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Summary
| Course objectives
| Class census
| History of logic
1
What is the class about?
More objectives
2
Logistics
| Title: “Reading the classics”
| Organizer
z Farinaz Koushanfar, Rice University
| Meeting time
z 4:00AM - 5:20PM M
| Meeting place
z 1049 - DH
| Prerequisites
z Interest and passion in your field of
study/research, and curiosity to learn
Class consensus
3
Sample classic papers
| Ronald Fisher Maximum Likelihood Framework, 1924
| Wiener Filter, 1940
| As We May Think. Vannevar Bush, 1945
| First Draft of the Report on EDVAC. John von
Neumann, 1946
| A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Claude E.
Shannon, 1948
| The Turing Test paper, Alan Turing, 1950
4
Prehistory of math…
Number
symbols
in Egypt
Egyptian
Babylonian
calendar
Decimal
Early
numbers
geometric
in Egypt
shapes
Palaeolithic -- central
Europe/France record
numbers on bones
30,000 25,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000
Year (B.C.)
5
Prehistory of math (cont’d)…
Pythagoras
of Samos
Moves to Italy
Prehistory
•Eudemus of Rhodes
of math (cont’d)…
writes geometry history
•Autolycus of Pitane Archemides:
•Aristaeus the Sphere &
•Eudoxus of Cnidus the Cylinder
Archytas of Tarentum Liu Hsin uses
decimal fractions
Plato founds
his academy
in Athens
Zeno of Elea
Eratosthenes Hipparchus:
presents his paradoxes Euclid writes
the Elements sieve method the precession
Babylonian for finding all of the equinoxes
sexagesimal prime numbers.
numbers predict
planet positions
500 250 0
Year (B.C.)
6
Development of logic
| Logic was implicit, but explicit movements started by
Greeks generally ascribed to Thales (640 - 546 B.C.)
| Stoic logic traced its roots back to Euclid of Megara, a
pupil of Socrates
| Stoic concentrates on propositional logic and is close
to modern thinking
| Aristotle's collection of works Organon, started
Peripatetic tradition
| Aristotelian uniquely codified logic for centuries, the
change only came in 19th century
Logic in India
| Two Hindu schools of thought deal with logic: Nyaya
and Vaisheshika
| Nyaya was realist, developed a rigid five-member
schema of inference
z initial premise, a reason, an example, an application
and a conclusion
| The idealist Buddhist philosophy: the chief opponent to
the Naiyayikas
z A contradictory doctrine known as "apoha" or
differentiation was developed
z Neo-scholastic school of Navya-Nyāya (16th century)
z Developed a formal analysis of inference
7
Logic in China
Avicenna
8
Logic in medieval Europe
Buridan
Mills
9
Advent of modern logic
| Descartes, is the first to have had the idea of using
algebra for reasoning
| Leibniz was the first to formulate the notion of a broadly
Descartes applicable system of mathematical logic (late 17th
century)
| Boole invented his algebra, which is the basis of all
modern computer arithmetic (mid 18th century)
| Frege extended logic beyond propositional, to include
Leibniz “all”, “some”,... (1879)
| Peirce-Schröder, introduced the term "second-order
logic“ (1885)
| Peano - logical axiomatization of arithmetic (1889)
Boole
10