X Swad Science

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECONDARY
AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION

SHIVAJINAGAR, PUNE-411 005
SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

(STD-X)
SELF-STUDY BOOKLET FOR

PRIVATE CANDIDATES
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PART - I AND II
(ENGLISH MEDIUM)
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECONDARY
AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

(STD-X)
SELF-STUDY BOOKLET FOR

PRIVATE CANDIDATES
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PART - I AND II
(ENGLISH MEDIUM)
N.B.
Exercise section - Page nos. 86 to 202 should be solved and is to be
submitted at the centre as per instructions of the Head of the Centre.
Introductory
About the Booklet
This booklet is specially prepared for you by experienced teachers. The booklet
has two sections.
Section I consists of summary of the chapter. It includes important points from
the chapters. It also includes some tips, instructions in between and some solved
examples.
Section II consists of exercises for self study. They involve important questions
from your textbooks and also some additional exercises for practice.
How to use the booklet ?
1. The booklet consists of summary of each chapter from the textbook. But it
includes only some important points to bring to your notice. So do not rely
merely on the summary given. Read the complete chapter from the textbook
before studying the summary.
2. Try to understand the concepts and principles given in the summary. If you
do not understand, refer to the chapter in the textbook once again.
3. Study figures, diagrams, graphs, tables from the textbook. They are not
included in the booklet.
4. Study the solved sample questions or examples. Try to concentrate on the
format of answers sequence of the points included and steps of solving
numerical examples carefully.
5. Once you become confident enough, be ready to solve the exercises given
in section II of the booklet.
6. Try to write answers and solve examples on your own. In case of difficulty,
refer to page numbers from the textbook given against each question. Re -
read the content, organise your answer and write it down.
7. Study the written answers till you master them.
Some tips for self study -
Concentrate while studying. Sit erect. Avoid noise around as far as possible.
Try to understand the meaning of scientific terms used. This will help you to
remember them.
Pay more attention to highlighted words / statements in the textbook. Read
(iii)
aloud that part, if required.
Try to comprehend the definitions, formulae and equations. Write them again
and again till you learn them by heart.
Study solved examples. Try solving them without seeing and check to get
self feedback. Find similar examples from the textbook and solve them.
Seek guidance from peer group and teachers available in case of difficulty.
Practice drawing diagrams. Remember labels given to parts and structure.
You may find some chapters easy and some chapters difficult according to
your interest. So start from easy chapters and slowly go to the difficult one.
Remember the chapters are not difficult. Only thing is you probably do not
understand them. Make effort to understand them. Do not skip any chapter.
The success is yours !
(iv)
Pc-2/d/Delight/D1 to D5/ Science & Tecg, P1/Std.X science & tech. p1-D1 ok A
Part- 1 Self Study Material

Chapter 1
Classification of Elements
(Marks - 5, Marks with option 8)
Introduction :
Man has discovered 116 elements uptil now. We use (Modern Periodic Table,
(Long Form of Periodic Table) prepared by Moseley to study the elements.
Features of Modern Periodic Table :
(1) Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons or electrons in the
atom of the element.
(Atom of any element contains equal number of protons and electrons)
(2) Moseley observed that properties of the elements are a periodic function of their
atomic numbers. Therefore Moseley assumed atomic number (z) as the basis of
modern periodic table.
(Definition of the periodic law-refer to page 2)
(3) There are 7 rows (known as periods) and 18 columns (known as Groups)
(4) At the bottom of the periodic table there are 2 additional rows known as series. All
the elements in series belong to third group. Do not misunderstand series as
periods.
(5) Place of element in the periodic table suggests -
a) Serial No. of period
b) Whether the element is metal, non-metal or inert gas.
c) reactivity of an element
d) Valency of an element
e) no. of electrons in the outermost orbit.
f) While studying periods, one has to refer the periodic table from left to right
gradually. One can understand whether the element is metal, non-metal,
metalloid or an inert gas.
g) Refer the group from top to bottom. No. of shells go on increasing from top to
bottom gradually. All the elements from the same column contains equal
number of electrons in the outermost shell.
h) The entire table is divided into four blocks based on electronic configuration of
elements.
Block Group No. Name
s block 1,2 Normal elements

p block 13 to 17 Normal elements
p block 18 Inert elements
d block 3 to 12 Transition elements
f block lanthenide, Inner transition
actinide series elements
Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (1) Science and Technology Part I & II
s-block Modern Periodic Table p-block
(Normal elements)
Elements: z symbol
periods
1/IA (Electronic configuration)
13 14 15 16 17 18/
lithium is 2,1)
1 2/IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA zero
Transition elements (Metals)
5 6
2 d-block B C
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
14
○
3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB S
○
32 33
4 Ge As
51 52
5 Sb Te
* 84 85
6 Po At
Place element Carbon in the proper place.
*
7
The bordering elements along the zig-zag line

No. of Elements - period - first = 2, period second = 8 are the Metalloids
period third = 8, period fourth = 18, period fifth = 18
The periodic table can be read like a cross-word puzzle.
period sixth = 32,period seventh = 30

Prepare a blank periodic table and solve the following.
f-block
series - 1 *
series - 2 *
Ex. 1 : The element carbon (C) is in second period and 14th group of the periodic table.
place in the periodic table. (Note - Electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1, and

Ex. 2 : Atomic no. of hydrogen is 1and that of lithium is 3. Place the elements in proper
Ex. 3 : Atomic no. of silicon is 14, which is greater than atomic no. of carbon by 8. Locate
the position of silicon in the periodic table, with the help of given information.
Prepare a blank table (Table no. 1.2, page 4)

If we consider the table from left to right, we can observe that the chemical
properties of elements change gradually. Table no. 1.2 consists of the molecular
formulae of compounds formed by elements of the second period. The change in
valency depends upon the change in electronic configuration of elements. Gradual
change in the molecular fourmulae is synchronous with the change in properties of
elements. While filling Table no. 1.2, first write symbol and valency of the element.
After that write molecular formula of the corresponding compound.
e.g. LiCl 6 Li 6 1
Q. 1 Atomic no. of Mangnesium is 12. And molecular formula of Magnesium Chloride is
MgCl2. If the At. no. of aluminium is 13, Write the molecular formula of aluminium
chloride.
Q. 2 Atomic no. of Carbon is 6, and molecular formula of Carbon chloride is CCl4. Atomic
no. of boron is 5. Find out and write the molecular formula of boron chloride.
Table 1.2 Compounds of Second Period Elements.
Element
Formula of
Chloride
Molecular
Oxide
Hydride
Valency
Table No. 1.3 Electronic Configuration of elements of first three Periods.

Period 1 Element : z symbol Zero / 18
(Shell) 1 (Electronic configuration)
K
I A/1 II A/2 III A/13 IV A/14 V A/15 VI A/16 VII A/17
2
(K,L)
3
(K,L,M)
Valency
Important points to remember :
Moseley's modern form of the Periodic Law, Periods, Groups, Series, Normal
elements, Inert elements, Transition elements, Inner transition elements, Metalloid, Sub-
atomic particles.
Solved Sample Questions

Give scientific reasons.
1) The last column on the right side of the modern periodic table is called zero
group/18 or noble gases. (page no. 7)
Expected Answer
i) In this group elements have stable electronic configuration with complete
duplet or complete octet.
ii) Because of this the valency of this group of element is zero.
iii) The atoms of this group of elements form neither ionic nor covalent bond with
other atoms.
iv) The elements of the group have their last shell completely filled.
Write the difference between the following.
Periods Groups
i) The horizontal rows of i) The Vertical columns of
elements in the modern elements in the modern
periodic table are called periodic table are called
periods. groups.
ii) The period number indicates ii) The group number indicates
the number of electronic the number of electrons in
shells present in an atom outer shell of an atom
belonging to that period. belonging to that group.
iii) Elements in the same period iii) The elements is the same
do not show similar Chemical group show similar chemical
properties. properties.
iv) Seven rows are present. iv) Eighteen columns are
present.
···
Chapter 2
Electrolysis
Introduction :
You must have read in the newspapers about mishaps and accidents caused due
to lightening falling on the earth. Lightening occurs when the clouds collide with each
other. When lightening falls on the earth its electric level is much greater than that of the
earth which is zero. This level of electric energy is called potential. Difference between
electric level is called potential difference. Difference between electric level causes electric
current.
1) Conductivity of substance :
Every substance is made up of atoms and molecules. Substances having free
electrons in large numbers in their atoms conduct electricity.
Electric conductors are three main types. We are going to study electrolytic
conductors.
2) Comparison between Electrolytes and Non Electrolytes :
Electrolytes Non Electrolytes
i) A substance whose aqueous i) A substance whose aqueous
solution can conduct electric solution can not conduct
current is called electrolyte. electric current is called non-
electrolyte.
ii) Most of the electrolytes are ii) Non-electrolytes are co-
electrovalent compounds. valent compounds.
iii) All acids, bases and salts iii) Organic compunds like
are electrolytes. Molten salts glucose, urea, cane sugar
some covalent compounds alcohol are non electrolytes.
(HCl, NH3) undergo ionisation
on dissolving in water. They
are also electrolytes.
3) Difference between anion and cation

Anion Cation
i) Anions are negatively i) Cations are positively charged
charged ions. ions.
ii) During electrolysis anion ii) During electrolysis cation
gives electrons and accepts electrons and
becomes neutral. becomes neutral.
iii) During electrolysis anion iii) During electrolysis cation
attracts towards anode, attracts towards cathode, hence
hence the name anion. the name cation.
Note - Positively charged electrode is known as anode and negatively charged electrode
is known as cathode.
4) For types of conductors and definitions of electrolyte and non-electrolytes refer to text
book page no. 13,14.
5) Electrolysis of Copper Chloride :
(Observe Fig 2.2 on 16 from the text-book) Both the electrodes are carbon rods. Open end
of Carbon rod attached to positive terminal of the battery is called as anode. Open end
of Carbon rod attached to the negative terminal of the battery is called as cathode.
The observation and inference of the experiment is as follows :
Changes Observation Inference

1) At cathode 1) Reddish deposit is 1) Copper is deposited at
seen. Cathode.
2) At anode 2) Bubbles of a gas 2) The gas given out is
are observed. chlorine.
3) Colour of 3) Blue colour starts 3) Due to decreasing
electrolyte fading. concentration of copper
chloride molecules
colour fades.
The chemical reaction during electrolysis of copper chloride solutions :

a) Reaction at Cathode :
Positively charged copper ions attract towards negative electrode, accept electrons and
convert into copper metal
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– →Cu(s)
b) Reaction at anode :
Negatively charged chloride ions attract towards positive electrode, give electrons and
convert into chlorine gas.
2Cl– (aq)→ Cl2(g)2e–
Note : During electrolysis of copper chloride, chloride ion (Cl–) gives away electrons and
copper ion (Cu2+) accepts the electrons and copper and chlorine form is elemental form.
6) Electroplating :
Refer to Fig. no. 2.3 on page 18 of the text book.
Note the following points about the process -
a) An article to be electroplated should be used as negative terminal (cathode)
b) A rod of the less active metal to be coated on the article is used as positive
terminal (anode)
c) The electrolyte used should be of the same metal, which is used as anode.
For example -
For electroplating of silver on copper article, Copper article should be treated as
cathode and silver rod should be treated as anode.
The electrolyte should be a solution of silver nitrate.
Go through and study Table no. 2.1 for the process.
7) Anodising Technique -
Get information about the process (described) on page no. 18,19 of the text book.)
and practical applications.
8) Ion as charge Carriers in living system :
Every living being is made up of cells. Cell contains Cell-sap and inorganic ions.
They control the functions of cells. (Read more information about the process on page nos.
19, 20 of the text book.)
Points to remember :
i) Electric potential is the level of electric energy.
ii) Electric current flows from higher electric potential to lower electric potential.
iii) Electric conductors are of three types
1) Gaseous conductors
2) Metallic (Electronic) conductors
3) Electrolytic conductors
iv) Electrolytic conductors conduct electric current by movement of ions.
· Electrolytes : These are the substances in the molten state or whose aqueous
solutions conduct electric current.
· Non-Electrolytes : These are the substances which do not conduct electricity either
in the molten state or in the aqueous state.
· Electrolytes : All acids, bases, salts.
· Non-Electrolytes : Carbon compounds like glucose, sugar, urea, alcohol etc.
· Electrolysis : It is the process of decomposition of an electrolyte by the passage of
electric current.
· Electroplating and anodising are the applications of electrolysis.
· Electroplating is a process by which a metal or an alloy is coated with another less
active but more attractive metal, using electrolysis.
· Anodising is another application of electrolysis where the surface of the aluminium
anode is covered by a thin film of aluminium oxide to make the aluminium surface
resistant to corrosion and abrasion.
· During electrolysis, cations move towards cathode and anions move towards the
anode.
· When aqueous copper chloride solution is electrolysed, copper is deposited at the
cathode and chlorine is evolved at the anode. Due to ionisation of copper chloride,
the no. molecules of copper chloride in the solution decreases and hence the colour
fades.
· Many phenomena in living organisms are controlled by ion transport across cell
membrane.
· Healthy heart requires proper K+/Na+ balance in the body.
Solved Sample Questions :
1) Give scientific reason -
Distilled water is a bad conductor of electricity.
Ans : a) Pure distilled water being a covalent compound does not dissociate.
b) As it does not dissociate, we cannot get cations and anions. As there is
no movement of ions, distilled water does not carry current. Hence it is
a bad conductor of electricity.
···
Chapter 3
Strength of Solutions
Introduction :
We use large number of solutions in our daily life. e.g. tea, coffee,
sherbat,medicines, essences, preservatives. Solutions play vital role in our life. We are
going to study solutions, types of solutions from a chemical point of view.
3.1 Study the definitions of - solution, solvent, solute, aqueous solution, non-aqueous
solution.
Types of solutions according to state of solute and solvent.
Sr. Types of Solution Nature of Example
No. Solvent Solute
1. Solid in liquid liquid solid salt solution
2. Gas in liquid liquid gaseous soda water
3. Gas in gas gaseous gaseous air
4. Liquid in liquid liquid liquid water in milk
5. Solid in solid solid solid alloys e.g. brass
Note - Identify solvent, solute from the solutions used in daily life.
3.2 Ionisation and Dissociation -
a) Ionisation -
Ionic solutions when dissolved in water turns into positive and negative ions. The
process is called ionisation.
b) Dissociation -
The process of separation of positive ions and negative ions in the solution of ionic
compound.
Solutions is called dissociation.
Note that in any solution, ionisation is the first stage and dissosiation in the second
stage.
Acidity of Base
Sr. Base No. of OH– ions in Acidity

No. the molecule
1. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 1 1
2. Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) 1 1
3. Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] 2 2
4. Aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)3] 3 3
Neutralisation :
The reaction in which H+ ions from acid and OH– ions from base combine to form
H2O moecule, is known as neutralisation.
The reaction between base and acid is
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Note : ionic form of NaOH is Na+ OH–
and that of HCl is H+ Cl–
A) Points to remember (page nos. are given in the bracket)
i) Solution, aqueous, solution non-aqueous solution (24)
ii) Acid, Base (25)
iii) Strond acid, weak acid, strong base, weak base (26)
neutralisation reaction (26)
iv) Equivalent weight : equi. w.t. of an acid
Equivalent weight of a base, basicity of an acid, (27)
acidity of base (28)
Normality (28)
3.3 Study Arrhenius theory from the text book (page no. 25 to 28). Also familiarize with
the terms like strong acid (HCl) strong base (NaOH) weak acid (CH3COOH) weak base
(NH4OH)
Sr. Acid / Base Example Percentage of

No dissociation
1 Strong acid Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to a large

Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) extent
Nitric acid (HNO3)
2 Weak acid Acetic acid to a lesser
Cytric acid extent
Lactic acid
3 Strong base Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to a large
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) extent
4 Weak base ammonium hydroxide
calcium hydroxide to a lesser
extent
3.4 Study the concept of equivalent weight (Page no. 27 of the text-book)
Go through the table of basicity of an acid and acidity of base.
Basicity of Acid :
Sr. Acid No. of H+ ions in Basicity

No. the molecule
1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 1 1
2. Nitric acid (HNO3) 1 1
3. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) 2 2
4. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3 3
B) Study the following formulae, Use appropriate formula to solve the numericals :
Molecular mass of acid
i) Equi. wt. of acid =
Basicity of acid
Molecular mass of base

ii) Equi. wt. of base =
Acidity of base
Wt. of solute in gram

iii) Normality (N) =
Gram equivalent wt. × Volume in litre
Wt. of solute in gram

iv) Molarity (M) =
Mol. mass of solute × Volume in litre
Mass of solute in gram

v) No. of moles of solute (n) =
Mol. mass of solute
vi) from (iv) and (v) we get,
No. of moles of solute (n)

Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution in litre (V)
n
M = V
vii) Normality Equation :
N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = Normality of an acid / N2 = Normality of base
V1 = Volume of an acid / V2 = Volume of base
unit of Normality is N and that of volume is ml.
1) Relation between molecular mass and equivalent weight of an acid or a base.
Acid / Base Molecular Mass Equivalent weight

1) HCl 36.5 u 36.5 u
= 36.5 u
1
2) H2SO4 98 u 98 u
= 49 u
2
3) HNO3 63 u 63 u
= 63 u
1
4) NaOH 40 u 40 u
= 40 u
1
5) KOH 56 u 56 u
= 56 u
1
74 u
6) Ca(OH)2 74 u = 37 u
2
Note : u is the unit.

2) In normality equation -
N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = Normality of an acid (unit N)
V1 = Volume of an acid (unit ml)
N2 = Normality of a base
V2 = Volume of a base
Points to Remember :
· Solution - It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more different substnaces.
· Solution = Solute + Solvent
Solute is the dissolved substance in the solution and is a minor component while
solvent is the major component of the solution in which the solute is dissolved.
· According to Arrhenius theory, when dissolved in water, an acid releases (H+) ions and
–
a base releases (OH ) ions.
· Neutralisation - An acid and a base in their aqueous solutions react with each other
to form salt and water
· Basicity of an acid and acidity of a base depends on the number of replaceable H+
–
and OH ions present in the acid and base respectively.
· Standard Solution - A solution whose concentration is accurately known.
· Normality = Basicity × Molarity (For acid)
· Normality = Acidity × Molarity (For base)
· Normality equation : N1 × V1 = N2 × V2 .
· Weight dissolved = Normality × Gram equivalent weight per litre of solution.
1) Solved Sample Questions
Acids Bases
–
+ 1) All Bases contain (OH )
1) All acids contain (H )
ions ions
2) In aqueous solution 2) In aqueous solution
acids release bases release hydroxyl
–
hydrogen ions (H ) + ions (OH )
3) Acids are sour to 3) Bases are corrosive, hence
taste should not be tasted.
4) Acids turn bule litmus 4) Bases turn red litmus to
to red. blue.
2) Give Scientific reasons :
Due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers, fiels lose its fertility.
Ans : Land is basic in nature. Land becomes salty due to excessive use of chemical
fertilizers. These basic substances in the soil react with the acids in the fertilizers
and produce salts. In excessive salty soil, the plants cannot grow and therefore
fields lose its fertility.
3) Solved examples -
i) Text book Q. 4 (35) 1st example in the table.
HCl - mass of solute in solution = 18.25 g.
Volume of the solution = 1000 ml. Find normality.
Weight of solute in gram
Normality of HCl = Gram equivalent weight × Volume in litre
18.25
=
36.5 × 1000
1000
18.25
=
36.5
= 1 = 0.5 N.
2
ii) Q. 4 i) An acid is 0.01 N. 9 ml of this acid required 10 ml of basic solution for
complete neutralisation. Find the normality of base and weight of base dissolved in
1000ml of solution.
(Equivalent weight of base = 56.)
Solution -
Given -
Normality of acid N1 = 0.01 N
Volume of acid V1 = 9 ml
Volume of base V2 = 10 ml
Normality of base N2 = ?
Weight of base dissolved in 1000ml of solution = ?
Acid Base
N1 × V1 = N2 × V2
0.01 × 9 = N2 × 10
ˆ 0.01 × 9 N2
10 =
ˆ N2 = 0.009 N
ˆ Normality of base = 0.009 N.

Weight of base dissolved in 1000 ml means in
1 litre of solution = Normality × Equivalent weight
= 0.009 × 56
= 0.504 g
···
Chapter 4
Current Electricity
Introduction :
Now-a-days electricity is being used for daily activities of human being. So that
when there is no power supply, life gets disturbed. For domestic use; electrical appliances
like refrigerator, oven, hot plate, mixer etc. are used for daily activities in kitchen. For
washing clothes; washing machine is used. So the demand for electricity is increasing,
while the generation of electricity has not increased in the same rate that of the demand.
Knowledge : In the 9th std. text book previous study the structure of atom and the main
constituents of the atom.
A) Some important concepts, terms and definitions (Study carefully)
(In bracket page number is given from text book).
1) Static electricity (page 37)
2) Current electricity (page 37)
3) Conductors of electricity (page 38)
4) Insulators (page 38)
5) Semiconductors (page 38)
6) Simple Voltaic Cell (page 39 fig. 4.2)
7) Direction of conventional current in the wire (page 40 fig. 4.4)
8) Definitions and units of Coulomb, Volt and Ampere (42)
9) Ohm's law (page 44)
10) Super conductors (page 48)
11) Electromotive force (page 49)
12) The equivalent - resistance when connected in series (page 51)
13) The equivalent resistance when connected in parallel. (page 52)
B) Draw and lable the diagrams :
(Study carefully and practice)
1) Atoms of hydrogen and lithium (page 38) (fig. 4.2)
2) Simple Voltaic cell (page 39) (fig. 4,2)
3) Verification of Ohm's law [(page 46, fig. 4.7 (a)]
4) Connection diagram of resistances in series. (page 51, fig. 4.9)
5) Connection diagram of resistances in parallel. (page 52, fig. 4.10)
C) Observe the following table and classify domestic objects :
Conductors Insulators Semiconductors
Gold, Silver, Copper, Rubber, Plastic, Germenium,
Aluminium, Iron, Graphite, glass, mica, gallium, Silicon
aqueous solution of salts, porcelein, etc.
like NaCl
D) Symbols commonly used in circuit diagrams study carefully and practice (page 43,
table 4.1)
E) For details of concept of potential and potential difference (refer page 41 and 42)
F) Resistance of a conductor and factors on which resistance of a conductor depends
(page 45)
G) What are Ohmic conductors and non Ohmic conductors, study V against I graphs for
them. (page 47, 48, fig. 4.8)
H) Study the following formulae and make use of these for solving numericals.
1) Potential difference (P.D.) between two points
Work done (W)
P.D. = Electric charge (Q)
W
ˆ V= Q
Here, V = Potential difference (Volts)

W = Work done (Joules)
Q = Electric charge (Coulomb)
1 Joule
ˆ 1 Volt = 1 Coulomb
2) Electric Current (I)

Charge
Current = time
ˆI = Q
t
Here, I = Electric Current (Ampere)
Q = Electric charge (Coulomb)
t = time (second)
1 Coulomb
ˆ 1 Ampere =
1 Second
3) Ohm's law equation form :
V
= Constant
I
Here V = potential difference (Volts)
I = electric Current (Ampere)
The constant in the above relation is called resistance of the conductor and is
denoted by R.
V
ˆ = R
I
This is the symbolic form of Ohm's law.
1 Volt
= 1 Ohm
1 Ampere
(N. B. :- ' Ω' This symbol is used for ohm.)

L
4) R = ρ A is the relation between electrical resistance (R), length of the conductor
(L) and area of cross of the conductor (A). ρ is constant of proportion and is called
resistivity of the material.
R = Electrical resistance (Ohm)
L = Length of the conductor (meter)
A = Area of cross section of conductor
(m2 i.e. square meter)
ρ = Resistivity (Ohm-meter)
5) Resistances in series and equivalent resistances
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + ................. + Rn
Here Rs = Equivalent resistance
R1, R2, R3 .............. Rn are various resistances connected in series combination.
This is a general equation.
For three resistances connected in series combination the formula will be
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
8) Resistances in parallel and equivalent resistance :
1 1 1 1 1
Rp = R1 + R2 + R3 + .............+
Rn
This will be a general form,
For three resistances connected in parallel combination use the following formula.
1 1 1 1
= + +
Rp R1 R2 R3
7) Learn the following conversions :

i) 1 Newton = 105 dynes
ii) 1 Volt = 1000 millivolts = 103 millivolt (or mv)
iii) 1 Ampere = 1000 milliampere = 103 mA.
iv) 1 Meter = 100 cm.
v) 1 sq. meter = 100 × 100 sq.cm. = 104 cm2.
Learn the following symbols for electrical terms and make use of them.
Term Symbol Unit Unit

(Mks) symbol
1. Electric force F Newton N
2. Electric charge Q Coulomb C
3. Potential V Volt V
difference
4. Electric I Ampere A
current
5. Time t Second s
6. Electrical R Ohm Ω
resistance
8) Observe the table for difference between resistances in series and in

parallel combition.
Resistances in series Resistances in parallel
i) Many resistances are i) A number of resistances

connected one after are connected between
another two common points.
ii) Equivalent resistance ii) Equivalent resistance Rp
will be given by will be given by
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + 1 1 1 1
................. + Rn Rp = R1 + R2 .....+ Rn
iii) Rs is greater than R1,
R2, ......., Rn. iii) Rp is less than R1, R2,
iv) Series combination is ......., Rn.
used to increase the iv) Parallel combination is
resistance of a circuit. used to reduce the
resistance of a circuit.
Some Illustrative Examples :

1) Calculate the potential difference V across a 10Ω resistor
carrying a current 0.2A.
Ans. : Given Resistance (R) = 10Ω
Electric current (I) = 0.2 A; V = ?
V
Formula : R = I substituing the values,
V
ˆ 10 = 0.2 ˆ V = 10 × 0.2
ˆ Potential difference (V) = 2 Volts
2) Calculate the resistance of the conductor if Potential difference is 1.5 Volt and 300 mA
current passes through it.
Ans. : Given P.D. (V) = 1.5 Volt;
Current (I) = 300 mA = 0.3 A; R = ?
V
Formula : R = I Substituting the values
1.5 15
R = R = = 5
0.3 3
ˆ Resistance of the conductor = 5 Ω
3) You are given two resistances 20 Ω and 5 Ω. What will be their equivalent resistance
(a) in series (b) in parallel combination.
Ans. : Given R1 = 20Ω; R2 = 5Ω.
(a) In series combination,
Rs = R1 + R2 Rs = 20 + 5 = 25Ω.
ˆ In series combination equivalent resistance = 25 ohms
(b) In parallel Combination,
1 1 1
Rp = R1 + R2
ˆ 1 = 1 + 1
Rp 20 5
5
ˆ 1 = 1 + 4 =
20
Rp 20
1
ˆ 1 =
Rp 4
ˆ Rp = 4 Ohm
4) Resistors of 16 ohms and 4 ohms are connected in parallel combination and 5 ohms
resistor is connected in series combination with them. Find the combined resistance,
Ans. : Given : R1 = 16Ω ; R2 = 4Ω,
these are connected in parallel,
1 1 1
ˆ R = +
p
R1 R2
1 1 1
ˆ R = 16 + 4
p
1 1 + 4
ˆ R = 16
p
ˆ 1 =
5
Rp 16
16
ˆ Rp = 5 Ω,
Now Rp will act as R1 and R2 will be 5 Ω,

ˆ In series combination,
Rs = R1 + R2
16 5
ˆ Rs = 5 + 1
ˆ Rs = 3.2 + 5 = 8.2 Ω.
5) 8 ohm and 4 ohm resistors are connected in parallel combination and the e.m.f. of the
4
cell is 3 volt and internal resistance ohm.Find the total current in the circuit.
3
Ans. : Formula : Total voltage generated by the battary is given by the formula :
E = IR + Ir = I (R + r) ..........................I
E = E.M.F. of the cell = 3 Volt,
4
Internal resistance of the cell (r) = ohm,
3
First we have to find R = ?
In this case R1 = 8 ohm and R2 = 4 ohm resistors are connected in parallel
combination,
1 1 1
ˆ = +
Rp R1 R2
1 1 1
ˆ = +4
Rp 8
1 1 + 2
ˆ =
Rp 8
8
ˆ Rp = ohm
3
Now substituting the values of E, R, r in eqn (I) we get,
8 4
3 = I ( 3 + 3 )
12
ˆ3=I( 3 )
3 3
ˆ 3 × 12 = I ˆ I = 4 Ampere = 0.75 A
ˆ Total current in the circuit = 0.75 A.
6) Three resistance of each 12 ohm are connected 1st in series combination, then in
parallel combination. Determine their equivalent resistance in each case.
Ans : Given R1 = 12 ohm, R2 = 12 ohm.
Also R3 = 12 ohm,
First consider in series combination;
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
ˆRs = 12 + 12 + 12 = 36 ohm
Now in parallel combination,
1 1 1 1
ˆ R = R + R + R
p 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
ˆ = + +
Rp 12 12 12
1 1 + 1 + 1 3 1
ˆ = = =
Rp 12 12 4
ˆ 1 = 1 ˆ Rp = 4 ohm
Rp 4
ˆ Resistance in series = 36 ohm and
resistance in parallel = 4 ohm
Q. 2 Give scientific reasons :
1) Potential difference of source of current (i.e. cell) is less than e.m.f.
Ans : As e.m.f. of the source is the work done by the source in raising a unit positive
charge from its lower potential end to higher potential end. The energy imported to the
charge by the source is used to circulate the charge round the circuit against
opposition to external circuit and internal resistance of the source. Therefore e.m.f.
(E) is greater than the potential difference (V) between its terminals.
2) The plates of heating devices such as toaster, an electric iron are made of an alloy
rather than a pure metal.
Ans. : A good conductor of a given size has a low resistance. Copper is a good conductor
while some alloys like nichrome and constantan have a high resistance. So the heat
will be produced more, when current is passed through nichrome coil or plates.The
melting point of nichrome is also higher than pure metal. That is why the material of
toaster electric iron are made of an alloy like nichrome rather than pure metal.
Instructions :
This lession is important from the point of examination as well as for scoring more
marks. Different types of questions are asked on this lesson.
- Learn by heart the definitions and rules.
- Practice the diagrams properly.
- Solve all types of sums for practice
Questions like 'Derive the equation' can be asked on this lesson. e.g. Derive an
equation for equivalent resistance for three resistances in series / parallel.
···
Chapter 5
Effects of Electric Current
Introduction :
Today our most of the daily activities depend upon electric power, e.g. mixer,
refrigerator, heater, oven, T.V., radios, even recharging of the cell phone requires electric
power supply. When power supply breaks down, our many activities stop and life gets
disturbed. In this chapter we are going to study the heating effect and magnetic effect of
electric current and their practical applications.
Previous knowledge : In the previous chapter we have studied some important concepts
about electric current, like resistance of a conductor.
A) Some important conceptds, terms and definitions - study carefully them.
(Numbers in the bracket shows the page numbers from the text book)
1) Heating effect of an electric current (page 60)
2) Joule's law (page 63)
3) Magnetic effect of an electric current (page 66)
4) Right hand rule (page 69)
5) Direct current and Alternating current (page 71)
B) Draw and label the diagrams and practice
1) Verification of Joule's law (fig. 5.1) (page 61)
2) Oersted's experiment (fig. 5.3) (page 66)
3) Lines of magnetic field due to current carrying straight line conductor (fig. 5.5)
(page 68)
4) Electric bell (fig. 5.9) (page 72)
5) Telephone ear piece (fig. 5.10) (page 73)
C) Study the following formulae carefully and make use of these formulae for solving
numericals.
1) Joule's law formulae :
H = I2Rt Joules
Here, H = Quantity of heat produced
I = Electric current (Ampere)
R = Electrical resistance (Ohms)
t = time (seconds)
To convert the above heat in calories, substitute
1 calorie = 4.18 Joules
I2 R t
H = calories
4.18 V
By Ohm's law we substitute I =
R
we gets,
V2 t
H = calories
4.18 R
Again by same process we get,
V I t
H = calories
4.18
ˆ Various forms of Joule's formula will be as follows :
I2 Rt
i) H = I2Rt Joules ii) H = calories
4.18
V2 t V I t
iii) H = calories iv) H = calories
4.18 R 4.18
* (Cal is the short form used for calories.)
2) Electric Power
P = VI
P = electric power (Watts)
V = Electric potential difference (Volts)
I = Electric current (Ampere)
By Ohm's law we substitute, V = IR
The above equation will be -
V2
P = Here ,
R
V = Potential difference (Volts)
R = Electrical resistance (ohms)
N.B. : 1) 1 Watt = 1 Joule

1 second
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
2) If we observe the electric bulb,-
We see the following information -
(a) The power of the bulb (in Watts)
(b) The potential difference (in Volts)
e.g. 40 Watts, 250 Volts. It means the power of the bulb is 40 Watts, and it works
fully at 250 Volts P.D. Hence we observe dim light when the voltage is lowered.
D) Study carefully the following units.
1) The quantity of heat generated in a conductor depends upon the following factors
..... (page 63)
2) Application of the heating effect of electric current (page 64, 65)
3) Magnetic effect of electric current (page 66, 67)
4) Solenoid and magnetic field produced by solenoid (page 70, 71)
5) Direct and alternating current information. (page 71)
6) Safety precautions while using electrical appliances:
a) Precautions against bad insulations (page 74)
b) Precautions against improper earthing (page 75)
c) General precautions for safety. (page 75)
E) Study the following information carefully :
1) The resistance of the conductor depends on the material used. Gold, silver,
metals have very low resistance. But these are noble metals, hence for conduction of
electric current wires of gold, silver are practically impossible. Copper and aluminium are
also good conductors and have low resistance. So for electric wiring purpose copper or
aluminium wires are used.
2) The resistance of the conductor also depends upon the area of cross-section.
Smaller the area of cross-section, larger will be the resistance. Therefore in electric bulb
very thin hairy wire of tungston metal in the form of coil is used. Due to coil formation
length of the wire increases, which shows that resistance is directly proportional to the
length, i.e. larger the length of wire, larger will be the resistance. So in heater, geyser the
nichrome coil is used
3) In a safety fuse lead allloy wire is used. Because lead has very low melting point,
hence when, high current flows through the circuit, the fuse wire gets heated and melted.
The circuit is broken and current stops flowing, so the electric appliance will not be
damaged. For different types of electric appliances fuses of suitable capacities are used.
4)
Types of metal Uses w.r.t. electricity
1) Copper, aluminium Conduction wires, connection wires
2) Nichrome Heater, geysers, electric iron, etc.
3) Tungston Electric bulb
(N.B. - w.r.t. mean with respect to)

Difference between A.C. and D.C.
Direct Current (D.C.) Alternating Current (A.C.)
1. The direct current always flows 1. Alternating current reverses its
in one direction. direction periodically.
2. It is non-oscillating current 2. It is oscillating current
generated by the source. generated by the source.
3. Generally D.C. is generated 3. Alternating current is
from an electric cell/battery. generated by A. C. generator.
Illustrative examples :
1) Calculate the heat generated in a coil of resistance 209 ohm and 0.5 amp. current is
passed through it for 2 minutes.
Ans. : Given Resistance (R) = 209 ohm
Current (I) = 0.5 amp.
time (t) = 2 min = 2 × 60 = 120 sec.
I2 R t
Formula H = calorie.
4.18
(0.5)2 × 209 × 120

ˆH= 4.18 calories
0.5 × 0.5 × 209 × 120 × 100

ˆH= 418 calories
ˆ H = 1500 calories
ˆ The heat generated in the coil = 1500 cals.
2) Calculate the heat generated in an electric iron, if P.D. is applied 240 Volts, and 418-
mA current is passed for 1 minute.
Ans. : Given P.D. (V) = 240 Volts,
Current (I) = 418 mA = 0.418 Amp.
time (t) = 1 min = 60 sec.
VIt
Formula H = calorie.
4.18
240 × 0.418 × 60
ˆH= 4.18
calories
ˆ H = 1440 calories
ˆ Heat generated in the electric iron = 1440 cals.
3) Find the resistance of 40 Watt, 240 Volt bulb.
Ans. : Given : Power (P) = 40 Watt
P.D. (V) = 240 V
R = ?
V2
Formula P = Substituting the values.
R
2 240 × 240
ˆ 40 = (240) ˆR= 40
R
ˆ R = 1440 ohms
ˆ The resistance of the bulb = 1440 ohm.
4) Heat generated in a conductor of resistance 40Ω in 1 minute is 150 Joule. Calculate
the P.D. applied across it to produce above heat.
Ans. : Given Resistance (R) = 40 Ω
time (t) = 1min = 60 sec.
Heat generated (H) = 150 Joule
P.D. (V) = ?
V2 t
Formula : H = Joules substituting the values.
R
V2 × 60
ˆ 150 = 40
ˆ 150 × 40 = V2
60
ˆ 150 × 40 = V2
60
2
V = 100
ˆ V = √ 100
ˆ V = 10 volts.
P. D. between two points = 10 volts.
Q. 2 Give scientific reasons :
1) Filament of incandescent lamp is made of tungston :
Ans. :The resistance of tungston is very high, so if current is passed through tungston
coil, due to its high resistance it becomes white hot which emits light. Also the melting
point of tungston is very high. So it will not melt at that temperature. Therefore the filament
of incandescent lamp is made of tungston.
2) Fuse is made of material having low melting point.
Ans.: The function of the fuse is to protect the electrical appliances from sudden rise of
potential difference in the circuit. Therefore if such incidence happens, due to low melting
point of the fuse it melts and the circuit breaks. Thus protecting the appliances connected
in that circuit. Therefore generally fuse is made of lead alloy because the melting point
of lead is low.
···
Chapter 6
Energy Sources
Introduction :
In modern world, we need energy in every walk of life. Energy in various forms is
used to cook food, for entertainment, for travel. Gas is used in kitchen, petrol or diesel
is used in vehicles. These energy sources are depleting very fast; which has resulted in
energy crisis.
Previous knowledge -
Students know the basic concepts of energy fuels.
The important concepts / laws from the chapter.
i) Classification of energy sources.
a) Non-renewable energy sources.
b) Renewable energy sources.
(for definition of the above refer to the textbook page no. 81)
1) Energy sources and their classification :
Non-renewable Renewable
energy cources energy cources
Firewood, cow dung, Wind energy, tidal
charcoal, coal, energy, geothermal
kerosene, cooking energy, energy from
gas; petrol, diesel flowing water, solar
etc. energy, energy from
biomass.
2) Solar energy is the most promising energy source; but there are some limitations for
the use of solar energy. The point is discussed in detail on page no. 87,88 of the text
book. Go through the details to understand the point.
3) Wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy are the sources of energy. But the
availability of these sources depends upon the environmental conditions. Try to collect
more information about the hydroelectric projects in the country. Read about the micro and
mini hydroelectric power plants from the text book (page no. 85, 86)
4) Observe the figures of solar cooker (fig. 6.9 page 88), solar water heater (fig, no. 6.10
page 89). Try to sketch and label the figures.
5) Solar Cells
It is one of the main device to convert solar energy directly into electrical energy.
Solar cells are extensively used as main source of energy for artificial satellites.
6) Read more about nuclear energy and two ways to obtain the energy from the text - book
(page no. 90)
Difference between Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion (Breeder reaction)
Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion
(Breeder reaction)
1) Radioactive material like 1) Hydrogen atoms
Uranium - 235 converts combine to form helium,
into fragments releasing releasing large amount
large amount of heat of heat energy.
energy 2) High temperature is
2) Bombardment of required to carry out the
neutrons is essential to reaction.
carry out the reaction.
Note - Nuclear fission and breeder reaction are one and the same. Breeder reaction is
controlled chain reaction.
There is a slight difference between working of breeder reactor and burner reactor.
Go through the text-book page nos. 90 and 91 for the same.
6) Bio-diesel :
This is a renewable energy source. Collect more information about the oil producing
seed plants, cultivation of the plants, use of waste land to cultivate these plants. For
merits of biodiesel fuel, see text-book page os. 93, 94.
7) Calorific value of fuel -
Get information from the text-book page no. 97. Know the merits of gaseous fuel.
8) Important figures :
Try to draw and label following diagrams
i) Solar cooker (fig. 6.9 page 88)
ii) Solar Water heater (fig. 6.10, page 89)
iii) Nuclear fission (fig. 6.11 page 91)
iv) Biogas plant (fig. 6.12, page 93)
Points to remember -
1) Renewable and Non-renewable
energy sources
2) Appliances based on the use of solar energy.
3) Ways to obtain nuclear energy
4) Types of fuels with proper examples
5) Calorific value of fuels - definition, unit
Solved sample questions

Q. 1 Give scientific reasons.
1) We have to search for new renewable energy sources.
Ans. : i) Currently fossil fuels like petrol, diesel, kerosene, natural gas are mainly used
as conventional energy sources.
ii) These sources are in great demand and are used in large quantities. But these
sources are limited and getting exhausted at fast rate.
iii) Hence we have to search for new renewable energy sources.
2) Wind mills require specific locations.
Ans. : i) Location must be at some height and requires rigid support.
ii) must have strong steady wind blowing for most of the year.
iii) hence wind mills require specific locations.
Q. 2 Distinguish between.
Biomass Bio gas
i) Biomass refers to i) Biogas is the mixture
wood, biological waste of methane, carbon-
products dioxide and hydrogen-
sulphide.
ii) It burns with smoke ii) It burns without smoke
···
Chapter 7
Types of Energy
Introduction :
We are familiar with different forms of energy — thermal energy, light energy,
sound energy, magnetic energy. We are going to study mechanical energy in this chapter.
7.1 Points to remember –
i) What is energy? (page 101)
ii) Types of energy
a) Potential energy (page 102)
formula (page 104)
b) Kinetic energy (page 105)
formula (page 106)
iii) units - CGS, MKS (page106)
iv) Law of conservation of energy (page 107)
7.2 Study fig. no. 7.1 on page 103 and read more about the work done while lifting
an object through the height 'h' from A to B
Note that, if θ is the angle between a constant force F acting on a body and a
displacement 'r' of the body caused by this force, then the work done by the force
is
W = F.r cosθ
When F and r are in the same direction,
θ becomes 0 and cos 0 = 1. Hence
Work done = W = Fr.cosθ = F× r
Units of Potential energy and Kinetic energy:
Units of work and energy is same.
In CGS system, unit of energy is dyne-cm
It is also called as 'erg'
In MKS system, unit of energy is Newton-meter
It is also called as 'Joule'
1 Joule = 107 erg.
A) Potential Energy P.E. :
P.E. = mgh
P.E. = Potential Energy
g = gravitational acceleration
h = height of the object
It is clear from the above equation, that P.E. of a particular object will change
according to the value of 'h'
When the object is at rest on the earth's surface 'h' becomes zero.
When angle between force and displacement is 900. Then work done becomes O
because,
W = Fr cos θ
= Fr cos 90
= Fr × 0 (ˆcos 900 = 0)
= 0
When an object rolls on the ground h = 0, hence P.E. = 0
B) Kinetic Energy [K.E.]
1
K.E. = 2 mv2
K.E. = Kinetic energy

m = mass of an object
v = velocity of the object
It is clear from the above equation, that K.E. of a particular object will change
according to the value of 'v'.
When the object is at rest, its velocity is zero.
Hence its K.E. becomes zero.
C) Law of conservation of Energy -
E = P.E. + K.E. 1 (E = Total energy)
∴ E = mgh + 2 mv2
i) When we throw the object upward or downward, the total energy of the object at
any moment is always constant.
When we throw the object upward, its K.E. is maximum and P.E. is zero
conversely, if we drop the object from a height, its PE is maximum and KE is
minimum.
During transit, when one energy increases, the other decreases at the same rate.
Hence total energy remains constant.
Note - While throwing the object upwards, K E changes from maximum to zero, at the
same time P.E. changes from zero to maximum.
ii) Study the various examples of transformation of energy from the text book. (page
nos. 112, 113, 114).
Solved Sample questions

Q.1 Give scientific reasons
i) The work done on an object by a conservative force is zero. If it has come back
to the same point from where it started.
Ans. i) Work done on an object by conservative force depends only on initial and final
positions and not on path followed.
ii) An object comes to the same point where it is started.
iii) Hence work done on an object by a conservative force is zero.
Q. 2 Solve the numericals.
1) Energy of 2J is used to lift a block of 0.5 kg. How high will it rise?
(g = 10 m/s2)
Ans. : Given E = Energy = 2J
m = mass = 0.5 kg
g = 10 m/s2
h = ?
E = mgh
ˆ 2 J = 0.5 kg × 10 m/s2 × h
2J
ˆ h = 0.5 kg × 10m/s2 = 0.4 m
(Height attained by the block = 0.4 m)
···
Chapter 8
Power
Introduction :
In our daily life we use strength as power. But these two terms have different
scientific meaning. If the same work is done for different time duration, then we say the
power is different in scientific view. In this chapter we are going to study about power and
its units and applications
Previous knowledge : In previous standard we might have been studied about work and
energy and their definitions and applications. We also know that the units of work and
energy are same. viz. In CGS unit it is Erg, while in MKS unit it is Joule.
A) Some important concepts, definitions and units : (The number in the bracket is
page number from text-book)
1) Power : definition, unit (page 118)
2) Unit of work used in the industry. (page 119)
B) Study thoroughly the following information and practice for solving numericals.
1) Table No. 1 Work, power, Energy units
Physical Symbol CGS Unit MKS Unit
quantity used
Work W Erg. Joule
Power P Erg/second Joule/second i.e. watt
Energy E Erg Joule
Force F Dyne Newton
2) Other units of power :
1 kilowatt (KW) = 1000 Watt
1 Horse power (H.P.) = 746 Watt
3) In industry the unit of work, also energy is expressed as kilowatt-hour (K.W. hr.) For
consumption of electricity it is also KW-hr and is called as unit.
We know that 1 Kilowatt = 1000 Watts
and 1 hour = 3600 seconds.
4) Study carefully the following.
1) Work = Force × displacement
ˆ W = F × s
Unit of force (F)
In CGS system the unit of force is dyne and in MKS system it is Newton.
1 Newton = 105 dyne.
Units of displacement :
In CGS system unit of displacement is cm and in MKS system it is meter (m)
If we lift any object through height 'h' (perpendicular) from ground level, in such
case we use following formula for work.
W = mgh
m = mass
g = gravitational acceleration
h = height
Work
2) Power = time W
ˆP= t
taking w = Fs we get
Fs s
P= We know =V
t t
s
ˆP=F× t
becomes P=F×V
N.B. Study carefully table No. 8.1 from the text book.
Solved SampleQuesions
1) A man draws a bucket of water from a well 10 m deep; in 20 seconds. If the mass of
water drawn is 20 kg. Find the power used by the man? (g = 10m/s2)
Ans. Given m = 20 kg, g = 10m/s2; s = 10m, t = 20s, P = power =?
mgs
Formula = Power (P) = t
20 kg × 10 m/s2 × 10
ˆP=
20 s
ˆ P = 100 W
Power used by man = 100 W.
[N.B. - Here for simplicity of calculations g = 10 m/s2 is given]
2) Calculate the power of the crane which lifts the load of 600 kg to height of 10m in 2
minutes. (g= 9.8 m/s2)
Given : m = 600 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2, h = 10 m
t = 2 minutes = 120 seconds
Power = ?
W mgh
Power = = t
t
600 kg × 9.8 m/s2 × 10 m
= 120 seconds
= 490 Watt
power of crane = 490 Watt mgh mgs
Also note that in above formula P = t and P = t (i.e. h = s)
···
Chapter 9
Sound
9.0 Previous knowledge :

Sound is produced by a vibrating body. Vibrating tuning fork produces sound.
Vibrating string, vibrating plates also produce sound. Harmonium and trumpet vibrate air
and produce sound. These instruments are sources of sound.
9.1 Production of sound :
Sound travels in the form of longitudinal waves consisting of alternate compression
and rarefaction. Due to vibrations of an object when adjacent layers of air are pressed,
compression is formed. When adjacent layers get seperated, rarefactions are formed.
[Observe fig 9.2 in the text book). When these longitudinal waves in the air reach the ear,
the ear drum is set into vibrations. These vibrations are communicated to brain and we
get sensation of hearing.
9.2 Medium is essential for propogation of sound
Previous knowledge : solid, liquid and gas are the media
Points to study : i) Sound waves do not travel through vaccum. They need a medium for
propogation. Refer to experiment on pg. 128 i.e. Sound waves need a medium.
ii) The velocity of sound in air at 00C is 332 m/s. Velocity of sound is different in different
media.
Refer table no. (9.1) in the text book i.e. Velocity of sound in different media.
9.3 Propogation of sound in different media
Previous Knowledge : The number of cycles or vibrations completed in one second is
termed as the frequency of the vibrations.
The MKS unit of frequency is Hertz. (i.e. Hz)
Points to study :
i) The sound which has frequency between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is audible sound.
This frequency range is audible range for human beings.
ii) The sound having frequency below 20 Hz and above 20,000 Hz cannot be heard
by human being.
iii) To understand how sound is propogated in air, refer experiment on page no. 129
in the text book.
iv) Study of table no. (9.1) on page no. 130, we can understand that the velocity
of sound is maximum in the solids, less in the liquids and least in the gases.
Velocity of light is greater than velocity of sound that is why we see flash of
lighting from the clouds before the thunder is heard although both occur
simultaneously.
9.4 Reflection of sound waves :
Previous Knowledge :
i) Some hill-stations have echo points, which attract the tourists.
ii) When you shout into a well or inside an empty hall, you hear your own sound
after some time.
i.e. reflection of sound.
Points to study : Echo effect means the reflection of same sound periodically. Sound is
incident on plane surface and it gets reflected. This sound is called as reflected
sound. Echo can be heard only if the reflected sound reaches the ear at 1/10th of
a second after the direct sound is heard.
Velocity of sound in air at ordinary temperatures is 340 m/s.
The minimum distance covered within 1/10th second will be
1
340 × = 34 m
10
In other words echo is heard only if the reflecting surface is at least at a distance
of 17 meters
9.5 Effect of wind, Temperature and Humidity on velocity of sound :
Previous knowledge : Loudspeakers are used for announcements in the village fair and
advertisements.
Points to study :
i) Wind - When sound travels in the direction of the wind, the velocity of sound is
greater. When sound travels in a direction opposite to that of the wind. The velocity
of sound lowers.
ii) Temparature : Velocity of sound depends upon temperature. Increase in the
temperature increases the velocity of sound in air.
iii) Humidity : Humidity depends upon the water vapour present in air. The velocity
of the sound in moist air is greater than the velocity of the sound in dry air.
Increases in humidity increases the velocity of sound in air.
9.6 Intensity of sound :
Intensity is the amount of sound energy received per second from the source of
sound.
Unit of intensity of sound is decibel (dB). For sound intensity of different sources,
refer to table (9.2) on page no. 136 in the text book.
9.7 Sound pollution or noise : Noise is sound dumped into the atmosphere.
1) Children making noise in the classroom
2) Noise of fire crakers in Diwali.
Unwanted sound is called noise. This unwanted sound makes sound pollution.
Causes of noise :
Noise is caused by various sources.
1) Internal sources.
2) External sources.
Noise pollution is a health hazard.
Refer to page 137 and 138 of textbook for effect of noise pollution and measures
of noise control.
Q. 1 What is Echo?
Ans. : Reflected sound is known as echo
Q. 2 How the principle of echo is used to measure the depth of sea?
Ans : The principle of echo is used in the (SONAR) system of ship to detect the depth
of the sea. From the transmitter in the ship sharp pulses of sound are emitted.
These pulses travel downword and get reflected from the sea bed. The reflected
sound is detected by the receiver in the ship.
The time interval between the production of sound and its reflection is recorded.
Knowing the velocity of sound in water and time, the depth of sea can be determined
by following formula
time
Depth of sea = Velocity of sound in water ×
2
Q. 3 Whistle of a passing train is clearly heard on a quiet misty night.
Ans : At night when humidity tends to rise, the sound travels faster. Hence sound can be
heard more clearly on a quiet misty night.
Hence whistle of a passing train is clearly heard on a quiet misty night (pg. no. 136)
Q. 4 Define - Intensity of sound
Ans Intensity is the amount of sound energy received per second from the source of
sound.
Q. 5 What is sound pollution?
Ans. An unnecessary, unpleasant, intolerable or unwanted sound is called noise or sound
pollution
Illustrative Examples :
Solve the following examples :
1) A person hears a thunder 6 seconds after a flash of lightning is seen, at what
distance the lightning is struck neglecting speed of light?
(Speed of sound in air is 340m/s)
Solution - Speed of sound = 340m/s
Time = 6s
Distance = ?
Distance = speed of sound × time
= 340 × 6
= 2040 m
(The lightning has struck at a distance 2040 m from the observer.)
2) A person observes a smoke from the cannon. After 3 seconds he hears the bang.
The cannon is 1020 m away from the observer. Calculate the velocity of sound in air?
Ans Solution
Distance = 1020 m
time = 3 s
Speed of sound = ?
Distance = speed of sound × time
1020 = speed of sound × 3
ˆ Speed of sound = 1020

3
= 340 m/s
(Speed of sound = 340 m/s)
···
Chapter 10
Heat
Previous knowledge :
Heat is one of the forms of energy and it can be obtained by transforming any
other form of the energy.
Sun, wood, charcoal, cooking gas are some of the sources of heat.
Heat can be produced by chemical reactions, flow of electric current and nuclear
reactions.
10.1 Anomalous behaviour of water :
Previous knowledge : Any substance when heated expands and contracts on cooling.
Most of the liquids expand on heating and contract on cooling. But water shows
a remarkable exceptional behaviour between OC0 to 40C
When water is heated from 00C initially it contracts in volume upto 40C instead of
expansion.
The behaviour of the water between 00C to 40C is called anomalous expansion of
water.
The anomalous behaviour of water can be demonstrated with the help of Hope's
apparatus.
Practice the diagram of Hope's Apparatus. Refer pg no. 144 in the text book
At 40C, the volume of water is minimum. Hence density of water is maximum at
0
4 C. Density of ice is less than water, therefore ice floats on water. If we take water in
a glass and put some pieces of ice in it, we observe that ice floats on water.
Following are some examples of anomalous expansion of water.
i) In cold countries; fishes, acquatic animals and plants remain alive.
ii) In cold countries sometimes water enters into the crevices of rocks. When
temperature falls below 40C water expands and tremendous pressure is exerted
on rocks. So these rocks crumble into pieces.
iii) In winter, the pipe lines carrying water burst when the temperature of atmosphere
falls below 40C
10.2 Humidity and dewpoint :
i) The presence of the water vapour in the atmosphere plays an important role in
everyday life. The amount of the water vapour present in the atmosphere determines
the nature of the weather.
Before raining we perspire a lot. Then we say that humidity in air is increased
and soon it will rain.
Similarly the region nearby sea such as Bombay, Goa, Ratnagiri etc. percentage
of humidity is more in these region. So we perspire more.
ii) In winter, we observe dewdrops on grass and on vehicles. If we keep pieces of ice in
stainless steel glass then we observe dewdrops on the outer surface of the glass.
Because the water vapour which is in air gets condensed on the outer surface of
the glass. Study the definitions of absolute humidity, relative humidity and dew point
from text book (pg. no. 147, 148)
10.3 Units of Heat :
Study the definitions of calorie, kilo calorie, specific heat capacity from text book
(pg. no. 149, 150)
10.4 Specific heat capacity :
This property changes from material to material (Refer to the experiment on pg. no.
149 in the text book)
Specific heat capacity of water is highest (Study table no. 10.1 on pg no. 150. Study
MKS and CGS unit of sp. heat capacity.
10.5 Principle of heat exchange :
We know that for daily bathing we mix cold water to hot water. Here hot water
provides heat to cold water and cold water absorbs heat from the hot water.
When hot body and cold body is kept together the temperature of hot body goes
on decreasing while that of the cold body goes on increasing until both the bodies
attain the same common temperature within a short while.
Formula : Heat lost by the hot body = Heat gained by the cold body.
Using this formula solve the numerical examples.

Example :
1) Certain mass of water at 640C is mixed with an equal mass of water at 220C. What
will be the resulting temperature of the mixture?
Ans. Given, Let mass of water = m gm
Specific heat of water = 1 cal/g0C
t1 = 640C, t2 = 220C t3 =? (temp. of mixture)
Formula : Heat lost by hot body = Heat gained by cold body
mc (t1 – t3) = mc (t3 – t2)
ˆ t1 – t3 = t3 – t2
ˆ 64 – t3 = t3 – 22
ˆ m is same for hot and cold water
ˆ 2 t3 = (64 + 22)0C
ˆ t3 =( 86 )0C
2
ˆ t3 = 430C
Ans. The temperature of the mixture will be 430C.
* Specific heat of water is 1
It is the highest than other most known liquids and solids.
* Due to high specific heat, hot water is used in the hot water bags and used for
heating purposes.
···
Chapter 11
Light
Introduction :
Light is a form of energy. Light is necessary to see the objects. We can hardly
see anything in dark. Light is electromagnetic waves.
A) Points to remember (text book page nos of the relevant topic in bracket) -
1) Visible light (158)
2) Refraction of light (159)
3) Refraction of light through a glass slab (161)
4) Refractive index (163)
5) Laws of refraction (165)
6) Critical angle, total internal reflection (166)
7) Types of lenses (167)
8) Some terms used in connection with lenses.
Centre of curvature, radii of curvature, optical axis, principal foci (167, 168)
9) Lens formula (176)
10) Focal length (f) of convex lens is positive and of concave lens is negative
(fig. 11.13 (a) (b) page 175)
11) Cartesian sign conventions (174, 175)
12) Magnification and diopter (176, 177)
13) Passage of light through a prism (179,180)
14) Deviation and angle of minium deviation (181)
15) Defects of eye (185, 186, 187)
16) Persistence of vision (193)
B) Draw and practice the ray diagrams
i) Refraction of light through a glass slab
(fig. 11.4, page 161)
ii) Path of light through a prism (fig. 11.16, page 181)
iii) A simple microscope (fig. 11.25 page 190)
iv) A compound microscope (fig. 11.26, page 191)
v) An astronimical telescope (fig. 11.27, page 193)
C) Note that to construct an image of a given object placed in front of a lens by using
any two of the three specialised rays. Read carefully instructions on page no 170
of the text-book.
D) Go through the tables carefully -
Table no. 11.2 and 11.3
E) Draw and practice the ray diagram
fig. 11.10(b) (page 173)
Note : The image of an object placed anywhere in front of concave lens is always virtual
erect and diminished.
G) Differenciate
Convex lens Concave lens

1) Convex lens is also called 1) Concave lens is also called
as converging lens as diverging lens
2) 2)
3) Convex lens is thicker at 3) Concave lens is thinner at

the centre than at the the centre than at the
edges. edges.
4) Focal length is positive 4) Focal length is negative.
5) If any object is placed at 5) Image is always virtual
F1 and beyond the image erect, diminished.
is real and inverted. If it is
placed between F1 and O,
the image is virtual and
erect.
A simple microscope A compound microscope
1) Consists of a convex lens 1) Consists of two convex

lenses.
(Objective and eye piece)
2) An object is placed within 2) An object is placed just
the focal length of convex beyond the focal length of
lens the objective lens.
3) We get magnified image 3) We get highly magnified
image.
4) It is used by watch makers, 4) It is used to observe plant
jewellers and while reading cell, animal cells, bacteria
small font words. etc.
Short sightedness Long sightedness
1) Defect is due to slight 1) Defect is due to slight
elongation of the eye ball flattening of the eye ball in
or bulging of the eye lens. the horizontal direction.
2) A person suffereing from 2) A person suffering from this
this defect can see nearby defect can see distant
objects clearly but unable objects clearly but unable
to see objects at long to see nearby objects.
distances.
3) The image of the distant 3) The image of the nearby
object is in front of retina. object is formed behind the
retina.
4) It can be corrected by 4) It can be corrected by
using concave lens of using convex lens of
suitable focal length. suitable focal length.
Remember the formulae :

Real depth sin i
i) Reflactive index of glass = Apparent depth =
sin r
∠ i = angle of incidence, ∠ r = angle of refraction
Real depth
ii) Refractive index of water in a tank = Apparent depth
iii) Lens formula :

1 1 1
– =
v u f
v = image distance
u = object distance
f = focal length
iv) Magnification (m) :
q v
m = p = u
m = magnification
q = height of the image
p = height of the object
v) Power of a lens
P = 1
f
P = Power of the lens in diopters
f = focal length in meters
vi) If two lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are kept in contact with each other, their
combined focal length is given by,
1 1 1 1 1
= + , P1 = , P2 =
f f1 f2 f1 f2
P = P1 + P2 P = Power
Note : Go through the topics 'Persistence of vision' and 'Perception of colour'

(page nos. 193, 194, 195)

Q. 1 Give scientific reason
1) Rapid movement of burning incense stick appears as a complete circle of red
light.
Ans. Principle : The impression of image formed on retina lasts for 1/16 of a second evern
after the object is removed. This effect is called Persistence of vision.
(1 mark)
Explanation : While the successive positions of the burning tip are being seen by
you, the images of the previous positions are still there on the retina and you get
the illusion of the complete circle of red light.
(1 mark)
Solve the numerical.
An image of a object placed in front of a convex lens at a distance 20 cm is formed
at a distance of 60 cm from the lens. The image is real.
Then find :
1) focal length of the lens
2) size of object is 6 cms, find the size of the image
i) u = – 20 cm v = 60 cm (Image is real) Find f = ?
By using
1 1 1 1
– = mark
v u f 2
ˆ 1 – 1 = 1
60 (– 20) f
1 1 1
ˆ + =
60 20 f
ˆ1+3 = 1
60 f
4 1
ˆ = f
60
60
ˆ f = = 15 cm
4
ˆ The focal length of lens is 15 cms. 1/2 mark

ii) size of object (P) = 6 cm
size of image (q) = .........?
q v
ˆ = 1/2 mark
P u
q 60
ˆ =
6 – 20
60 × 6
ˆ q = = – 18 cm
– 20
– sign shows the image is inverted image.
ˆ Size of the image is 18 cms.
4) What is power of accomodation ? 2 marks
Ans We see objects when its image is formed on retina. In normal human eye retina to
lens distance does not change. So for different object distance (u) the focal length
(f) is adjusted such that the image distance (v) remains constant. This ability of the
eye lens of adjusting the focal length is known as Power of accomodation. For
observing distant objects the lens becomes thin and while observing nearer objects
it becomes slightly bulging. This is brought about by the ciliary muscles.
···
Chapter 12
Modern Physics
Introduction :
In modern technological world, research in every walk of life is going on.
Cancer can be cured by using radiotherapy. X-rays are gift of science to the
human being. Bones can be screened with the help of x-rays. If a child swallows a coin,
x-rays can pinpoint the location of the coin and surgeon can take out the coin with
minimum effort. By exposing the vegetables and other food stuffs to radiation by
radioisotopes, their life can be increased. Research in modern physics helps the mankind
in material comforts.
A) Important points / concepts
i) Radioactivity - definition (page 200)
ii) Concept of nuclear fission (page 207)
iii) chain reaction (page 208)
iv) concept of nuclear fusion (page 210)
v) Law of radioactivity (page 211)
vi) half life period (page 211)
vii) Carbon dating (page 213)
B) Read carefully following table
Sr. Name of the scientist discovery
No.
1 Bequerel Radioactivity of uranium salt
2 Pierre and Madam Curie Discovery of radious, polonium
3 W.C. Rontgen Discovery of x-ray
4 Otto Hahn and Strassman Nuclear fission of U - 235
C) Study table 12.1 on page 203 and answer the following questions:
i) Nature and charge of α, β particles and gamma rays
ii) Compare – α, β particles (4 points)
iii) Compare – α, β particles gamma rays (4 points)
iv) Compare ,, β particals, gamma rays (4 points)
v) Name the particles, rays having highest and lowest penetrating power.
vi) Effect of radioactive transformation on radioactive elements.
D) Draw and lable the diagrams :
i) Production of α, β, γ radiations (fig. 12.1 page 201)
ii) Production of cathode rays (fig. 12.2 page 204)
iii) Production of X-rays (fig. 12.3 page 206)
iv) Chain reaction (fig. 12.4 page 209)
E) Study properties and uses of the following :
i) Cathode rays (page 204)
ii) X rays (page 206, 207)
iii) Radio isotopes (page 212) 235
F) Write the equation of reaction, when 92 U is bombarded with thermal neutrons
(page 208)
G) Write the equation of reaction taking place in the sun. (page 210)
H) What is the use of carbon dating ? (page 213)
I) Study the illustrative examples (page 214, 215)

Q. 1 Give scientific reason (2 marks each)
1) γ - radiations are not deflected by electric field.
γ - radiations are neutral means they have no charge, hence they are not
deflected by electric field.
2) X-rays are invisible
X-rays are electromagnetic waves having very short wavelength
(almost 5 × 10–8m)
Therefore they are invisible.
Q. 2 Write short note
Uses of Cathode rays
1) Cathode rays produce fluorescence in many substances. This property is used
in Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) and computer monitor.
2) C.R.O. is used to measure A.C. and D.C. Voltage frequency, phase etc.
3) The picture tube of television is a Cathode ray tube in which a beam of Cathode
rays incident on the screen, and produces a picture on the screen.
4) Cathode rays are used to produce X rays
Q. 3 Solve the following numerical (2 mark)
Uraniumm of mass number 238 and atomic number 92 emits 5 α particles and 2
β particles and gets converted into polonium. Find the mass number and atomic
number of polonium.
Ans Emission of 1 α particle from the atom its mass number reduces by 4 and atomic
number reduces by 2.
1) ˆ By emission of 5 α particles, the mass number is reduced by 5 × 4 = 20 and
atomic number is reduced by 5 × 2 = 10.
2) Emission of 1β particle from the atom its mass number remains the same and
atomic number increases by 1
ˆ by emmision of 2β particles atomic number increases by 2
ˆ Total loss in mass number is 20 and total loss in atomic number is 10 and
increase in atomic number is 2.
ˆ mass number of polonium = 238 – 20 = 218
Atomic number of polonium = 92 – 10 + 2 = 84
. ˆ mass number of polonium is 218 and atomic number is 84
238 –5α 218
U Po
92 –2β 84
···
Part II - Self Study Material
Chapter 1 : Metals and non - metals
(Mark - 5, Marks with option - 8)
Metals and non - metals and metalloids are the three types of elements. Most of
the metals are in solid state (except mercury). Almost all metals have lustre. They
have high density. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are
malleable and ductile. The properties of non - metals are exactly opposite. There
is a marked difference in their chemical properties. Most metals react with dilute
acids to form hydrogen (H2) gas. Oxides of metals are basic in nature whereas
oxides of non - metals are acidic. Oxides of a few metals are amphoteric in
nature.
Important concepts and principles are as follows : (Page no. of textbook given in
brackets)
1. Difference between metals and nonmetals (Pg. no. 1)
2. Minerals (definition) (Pg. no. 4)
3. Ores (definition) (Pg. no. 4)
4. Steps involved in extraction of metal (Pg. no. 5)
a) preliminary treatment
b) chemical reduction
c) refining
5. Ores of iron and Aluminium (Pg. no. 4)
6. Reduction of Iron oxides by Blast Furnace (Pg. no. 7)
7. Reactions in the Blast Furnace (Pg. no. 8)
8. Extraction and Reduction of Aluminium (Pg. no. 9)
9. Electrolytic Reaction of Alumina (Pg. no. 10)
10. Alloys (definition) (Pg. no. 10)
Properties and commercial use (Pg. no. 11)
Table 1.3
11. Sulphur - Occurence, Allotropes flower of sulphur (Pg. no. 12, 13)
12. Uses of sulphur (Pg. no. 14)
13. Gases :
a) H2S - Preparation, Properties, Uses (Pg. no. 15, 16, 17)
b) CO2 - Preparation, Properties, Uses (Pg. no. 18, 19)
c) Ammonia (NH3) Preparation, Properties, Uses (Pg. no. 20, 21, 22)
Minerals are non - renewable natural resources.
Physical and chemical properties of metals and non - metals are different.
Metallurgy is the science and technology of metals.
Usually metals exist in their ores in combined state.
There are three main steps in the extraction of a metal from its ore :-
a) Preliminary treatment
b) Chemical reduction
c) refining
Principal ores of iron are : haemetite, limonite, magnetite and siderite.
Blast furnace is used for extraction of iron.
Bayer’s Process is used for extraction of aluminium.
A homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non - metal is
called alloy.
Rhombic sulphur and monoclinic sulphur are the main allotropes of crystalline
sulphur.
Sublimate of sulphur is called ‘flower of sulphur’.
N. B. : Study of metals and non - metals, it means their physical properties, such
as state, colour, melting point, boiling point, density, etc; chemical properties and
their uses in industry as well as domestic.
Solved sample questions
Ques. 1 Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option :

(each ½ mark)
(1) The metal existing in liquid state at room temperature is .
(Pg. 1)
a) mercury b) copper c) bromine d) chlorine
Ans. The metal existing in liquid state at room temperature is mercury.
Ques. 2 State whether the following statements are true or false : if

false, write the correct statement. (each ½ mark)
(1) Iodine is a lustrous metal. (Pg. 1)
Ans. False
Correct statement : Iodine is a lustrous non - metal.
Ques. 3 Rewrite Column II and Column III so as to match Column I

(each ½ mark)
Column I Column II Column III
1 Ammonium chloride a Heavier than air i slag (Pg.22)
2 Calcium silicate b fungicide ii vulcanisation of (Pg. 8)

rubber
3 Hydrogen sulphide c CaSio3 iii dry cell (Pg.16)
4 Sulphur d White fumes iv reducing agent (Pg.14)
Ans.
1 Ammonium chloride a White fumes i dry cell
2 Calcium silicate b CaSiO3 ii slag
3 Hydrogen sulphide c heavier than air iii reducing agent
4 Sulphur d fungicide iv vulcanisation of

rubber
Ques. 4 Give scientific reasons : (each 2 marks)
(1) Metals have electropositive character. (Pg. 2)
Ans. In the electronic configuration of atoms, metals have less than four
electrons in the outermost orbit. The atoms of metals form ions by
losing their valence electrons. As a result, the positive charge
increases and so atoms form positive ions. Hence metals have
electropositive character.
Ques. 5 Distinguish between : (each 2 marks) (Pg. 1)

(1) Metals and Non metals
Ans.
Metals Non Metals
(i) Metals are solid at (i) Non metals are solid, liquid
ordinary temperature and gaseous at ordinary
(except mercury) temperature.
(ii) Metals have lustre. (ii) Non metals do not have
lustre.
(iii) Metals are good conductors (iii) Non metals are poor
of heat and electricity. conductors of heat and
electricity. (except graphite)
(iv) Metals are malleable and (iv) Non metals are not malleable
ductile. or ductile.
Ques. 6 Write balanced equations for the following : (each 2 marks)

(1) Zinc powder is treated with dilute sulphuric acid.
Ans. When zinc powder is treated with dilute sulphuric acid, zinc sulphate
is formed and hydrogen gas is evolved.
Zn + 2H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 ↑ (Pg. 3)
Ques. 7 Write the chemical formula : (each ½ mark)

(i) Sodium bicarbonate
Ans. Sodium bicarbonate - NaHCO3 (Pg. 19)
Ques. 8 (Define) or write the definition : (each 1 mark)
(i) Reduction (Pg. 5)
Ans. The chemical reaction in which oxygen is separated from a compound
in the oxide form is called reduction.
Ques. 9 Write any two chemical properties of ammonia ( 2 marks)(pg.21)

Ans. (i) Ammonia is neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion.
(ii) Ammonia reacts at high temperature with oxygen and oxidises to nitric
oxide.
Ques. 10 Write any two uses of sulphur (2 marks)

Ans. (i) Sulphur is used in fireworks. (Pg. 14)
(ii) Sulphur is used as an antiseptic in ointments.
Ques. 11 Which two substances are used in the laboratory for the
preparation of ammonia gas? What is their proportion? What is
the method of collection of the gas? Write the reason. ( 4 marks)
Ans. In the labnoratory, ammonium chloride and slaked lime is taken in a
ratio of 3 : 2 for the preparation of ammonia gas.
Ammonia gas is collected by the downward displacement of air.
Because ammonia is lighter than air. (Pg. 20)
2 : Compounds of Metals and non - metals
(Mark - 5, Marks with option - 8)
Introduction -
Most of the compounds which are very useful to us in our day to day life are
the products of chemistry. In this chapter we will study some compounds.
2.1 Sodium bicarbonate; (NaHCO3) : Baking soda
Properties, uses (Pg. 28)
2.2 Sodium carbonate : Na2CO3, 10H2O (washing soda)
The process in which salts lose their water of crystallisation on
exposure to air is called ‘efflorescence’ (Pg. 29)
2.3 Calcium carbonate : CaCO3 (limestone)
Properties, uses (Pg. 29, 30)
2.4 Ferrous sulphate : FeSO4, 7H2O (Green Vitriol)
2.5 Copper sulphate (Blue Vitriol) CuSO4, 5H2O
2.6 Potassium Aluminium Sulphate (Alum) :
[K2SO4 Al2(SO4)3, 24H2O]
Potash alum when heated strongly swells and loses all molecules
of water of crystallization and anhydrous alum is formed.
Anhydrous alum is called ‘burnt alum. (Pg. 32)
2.7 Plaster of Paris : (CaSO4)2 H2O (POP)
Properties, uses (Pg. 32,33)
2.8 Chloride of lime CaOCl2 (Bleaching powder)
Summary : Comparative table of properties and (Pg. 35,36)
uses of compounds
Q.1 Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct options :
(each ½ mark)
i) Sodium Carbonate is known as ....................... .
Ans. Sodium carbonate is known as washing soda. (Pg. 28)
Q.2 Rewrite the second column to match the first column

(each ½ mark)
Column I Column II
i) Sodium carbonate a) Baking soda
ii) Calcium carbonate b) Washing soda
iii) Sodium bicarbonate c) Blue Vitriol
iv) Copper sulphate d) Limestone
Ans. i) Sodium carbonate a) Washing soda (Pg 28)

ii) Calcium carbonate b) Limestone (Pg 29)
iii) Sodium bicarbonate c) Baking soda (Pg 28)
iv) Copper sulphate d) Blue Vitriol (Pg 30)
Q.3 Identify the odd one out of the group (½ mark each)
1) Na2CO3, CaCO3, FeSO4, CuSO4
Ans. CaCO3 Insoluble in water (Pg 28, 29, 30, 36)
Q.4 State whether the following statements are true or false.

Rewrite the correct statement if the given statement is false.
(½ mark each)
i) Baking soda is used for softening hard water to soft water.
Ans. False
Correct statement : Washing soda is used for softening hard water
to soft water. (Pg 28, 29)
Q.5 Give scientific reasons (each 2 marks)

i) Baking powder is used in the preparation of cakes
and breads. (Pg 28)
Ans. On heating baking powder, CO2 gas is evolved. Due to CO2 gas.
cakes and bread become light and spongy. Therefore baking powder is used in
the preparation of cakes and breads.
Q.6 Distinguish between the following pairs (2 marks each)

1. Baking soda and washing soda
Ans. Baking Soda Washing Soda(Pg 28, 29)
i) Amorphous powder i) Crystalline substance
ii) On heating it decomposes ii) on heating it gives out
to give out CO2 gas water of crystallization, and
soda ash is formed.
iii) It is used to make cakes and iii) It is used as a cleansing
bread light and spongy. agent in washing clothes.
Q.7 Write balanced equations of the following reactions

(2 marks each)
i) Sodium bicarbonate is heated (Pg 28)
Heat
Ans. 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 1 mark
On heating it decomposes to form sodium carbonate, water and
carbon-di-oxide. 1 mark
Q.8 Write any two properties of lime stone (1 mark)

Ans. i) It is a white amorphous powder which is insoluble in water.
ii) On heating strongly it decomposes into lime and CO2. (Pg 29)
Q.9 Give two uses of Blue Vitriol (1 mark each)

Ans. i) It is used in preparing Bordeaux mixture which is a pesticide, a
mixture of copper sulphate and lime.
ii) It is used in electroplating and electro-refining of metal.
Q.10 What is soda ash ? (2 marks)

Ans. On heating washing soda, it loses water of crystallization to form
white amorphous substance called anhydrous substance. Anhydrous
sodium carbonate which does not contain any water of crystallization is
called soda ash. (Pg 29)
Q.11 What is burnt alum? How is it prepared? (4 marks)

Ans. Burnt alum : potash alum when heated strongly swells and loses all
molecules of water of crystallization and anhydrous alum is formed.
2 marks (Pg 32)
Heat
K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 24H2O K SO Al (SO4)3 + 24H2O ↑
Strongly 2 4 2
Crystalline alum Burnt alum
Anhydrous alum is called burnt alum.

Molecular formula - K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 1 mark
Burnt alum is used as an ingredient in medicines. 1 mark
3 : Chemistry of Carbon Compounds
(Marks - 3, Marks with option - 5)
Introduction -
We use many organic compounds in our day to day life. Organic compounds
mostly contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. These compounds are
obtained from animals and plants. They can also be synthesized in the laboratory.
The study of these compounds is called ‘organic chemistry’. In this lesson, we
are going to study the carbon - carbon bond formed in carbon compounds, their
types, the large number of compounds formed and their commercial uses.
3.1 Catenation - Definition, straight chain, branched chain and (Pg 39)
ring compounds
3.2 Hydrocarbon - Definition, chain compounds types (Pg 40)
3.3 Open chain Hydrocarbon - (CnH2n+2) Saturated and (Pg 39, 40)
(CnH2n) Unsaturated hydrocarbon and their examples
3.4 Aromatic hydrocarbon, cyclic hydrocarbon, homologus series (Pg 41)
3.5 Petroleum and its constituents - rock oil, (Pg 41,42)
mineral oil, fossil fuel
Petrochemicals - definition (Pg 42)
Green house effect - Green house gases (Pg 42)
Global warming (Pg 42)
3.6 Commercial importance of some organic compounds (Pg 43)
Methane, Methyl alcohol, Ethylene
Polymerisation - Definition, chemical reaction (Pg 43)
Freon, Acetaldehyde, Acetic acid (Pg 43,44)
Carbon has four valence electrons. Each carbon atom links with other
elements and forms infinite number of compounds.
Two or more carbon atoms link with each other to form straight chain,
branched chain or ring compounds.
The types of bonds formed between two carbon atoms are C - C (single
bond), C = C (double bond) or C ≡ C (triple bond). Many examples of such
compounds are used commercially.
Green house effect - it leads to global warming.
Q.1 Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct options :
(each ½ mark)
i) The valency of carbon element is ....................... .
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Ans. 4 (Pg 39)
ii) ..................... is used as a preservative.
(a) pickle (b) sauce (c) vinegar (d) alcohol
Ans. vinegar (Pg 44)
Q.2 Distinguish between : (2 marks)

(Pg 39, 40)
Saturated Hydrocarbon Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
1. All four valencies of each 1. Valencies of two carbon
carbon atom are satisfied atoms are not satisfied by
by single bonds. single bonds.
2. All bonds in this compound 2. The bonds are double or
are single bonds. triple.
3. They show less chemical 3. They show greater chemi-
activity. cal activity.
4. General formula is 4. General formula is CnH2n-2
[ Cn H2n + 2 ] or [ Cn H2n ]
Q.3 Give scientific reasons : (2 marks)

1. Carbon forms a large anumber of compounds. (Pg 38)
Ans. (i) The atomic number of carbon is 6. Two electrons are present in
K shell and four electrons are present in L shell.
(ii) Carbon can share its four valence electrons with other elements
like H, O, N, Cl, Br, etc.
(iii) Carbon has the property of catenation. Hence carbon can link
with other carbon atoms to form single, double or triple covalent
bonds.
4 : Food and Food Adulteration
Introduction -
All living organisms require food for their growth and maintenance. Food is
the basic necessity of the body. All the energy required for carrying out the
physiological processes of the body is obtained from food. All the elements (such
as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) required for the
body are obtained from food. Hence, to get all the nutrients and energy required
for our daily activities, our daily diet must contain the nutrients in the proper
proportion.
4.1 Food - Concept and principles (Pg 47)
Calorie, Food calorie, Food as source of elements (Pg 47)
Food and energy (Pg 48)
4.2 Definition of food, food from plants and animals (Pg 48, 49)
Food groups and their functions - Table 4.1 (Pg 50)
Food pyramid, proportion of nutrients in our daily diet (Pg 52)
4.3 Balanced diet - definition (Pg 51)
Energy required for different groups of people. Table 4.2 (Pg 51)
4.4 Food preparation - Safety measures to be taken to ensure (Pg 52,53)
food safety and cleanliness during food preparation
4.5 Food adulteration - definition (Pg 53)
Milk as complete food, sources of milk and (Pg 53, 54)
proportion of nutrients, Table 4.3
Other important food stuffs, their proportion and uses, (Pg 54, 55)
food adulterants table (Pg 59)
4.6 Standardisation of food - Prevention of Food (Pg 55)
Adulteration Act, Indian Standardisation Institution (ISI) and
Agricultural Marketing (AGMARK)
4.7 Harmful effects of food adulteration and diseases caused (Pg 56)
4.8 Chemical tests for Identification of adulterated food stuffs (Pg 57)
Q.1 Answer the following briefly : (4 points, 2 marks)
i) What are the harmful effects of not maintaining food hygiene?
Ans. The harmful effects of not maintaining food hygiene are as follows :
a) Through food; germs, poisonous substances, smoke, dust and
other harmful substances may enter the body.
b) Contamination of food takes place due to the germs.
c) Consumption of such contaminated food is dangerous to health.
d) Consumption of contaminated food leads to food poisoning, (pg53)
vomitting, diarrhoea and stomach pains.
5 : Nutrients
Introduction -
Food plays an important role for growth and to maintain good health. Food is
necessary to stay warm, to carry out our daily activities and to build up tissues.
Food supplies all the necessary chemical nutrients to carry out these functions.
5.1 Nutrients - definition (Pg. 62)
Classification of nutrients (Pg. 62)
5.2 Carbohydrates - sources, functions (Pg. 62, 63)
5.3 Protein - classification, sources and functions (Pg. 63, 64)
5.4 Fats - chemical structure, classification (Pg. 65)
Sources and functions
5.5 Vitamins - Definition, types (Pg. 66, 67, 68, 69)
Sources and functions
5.6 Minerals - Necessity, sources (Pg. 69)
functions, mineral nutrients Table 5.1
5.7 Water - importance, functions and necessity (Pg. 69)
The important components of human food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, minerals and water.
65 - 80% of the required energy is obtained from carbohydrates.
Proteins are important for the building up of the cells and tissues.
Enzymes produced in the various organs of the body are proteins. Proteins
carry out a variety of functions in the body.
Fats as hormones carry out important functions.
Vitamins are important support for the life. Vitamins are necessary for the
growth, maintenance and good health of the body.
Minerals and water are also important for good health.
Q.1 Complete the following table (5 marks)

i) Vitamin A Retinol Vision (Pg. 66)
ii) Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Collagen (Pg. 68)
iii) Vitamin E Tocopherol Antioxidant (Pg. 67)
iv) Vitamin K Phylloquinone Blood Clotting (Pg. 67)
v) Disaccharide Lactose Milk sugar (Pg. 62)
sugar
Q.2 Distinguish between : (Pg. 66)
Water Soluble Vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamins

1. Chemically unstable 1. Chemically stable
2. Nutritional value decreases 2. Nutritional value is stable as
when exposed to heat, light they are fat based.
and air.
3. Excess vitamins cannot be 3. Excess vitamins are stored
stored in the body. in fatty tissues.
4. Excess vitamins are excreted 4. Excess vitamins are not
through urine. excreted.
5. Consumption of excess 5. Consumption of excess
vitamins is not harmful. vitamins is harmful.
6. Should be consumed daily. 6. Not necessary to be
consumed daily.
7. Vitamins B amd C 7. Vitamins A, D, E and K
Q.3 Give scientific reasons (4 points, 2 marks each)

(i) Carbohydrates are known as protein sparing nutrients.
Ans. (a) Proteins are major constituents of our cells and tissues. They are
necessary for the maintenance and growth. Proteins are enzymes
and hormones, hence important.
(b) If carbohydrates and fats are not consumed sufficiently, then
proteins are oxidised to provide energy.
(c) At such times, there may be a shortage of proteins in carrying
out important body functions.
(d) If carbohydrates are taken in sufficient amounts then due to the
energy obtained from their oxidation, proteins are spared to carry
out other important functions. Hence, carbohydrates are called as
protein sparing nutrients. (pg.63)
6 : Food Spoilage and Wastage
Introduction -
Food is the basic need of life. Food is of either plant or animal origin. In daily
life different food items are included in diet.
Wheat, rice (cereals) and some legumes are preserved for longtime. Milk is
preserved for few hours. Vegetables, fruits and cooked food spoil in a day. Each
food item has different preservation period.
Various factors causing spoilage of food - some of these factors are within
the food itself and are called intrinsic factors while some are external factors or
extrinsic factors.
6.1 Definition i) food spoilage (Pg. 76)
ii) undesirable changes (Pg. 76)
6.2 Factors causing food spoilage (Pg. 77)
Intrinsic, extrinsic factors; Examples. (Pg. 77)
Factors affecting growth of micro - organisms,
chemical changes (Pg. 78,77)
6.3 Principles of food preservation (Pg. 79)
Explanation, preventing self - decomposition of food, (Pg. 79, 80)
methods of food preservation
6.4 Food wastage : storage and handling (Pg. 81)
6.5 Ways of Quantitative wastage of food (Pg. 81)
a) Defective post - harvest practices
b) Defective methods of storage and distribution
c) Traditional customs (Pg. 81, 82, 83)
6.6 Control of quantitative loss of food (Pg. 83)
proper distribution system, storage (Pg. 83)
6.7 Qualitative loss of nutritive value and different methods. (Pg. 84)
The dropouts of food pipe line (Pg. 83)
Q.1 Fill in the blanks (1 mark)
i) .......... is the most accepted method of preserving the milk. (Pg. 80)
ii) Degradation of ..... materials, fruits become soft. (Pg. 78)
iii) Sprouting of onions, potatoes can be stopped by .... radiations.(Pg. 80)
Ans. i) pasteurisation ii) pectic iii) Gamma
Q.2 Rewrite the Columns II and III so as to match Column I (2 marks)

Food Treatment Principle
a) milk i) irradiation 1) Drying

b) eggs ii)preparation 2) heat kills micro
c) fruits of jam organisms (Pg. 86)
d) onions & iii) pasteurization
3) sugar in high
potatoes iv) preparation of
concentration
powder
inhibit the
growth of micro
organisms
4) prevents
sprouting
Ans. a) - iii - 2 b) - iv - 1 c) - ii - 3 d) - i - 4
Q.3 State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite
the correct statement if the given statement is false by changing
the underlined words / phrase.
i) Temperature in the range of 50C - 190C is most suitable for
growth
of the micro - organisms. (Pg. 87)
Ans. False
200C to 500C is most suitable for growth of the micro - organisms.
ii) Use of baking soda destroys vit. B complex. (Pg. 87)
True
Q.4 Give scientific reasons (2 marks)
1) Dried food grains remain unspoiled for long periods.
Ans. i) Micro organisms require a lot of water for their growth. The
growth of micro organism is prevented in dry foods due to
absence of water. (Pg. 78)
ii) Natural food contain active enzymes. Enzymes decompose
food in presence of water. Water is absent in dry food so dried
food grains remain unspoiled.
2) Buttermilk should not be kept in brass & copper container.
Ans. i) Lactic acid is present in buttermilk. (Pg. 77)
ii) Acid reacts with metal container leading to undesirable changes.
7 : Diseases and DIsorders - I
Introduction -
The factors affecting human health are disease, illness and sickness. When
human health is affected by external factors, it is known as disease. These
diseases disturb the body physiologically or psychologically. When the internal
structure of the cells is changed, it is known as disorder. Diseases and disorders
definitely affect human health. This chapter provides the necessary and important
information about these diseases and disorders, their preventive measures,
treatment and how to maintain good health.
7.1 Disease - definition (Pg. 88)
7.2 Causes of diseases (Pg. 88)
Triad model of environment (Pg. 89)
Causative agent and host
Causative factors of diseases (Pg. 89, 90, 91, 92)
Table 7.1
7.3 Origin of diseases - cellular causes (Pg. 92, 93)
microbial causes, air borne diseases, water borne diseases
7.4 Molecular causes - Anaemia
Sickle shaped RBC - Fig. 7.1 (Pg. 94)
Genetic causes, environmental causes (Pg. 94, 95)
Chromosomal disorders, Down Syndrome (Pg. 95)
Monogenic disorders - albinism (Pg. 96)
Multifactorial disorders (Pg. 96)
7.5 Environmental diseases - (Pg. 96, 97)
Vehicle borne diseases
7.6 Effects of Tobacco (Pg. 97)
Effects of smoking (Pg. 97)
Effects of Toabcco chewing (Pg. 97)
i) The consumption of tobacco causes many diseases / disorders.
(2 marks) (Pg. 97)
Ans. i) Tobacco contains nicotine, a poisonous substance.
ii) Tobacco smoke contains compounds like pyridine, ammonia,
aldehyde, furfurol, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide which are
cancer causing chemicals.
iii) These carcinogens act on cells leading to uncontrolled cell
division.
iv) In whichever organs, carbon particles stick to the inner sides, it
leads to cancer in the organs.
Q.2 How does coccidioidomycosis spread ? (2 marks) (Pg. 93)

Ans. i) This disease spreads through air borne transmission of fungal
spores.
ii) The spores may be present in the dust of hospital wards and
living rooms.
iii) Thus the disease is carried by infected dust.
8 : Diseases and Disorders - II
Introduction -
In the last chapter we have studied origin and causes of diseases. Which
were dangerous to human health. In this chapter we shall study some commonly
occurring diseases that seriously affect social and individual health.
8.1 Cancer - Properties and Causative agents (Pg. 100)
Radiant energy, chemical agents (Pg. 100)
Viruses, other miscellaneous factors (Pg. 101)
8.2 Leprosy - Causes, forms, types (Pg. 101, 102)
stages of the signs of leprosy (Pg. 102)
Preventive and control measures (Pg. 102)
8.3 Malaria - Cause plasmodium vivax (Pg. 102)
infection of parasite due to female
anopheles mosquitos carrying plasmodium (Pg. 103)
Three successive stages, preventive measures (Pg. 103)
8.4 Ascariasis - caused by contaminated
water and foodstuff (Pg. 103)
Spread, treatment, prevention (Pg.103, 104)
and control measures
8.5 Hepatitis - Types, causes (Pg. 104)
Hepatitis A - Communicable disease (Pg. 104)
Preventive measures
Hepatitis B - Preventive measures (Pg. 105)
8.6 Aids - set of chronic disorders
seriousness form, (Pg. 105)
Retrovirus - RNA, DNA, Copy of DNA (Pgs. 104, 105)
Signs - Major and minor (Pg. 106, 107)
Modes of transmission, preventive (Pg. 107)
and control measures
8.7 Awareness about sexual (Pg. 108)
behaviour - health education
Table
Disease Causative Symptoms Mode of Transmission

organism
* Cancer is caused due to uncontrolled cell division

* Awareness about radiant energy, chemicals, virus, smoking,
consumption of tobacco, alcohol consumption, wearing tight clothes
are the factors about which awareness is essential.
***
Solved Questions
Q.1 Give scientific reasons (2 Marks)
Water should not be allowed to collect around the house. (Pg. 103)
i) Mosquito lays eggs in the water collected around the house.
ii) Malaria is caused by female mosquito
iii) Malarial parasite lives in the RBCs.
iv) Infection of this parasite to human beings occurs by the bite of
the female anopheles mosquito carrying plasmodium.
In order to prevent mosquito from breeding, water should not be
allowed to collect around the house.
9 : Dietary Deficiency Disease
Introduction -
If any nutrient required in the diet is lacking, the individual suffers from a
disease. In this lesson, we are going to see which disease is caused due to the
deficiency of which nutrient.
Balanced diet : The diet which includes all the required nutrients in appro-
priate proportions is known as a balanced diet. (Pg. 112)
Approximate nutritive value of the balanced diet. (Pg. 112)
9.1 Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) - definition (Pg. 112)
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are the most serious forms of
PEM according to ICMR
A) Kwashiorkor - characteristics (Pg. 113)
caused due to deficiency in quality (Pg. 113)
and quantity of proteins.
B) Marasmus - characterized by severe wasting (Pg. 114)
Difference between kwashiorkor
and Marasmus - Table 9.1 (Pg. 114)
C) Treatment of PEM - Table 9.2 (Pg. 114)
D) Preventive Measures : 1) Health
Promotion 2) Specific Protection (Pg. 115)
3) Early Diagnosis and Treatment
E) Protein Deficiency in Adults (Pgs. 115, 116)
9.2 Deficiency of Minerals - 24 mineral
elements : Ca, P, Fe, Na K, Mg, I (Pg. 116)
Zn, Cl, F and others.
Trace Elements : Fe, I, F, Zn, Cu, Co, Mo, (Pg. 117)
Deficiency of calcium, Phosphorus
Sodium and Magnesium (Pg. 116)
Iron, Deficiency : Causes, signs and Symptoms, (Pg. 117)
Treatment and Prevention
Iodine deficiency - disorders, prevention (Pg. 118)
Fluorine deficiency - disorders, prevention (Pg. 118)
Deficiency of zinc, copper, molybdenum (Pg. 118)
9.3 Deficiency of vitamins - diseases, (Pgs. 118, 119, 120)
Preventive measures
9.4 Malnutrition : Four forms (Pg. 121)
Factors of Insufficiency of Nutrients (Pg. 121)
(I) Host factors (II) Agent Factors (Pg. 121, 122)
(III) Environmental Factors (Pg. 122, 123)
9.5 Enrichment of food
various Programmes (Pg. 123, 124)
9.6 Beverages - Three groups (Pg. 124)
9.7 Fast foods - Explanation and examples. Vitamin (Pg. 126)
deficiency diseases - Table
Solved Question
Give scientific reason (2 Marks)
Excess intake of Vitamins B and C does not cause any disease(Pg. )
i) Vitamins B and C are water soluble vitamins.
ii) If excess of vitamins B and C is consumed, they are thrown out of the
body through urine or sweat.
iii) Hence excess intake of Vitamins B and C does not couse any
disease.
10 : Diseases due to Overintake of Some Nutrients
Introduction -
In this Chapter we are going to study the effects of overintake of saturated
fats vitamins, salts and minerals causing various diseases.
10.1 Excessive intake of calories (Pg. 130)
Obesity, Body Mass Index (Pg. 130)
Broca index (Pg. 131)
increased morbidity, increased mortality (Pg. 131)
The preventive and control measures (Pg. 131)
10.2 Excessive intake of saturated fats (Pg. 132)
Arteriosclerosis Hypertension (Pg. 132, 133)
Coronary Heart disease - Prevention
10.3 Excessive intake of fluorine
Dental Fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis (Pg. 134)
10.4 Excessive intake of vitamins, (Pg. 134)
Hypervitaminosis of vitamin A and D (Pg. 135)
10.5 Disadvantages of excessive intake of nutrients
10.6 Controlling measures of excessive intake of nutrients (Pg. 135)
Solved Question
Give scientific reason (2 Marks)
Regular exercise is essential.
i) Excessive consumption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in our diet
may cause many diseases.
ii) Digestion and assimilation of these nutrients is necessary.
iii) Failing to do so will lead to obesity.
iv) Hence regular exercise is essential.
11 : Human Health and Hygiene
(Marks -2, Marks with option - 4)
Introduction -
Hygienic habits cannot be learnt from books, but they must be developed and
practised in daily routine. The value of health is not fully understood until it is lost.
11.1 Concept of health. (Pg. 140)
Health is fundamental human right
Changing concepts (Pg. 140)
Biomedical, Ecological, Psychosocial, Holistic concepts, (Pg. 140)
Old and new concepts of health fig. 11.1 (Pg. 141)
11.2 Definitions of health (Pg. 141)
11.3 Necessity and General measures (Pg. 142)
Health for all HSR (Pg. 142, 143)
11.4 Personal Hygiene (Pg. 143)
Hygiea, community Hygiene
Personal Hygienic Habits (Pg. 143, 144)
11.5 Community Hygiene
Health care for the people, Health care by the people (Pg. 145)
11.6 Preventive measures
Pollution Definition, control of environmental pollution for
good health. (Pg. 145, 146)
11.7 Prophylaxis against infectious diseases (Pg. 146)
11.8 Proper Education Definition (Pg. 147)
Main objectives : (a) informing people (b) motivating people (Pg. 147)
(c)Guiding into action.
11.9 Population control definition (Pg. 148)
Population education
a) Direct measures (sterilization, operation)
b) Indirect or Educational Measures (Pg. 148)
Solved Questions
1) Tight fitting clothing should be avoided (Pg.145)
Ans. All tight fitting clothing should be avoided as they interfere with normal
circulation of blood, respiration, digestion and the action of muscles.
Q.2 Write short Note

1) Environmental Pollution hazards (Pg. 146)
Ans. Environmental pollution causes many health hazards as given
below :
i) The air pollutants like oxides of sulphur cause headache,
conjunctivitis, Pneumonia, coma etc.
ii) Nitrogen oxide causes lung diseases.
iii) The hydrocarbons are carcinogenic.
iv) Metals like Pb, Cd, Hg etc. cause anaemia, damage to RBCs
liver and kidney infection, fatigue anxiety, hypertension, cancer
etc.
Q.3 Give the various primary health care measures. (Pg. 142)
Ans. : 1) According to the declaration of Alma Ata conference the
primary health care measures are
i) Education about existing health problem and methods of
preventing and controlling them.
ii) Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition.
iii) An adequate supply of safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
iv) Maternal and child health care including family planning.
v) Immunization against infectious diseases.
vi) Prevention and control of endemic diseases/
vii) Appropriate treatment of common disease and injuries.
viii) Provision of essential drugs.
12 : Biotechnology
Introduction -
Modern age is the age of information and technology. Biotechnology is an
important branch of modern science; develops rapidly for the welfare of human
being. This chapter deals with impact of biotechnology on agriculture, health and
environment.
Previous knowledge
In std IX DNA is discussed. In the discussion it is stated that DNA molecule
decides hereditary characterization of living beings.
Study the important concepts/terms.
(Text book page no. of relevant matter is given in the bracket)
1) Experiment carried out by scientist Frederick Griffith of ‘Transforming
Principle;. (Page nos. 151, 152)
2) Diagrammatic representation of DNA and gene (Page 153)
3) Biotechnology in agriculture (Page 153, 154)
4) Biotechnology and health (Page 154)
5) Protein products and their uses. (Table 12.1, Page 154)
6) How vaccination is useful to enhance the resistance (Page 154, 155)
7) Explanation : why transgenic protatoes cannot be cooked ? (Page 155)
8) Detailed information about ‘interferon’. (Page 155)
9) How biotechnology is useful to maintain ecological balance ? (Page 156)
10) Information bioremediation. (Page 156)
Fill in the blanks the correction option from the bracket.
1) The experiment of Transforming Principle was carried out by
scientist .........
2) In DNA, nitrogen molecule contains four bases named .........
3) Herbicide ......... is used to kill the herbs.
4) Indian Agriculture Research Institute has developed ......... variety of
mustard.
5) Protein product ......... is used for treating viral infections.
(Pusa Sona, interferon, ACGT, WXY, Glyphosphate, Frederick
Griffith, Pseudomonas)
[(i) Frederick Griffith (ii) ACGT (iii) Glyphospate (iv) Pusa Sona
(v) Interferon]
Q. 2 Give reasons.
1) Transgenic potatoes cannot be cooked. (Pg. 155)
Transgenic potatoes cannot be cooked, because cooking would
destroy the ‘protein’ of the disease causing bacteria.
Q. 3 Write Note on (Pg. 156)

Biotechnology to maintain ecological balance.
Many of the environmental problems can be solved using modern
biotechnology. In fact traditional procedure of waste - water treatment
and solid waste treatment through waste decomposition are very good
examples of microbial biotechnology.
Write scientific reasons (Each 2 Marks)
1) Protein injection is better than vaccination. Expected Answer.
Ans. i) In order to enhance the resistance to a particular disease a
method called vaccination is used.
ii) In this process a disease causing virus bacteria are either
killed or weakened.
iii) These microbes are injected in the body.
iv) In case of typhoid and cholera vaccine, killed bacteria are
used. However in some cases these vaccines can cause the
disease and harm the individual.
v) Now it is possible to change the genetic characteristics of
bacteria so that these bacteria would produce viral or bacterial
proteins in large quantities.
vi) Hence protein injection is better than vaccination.
Write shorts notes

1) Haemophilia (Factor VIII)
Expected Answer
i) It is a hereditary disease. This disease carries hereditary
characters from one generation to the next generation.
ii) It is not curable because it is developed from the change in the
genes. (They are caused due to faulty genes)
iii) In haemophilia disease, there is defect in the gene which controls the
function-blood clotting.
Therefore, there is no process of blood clotting. After that, if one gets
injured who is transformed from haemophilia disease then blood
does not clot, it remains bleeding.
iv) Factor VIII is useful for the treatment of haemophilia, which is a
product of biotechnology.
Write short answers.
1) What are the functions of gene ?
Expected Answer
Ans. i) A particular part under the DNA chain is called as gene.
ii) It stores the genetic information.
iii) It determines the hereditary characters of human being.
Types of Questions
I Objective type questions :
1) Rewrite the following statements by selecting the correct option.
2) Rewrite the second column so as to match the first Column
3) Rewrite the columns II and III so as to match column I
4) Consider the relation between column I and II and fill in the column IV to match
the column III
6) Form pairs from the group of words / phrases having same relationship.
7) Fill in the blanks with proper term from the bracket at the end of the statement
8) Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option from bracket
9) State whether the following statements are true or false
10) State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the correct
statement if the given statement is false.
11) State whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is
false correct the statement by changing the underlined phrase.
12) Fill in the blanks
13) Identify the odd one out
14) Identify the odd one out with reason
15) According to given property identify the odd one out.
II. Short answer type questions
21) Give scientific reasons.

22) Distinguish between.
23) Distinguish between : Give any two points
24) Distinguish between : With respect to two given points.
25) Solve the numericals.
26) Write balanced equations for the following
27) Describe with diagram - formation of ion/molecule
28) Write short answers
29) Write short notes.
30) Write definitions of
31) Write laws
32) Write properties / characteristics/ symptoms of
33) Write uses of
34) Write formulae of
35) Write units of
36) Give examples of
37) Give peculiar characteristics of
38) Give names of
39) Draw and label the diagram
40) Short answer type questions.
III) Long answer type questions.

51) Explain in detail.
52) Write notes on
53) Describe process/ procedure/ technique.
54) Describe the apparatus with following points
i) principle ii) diagram iii) construction iv) working v)uses.
55) Describe the experiment with following points -
i) title ii) apparatus iii) diagram iv) procedure
v) observation vi) inference
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY- PART I / II
NATURE OF QUESTION-PAPER
Time -2 Hours Max. marks 40
N.B. i) All questions are compulsary.

ii) All questions carry equal marks.
iii) Draw labelled diagram wherever necessary
Q.1. A) Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option (4 statements) (02)
B) Match the Pairs (4 pairs) (02)
C) Complete the table/select the option/right or wrong (4 statments) (02)
D) Fill in the blanks/odd one out (4 statements) (02)
Q.2. A) Give scientific reasons (2 out of 4) (04)
B) Differenciate/properties/uses/ examples/ characteristics/ laws/ symptoms/

working etc. (2 out of 4) (04)
Q. 3 A) Solve the numericals/Give balanced equation of (2 out of 4) (04)
B) Long answer type question (1 out of 2) (04)
Q.4. A) Draw and label the diagrams ( 2 out of 4) (04)
B) Long answer type question (1 out of 2) (04)
Q. 5. A) Short answer type questions ( 4 out of 6) (04)
B) Long answer type question ( 1 out of 2) (04)
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECODARY
AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION,
SUB : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : PART ONE
NAME OF THE CENTRE :
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE :
REGISTRATION NO. :
ADDRESS :
DATE OF BOOKLET RECIEVED :
DATE OF SUBMISSION :
N.B.: Write the answer of each question in the space provided. If neces-
sary, attach separate sheets for answer.
Q. Marks Q. Marks Q. Marks Q. Marks
No. No. No. No.
1 11 21 31
2 12 22 32
3 13 23 33
4 14 24 34
5 15 25 35
6 16 26 36
7 17 27 37
8 18 28 38
9 19 29 39
10 20 30 40
No. No. No. No.
41 55 69 83
42 56 70 84
43 57 71 85
44 58 72 86
45 59 73 87
46 60 74 88
47 61 75 89
48 62 76 90
49 63 77
50 64 78
51 65 79
52 66 80
53 67 81
54 68 82
Science and Technology - Part I
Exercise Section
Chapterwise Serial numbers of questions.
Sr. Name of the chapter Question nos.

No. from - to
1 Classification of Elements 01 to 09
2 Electrolysis 10 to 16
3 Strength of solutions 17 to 22
4 Current Electricity 23 to 35
5 Effects of Electric Current 36 to 45
6 Energy Sources 46 to 51
7 Types of Energy 52 to 58
8 Power 59 to 61
9 Sound 62 to 67
10 Heat 68 to 72
11 Light 73 to 82
12 Modern Physics 83 to 90
Exercise Section
1. Classification of elements
Q. 1) Rewrite the following statement by selecting the correct option

i) ................. is more reactive than sodium
a) Lithium b) potassium c) Hydrogen d) Magnesium.
ii) The valance shell of halogen contain ................. electrons.
a) 1 b) 0 c) 7 d) 8
iii) On the basis of electronic configuration of elements the periodic table is
divided into ................. blocks.
a) 16 b) 7 c) 4 d) 18
iv) The elements of s-bolck and f-block together (except zero group) are called the
................. elements.
a) Inert b) transition c) Inner transition d) normal
Q. 2) Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column

Column I Column II
i) Group - 1 a) rare gases
ii) Group - 2 b) family of halogen
iii) Group - 17 c) family of alkaline earth metals
iv) Group - 18 d) Family of alkali metals
v) zig-zag line e) family of metalloids
Q. 3) Complete the following table
Element Symbol Period Electronic Type of elements
9
i) Fluorine F .............. 2, 7 ..............
ii) Neon .............. 3 .............. Neutral element/rare gases
29
iii) .............. Cu 6 .............. Transition element
58
iv) Cerium Ce .............. 2,8,18,18,8,4 ..............
Silicon .............. 3 2,8,4 ..............
Q. 4) Find the odd one out (1 mark each)

i) carbon, sodium, Nitrogen, Neon → ..............
ii) Redon, Chloirne, zenon, Argon → ..............
iii) Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Silicon → ..............
iv) Boron, Carbon, Sulphur, Polonium → ..............
v) Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Francium → ..............
Q. 5) Give reasons.
i) Valency of element of 2nd group is two. (Page no. 7)
ii) All the elements in group B are called transition elements (Page no 10)
iii) Most non-metals have four or more electrons in their outermost shell
(page no. 10)
iv) Sodium is more reactive than Lithium, while potassium is more reactive than
sodium. (Page no. 7)
v) The valency of halogen is one. (page no. 7)
Q. 6) Write the difference between the following.

i) Mendeleev's Periodic table and Modern Periodic table (132)
ii) Group VII A (group 17) and zero group (group 18) (page 7 & 8)
iii) Group I A and group II A (Page 6 & 4)
iv) d-block elements and f-block elements (page no. 8)
v) s-block elements and p-block elements (page no.8)
Q. 7) Give two names of each
i) Alkaline earth metals (page no.7)
ii) Metalliods (page no. 8 & 9)
iii) Subatomic particle with charge -e (page no. 9)
iv) normal elements (page no. 8)
v) Alkali metals (page no. 6)
Q. 8) Classify the elements on the basis of electronic configuration

(page no. 8)
Q. 9) Describe four blocks of the periodic table based on the electronic configuration
of elements (page 8)
···
2. Electrolysis
Q. 10) Rewrite the following statement by selecting the correct option

i) When an electric current passes through copper chloride solution .................
gas is collected at anode. (page no. 17)
a) Oxygen b) hydrogen c) Chlorine d) Carbon dioxide
ii) Electrolytic conductors conduct electricity by movement of .................
(page no. 13)
a) ions b) electrons c) protons d) atoms
iii) Proper functioning of living cell requires ................. ................. .................
inside the cell (page 20)
a) high concentration of K+ and high concentration of Na+
b) high concentration of K+ and low concentration of Na+
c) low concentration of K+ and low concentration of Na+
d) low concentration of K+ and high concentration of Na+
Q. 11) Find the odd one out (give reason)
i) Benzene. Alcohol, Kerosene, liquid sodium chloride (page 15)
ii) sugar, urea, sodium hydroxide, glycerine
iii) Nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sulphuric acid (page 15)
Q. 12) State whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement
is false, correct it and rewrite it.
i) Most of the non-electrolytes are electrovalent compounds. (page 15)
ii) Anode is that electrode at which electrons enter the electrolyte. (page 15)
iii) In anodising technique carbonic acid is used as an electrolyte.
Q. 13) Write two points of difference each of the following.
i) Electoplating and Anodising (page 18,19)
ii) Anode and Cathode (page 15)
iii) Electrolytes and non electrolytes (page 15)
Q. 14) Give scientific reasons.

i) Aqueous solution of sugar is non-electrolyte. (page 15)
ii) Aqueous solution of HCl can conduct electric current but its solution in benzene
cannot. (page 15)
iii) During electroplating, the anode has to be replaced periodically. (page 18)
Q. 15) Explain in brief "Anodising technique".
Q. 16) Draw the labelled diagrams.

i) Electrolysis of copper chloride (page 16)
ii) Electric conduction of electrolytes (page 14)
···
3. Strength of Solutions
Q. 17) Fill in the blanks with proper terms from the bracket.
i) Basicity of acid depends upon ................. (page no. 27)
ii) In neutralisation reaction, volumes of acid and base are always .................
proportional to their normality. (page 30)
iii) Brass is the example ................. type.
(directly, inversely, no. of H+ ions, no. of H– ions, solid + solid, solid + liquid)
Q. 18) Rewrite the second column so as to match the first coloumn.
Column I Column II
i) Monobasic acid a) NaOH
ii) Diabasic acid b) HCl
iii) Tribasic acid c) H2SO4
d) H3PO4
Q. 19) Write the names only -

i) Aqueous solutions of hydroxides of first group metals .............. (page 28)
ii) The solution whose concentration is accurately known ..............(page 28)
iii) The acids which dissociate to a lesser extent and give less number hydrogen
ions in solution ..............(page 26)
Q. 20) Give reasons.

i) Potassium hydroxide is a strong base (page 26)
ii) Equivalent weight and molecular mass of nitric acid is same. (page 27)
iii) Brass is an alloy. (page 25)
Q. 21) Explain neutralisation reaction. (page 26)
Q. 22) Solve the following.

i) NaOH solution is 0.2 N, 10 ml of 0.05 M H2SO4 is required for complete
neutralisation. Find the volume of NaOH required. (Basicity of H2SO4 = 2)
(Ans - 5ml)
ii) 100g. of NaOH is dissolved in 5 litres of its solution. Find the normality of the
solution. (Ans - 0.5N)
iii) How many gram of KOH will be present in 0.1 M solution of KOH of volume
500 ml. (Ans. - 2.89)
iv) Find gm/litre of 0.1 N solution of sodium hydroxide

(Equivalent weight of NaOH = 40) (Ans - 4)
···
4. Current Electricity
Q. 23) Rewrite the following statement by choosing the correct option.

i) The S.I. unit of potential difference is ................. (page 44)
a) Ampere b) Volt c) Ohm d) Joule
ii) Electric current is measured with the help of a device called .................
(page 43)
a) an ammeter b) a voltmeter
c) a galvonometer d) a calorimeter
iii) ............. substance is used as insulator.
a) Iron b) Copper
c) Gold d) Plastic
Q. 24) Consider the relation between column (I) and (II) and fill in the column IV
to match the column III.
No Column I Column II Column III Column IV pg
i) Copper Conductor Rubber – 38

ii) 1 Volt 1 J/1 s 1 ampere - 43
iii) Electric charge Coulomb Resistance - 44
iv) –ve terminal Cathode +ve terminal - 39
Q. 25) Fill in the blanks with proper terms from the bracket :
(ampere, smaller, greater, Ohms, Coloumbs, random, computer)
i) The equivalent resistance of a parallel combination is .............. than the each
of the individual resistance.(pg. 53)
ii) Diode does not obey .............. law.(pg. 48)
iii) S.I. unit of electric current is .............. (pg. 43)
iv) In conductors electrons are always in the state of .............. motion (pg 40)
v) Superconductors are used in .............. (pg. 49)
Q. 26) State whether the following statement are true or false.
i) Diode obeys Ohm's law. (pg. 48)
ii) A conducting wire offers resistance to flow of electrons. (pg 40)
iii) In a superconductor as temperature decreases, resistance of that material

increases. (pg. 48)
Q. 27) Find odd one out

i) Copper, Silver, Mica, Graphite (pg. 38)
ii) Ammeter, Voltmeter, Galvanometer, Thermometer (pg 43)
iii) Germanium, Silicon, Porcelein, Gallium. (pg. 38)
i) The plates of heating devices such as a toaster, an electric iron are made of
an alloy rather than a pure metal. (pg. 45)
ii) Parallel combination of resistances decrease effective resistance of circuit.

(pg. 53)
iii) Metals are good conductors. (pg. 40)
Q. 29) Distinguish between : give any two points.
i) Voltmeter and Ammeter (pg. 46, 47)
ii) Resistances in series and Resistances in parallel combination. (pg. 51,52,53)
iii) E.M.F. and P.D. (pg. 49,50)
Q. 30) Draw and label the diagram :

i) Atoms of hydrogen and lithium. (pg. 38)
ii) Simple Voltaic cell (pg. 39)
iii) Connection diagram of three resistances in series. (pg 51)
iv) Connection diagram of three resistances in parallel. (pg. 52)
Q. 31) Solve the following numericals.

i) Calculate the potential difference (v) across a 12 ohm resistor carrying current
of 0.2 A. (Ans. 2.4 Volt)
ii) Calculate the resistance of the resistor, P.D. across two points being 4 volt and
carrying a current of 250 mA. (Ans. 16 ohm)
iii) 12 ohm and 6 ohm resistors are connected in parallel combination and 5 ohm
resistance is connected in series combination with them. Find the combined
resistance. (Ans : 9 ohm)
iv) Three resistances of each 9 ohm are connected first in series combination, then
in parallel combination. Calculate their equivalent resistance in each case.
(Ans. In series = 27 ohm, In parallel = 3 ohm)
N. B. For solving above numericals carefully study the illustrative examples from
self study section.
Q. 32) Define the following.
i) Ampere (pg. 43)
ii) volt (pg.42)
iii) Ohm (pg. 44)
iv) Potential difference (pg. 42)
iv) E.M.F. (pg. 49)
Q. 33) Draw the symbols of the following components. (P.g. 43, Table No. 4.1)
i) Resistance
ii) Electric cell
iii) Variable resistance
iv) Voltmeter
v) Closed key
vi) Tap key open
Q. 34) Obtain an expression for equivalent resistance of three resistances connected

in series combination. (pg. 51)
Q. 35) Obtain an expression for equivalent resistance of three resistances connected
in parallel combination. (pg 52, 53)
···
5. Effects of Electric Current

i) The quantity of heat generated in a conductor depends on .................
(pg. 62)
a) Square of the current (I2)
b) resistance of the conductor (R)
c) time for which the current flows. (t)
d) I2Rt.
ii) Telephone ear piece works on the principle of ................. effect of electric
current. (page 72)
a) Magnetic b) heating
c) chemical d) optical
iii) The magnetic field produced at the centre of circular wire is directly proportional
to the ................. (pg. 69)
a) radius of the loop.
b) magnitude of the current passing through it.
c) resistance of the wire.
d) time for which the current passes through it.
Q. 37) Fill in the blanks with proper terms from the bracket :
(magnetic field, 50 cycles per second, Right hand rule, Newton, calorie, area,
radius)
i) Heat energy produced is expressed in terms of ...............(pg. 62)
ii) Orested proved that when current passes through a conducting wire it produces
...............(pg. 67)
iii) The direction of the magnetic field produced by a conductor can be determined
by .............. (pg. 69)
iv) In India, frequency of A.C. is .............. (pg 71)
v) The magnetic field produced at the centre of a circular wire is inversely
proportional to .............. (pg. 70)
Q. 38) State whether the following statements are true or false.
i) Like magnetic poles attract each other, unlike magnetic poles repel (pg. 67)
ii) Fuse is made of wire having high melting point (pg 64)
iii) If fire is caused by sparking, the main switch should be switched off
immediately. (pg. 74)
Q. 39) Identify the odd one of the following group.
i) Geyser, Heater, Electric iron, Refrigerator (pg. 64)
ii) Magnet, Solenoid, Compass needle, Oven. (pg 71)
iii) I2 R t , V I t , V2 t , IR t (pg. 62,63)

4.18 4.18 4.18R 4.18

i) Most of the electrical appliances need earthing. (pg. 74)
ii) Filament of incandescent lamp is made of tungsten. (pg. 64)
iii) Fuse is made of material having low melting point. (pg. 64)

i) Calculate the heat generated in a coil of resistance 500 ohm in 30 seconds,
when 0.2 amp. current passed across it. Calculate heat in Joules. (Ans. 600 J)
ii) Calculate the heat generated in calories in a coil of resistance 418 ohm in 3
minutes, when 500 mA current passes through it. (Ans. 4500 cals.)
iii) Calculate the heat generated in an electric iron, when P.D. of 209 Volts is applied
for 2 minutes, when 0.4 amp current is passed across it. (Ans : 2400 cal)
iv) Find the resistance of 25 Watt, 240 Volt electric bulb. (Ans : 2304 ohm)
v) 80 J heat is generated in a conductor of resistance 50 ohm and time is 40 sec.

Calculate the P.D. applied across it to produce above heat.(Ans. 10 Volt)
vi) Find the resistance of 60 Watt, 240 volt bulb. (Ans. 960 ohm.
Q. 42) Answer the following questions

i) What is the function of earth wire? Why it is necessary to earth metallic
appliances? (pg. 74,75)
ii) Mention any four applications of heating effects of electric current. (pg. 64)
Q. 43) State the following laws.

i) Joule's law of heating effect of electric current (pg. 62)
ii) Right hand rule. (pg. 69)
Q. 44) Draw and label the diagram.
i) Heating effect of electric current. (verification of Joule's law.) (pg. 61)
ii) Telephone ear piece. (pg. 73)
Q. 45) Write any two precautions
a) while using electrical appliance. (pg. 75)
b) against bad insulation (pg 74)
c) against improper earthing (pg. 74,75)
···
6. Energy Sources

i) Energy obtained from ................. is pollution free. (pg. 90)
a) Petrol b) Coal c) nuclear reactor d) solar cell
ii) Calorific value of ................. is highest amongest fuels. (page 97)
a) Hydrogen b) Methane
c) LPG d) Biogas
iii) To remove moisture from grapes we use ................. (pg. 90)
a) solar water heater b) solar cooker
c) solar cell d) solar dryer
iv) A device which converts solar energy into electrical energy is known as solar
................. (pg. 90)
a) Cooker b) dryer
c) heater d) cell
Q. 47) State whether the following statement are true or false. Correct the false
statement
i) Children use solar energy to fly kites (pg. 81)
ii) The inner surface of solar cooker box is red (pg 88)
iii) The efficiency of chulha is less than 15% (pg. 92)
iv) Wind mills convert wind energy into electrical energy. (pg. 82)
Q. 48) Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column.

Column I Column II
1) Biomass a) flowing water
2) Renewable energy b) artificial satellites
3) Non-renewable energy c) Forests
4) solar cell d) Natural gas
(pg. no. 92,85,81,90)
i) Farmers winnow the grains. (pg. 82)
ii) Solar energy is dilute source of energy (pg. 87)
iii) Windmills require specific location. (pg. 82)
Q. 50) Distinguish between.

i) Renewable energy source - Non renewable energy source (pg. no. 81,82)
ii) Biomass - Biogas (pg. no. 92)
Q. 51) Draw labelled diagrams
i) Solar cooker (fig. no. 9) (Pg. no. 88)
ii) Biogas (fig. no. 6.12) (pg. No. 93)
iii) Nuclear fission (fig. no. 6.11) (pg. No. 91)
···
7. Types of Energy

i) Energy ................. (pg. 101)
a) is the stored ability to do work
b) can be created or can be destroyed
c) cannot be convered from one form into another
d) Exists only in mechanical form
ii) SI unit of energy is ................. (pg. no. 106)
a) erg b) Newtan c) Joule d) Kw-hr
iii) ................. possesses kinetic energy.
a) running water b) water in lake at sea level
c) water in a dam d) stones at the foot of hill
Q. 53) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false
statement
i) Total energy of an isolated system is constant.
ii) While charging, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. (pg 113)
iii) Potential energy is always mechanical in nature.
Q. 54) Rewrite the columns II and III so as to match the first column.
Device/ Source Conversion of Conversion to
1) Bulb Potential energy sound energy
2) Dam Electrical energy Kinetic energy
3) Fire crackers Chemical energy light energy
i) We use pulley to draw water from the well.
ii) Water stored in dam is used to generate electricity.
iii) Electric fan blades rotate when we put on the switch.
Q. 56) Distinguish between.

i) Potential energy and Kinetic energy
Q. 57)a) State the law of conservation of energy.
b) Explain the relation between joule and erg.

i) A rocket of mass 100 tons is propelled vertically with velocity 1km/s. Calculate
its kinetic energy. (Ans. = 5 × 1010 J)
ii) An object of mass 10 kg is kept 10m above the ground. Calculate potential
energy possessed by the object. (take g = 9.8 m/s2) (Ans = 980J)
···
8. Power

i) 1 HP = .................
a) 746 Watts b) 36 × 105 J
c) 1000 watts d) 1000 erg/s
ii) ................. is a scalar quantity.
a) force b) velocity
c) Acceleration d) power
iii) The SI unit of power is .................
a) HP b) W c) Nm d) erg
iv) Power .................
a) is always positive. b) can be positive or negative.
c) is a vector quantity . d) cannot be added.
Q. 60) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false
statements
i) Power is the rate of performing work.
ii) All persons use the same power to climb equal heights
iii) Power used depends upon the direction of displacement in comparison to the
applied force.
iv) If a machine has more output power than another machine, it will do the
work faster.

i) If a 60 Watt bulb is put on for 6 hours, how much electrical energy is consumed?
(Ans. 0.36 kw.hr = 0.36 units)
ii) A 30 HP car is moving with uniform velocity of 54km/hr. Find the forword force
exerted by its engine. (Ans. 1492N)
iii) A car of mass 1000kg is driven along levelled road against a constant resistance
of 200N. The output of engine of the car is 8kW. Find the acceleration of the
car when its speed is 10m/s. (Ans = 0.6m/s2)
···
9. Sound
i) The pattern of the disturbance which travels through medium is known as
................. (Pg. 127)
a) compression b) rarefaction
c) wave d) sound
ii) Sound waves do not travel through ................. (pg. no. 128)
a) vaccum b) air c) water d) solid
iii) The velocity of the sound in air at 00C is ................. (pg. no. 129)
a) 331 m/s b) 332 m/s c) 340 m/s d) 360 m/s
iv) The velocity of sound is maximum in the ................. medium. (pg. no. 130)
a) solid b) liquid c) gaseous
63) Fill in the blanks.
i) In the fresh water the speed of sound is ................. m/s.
ii) In sea water the speed of sound is ................. m/s.
iii) In iron, the speed of sound is about .................m/s.
iv) An increase in the temperature of air by 10C will increase the velocity of sound
by .............m/s
v) Unit of intensity of sound is ..................
vi) An increase in humidity ................. the velocity of sound in air.
(pg. no. 135, 136)
i) The flash of lightning is seen from clouds before the thunder is heard although
both occur simultaneously. (pg. 130)
ii) Inside auditorium curtains are used. (pg. 131)
iii) Every hill station has an echo point. (pg. 132)
iv) In fairs or at tourist spots people prefer to use megaphone.
Q. 65) Write notes on.

i) Causes of noise (pg. 137)
ii) Measures of noise control (pg. 137)
Q. 66)Draw labelled diagram.

i) Sound waves need a medium. (pg. 128)
ii) Reflection of sound waves (pg. 131)

i) A person hears a thunder 8 seconds after a flash of lightning is seen. At what
distance the lightning is struck neglecting speed of light?
(Speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.) (Ans. = 2720 m.)
ii) A person observes a smoke from the cannon. After 6 seconds, he hears the
bang. If the cannon is 2040 m. away from the observer, calculate the velocity of
sound in air. (Ans = 340 m/s.)
···
10. Heat
Q. 68) Fill in the blanks.

i) The behaviour of the water between .................0C to ................. 0C is called
behaviour of the water. (Pg. 143)
ii) Density of water is maximum at .................0C (pg. 143)
iii) The dampness or moisture in air, due to water vapour content is called
................. (pg. 147)
iv) If relative humidity exceeds .................% we feel that the air is moist. (pg 148)
v) When the water vapour in air is condensed a ................. is formed. (pg. 148)
Q. 69) Define.
i) Dew point (Pg. 147)
ii) Absolute humidity (pg. 147)
iii) Relative humidity (pg. 148)
iv) Specific heat capacity (pg. 150)
Q. 70) Draw labelled diagrams.

i) Hope's apparatus (pg. 144)
Q. 71) Write short notes on.
i) Anomalous behaviour of water (pg. 143, 146)

i) In winter, sometimes the pipe lines carrying water burst when the
temperature of atmosphere falls below 40C (pg. 146)
ii) In cold countries rocks crumble into pieces in winter (pg. 146)
iii) Water cannot be used in thermometer (pg. 152)
iv) A white trail may be seen behind high flying aircraft. (pg. 148)
···
11. Light

i) When a glass slab is kept on the letters on a paper the letters appear to be
................. (pg. 165)
a) shifted to the right
b) shifted to the left
c) raised slightly
d) shifted to the lower side
ii) The distance between optical centre and principal focus of a lens is called
.................
(pg. no. 168)
a) focal length b) optical axis
c) radius of carvature d) centre of curvature
iii) According to cartesian sign convention ................. (pg. 174)
a) all distances parallel to the optical axis are measured from principal focus.
b) distances measured in the opposite direction of the incident ray of light are
taken as positive
c) all distances are taken as positive
d) distances measured in the direction of the incident ray are taken as positive.
Q. 74) Fill in the blanks.
i) When a beam of white light passses through a prism ................. ray of light is
deviated most. (pg. 181)
ii) Presbyopia occurs due to weakening of ................. (187)
iii) ................. shaped cells of the retina are sensitive to the intensity of light.
(pg. 194)
iv) Simple microscope is also called as ................. (pg. 189)
v) ................. has maximum refractive index with respect to vacuum. (pg 165)
i) The bottom of the water tank appears to be raised. (pg. 165)
ii) A convex lens is called converging lens. (pg. 169)
iii) Some people are colour blind. (pg 195)
iv) The distant objects appear small. (pg. 189)
v) A person suffering from myopia uses a spectacle having concave lens of suitable
focal length. (pg. 185)
Q. 76) Distinguish between the following.

i) Reflection of light and refraction of light. (pg. 158, 159)
ii) Simple microscope and compound microscope. (pg. 189, 190)
iii) Converging lens and diverging lens (pg. 167, 169)

(N.B. : Learn the illustrative examples given in the text book, all formulae and
cartesian sign convention)
i) A focal length of a lens is +20 cm. Find the power of the lens; also write the
type of the lens. (See the example given on page 188) (Ans. 5D, convex lens)
ii) An object is kept at a distance of 30 cm in front of a concave lens and its image
is formed at a distance of 20 cm from it. Find
1) The focal length of the lens.
2) Position of the image formed.
(see the example on page 177) (Ans - f = 12, other side of the object)
iii) Two convex lenses of focal lengths 10cm and 5cm are kept in contact. Find the
focal length of the combined lens.
10
(See the solve example on page 179) (Ans = )
3
iv) The refractive index of glass is 1.6 with respect to air. Find the refractive index
of air with respect to glass.
(use formula 11.2 given on page 163) (Ans - 0.625)
v) The focal length of a convex lens is 30cm. An object of height 2 cm is kept at

a distance of 45cm from it. Find
1) Distance of the image from the lens
2) height of the image
3) Magnification of the lens
4) Nature of the image
(see the solved example no. 11.2 on page 177)
(Ans. 1) 90 cm 2) 4 cm 3) 2 4) real and magnified)
vi) Velocity of light in air is 3 × 108 m/s. Find the velocity of light when it passes
through a slab of flint glass having refractive index 1.6. (see the formula given
on page 163) (Ans. = 1.87 x 108)
vii) The power of the lens in 4 diopters. Find the focal length of the lens.
(See the solved example on page 179) (Ans. 0.25 m or 25 cm)
Q. 78) Draw and label the diagrams.

i) Refraction of light through a glass slab. (page 161)
ii) Image formed by a convex lens when an object is placed beyond 2F1
(pg. 171)
iii) Compound microscope (pg 191)
iv) Image formed by a convex lens when an object is placed on 2F1.
(page 171)
v) Dispersion of light, by a prism. (pg. 182)
Q. 79) Answer in short
i) What is least distance of distinct vision? (pg. 184)
ii) Write new cartesion sign conventions. (pg. 174)
iii) What is dispersion of light? (pg. 181, 182)
Q. 80) Write short notes.

i) Cataract (pg. 188)
ii) Persistence of vision (pg. 193)
iii) Power of accommodation (pg. 184)
iv) Colour blindness (pg. 195)
v) Hypermetropia (pg. 185)
Q. 81) Define
i) Diopter (pg. 177)
ii) Magnification (pg. 175)
iii) Centre of curvature of a lens (pg. 167)
iv) Refraction of light (pg. 159)
v) Angle of deviation (pg 181)
Q. 82) Write the specific function of the following parts of the eye.
i) Aqueous humor (pg. 183)
ii) Pupil (pg. 183)
iii) Eye lens (pg. 183)
iv) Ciliary muscles (pg. 183)
v) Optic nerve (pg. 184)
···
12. Modern Physics
Q. 83) Rewrite the following statement by selecting the correct option.

i) ................. has highest penetrating power. (pg. 203)
a) α particle b) β particle
c) x-rays d) gamma rays
ii) ................. is not a ratioactive element. (pg. 200)
a) Uranium b) Sodium
c) Thorium d) Radium
iii) The property of radioactivity is first discovered by ................. (pg. 200)
a) Enrico Fermi b) Becquerel
c) Pierre Curie d) Rontgen
iv) The picture tube of television is a ................. ray tube. (pg. 204)
a) alpha b) gamma
c) x-ray d) cathode
v) Real diamonds can be distinguished from artificial ones by observing their
characteristics under ................. (pg 207)
a) beta rays b) gamma rays
c) x-rays d) alpha rays
Q. 84) Rewrite the IInd Column to match the Ist Column.
Column I Column II
1) Nuclear fission a) Cancer
2) x-rays b) Archaeology
3) cobalt - 60 c) Source of energy
4) Radio isotopes d) To detect fracture of bones
5) Carbon dating e) food preservation
(see answers on pages 09, 212, 213, 207)
Q. 85) Fill in the blanks with proper term from the bracket.
(x-rays, radioactivity, controlled chain reaction, P-32, half life, isotope, Nuclear
fusion)
i) ................. is the time required by a given radioactive substance containing
atoms to reduce to half of its number. 235
ii) For tracing locations of tumors ................. isotope is used. 92
iii) ................. is the basis of atomic reactor.
iv) The property of emmision of high energetic and high penetrating radiations is
known as .................
(find answers on pages 211, 222, 212, 205, 210)
Q. 86) State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the correct
statement.
i) When a nitrogen atom is bombarded by neutrons C–14 isotope is formed.
(pg. 213)
ii) The radiation emitted by a radioactive substance and which is deflected towards
negative plate is called β radiation (pg. 201)
iii) α particles are helium nuclei. (pg. 202)
iv) Cathode rays can produce x-rays (page 204)
235
v) The amount of energy equivalent to 400 MeV is liberated in fission of one U
92
atom (pg 208)

i) X-rays are used to detect fracture of bones in the body. (pg. 206, 207)
ii) Controlled chain reaction is a source of useful energy. (pg. 210)
iii) In an electric field α particles are less deflected than β particle

s (pg 195)
iv) X-rays are invisible. (pg. 206)
v) Cathode rays are used in Cathode ray oscilloscope. (pg. 204)
Q. 88) Distinguish between the following.

i) α particles and gamma particles (pg. 203)
ii) Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion (pg. 207, 210)
Q. 89) Draw and label the diagrams.

i) Production of α, β, γ radiations (pg. 201)
ii) Production of x-rays (pg. 206)
iii) Chain reaction (pg. 209)
Q. 90) Write short notes on the following.
i) Four properties of x-rays (page 206)
ii) Uses of x-rays (page 207)
iii) Uses of radio isotopes in medicine (page 212)
iv) The laws of radioactive transformation. (pg. 203)
v) Uses of cathode rays (pg. 204)
···
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECODARY
AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION,
SUB : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : PART TWO
NAME OF THE CENTRE :
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE :
REGISTRATION NO. :
ADDRESS :
DATE OF BOOKLET RECIEVED :
DATE OF SUBMISSION :
N.B.: Write the answer of each question in the space provided. If neces-
sary, attach separate sheets for answer.
No. No. No. No.
1 11 21 31
2 12 22 32
3 13 23 33
4 14 24 34
5 15 25 35
6 16 26 36
7 17 27 37
8 18 28 38
9 19 29 39
10 20 30 40
No. No. No. No.
41 55 69 83
42 56 70 84
43 57 71 85
44 58 72
45 59 73
46 60 74
47 61 75
48 62 76
49 63 77
50 64 78
51 65 79
52 66 80
53 67 81
54 68 82
Science and Technology Part II
Exercise Section
Chapterwise Serial numbers of questions
Sr. No. Name of the Chapter Question nos-

From - to
1. Metals and Non-Metals 01 To 11
2. Compounds of Metals and
Non-Metals 12 To 20
3. Chemistry of Carboon Compounds 21 To 25
4. Food and Food Adulteration 26 To 30
5. Nutrients 31 To 34
6. Food Spoilage and Wastage 35 To 37
7. Diseases and Disorders I 38 To 43
8. Diseases and Disorders II 44 To 51
9. Dietary Deficiency Diseases 52 To 63
10. Diseases due to Overintake of
Some Nutrients 64 To 69
11. Human Health and Hygiene 70 To 75
12. Biotechnology 76 To 85
EXERCISE SECTION
1. Metals and Non-Metals
Q.1) Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option.
1) The metal existing in the solid state at ordinary temperature is
__________ (Pg. 1)
a) mercury b) Copper c) bromine d) Chlorine
2) The electronic configuration of sodium is ________ (Pg. 2)
a) 2, 8, 4 b) 2, 8, 1 c) 2, 8, 3 d) 2, 8, 5
3) The sublimate of sulphur is called ________ (Pg. 13)
a) allotropes b) milk of sulphur c) flower of sulphur d) crown ring
4) ________ is used as a fungicide on fruit trees and grape vines.
(Pg. 14)
a) ammonia b) Carbon - dioxide c) hydrogen sulphide d) sulphur
5) _________ is the ore of aluminium.
a) bauxite b) haemetite c) Limonite d) siderite
Q.2) State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite
the correct statement if the given statement is false.
i) Hydrogen sulphide has smell of rotten eggs. (Pg. 16)
ii) Ammonia gas is collected by the upward displacement of air.
(Pg. 20)
iii) Red litmus paper turns blue in ammonium hydroxide. (Pg.21)
iv) Molten slag of iron after solidification is used for road building. (Pg. 8)
Q.3 Rewrite column II and III so as to match column I.

i) Al2O3, 2H2O, (Pg. 4, 12)
1. Sulphur (a) Limonite ii) FeS2
2. Iron (b) Bauxite iii) 2Fe2O3, 3H2O
3. Aluminium (c) Pyrite
Q. 4. Give scientific reasons :
1) The valency of sodium is 1 (Pg. 2)
2) Sulphur powder is dusted on fruit trees and grape vines. (Pg. 14)
3) Ammonia gas is collected in gas jar by passing it through a lime tower

(Pg. 20)
4) We can obtain a fountain of ammonia gas. (Pg. 21)
Q. 5. Distinguish between :
1) Haemetite and Cryolite. (Pg. 4, 9)
2) Carbon di-oxide and Ammonia. (Pg. 19, 21)
Q. 6. Explain with the help of balanced chemical equations :
1) Action of dil hydrochloric acid on zinc. (Pg. 3)
2) Copper and Sulphur are heated together. (Pg. 14)
3) Calcium oxide is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. (Pg. 3)
4) Magnesium ribbon is burnt in a gas jar containing carboon dioxide.

(Pg. 19)
Q. 7. Write the formulae :

1) Ammonium hydroxide (Pg. 21)
2) Sulphuric acid (Pg. 17)
3) Sodium meta aluminate (Pg. 3)
4) Calcium silicate (Pg. 8)
Q. 8. Write the definitions :

1) Reducing agent (Pg. 5)
2) Oxidation (Pg. 3)
3) Metalloid (Pg. 2)
4) Alloy (Pg. 10)
5) Charge (Pg. 7)
9. Draw neat labelled diagrams of :
1) Blast furnace (Pg. 7)
2) Kipp’s Apparatus (Pg. 16)
3) Laboratory Preparation of hydrogen sulphide (Pg. 15)
4) Laboratory preparation of ammonia (Pg. 20)
5) Ammonia fountain (Pg. 21)
Q. 10. Write the properties :

1) Two chemical properties of ammonia (Pg. 21)
2) Two physical properties of sulphur (Pg. 16)
3) Two chemical properties of carbon dioxide (Pg. 18, 19)
Q. 11. Write two uses of :
1) Carbon dioxide (Pg. 19, 20)
2) Sulphur (Pg. 14)
3) Ammonia (Pg. 22)
2. Compounds of Metals and Non-metals
Q. 12. Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option.
1) _________ is used as an antacid in medicine to neutralise the acidity
in the stomach. (Pg. 28)
a) Baking soda b) washing soda c) Blue vitriol d) Bleaching powder
2) ________ is a variety of calcium carbonate
a) Glass b) Paper c) marble d) Black ink (Pg. 29)
3) Crystalline salt of copper sulphate is ______ in colour.
a) green b) white c) blue d) brown (Pg. 30,31)
Q.13 Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column.

. Column I Column II
1) Sodium Carbonate a) FeSo4 7H2O (Pg. 28)
2) Sodium bicarbonate b) Na2CO3 (Pg. 28)
3) Blue vitriol c) CuSO4 5H2O (Pg. 30)
4) Green vitriol d) NaHCO3 (Pg. 30)
Q. 14. Identify the odd one out of the group.

1) Baking soda, washing soda, Benzene, Blue vitriol. (Pg. 34, 35)
2) Lime stone, Blue vitriol, Carbon-di-oxide, Plaster of Paris (Pg. 34, 35)
3) Lime stone, marble, Chalk, Mohr’s salt. (Pg. 29)
Q. 15. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite
the correct statement if the given statements is false.
1) Burnt alum is used as an ingredient in medicines. (Pg. 32)
2) Mohr’s salt is used in Daniel Cell. (Pg. 30, 31)
3) Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating gypsum. (Pg. 32)
Q. 14. Give scientific reasons.

1) On heating crystaline copper sulphate, white anhydrous copper sul-
phate forms. (Pg. 31)
2) Plaster of Paris is used in making statues. (Pg. 33)
3) Due to Ferrous sulphate, acidified potassium permanganate solution
of purple colour becomes colourless. (Pg. 30)
Q. 17. Distinguish between the following pairs.

1) Green vitriol and Blue vitriol (Pg. 30)
2) Lime stone and alum (Pg. 29, 31)
Q. 18. Write balanced equations for the following reactions.

1) Potash alum heated strongly. (Pg. 32)
2) Reaction of baking soda with hydrochloric acid. (Page 28)
3) Gypsum is heated. (Pg. 32)
Q. 19. Write two uses of each of the following.

1) Lime stone (Page 30)
2) Green vitriol (Page 30)
3) Bleaching powder (Pg. 33)
Q. 20. State any two properties of the following.

1) Plaster of Paris (Pg. 32)
2) Washing Soda (Pg. 28)
3) Sodium bicarbonate (Pg. 28)
3. Chemistry of Carbon Compounds
Q. 21. Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column.
Column I Column II
1) Alkane a) C3 H6 (Pg. 40)
2) Alkene b) Cn H2n-2
3) Alkyne c) Cn H2n+2
4) Cyclopropane d) Cn H2n
e) C6 H6
Q. 22. Write the definitions.

1) Catenation (Pg. 38)
2) Homologus series (Pg. 41)
3) Unsaturated hydrocarbon (Pg. 40)
4) Polymerization (Pg. 43)
5) Global warming (Pg. 42)
Q. 23. Write short notes :

1) Petrochemicals (Pg. 42)
2) Green house effect (Pg. 42)
Q. 24. Give the commercial importance.

1) Methane (Pg. 43)
2) Methyl alcohol (Pg. 43)
3) Acetaldehyde (Pg. 43, 44)
4) Acetic acid (Pg. 44)
25. Answer briefly :

1) Give the classification of hydrocarbons. (Pg. 40)
2) Explain the reaction of Polymerisation. (Pg. 43)
4. Food and Food Adulteration
Q. 26. Complete the following table.
Food Stuff Adulterant
1) ----------- a) Paper pulp
2) Mustard oil b) ---------------
3) ----------- c) Dried papaya seeds
4) Coffee d) ---------------
Q. 27. Fill in the blanks.

1) Each cell is made up of different _______ (Pg. 47)
Such as proteins, nucleic acid etc.
2) Carbohydrates and _______ are energy rich foods. (Pg. 51)
3) If turmeric coated with ______ is consumed toxic symptoms of
lead poisoning are seen. (Pg. 56)
4) The ultimate source of energy for all living system
is _______ (Pg. 48)
Q. 28. Write the definitions :

1) Growth of a body (Pg. 48)
2) food (Pg. 48)
3) Balanced diet (Pg. 51)
4) Food adulteration (Pg. 53)
Q. 29. Answer briefly :

1) Write the important functions of water in the body. (Pg. 52)
2) Write a note on ‘Epidermic Dropsy. (Pg. 56)
3) Measures undertaken by the Government to prevent food

adulteration. (Pg. 55)
Q. 30. Give scientific reasons :
1) Food should always be kept well - covered. (Pg. 53)
2) Requirement of balanced diet may be different for different

people. (Pg. 51)
3) Kesari Dal is soaked in; for several changes of hot water. (Pg. 56)
5. Nutrients
Q. 31. Fill in the blanks.
1) _________ is the rich source of sucrose sugar. (Pg. 62)
2) Most of the proteins act as ________ in the cell. (pg. 63)
3) Vitamin ______ plays an important role in vision. (Pg. 66)
4) Vitamin A is also known as _____ (Pg. 67)
Q. 32. Find the odd one out.

1) Vitamin A, D, C and K (Pg. 66)
2) Rice, moong, wheat, bajra. (Pg. 62)
3) Coconut, groundnut, almond, sugarcane. (Pg. 65)
Q. 33. Give scientific reasons.

1) Our daily diet should contain water soluble vitamins. (Pg. 68)
2) Our diet should contain food with insoluble fibres. (Pg. 63)
3) Every person should drink sufficient amount of water. (Pg. 69)
Q. 34. Answer the following : .

1) Write the important functions of proteins (Pg. 64)
2) Give the importance of iodine in our diet. (Pg. 71)
3) Give the important functions of phosphorus. Mineral nutrient.

(Pg. 70)
6. Food spoilage and Wastage
Q. 35. Define the following.
1) Food spoilage (Pg. 76)
2) Pasteurisation (Pg. 80)
3) Putrefaction (Pg. 78)
Q. 36. Write short answer.

1) Name the factors affecting growth of micro organisms (Pg.77,78)
2) Give the types of undesirable changes in food. (Pg. 76)
3) How food is spoiled due to improper handling. (Pg. 82)
Q. 37. What is meant by food spoilage ?

What are the causes of food spoilage ? (Pg. 77)
7. Diseases and Disorders - I
Q.38. Rewrite the statements by choosing the correct option :
i) __________ showed that the cause of anthrax was bacteria.
(Pg. 88)
a) Louis Pasteur b) Mac Mahon c) Paugh d) Robert Koch
(Pg. 88, 89)
ii) Chickunguniya is caused by _______
a) bacteria b) virus c) algae d) fungus
iii) 1 Micron = ________ m (Pg. 92, 93)
a) 1000 b) 106 c) 10-6 d) 10-3
Q.39. Give scientific reasons.

i) Uncontrolled rate of division of cells is dangerous. (Pg. 92)
Q.40. Only write the name of the disease : (Pg. 89-92)

i) Caused by snail ii) Caused by virus
iii) Caused by bacteria iv) Caused by protozoa
v) Caused by cold (winter) vi) Caused by fungus
Q.41. Answer briefly :

i) Write the symptoms of Mongolism. (Pg. 95)
ii) Which important part of the body is affected by sickle - cell
anaemia ? Why ? (Pg. 94)
iii) What is meant by ‘Genetic diseases’ ?

Write the symptoms of one such disease. (Pg. 94)
iv) What precautions will you take to prevent water - borne

diseases? (Pg.93)
Q.42. Write the definitions :

i) Disease (Pg. 88) ii) Epidemological triad. (Pg. 89)
iii) Illness (Pg. 88) iv) Sickness (Pg. 88)
Q.43. i)Name the two types of tumours (Pg. 92)
ii) What is ‘droplet nuclei’ ? Explain briefly. (Pg. 92, 93)
8. Diseases and Disorders - II
Q.44. Rewrite the statements by choosing the correct option
i) Wearing of tight clothes may lead to ________ (Pg.101)
a) Leprosy b) Cancer c) Hepatitis d) Ascariasis
ii) There is no vaccine for _______ (Pg.107)
a) HAV b) HBV c) Cancer d) Typhoid
iii) There is no cure for the disease ________ (Pg.105)
a) HAV b) Malaria c) HBV d) Typhoid
Q.45. Rewrite the second column so as of match the first column

-
Column A Column B
i) Kaposi’s sarcoma a) Ascariasis
ii) Yellow eyes b) Cancer
iii) lnsensitive patch c) HAV
iv) Stomach pain d) AIDS
v) Uncontrolled cell division e) Leprosy
Q.46. Give scientific reasons :

i) One should follow habits of cutting nails regularly (Pg. 104)
ii) One should avoid sharing toothbrushes and clothes. (Pg. 105)
iii) One should avoid immoral sexual contact. (Pg. 105)
iv) Before blood transfusion, the blood must be checked for HIV.
(Pg. 108)
Q.47. Draw a neat, well-labelled diagram of the structure of HIV.

(Pg. 106)
Q.48. Answer briefly :
i) Which factors are responsible for cancer ? (Pg. 100, 101)
ii) Explain the two main types of leprosy. (Pg. 101)
iii) Explain the three stages of malaria. (Pg. 103)
iv) Write the symptoms of ascariasis. (Pg. 103, 104)
v) Write the minor signs of AIDS (Pg. 107)
vi) How does the transmissions of HBV virus take place ? (Pg. 105)
vii) Which drugs should be taken for prevention/Suppression of

the malaria ? (Pg. 103)
Q.49.i)Write the control and preventive measures of leprosy. (Pg. 102)
ii) How can ascariasis be prevented ? (Pg. 103)
iii) Name two examples of communicable diseases. Write their
preventive measures. (Pg. 104)
Q.50. Why should everyone be aware of their sexual behavior ?

(Pg. 108)
Q.51. Write short notes :

i) Three stages of Leprosy (Pg. 102)
ii) Three stages of Malaria (Pg. 103)
iii) Antihelminth Drugs (Pg. 104)
iv) Treatment for Malaria (Pg. 103)
9. Dietary Deficiency Disease
Q.52.Fill in the blanks from the words given in the bracket.
i) In Kwashiorkor, the swollen belly is due to the enlargement of
_________ (Pg. 113)
ii) In Marasmus, ________ face does not occur. (Pg. 114)
iii) The decrease in ______ level in the body causes muscular
cramps. (Pg. 116)
iv) Dental caries occur due to deficiency of _______ (Pg. 118)
v) Deficiency of vitamin ______ leads to blood clotting. (Pg. 120)
[K.E., liver, sodium chloride, moon, fluorine]
Q.53. Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column

Column A Column B
i) Kawashiorkor a) Rickets
ii) Deficiency of Vitamin A b) Moon face
iii) Marasmus c) Growth retardation
iv) Deficiency of Thiamine d) Night blindness
v) Deficiency of Vitamin D e) Beriberi
f) Dental caries
Q.54. Give scientific reasons :
i) It is essential to eat fatty substances so that vitamin-A proves
useful to the body. (Pg. 118)
ii) Deficiency of Vitamin K does not occur normally. (Pg. 120)
iii) Deficiency of iron leads to anaemia. (Pg. 117)
iv) Deficiency of calcium and phosphorous in adult leads to osteo-

malacia. (Pg. 116)
Q.55. Give the difference between : Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

(Pg. 114)
Q.56.Name the disease caused due to the following deficiencies :
(Pg. 113 to 120)
i) Proteins ii) Vitamin C iii) Vitamin D iv) sodium
v) Molybdenum vi) Thiamine viii) Niacin viii) Vitamin K
ix) Vitamin E x) Fluorine
Q.57.Give the definitions : (Pg. 112)

i) Balanced diet ii) Malnutrition
Q.58.Which are the four types of malnutrition. Explain each briefly.
(Pg. 121)
Q.59.Explain how social factors are responsible for malnutrition.

(Pg. 122)
Q.60.Which programmes are initiated by the Government of India for the

enrichment of food ? (Pg. 123,124)
Q.61.Why are aerated drinks harmful ? (Pg. 124)
Q.62.Give two examples of each : (Pg. 116 to 125)
i) Fast food ii) Non-fermented drinks
iii) Aerated drinks iv) Cooking practices
v) Protein enriched food vi) International committees
vii) Diseases caused due to deficiency of copper
viii) Organs affected by deficiency of Iodine.
Q.63.i) Give the symptoms of anaemia (Pg. 117)
ii) Which disease is caused by deficiency of iodine ? (Pg. 118)
iii) Name five trace elements. (Pg. 117)
iv) Give four causes of iron deficiency. (Pg. 117)
10. Disease due to Overintake of Some Nutrients
Q.64.Rewrite the statement by selecting the correct option.
i) Broca Index = __________ (Pg. 131)
a) weight/Height2 b) weight/height c) Height (m) - 100
d) 100 - Height (cm)
ii) Diabetes is _______ deficient disease. (Pg. 131)
a) sugar b) Carbohydrates c) insulin d) Proteins
iii) About _____ % of fluorine is found in bones and teeth. (Pg. 134)
a) 90 b) 80 c) 69 d) 96
Q.65. According to the given property identify the odd one out.
1)
a) hypertension
b) diabetes Insulin deficient (Pg. 138)
c) Coronary heart disease disease
d) atherosclerosis
2)
a) Vitamin A the one which is (Pg. 138)
b) Vitamin B not fat soluble
c) Vitamin D
d) Vitamin K
3)
a) arterioselerosis disease not related
b) hypertension with excessive intake (Pg. 138)
c) dental fluorosis of fat
d) coronary heart disease
4)
a) headache symptom of
b) delayed healing wound diabetes (Pg. 138)
c) fever
d) cough
5)
a) weight reduction responsible factor
b) regular physical activity for hypertension (Pg. 138)
c) dental fluorosis
d) habitual smoking
Q.66. Give scientific reasons.

1) Diabetes is insulin deficient disease. (Pg. 131)
2) Hypertension of any type is harmful to body health. (Pg. 133)
3) Smoking should be avoided. (Pg. 134)
Q.67. Define
i) Body mass index (BMI) 2) Hypertension (Pg. 130, 133)
Q.68. Write short answers

i) Give the main symptoms of diabetes. (Pg. 132)
ii) What is arterioscleroisis ? Which precautions should be taken to

avoid arterioscleroisis ?
iii) State the prevention of hypertension. (Pg. 133)
iv) What are the causes of coronary heart disease ? (Pg. 133)
v) Give symptoms of dental fluorosis ? (Pg. 134)
Q.69. Write short notes on -

a) Hypervitaminosis of vitamin A. (Pg. 135)
b) Give the disadvantages of excessive nutrient intake. (Pg. 135)
c) Obesity. (Pg. 130)
11. Human Health and Hygiene
Q.70.Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option.
1) The air pollutants like _______ causes pneumonia.
a) sulphur dioxide b) Carbondioxide c) Methane
d) Hydrogen sulphide
2) The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent
in the animal’s body is called ______
a) Control b) Prophylaxis c) infection d) pollution
3) _______ is a process that informs motivates and helps people to
adopt and maintain healthy practices and life styles. (Pg. 147)
a) proper education b) population education
c) health education d) Hygiene
Q.71. Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column.

Column I Column II
i) Ecological concept a) an understanding of health
ii) Biomedical concept b) Synthesis of all the concepts
of health
iii) Psychosocial concept c) equilibrium between man and
environment.
iv) Holistic concept d) health is biological and social
phenomenon.
v) Changing concept e) absence of disease (Pg. 140)
Q.72. Form pairs from the group of words/phrases having same
relationship.
i) Educational measures ii) Population control measures
iii) Infectious under risk iv) immunization
v) Inclusion of population education vi) Direct measures
vii) Monetary gains to people viii) Sterilization operation
(Pg. 148)
Q.73. State whether the following statement are true or false.

Rewrite the correct statement, if the give statement is false.
i) The minimum age for marriage is 15 years for girls. (Pg. 148)
ii) Anger should be controlled by an exercise or walk. (Pg. 144)
iii) Primary health approach has been described as health by the

people and placing people’s health in peoples hands. (Pg. 142)
iv) WHO defines health as the condition of being sound in body,

mind or spirit, especially freedom from physical diseases or pain.
(Pg. 141)
74) Give scientific reasons.
i) Smoking and chewing of tobacco is harmful to health. (Pg.144)
ii) Body should be rubbed with certain vegetable oil. (Pg.144)
iii) In hot weather light or white colour clothes are suitable.(Pg.145)
Q.75) Write short notes on

i) Prophylaxis against infectious diseases. (Pg. 146)
ii) Need of health service research. (Pg. 143)
12. Biotechnology
Q.76.Rewrite the statement by selecting the correct option.
i) Fern pteris vittata absorbs _______ from soil.
a) Arsenic b) Selenium c) Copper d) Iron
ii) Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by defect in gene in ______
cells.
a) liver b) somatic c) sperm cells d) pancreas
iii) _______ is required to produce interferon.
a) blood of horse b) bacteria c) lot of human blood d) vaccine
iv) Genetically engineered produced potatoes ______ diseases
causing bacteria. (Escherichia coli) Produce protein.
a) Cholera b) interleukin c) factor VIII d) Interferon.
v) Protein ______ is used for haemophilia disease.
a) somatostatin b) interleukin c) interferons d) factor VIII
(See Pg. No. 156, 156, 155, 155, 154)
Q. 77. Rewrite the column II so as to match column I.

Column I Column II
i) Herbicides a) haemophilia
ii) Transgenic potatoes b) liver of animal
iii) Factor VIII c) group of proteins
iv) Insulin d) glyphosphate
v) Interferon e) Bacteria of cholera
(See Pg. No. 153, 155, 154, 151, 155)
Q. 78. Form pairs from the group of words/phrases having same
relationship.
i) Insulin ii) Haemophilia iii) Somatostatin, iv) Diabetes
v) Dwarfism vi) anaemia vii) Factor VIII viii) Erythropoietin
ix) liver x) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
For example - vi) liver - Phenyl ketonuria
(See Pg. No. 154)
Q.79. Give Scientific reasons

i) Waste water is treated before its release. (Pg.156)
ii) Transgenic potatoes cannot be cooked. (Pg.155)
iii) Hereditary diseases are non curable. (Pg.155)
iv) Transgenic tobacco is developed at Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore. (Pg.155)
v) In earlier days, the insulin was very costly and put out of reach
of to middle class people.
(Pg. No. 156, 155, 155, 155, 151)
Q. 80) Write short notes on (Pg.155)

(i) Edible vaccines
(ii) Waste water treatment (Pg.156)
(iii) Biotechnology in agriculture (Pg.153)
(iv) Vaccination (Pg. 154, 155)
(v) Biotechnology and health

(Pg. No. 155, 156, 153, 154, 155, 154)
Q. 81) Write short answer

i) State the components of DNA molecude. (Pg. 152)
ii) What problems are solved by microbial biotehnology ?(Pg.155)
iii) State the purpose for which especially pseudomonas bacteria

are useful. (Pg.156)
iv) Why genetically engineered bacterium Escherichia Coli cannot

be used to produce interferons?
v) What causes phenylketonuria (PKU) ? (Pg.155)

(See Pg. No. 153, 156, 155, 156, 156)
Q.82) Define the following terms (any two) (Pg.154)
i) Vaccination
ii) Transgenic potatoes (Pg.155)
iii) Somatic cells (Pg. 156)
iv) Gene (Pg.153)
v) Bio-remediation
(See Pg. No. 154, 155, 156, 153, 156)
Q. 83) Write the names

1) The improved varieties of new mustard developed by Indian
Agriculture Research Institution. (Pg.154)
2) Write the names of two herbicides. (Pg.153)
3) Write four fields of modern biotechnology. (Pg.156)
4) Write the names of components of DNA molecule.
5) Write 4 names of plants which stores the minerals (metals) in it.
Q. 84) Write the brief notes on

i) Vaccination
ii) Describe in detail the experiment carried out by Frederick Griffith.

(Pg. No. 154 - 155, 151 - 152)
Q. 85) Write brief answer
i) Explain the advantages of biotechnology in agriculture.
ii) Explain with suitable example - Many of the environmental

problems can be solved using modern biotechnology.
(Pg. No. 153, 156)

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECONDARY

AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION

SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

SELF-STUDY BOOKLET FOR

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

SELF-STUDY BOOKLET FOR

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Part- 1 Self Study Material

s block 1,2 Normal elements

The bordering elements along the zig-zag line

period sixth = 32,period seventh = 30

place in the periodic table. (Note - Electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1, and

Prepare a blank table (Table no. 1.2, page 4)

Table No. 1.3 Electronic Configuration of elements of first three Periods.

I A/1 II A/2 III A/13 IV A/14 V A/15 VI A/16 VII A/17

Solved Sample Questions

3) Difference between anion and cation

Changes Observation Inference

The chemical reaction during electrolysis of copper chloride solutions :

Sr. Base No. of OH– ions in Acidity

Sr. Acid / Base Example Percentage of

1 Strong acid Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to a large

Sr. Acid No. of H+ ions in Basicity

Molecular mass of base

Wt. of solute in gram

Wt. of solute in gram

Mass of solute in gram

vi) from (iv) and (v) we get,

No. of moles of solute (n)

Acid / Base Molecular Mass Equivalent weight

Note : u is the unit.

ˆ Normality of base = 0.009 N.

Here, V = Potential difference (Volts)

2) Electric Current (I)

(N. B. :- ' Ω' This symbol is used for ohm.)

7) Learn the following conversions :

Term Symbol Unit Unit

8) Observe the table for difference between resistances in series and in

i) Many resistances are i) A number of resistances

Some Illustrative Examples :

Now Rp will act as R1 and R2 will be 5 Ω,

N.B. : 1) 1 Watt = 1 Joule

(N.B. - w.r.t. mean with respect to)

Solved Sample Questions

(0.5)2 × 209 × 120

0.5 × 0.5 × 209 × 120 × 100

Solved sample questions

K.E. = Kinetic energy

Solved Sample questions

(Height attained by the block = 0.4 m)

9.0 Previous knowledge :

ˆ Speed of sound = 1020

Solved Sample Questions

Convex lens Concave lens

3) Convex lens is thicker at 3) Concave lens is thinner at

A simple microscope A compound microscope

1) Consists of a convex lens 1) Consists of two convex

Remember the formulae :

iii) Lens formula :

Note : Go through the topics 'Persistence of vision' and 'Perception of colour'

Solved Sample Questions

ˆ The focal length of lens is 15 cms. 1/2 mark