam to Process as MMBtu Steam/hr 0

11. CHP: Steam Turbine System Boiler Efficiency (Steam Turbine CHP Only)

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Submi
t

Enter Boiler Efficiency as % 80%

12. CHP: Electric Efficiency

I will enter an efficiency
Use default for this
in one of the following
technology
1 blocks
Enter Generating Efficiency as % 25% (HHV)
OR Enter Generating Efficiency as Btu/kWh HHV 13,407 Btu/kWh (HHV) Submi
OR Enter Generating Efficiency as Btu/kWh LHV 12,200 Btu/kWh (LHV) t

49117899.xls, Inputs 01/06/2011

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Submi
13. CHP: Base Power to Heat Ratio
t
The Power to Heat Ratio should reflect the ONLY thermal production of the generating unit (i.e., combustion turbine).
Thermal Output of the duct burners (if equipped) should not be included. Use the Thermal
I will enter a Power to Use default for this Calculator to
Heat ratio technology calculate
my Power to Heat
Power to Heat Ratio 0.70 Ratio
Submi
t

14. CHP: NOx Emission Rate Use default emissions for this technology.
I will enter a NOx rate in Note: Default emissions are without aftertreatment.
one Some areas may require add-on controls and you will
1 of the following blocks need to enter 2an emission rate based on your local
requirements. SCR can reduce emissions by up to 90%
Enter a NOx Rate as ppm (15% O2) 9.0 ppm
OR Enter a NOx Rate as gm/hp-hr - gm/hp-hr
OR Enter a NOx Rate as lb/MMBtu 0.036 lb NOx/MMBtu Submi
t
OR Enter a NOx Rate as lb/MWh 0.479 lb NOx/MWh

15. Duct Burners: Does the System Incorporate Duct Burners? Submi
0 2 t
16. Duct Burners: What is the Total Fuel Input Capacity of the Burners for Each CHP Unit?
For reference, the Recip Engine - Lean Burn has a heat input of 16.8 MMBtu/hr Submi
- MMBtu/hr t
17. Duct Burners: The CHP system operates 5,840 hours per year. How much do the duct burners operate?
As a number of hours per year - Submi
As a percentage of the 5,840 hours? 0% t 0

18. Duct Burners: NOx Emission Rate for the Duct Burners
I will enter a NOx rate in
Use default for this
one 2
technology
of the following blocks
0 Submi
0 - lb/MMBtu t
OR - ppm NOx at 15% O2

19. Cooling: Does the CHP Provide Cooling? No Submi

2 You indicated No Cooling in Item 5 t
20. Cooling: Type of Absorption Chiller Used? 0

-
Submi
Coefficient of Performance (COP) - t

49117899.xls, Inputs 01/06/2011

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Submi
21. Cooling: What is the Cooling Capacity of the System? 0
t
Based on your other entries, the maximum cooling capacity is . tons or . MMBtu/hr of cooling

(Enter a value in only ONE of the boxes) - Cooling Tons

- OR MMBtu per Hour of Cooling Submi
t

22. Displaced Cooling: What is the Efficiency of the Cooling System that is Being Displaced?

-
0
(Enter a value in only ONE of the boxes)
Electricity Demand (kW per ton) - Submi
OR Coefficient of Performance (COP) -
t

23. Displaced Thermal: Type of System:

Submi
12 t
24. Displaced Thermal: If not a Natural Gas System: What is the Sulfur Content?

Commercial coal: 1 1% sulfur

I will enter a or High sulfur oil: 0.15% or
value 1,500 ppm or 500
Low sulfur oil: 0.05%
0 ppm
Submi
Enter Sulfur Content as a percent 0.00%
t
OR ppm - ppm

25. Displaced Thermal: What is the CO2 Emission Rate for this Fuel? (default completed for fuel in Item 23)
Enter alternative value: - lb CO2/MMBtu
Submi
t

26. Displaced Thermal: What is the Heat Content of this Fuel? (Enter a value in only ONE of the boxes)
- Btu/cubic foot (HHV)
OR - Btu/gallon (HHV)
OR - Btu/lb (HHV)
Submi
t

27. Displaced Thermal: Efficiency (usually a boiler)

Use default for this thermal
I will enter an efficiency technology
Enter Generating Efficiency as % 80% Submi
t

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28. Displaced Thermal Production: NOx Emission Rate

Submi
t
I will enter the NOx rate Use default for NOx rate
NOx Rate 0.100 lb NOx/MMBtu
Submi
t

29. Displaced Electricity: Generation Profile

Modify one of the
3
Three User-Defined
Link to EPA's eGRID (Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database) Generating Sources Submi
t

30. Displaced Electricity: Select U.S. Average or individual state or NERC region/subregion for EGRID Data
Submi
1 t
Document

Submi
31. Displaced Electricity: Transmission Losses 7% t

49117899.xls, Inputs 01/06/2011

B6: Enter the size of the CHP system
as measured in kilowatts (kW) of
electricity production.

If there are multiple units, enter the

nameplate capacity for a single unit.

B9: Enter the number of identical

units in this CHP system.

For many systems, there is only

one unit.
If there are multiple identical units,
enter the number here.
If the units are not identical, they must
be analyzed separately.

B14: Enter value for the number of hours per year

that the CHP system operates.

The total number of hours in a year is 8,760.

The pull-down menu provides some typical
operating schedules.

B15: Enter value for the percentage of the year

that the CHP system operates

The total number of hours in the year

is 8,760.

B21: Enter value for the number of hours per year

that the CHP system operates in cooling mode.

The spreadsheet lists the number of hours

for reference.

B22: Enter value for the percentage of the year

that the CHP system operates in cooling mode.

B36: Enter value for sulfur content of oil.

Sulfur contents above 1% are very

unusual in units of this size.

Information on fuels can be found at:

http://eia.doe.gov/indexnjava.html

B37: Enter value for sulfur content of oil.

This entry represents the sulfur content

as Parts Per Million (ppm).

Information on fuels can be found at:

http://eia.doe.gov/indexnjava.html

B40: The CO2 emission rate for fuels is

primarily based on the type of fuel.

Typical values:
Natural gas: 117 lb/MMBtu
Oil: 160 lb/MMBtu
Coal: 205 lb/MMBtu
Propane: 139 lb/MMBtu

Wood, landfill gas and other renewable fuels

may be considered to have no net
CO2 emissions.

B43: The heat content of gaseous fuels

is usually described as Btu per cubic foot.

Natural gas has a heat content of 1020 Btu/CF.

B44: The heat content of liquid fuels

is described as Btu per gallon.

The average heat content for distillate oil

or diesel fuel is 138,000 Btu/gallon

B45: The heat content of solid fuels

is described in terms of Btu per pound.

The average heat content of coal is between

7,000 and 12,000 Btu per pound.

The average heat content of wood is between

4,000 and 8,500 Btu per pound depending on
moisture content.

49117899.xls, Notes 01/06/2011

B57: Enter value for efficiency of the boiler.

The efficiency is the ratio of the useful thermal

output divided by the fuel input.

Typical boiler efficiencies are between

80% and 85%.

B63: Enter value for electricity generating

efficiency of the CHP unit.

A percentage is most often used for engines.

The generating efficiency is equal to the electricity

produced divided by the fuel input. The units can
be converted by using the general conversion of
3,412 Btu per kilowatt-hour

B64: Enter value for the heat rate of the CHP unit.

Higher Heating Value (HHV) heat rates are usually used with boilers.

The heat rate is the amount of fuel input needed to

produce 1 kWh of electricity. The fuel input is measured
in Btu's on a Higher Heating Value (HHV) basis.

B65: Enter value for the heat rate of the CHP unit.

Lower Heating Value (LHV) Heat rates are usually used with turbines.

The heat rate is the amount of fuel input needed to

produce 1 kWh of electricity. The fuel input is measured
in Btu's on a Lower Heating Value (LHV) basis.

B72: Enter the Power to Heat ratio

for the CHP system.

Power is the electricity output and Heat is the

useful thermal output.

There are several methods for calculating the

power to heat ratio and the "Thermal Calculator" may provide
useful guidance.

B80: Enter NOx emission rate of the

CHP system.

Parts per Million (ppm) values are

used for some turbine and boiler systems.
The ppm value represents the concentration
of NOx molecules in the exhaust.

B81: Enter NOx emission rate of the

CHP system.

Grams of NOx per Horsepower-hour of production

(gm/hp-hr) are most commonly used with engines.

B82: Enter NOx emission rate for the

CHP system.

Pounds of NOx per MMBtu (lb/MMBtu) is most

commonly used with boilers. The MMBtu represents
the fuel input rate of the CHP system.

B83: Enter NOx emission rate for the

CHP system.

Pounds of NOx per MegaWatt-Hour (lb/MWh) is occasionally

used with various CHP technologies. The MWh represents
the electrical output rating of the CHP system.

B90: Enter the Fuel Input Capacity of the Duct Burner(s)

This value is the fuel supply rate to the duct burner(s)

measured on a MMBtu per hour basis.

For reference only, the spreadsheet lists the heat input

rate of the CHP unit. The fuel input rate of the duct burner(s)
may be higher or lower than that of the CHP unit.
Generally the fuel input rate for the duct burner(s) is
within 50% of the fuel input rate of the CHP unit.

Duct burners provide supplemental heat to the exhaust

downstream from the CHP unit. Combustion turbines are
the most common system to use duct burners.

49117899.xls, Notes 01/06/2011

B93: Enter value for the number of hours per year
that the duct burner(s) operate.

The spreadsheet lists the number of hours

per year that the CHP system operates. The duct
burners can operate the same or fewer hours than the
CHP system but not more hours.

B94: Enter the percentage of CHP operating hours that that

duct burner(s) operate.

The spreadsheet lists the number of hours

per year that the CHP system operates.

B99: Enter NOx emission rate for the duct burners

in lb per MMBtu on a fuel input basis.

The average NOx emission rate for new duct

burners is 0.10 lb/MMBtu.

The NOx emission rate is for the duct burner(s)

alone and does not include NOx from the CHP
unit (usually a combustion turbine).

B100: Enter NOx emission rate for the duct burners

on a ppm @15% O2 basis

The average NOx emission rate for new duct

burners is 25 ppm.

The NOx emission rate is for the duct burner(s)

alone and does not include NOx from the CHP
unit (usually a combustion turbine).

B108: Enter the Coefficent of Performace (COP)

for the CHP cooling system. The COP is equal to the
cooling delivered by the system divided by the
thermal energy used by the chiller.

COP=0.7 for a typical

single-effect absorption
chiller

COP=1.4 for a typical

double-effect absorption
chiller

B113: Enter the Cooling Capacity in Tons

One Ton of Cooling equals 12,000 Btu per hour

of cooling service.

The spreadsheet lists the maximum cooling

capacity that can be served based on the inputs
that the user has given.

B114: Enter the Cooling Capacity in MMBtu/hr of cooling

service.

The spreadsheet lists the maximum cooling

capacity that can be served based on the inputs
that the user has given.

B122: Enter the kW per ton value for the efficiency

of the cooling system that is being displaced.

The "kW" represents the electrical demand

for the cooling system.

"Tons" represents the cooling capacity of

the cooling system. One "ton" equals
12,000 Btu/hour of cooling capability.

The pulldown menu lists a range of default

systems with typical efficencies.

B123: Enter the COP Value for the Displaced Cooling

System.
The COP is equal to the cooling delivered by the
system divided by the thermal energy used by the chiller.

The pulldown menu lists a range of default

systems with typical efficencies.

B125: Enter fuel used in boiler

49117899.xls, Notes 01/06/2011

B132: Enter value for sulfur content of boiler fuel

Sulfur contents above 2.5% are

unusual in units of this size.

Information on fuels can be found at:

http://eia.doe.gov/indexnjava.html

B133: Enter value for sulfur content of boiler fuel

This entry represents the sulfur content

as Parts Per Million (ppm).

Information on fuels can be found at:

http://eia.doe.gov/indexnjava.html

B136: The CO2 emission rate for fuels is

primarily based on the type of fuel.

Typical values:
Natural gas: 116.7 lb/MMBtu
Oil: 160.9 lb/MMBtu
Coal: 206.7 lb/MMBtu

Landfill gas and other renewable fuels

may be considered to have no net
CO2 emissions.

B141: The heat content of gaseous fuels

is usually described as Btu per cubic foot.

Natural gas has a heat content of 1020 Btu/CF.

B142: The heat content of liquid fuels

is described as Btu per gallon.

The average heat content for distillate oil

or diesel fuel is 138,000 Btu/gallon

B143: The heat content of solid fuels

is described in terms of Btu per pound.

The average heat content of coal is between

7,000 and 12,000 Btu per pound.

B149: Enter value for efficiency of the

displaced boiler.

The efficiency is the ratio of the useful thermal

output divided by the fuel input.

Typical boiler efficiencies are between

80% and 85%.

Electric Heat Pump efficiencies can exceed 100%.

B154: Enter NOx emission ratefor the displaced boiler.

Pounds of NOx per MMBtu (lb/MMBtu) is most

commonly used with boilers. The MMBtu represents
the fuel input rate of the CHP system.

B159: Select one of the profiles

B167: Enter the transmission losses for

the displaced electricity.

This value represents the losses in the

transmisson and distribution of electricity
from the powerplant to the customer.

The specific true value for transmission losses

varies with location and time but typical values
are between 5% and 12%.
The EIA average transmission loss value is 7%.

49117899.xls, Notes 01/06/2011

 CHP Results

The results generated by the CHP Emissions Calculator are intended for eductional and outreach purposes only;
it is not designed for use in developing emission inventories or preparing air permit applications.

The results of this analysis have not been reviewed or endorsed by the EPA CHP Partnership.

Annual Emissions Analysis

Displaced Displaced
Electricity Thermal Emissions/Fuel
CHP System Production Production Reduction Percent Reduction
NOx (tons/year) 13.99 69.45 17.79 73.26 84%
SO2 (tons/year) 0.23 192.58 - 192.35 100%
CO2 (tons/year) 45,698 49,712 28,466 32,479 42%
Carbon (metric tons/year) 11,299 12,292 7,038 8,031 42%
Fuel Consumption (MMBtu/year) 783,175 536,485 355,823 109,133 12%

Number of Cars Removed 5,365

This CHP project will reduce emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) by 32,479 tons per year
This is equal to 8,031 metric tons of carbon equivalent (MTCE) per year

This reduction is equal to

removing the carbon emissions
of 5,365 cars

49117899.xls, Results Page 13 of 21 01/06/2011

 CHP Results

The results of this analysis have not been reviewed or endorsed by the EPA CHP Partnership.
CHP Technology: Recip Engine - Lean Burn
Fuel: Natural Gas
Unit Capacity: 1,250 kW
Number of Units: 8
Total CHP Capacity: 10,000 kW
Operation: 5,840 hours per year
Heat Rate: 13,411 Btu/kWh HHV
CHP Fuel Consumption: 783,175 MMBtu/year
Duct Burner Fuel Consumption: - MMBtu/year
Total Fuel Consumption: 783,175 MMBtu/year
Total CHP Generation: 58,400 MWh/year
Useful CHP Thermal Output: 284,658 MMBtu/year for thermal applications (non-cooling)
- MMBtu/year for electric applications (cooling and electric heating)
284,658 MMBtu/year Total
Displaced On-Site Production for Other
Thermal (non-cooling) Applications: 0.10 lb/MMBtu NOx
0.00% sulfur content
Displaced Electric Service (cooling and electric
heating):
There is no displaced cooling service

Displaced Electricity Profile: eGRID Average Non-Baseload 2005

Egrid State: US Average

Distribution Losses:
Displaced Electricity Production:
62,796
7%
58,400 MWh/year CHP generation
- MWh/year Displaced Electric Demand (cooling)
- MWh/year Displaced Electric Demand (electric heating)
4,396 MWh/year Transmission Losses
MWh/year Total

49117899.xls, Results Page 14 of 21 01/06/2011

 CHP Results

The results of this analysis have not been reviewed or endorsed by the EPA CHP Partnership.
Annual Analysis for CHP
CHP System:
Recip Engine - Total Emissions
Lean Burn from CHP System
NOx (tons/year) 13.99 - 13.99
SO2 (tons/year) 0.23 - 0.23
CO2 (tons/year) 45,698 - 45,698
Carbon (metric tons/year) 11,299 - 11,299
Fuel Consumption (MMBtu/year) 783,175 - 783,175

Annual Analysis for Displaced Production for Thermal (non-cooling) Applications

Total Displaced
Emissions from
Thermal
Production
NOx (tons/year) 17.79
SO2 (tons/year) -
CO2 (tons/year) 28,466
Carbon (metric tons/year) 7,038
Fuel Consumption (MMBtu/year) 355,823

Annual Analysis for Displaced Electricity Production

Displaced CHP Displaced Displaced

Electricity Electricity for Electricity for Transmission Total Displaced Emissions
Generation Cooling Heating Losses from Electricity Generation
NOx (tons/year) 64.59 - - 4.86 69.45
SO2 (tons/year) 179.10 - - 13.48 192.58
CO2 (tons/year) 46,232 - - 3,479.81 49,712
Carbon (metric tons/year) 11,431 - - 860 12,292
Fuel Consumption (MMBtu/year) 498,931 - - 37,554 536,485

49117899.xls, Results Page 15 of 21 01/06/2011

 CHP Results

The results of this analysis have not been reviewed or endorsed by the EPA CHP Partnership.
Total Emissions for Conventional Production Total Emissions for CHP System
87.24 tons of NOx 13.99 tons of NOx
192.58 tons of SO2 .23 tons of SO2
78,177 tons of CO2 45,698 tons of CO2

58,400 MWh
536,485 MMBtu Electricity to Facility 783,175 MMBtu
Fuel consumption Fuel Consumption 58,400 MWh
Central Station No Cooling CHP Electricity
Powerplant System to Facility

4,396 MWh
Transmission Losses
69.45 tons of NOx 13.99 tons of NOx Thermal from CHP
192.58 tons of SO2 .23 tons of SO2
49,712 tons of CO2 45,698 tons of CO2

284,658 MMBtu
355,823 MMBtu Thermal to
Fuel consumption Facility
On-Site Thermal 284,658 MMBtu
Production Thermal to Facility Absorption
Chiller No Cooling

17.79 tons of NOx

. tons of SO2
28,466 tons of CO2

Emission Rates
CHP System Recip Engine -
including Duct Lean Burn Displaced
Burners Alone Electricity
NOx (lb/MWh) 0.48 0.48 2.21
SO2 (lb/MWh) 0.01 0.01 6.13
CO2 (lb/MWh) 1,565 1,565 1,583

Emission Rates
Displaced
Thermal
Production
NOx (lb/MMBtu) 0.10
SO2 (lb/MMBtu) -

49117899.xls, Results Page 16 of 21 01/06/2011

 CHP Results

CO2 (lb/MMBtu) 160

49117899.xls, Results Page 17 of 21 01/06/2011

Thermal Calculator

Value Units Description

Calculate the Power to Heat Ratio by completing the

entries in one of the following boxes:
- MMBtu/hr Thermal output from a single unit

OR
30,000 lb/hr Steam consumed in process
1,000 Btu/lb Enthalpy (a common value is 1,000 Btu/lb)
30.0 MMBtu/hr calculated

OR
- MMBtu/hr Fuel consumed in thermal process (often a boiler)
0% Efficiency of thermal converter
- MMBtu/hr calculated

Results
30.0 MMBtu/hr thermal output
8,790 kW thermal output
1,250 kW kW capacity of CHP system
0.142 Power to Heat ratio of CHP system

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Generation Sources

Existing Generation Sources Heat Rate

Name Code NOx lb/MWh SO2 lb/MWh CO2 lb/MWh Btu/kWh
EGrid Annual Average 1 1.94 5.26 1,329 7,292
EGrid Annual Fossil 2 2.59 7.14 1,841 9,934
EGrid Annual Coal 3 2.21 6.13 1,583 8,543
EGrid Annual Oil 4 3.36 9.77 2,136 10,432
EGrid Annual Natural Gas 5 2.14 5.447 1,244 7,603
Coal Boiler 3.8 lb/MWh NOx 6 0.536 0.109 966 8,098
Coal Boiler 1.5 lb/MWh NOx 7 3.800 5.000 1,948 9,500
Coal Boiler with SCR 0.8 lb/MWh NOx 8 1.500 2.500 1,948 9,500
Gas Boiler 0.77 lb/MWh NOx 9 0.800 1.000 1,948 9,500
Gas Turbine Peaker 25 ppm 10 0.770 0.006 1,287 11,000
Gas combined-cycle 9 ppm 11 1.190 0.007 1,404 12,000
Gas combined-cycle 3 ppm 12 0.286 0.005 936 8,000
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Generation Sources
Please enter emission rates for the new generation sources: Screen
User Defined Generation Sources Heat Rate
Name Code NOx lb/MWh SO2 lb/MWh CO2 lb/MWh Btu/kWh
User Source 1 13 - - - - Copy these Generation
User Source 2 14 - - - - Sources to the
User Source 3 15 - - - - Profile Inputs

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Heat Content of Fuel (Btu/lb delivered)
Moisture Content of Biomass
Biomass Fuel Source Bone Dry 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Corn Stover 7,560 7,106 6,652 6,198 5,744 5,290
Wheat Straw 6,840 6,566 6,292 6,018 5,744 5,470
Forest Residue 8,570 7,884 7,198 6,512 5,826 5,140
Urban Wood Waste 6,150 5,840 5,530 5,220 4,910 4,600
Hybrid Poplar 8,200 7,380 6,560 5,740 4,920 4,100
Hybrid Willow 8,200 7,380 6,560 5,740 4,920 4,100
Switchgrass 8,670 8,148 7,626 7,104 6,582 6,060

Emission Rates

Biomass Fuel Source CO2 Emission Rate NOx Emission Rate Sulfur Content
Corn Stover 0 lb/MMBtu lb/MMBtu
Wheat Straw 0 lb/MMBtu lb/MMBtu
Forest Residue 0 lb/MMBtu 0.17 lb/MMBtu 0.01 lb/MMBtu
Urban Wood Waste 0 lb/MMBtu 0.17 lb/MMBtu 0.01 lb/MMBtu
Hybrid Poplar 0 lb/MMBtu 0.17 lb/MMBtu 0.01 lb/MMBtu
Hybrid Willow 0 lb/MMBtu 0.17 lb/MMBtu 0.01 lb/MMBtu
Switchgrass 0 lb/MMBtu lb/MMBtu
*Emissions Data from AP-42