Mechanical Engineering Program at METU NCC

MECH 311 – Heat Transfer - Formula Sheet

Thermal conductivity (W/m-K): Brass =110, Fiberglass = 0.04, Gypsum = 0.17, Calcium silicate = 1.4, Aluminum = 237
Medium Conductivity Density Specific Heat Dyn. Viscosity Kin. Viscosity, Thermal Diff; Prandtl No
k (W/m-K)  (kg/m3) c p (J/kg-K) (kg/ms) ( ) (Pr)
Air (20oC) 0.0257 1.21 1005.2 17.9x10-6 6.96x10-4 0.23x10-4 0.71
Air (50oC) 0.0279 1.09 1006.7 19.3x10-6 6.92x10-4 0.27x10-4 0.70
Air (80oC) 0.0302 1.02 1008.9 20.6x10-6 6.82x10-4 0.32x10-4 0.69
Engine Oil 0.15 865 2050 84.0x10-6 5.60x10-4 0.84x10-7 3000
Water (80oC) 0.668 990 4180 0.75x10-6 1.12x10-6 150x10-9 2.29

T
Conduction: q   kA Convection: q  hA T  T  Radiation: q   A T 4  Tsurr
4

L
T T 1 A 2 L 4 L
q  hot cold Rcond  S wall  Scylinder  Ssphere 
R Sk L ln  ro ri  1 ri   1 ro 
h t U  x cp   g   TS  T  x h
3
k
 Bi  L Fo  Rex  Pr    Grx  Rax  Grx Pr Nu x  x
c kS L
2
 k  
2
kf

External Flow
Drag force = (for plates) = (for cylinder or sphere)
Turbulent flow occurs when (for flat plate), for flow over a cylinder
Flow over a plate:
Local: Average:
Flat plate, properties at (OK for both fixed Ts or q”) Cross flow over a cylinder (Average)
C m n Pr < 10 Pr >10
Laminar, Local, 0.332 1/2 1/3 n = 0.37 n = 0.36
Laminar, Average, 0.664 1/2 1/3 40 < ReD < 1000 C=0.51 m = 0.4
Turbulent, Local, 0.0296 4/5 1/3 103 < ReD < 2x105 C=0.26 m = 0.5
Turbulent, Average, 0.688 1/2 1/3 2x105< ReD <106 C=0.076 m = 0.6
Internal Flow
Turbulent if Re > 2000; Thermal entry length =
Laminar, fully developed, uniform q”  Laminar, fully developed, uniform Ts 
Laminar, thermal entry length,
uniform Ts or uniform q”:
Laminar, combined entry length,
uniform Ts or uniform q”:
Turbulent, fully developed (n=0.3 for cooling and n=0.4 for heating)

Case 1: Constant heat flux conditions Case 2: Constant Temperature

, = Surface area

Note that can be replaced by AND can be replaced by

Free Convection (at uniform unless specified)
Vertical Plate: , Laminar: C = 0.59 and n=1/4 ( ) Turbulent: C=0.10 and n=1/3 ( )
Horizontal Cylinder Upper surf hot or lower surf cold plane Lower surf hot or upper surf cold plane
L = A/P L = A/P
Average NuD C n Average NuL C n Average NuL C n
RaD < 10-2 0.675 4
0.058 10 <Ra<10 7
0.54 1/4 5
10 <Ra<10 10
0.27 1/4
10-2< RaD <102 1.02 0.148 107<Ra<1011 0.15 1/3
102< RaD <104 0.85 0.188
104< RaD <107 0.48 0.25
107< RaD <1012 0.125 0.333