concerning the major development tests 10. The opening times in Table VIII are 6.
ble VIII are 6. The breaker gas-handling system
made on this new breaker. To amplify
some of the application aspects of the
breaker, would the authors comment on:
1. No mention has been made of the
bushings. Are they of an ASA oil-filled
type?
2. In Fig. 1, it appears that the bushing
protective gaps are furnished. What are
their spacings and what is the expected im-
pulse and switching-surge flashover of the
gaps?
3. Are interphase tank barriers used?
4. Do the authors think that it will be
necessary to clean the powders of the arc
product from the bottom of the tank?
5. What is the form of the tank seal that
will assure no leakage of SFe gas?
6. Can the breaker gas-handling system
also transport the breaker gas to containers
for maintenance?
7. Are the overload capabilities of this
breaker such that they can be applied to a
transformer of equal current rating, and
then can carry the overloads that are allowed
on the transformer? As an example, under
certain conditions a transformer is allowed
to carry twice its current rating for 1 hour.
8. Will this breaker be derated for other
than a standard duty cycle?
9. It is noted in Table VI that the open-
ing time of the breaker is 3.3 cycles. Can
this be reduced?
Current Instrument Transrormer Error
Calculations
JEROME MEISEL
MEMBER IEEE
Sunmmary: A nonlinear differential equa-
tion describing the steady-state operation
of a current instrument transformer is
formulated based upon a Rayleigh hysteresis
loop approximation of the magnetic core
effects. Using a harmonic-balance tech-
nique, a suitable approximate solution of
this equation provides expressions for the
RCF (ratio correction factor) and phase
angle errors for the transformer directly
in terms of the magnetic properties of the
core material and the transformer instru-
ment burden.
Paper 63-103, recommended by the AIEE Trans-
formers Committee and approved by the AIEE
Technical Operations Department for presentation
at the IEEE Winter General Meeting, New York,
N. Y., January 27-February 1, 1963. Manuscript
submitted August 3, 1962; made available for
printing December 5, 1962.
JBROME MEISEL is with the Case Institute of
Technology, Cleveland, Ohio.
The author gratefully acknowledges the helpful
discussions with Dr. Paul L. Hoover and the
encouragement of Mr. Frank Filo during the
preparation of this paper.
] 082 Meisel-Current Instrument Transformer Error Calculations
variable. Would the authors further de-
scribe the reason for this variance?
11. Would the authors indicate on Fig.
5 the time at which the high-frequency
transient starts its journey?
I believe the answers to the above ques-
tions will be a great aid in applying this
breaker.
R. E. Kane and R. G. Colclaser, Jr.: Mr.
Beehler has raised several questions which
can best be answered individually:
1. The bushings are SF6 gas-filled and
are an integral part of the breaker.
2. Bushing protective gaps are furnished
with a gap spacing of 22 inches; the breaker
will meet standard ASA dielectric withstand
tests with 60-cycle and impulse voltages of
160 kv and 350 kv, respectively.
3. Interphase tank barriers are not re-
quired, as demonstrated by the tests out-
lined in Table VIII and discussed in the
subparagraph entitled "Full-Pole Bias-
Voltage Tests."
4. It is recommended that whenever the
breaker is opened for routine maintenance
any powders be removed from the breaker.
5. The main tank seal is of the 0 ring
design, which has proved itself through
many years of trouble-free service.
THE measurement of alternating cur-
rents, particularly at power frequen-
cies, generally employs a single range am-
meter in conjunction with a current in-
strument transformer. The transformer
accuracy requirements for this system in-
volve two factors:
1. Transformer primary to secondary
current magnitude ratio.
2. Phase angle difference between
primary and secondary currents.1
These two considerations are applied in-
dividually to each of the harmonics of the
primary and secondary current wave-
forms. The purpose of the transformer is
to alter the magnitude of the primary cur-
rent by a specified factor, without signifi-
cantly changing the relative phase dis-
placement between the harmonics of the
primary and secondary currents.
can be used to pump gas from within the
breaker to storage bottles by means of the
valving which has been provided.
7. As there are no standards for over-
load capabilities regarding circuit breakers
at this time, this question would necessitate
specific data before a complete answer could
be given.
8. Whenever this breaker is used for
other than a standard duty cycle it should
be applied in accordance with ASA Stand-
ard C-37.7-1960.
9. The opening time of the breaker listed
in Table VI is 3.5 cycles. This breaker is
rated a 5-cycle breaker as listed in the pre-
ferred ratings; however, it is possible to re-
duce this time by means of a different
mechlanical operating system.
10. The opening times listed in Table
VIII are variable. As shown in the table
the tests covered an extended period in the
test program (tests 86421-JN through
86421-QM). During this time modifica-
tions were made to the operating mecha-
nism which only affected the dead time of the
breaker and did not affect the contact speed
or gas flow through the breaker.
11. In Fig. 5, the time at which the high-
frequency transient starts its journey is not
readily indicated on the oscillogram, which
also indicates the arc voltage across the
breaker. However, the exact point can be
determined by mathematically developing
the envelope of the transient.
The major obstacle preventing an
exact analytic approach to the current
instrument transformer problem is the
nonlinear double-valued magnetic core
effects. Before the degree of success at-
tained by an instrument transformer can
be examined, an adequate description of
the familiar hysteresis phenomenon en-
countered with all magnetic core materials
must be developed. Previous methods
generally assume primary current com-
ponents at fundamental frequency ad-
justed in magnitude to account for the
energy dissipated by these hysteresis
effects.2 An analytic description of this
Fig. 1. Rayleigh hysteresis loop
DECEMBER 1 963

Fig. 2. Current transformer constructed with
a toroidal core of rectangular cross section
hysteresis phenomenon is possible be-
cause of the relatively low core flux density
levels found in normal current trans-
former operation. An approximate solu-
tion gives ratio and phase angle error
equations useful as an aid for the design
and development of current instrument
transformers.
Nomenlature
A = cross-sectional area of the core, meters2
Bm = maximum core flux density, webers/
meter2
Fc= mmf applied to the core, ampere-turns
Fc=coercive mmf, ampere-turns
Fm = maximum mmf applied to the core,
ampere-turns
H,=coercive magnetic field, ampere-turns/
stricted to single-valued periodic func- Transformer MMF Balance Equation
tions. Upon application of such a func-
tion, interest is centered only upon the The circuital equilibrium equation for
steady-state periodic portion of the mag- the seconldary of the current instrument
netic flux response, since instrument cur- transformer is expressed by
rent transformers are primarily used to
determine steady-state values of desired Ls d+
dt
Rsis=Nsbmdt
dt (5)
current functions.
Rayleigh, in investigating hysteresis where Ls and Rs are the burden plus
loops in the region of very low flux density leakage inductance and resistance respec-
levels, noted that the loops seemed to be tively of the secondary circuit, is is the
very nearly a parabolic deviation from a secondary current, and N. is the number
straight line, as shown in Fig. 1.3 Instru- of secondary turns. * The steady-state
ment current transformers are most gen- solution of equation 5 gives the secondary
erally operated in such a fashion that the current as
Rayleigh loop is an excellent approxima-
tion. A suitable analytic expression for is(t) =
N5m e-RSt/Ls
,J eeRs*/Lsddb dt (6)
the loop shown in Fig. 1 is given by4
Applying Ampere's circuital law in
Fc= Fm4)+i Fc(1 -4)2) (1)
integral form given by
where Fm is the maximum applied mmf,
Fc is the coercive mmf (see Fig. 1), F, JfH.dl=f,f J-d. (7)
is the mmf applied to the magnetic cor-e, to the current transformer cornfiguration
and 4) is the normalized flux level function; shown in Fig. 2 gives
thus
Fc = Npip- Nsis (8)
4(
) (t)
(2) where Np and ip are the primary number
of turns and current respectively. Sub-
where 4) is the actual flux level func-
stituting equations 4 and 6 into equation
tion, and 4)m is the maximum value of 8 after some manipulation yields
this function. The plus or minus sign in
equation 1 can be eliminated by using i

4P
=Kie-Rat/Ls eRst/LS -dt+
dt
f

meter d4
Hm = maximum magnetic field applied to c-+1 if t >0 X4)+,E(1 -42) (9)
dt
the core, ampere-turns/meter
Ip = rms value of primary current, amperes upon defining
Is= rms value of secondary current, amperes =-1 if-<0 (3)
dt
ip=primary current function, amperes K1= NI2L.m (10)
is = secondary current function, amperes Notice that equation 1 exactly matches NpIpL,s
Ls = total secondary circuit inductance, the actual loop when I4) =|1 (i.e., b = 4),D) Fm
henrys and also when )b= 0. For values of 4) be- (11)
= core mean path length, meters Nplp
Np=number of primary turns tween these two extremes the equation
Ns =number of secondary turns yields sufficient accuracy for a wide =-Fc (12)
R =nominal or desired transformer ratio range of sampled transformer cores.5 NpIp
RCF = ratio correction factor Substituting the function described by
Rs=total secondary circuit resistance, ohms where Ip is the rms value of the primary
t= time, seconds equation 3 into equation 1 gives current function ip(t).
13= phase angle error positive if secondary Fc= Fmnb+crFc(1 4-2) (4)
leads the primary, radians
As= power factor angle of the secondary as a description of hysteresis core effects * For a precision current transformer a toroidal
circuit for low flux density levels.
core is generally employed to minimize leakage
inductance.
a =hysteresis function
4) = normalized flux level function
o.=maximum value of flux level function,
webers l_w==_:,
1~~~~C.0l _I111
=actual flux level function, webers
w=frequency of primary current, radians/
second
Un COERCIVE
IT --
MAXIMU
Analytic Description of Hysteresis I'
- - -
FIELD(Hc FIELD (Hm)
Core Effects 3E
I
.0--- I
The purpose of this section is the de- E
01S T
ID .02
.03--- -
velopment of a suitable analytic ex-
pression describing the magnetic flux in a Fig. 3. Required coercive
ferro-magnetic material upon the applica- and peak magnetic fields for a
tion of a given magnetomotive force .01 .02.0C .05 .10 2 .3 .5 1.0 2 -3 5 10
specified peak flux density for
(mmf). The forcing functions are re- supermalloy H IN AMPERE
METERSTURNS
DECEMBE-R 19g63 Meisel-Current Instrument Transformer Error Calculations 1083

,1 IN MINUTES
Fig. 4. RCF and phase angle error limits for
ASA 0.5 accuracy class
Equation 9 is the desired equilibrium
equation of the current instrument trans-
former. Normally the primary current
ip(t) is specified and interest is centered
upon the resulting secondary current is(t).
Equation 9 can be used to determine the
With the left-hand side of equation 9 Equation 21 can now be solved for the
specified by equation 13 a steady-state phase displacement 3 between the primary
solution for 4(t) is required. If the de- and secondary currents and also for the
vice is to operate successfully as a current rms magnitude of the secondary current
instrument transformer, the secondary I.. After some trigonometric manipula-
current must be of the same form as the tion, assuming ,B to be a small angle, these
primary current with a magnitude differ- two coefficients are given by
ing only by a constant ratio. Since an
Fm
arbitrary phase angle is inserted in equa-
tion 13, the secondary current is taken as \2NpIp
reference and is given by -8 Fc sinl08
(22)
3w V2 NpIp
is(t) = x/2IS sin cot (14)
Isp- Np
8
1
1+ c_CosOs +
Equation 14 is in effect proposing a solu- 3wr v/2 NpIp
tion to equation 9 on the basis that a suit- Fm
able transformer should result. Further sin Os) (23)
considerations will show the conditions
under which this assumption is valid. where 68=tan-' u;L8/R, and equations 11
and 12 have been substituted for X and e
Substituting equation 14 into equation
5 specifies the normalized flux level func- respectively. Equation 22 expresses the
tion to be phase angle in radians by which the
secondary current leads the primary cur-
4?(t)=-cos Qt+tan-± Ls (15) rent.
The RCF for instrument current trans-
with the maximum value of the flux level formers is defined to be6
function given bv
RCF Ip/Is
R
(24)
(Rs2 +co2Ls2)"12
'

coNs V2.I8 (16)

normalized flux level function 4>(t) and where R is the desired or marked ratio of
then equation 6 can be employed to find The time rate of change of the normalized the transformer. If the transformer is
is(t). Equation 9 has (I as the dependent flux levelfunction obtained by differentiat- constructed such that the turns ratio is
variable, since this is the only con- ing equation 15 is thus equal to the desired ratio, meaning
venient way in which the hysteresis core
effects can be formulated. d =W sin
dt
(wt+tan-'LsR)
/s
(17) R= Ns (25)
The effect of eddy currents induced in
the core material is being neglected in The hysteresis function, defined by equa- then from equation 23, the ratio correction
this analysis on the premise that proper tion 3, is positive unity if factor is given by
care has been exercized in the lamination / 8 Fc
design. Hysteresis effects are a property 2irm< cot +tan -1 R-) <7r(2m + 1) (18) RCF= 1+3 N 'cos s±
-
+
of the magnetic material, and, for a given
core, with a specified flux density, cannot and negative unity if m
be altered. However, in the case of eddy N sin Os) (26)
currents the designer has the ability to 2rm> ot+tan-l R-) >wr(2m-1) (19) Equations 22 and 26 constitute the per-
reduce these effects until they are insigni- formance standards upon which the ac-
ficant. If the eddy current effects are where m equals any integer including curacy class of the transformer depends.
not negligible, then they can be included zero. A Fourier series representation of
as a component of the external trans- the hysteresis function o- is given by Approximate Error Equations
former burden.

Harmonic Balance Solution

4 sin F(2a-1)(cot+tan'-R-)L ] The core material data commonly avail-
able often do not present hysteresis
a=1 (2a -1) loops taken for the very low magnetization
An exact analytic solution of equation (20) levels at which a current transformer
9 is most difficult. The nonlinear term usually operates. Thus, the coercive field
involves the dependent variable to the Substituting equations 13, 14, 15, 17, and H, as a function of the maximum core
second power in addition to a coefficient 20 into equation 9 yields flux density B,a as illustrated in Fig. 3,
whose value is a function of the time rate might not be readily available. A useful
of change of this same dependent variable. sin (wt- 3) =NsI sin cot+ approximation to the error equations 22
The primary current forcing function is and 26 can be made by realizing that the
quite reasonably taken to be sinusoidal, bounds on coercive mmf are specified by
7A1X2+(3, ) sin cot+tan-l'R_
thus
37r ~ 3 Rs\ Fc>O (27)
ip(t) = V2Ip sin (cut-,8) (13) tan 8 J (21)
8E and
where cw is the radian frequency of the
system and /3is an arbitrary phase angle upon equating or balancing fundamental Fc< Fm (28)
in radians. frequency components. referring to Fig. 1.
1084 Meisel-Current Instrument Transformer Error Calculations DF-CF-MBF-R 1963
 A conservative estimate for the phase
angle error of the transformer can be
(D =2wNsZsIs Table I
made by using the equal sign of expres- 10% Rated 150% Rated
sion 27, therefore, where Current Current

Zs =(RS2+ct2Ls2)1/2
X < - Cos0 (29) Bm .weber 0.0148 ....... 0.222
V\2 Np.Ip V-\2 5 va ) meter2
ampere-turns.
This approximation is quite reasonable , 5M amperes
27rX60 X20 1.88X10webers
HM
meter
0.138. 1.12

since the second term on the right-hand HC ampere-turns.

meter
0.0317.
... 0.428
side of equation 22 is usually less than half with the secondary turns, N2 =20 and Fm ampere-turns 0.0551............. 0.447
the value of the first term, for most prac- Zj, = secondary va/I8 Fe ampere-turns. 0.0126 ....... 0.171
tical core materials and secondary circuit f3 minutes............ 10.9 ....... 5.48
RCF ................. 1.00438. 1.00153
power factor angles 0,. A conservative
Bm
.'m
=
1.88X10-4
- = 0.148
weber
estimate of the RCF can be formulated A 12.7X 1°-4 meter2
by using the equal sign of expression 28,
thus giving Fig. 3 shows an approximate plot of The approximate equation 29 for phase
the maximum magnetic field Hm and the angle error yields
RCF<Ll+V NI K3 Os +sin Osj coercive field He as a function of the maxi-
[ .plp 3r cos
N ) mum flux density for supermalloy. 0.327
(30) For \/3< xX X0.9 radian

Using equations 29 and 30 an estimate weber (3<7.16 minutes at 100% of rated current
of the transformer errors can be made with Bm= 0.148 -
meter2 Equation 30, for the RCF, gives an upper
only a knowledge of the magnetization bound as
curve for the core material. This curve Hm 0.82 ampere-turn
gives the maximum flux density Bm meter F 0.327 (8
plotted as a function of the maximum
value of the applied field Hm, and is gen- and RCF<L1+\[ sX100,3-X 0.435)]
erally available. A practical example will RCF<1.00277 at 100% of rated current
show how the complete equations 22 and He = 0.31 ampere-turn
meter These results for 3 and RCF provide an
26 are used and how the results of the extremely simple method for checking a
approximate equations 29 and 30 compare therefore proposed transformer design
with the complete results.
Fm =Hml = 0.82 XO.399 = 0.327 ampere-turn
EXAMPLE Conclusions
Fc = Hcl = 0.31 XO.399 = 0.124 ampere-turn
A current instrument transformer op-
erating on a 60-cps (cycles per second) From equation 22, Equations for current instrument trans-
line is desired with a one-turn primary former phase angle error and ratio cor-
0.327 8 0.124 rection factor are developed. These two
(Np= 1) and a 100: 5-ampere ratio. X 00X0.9--X X0.435 performance criteria, ( and RCF, can be
3w VO~Xioo
=

The total secondary burden, including

the secondary winding, is 5 va (volt-
amperes) at 0.9 power factor lagging.
The core material is to be supermalloy
in the form of a tape-wound toroid with
an outside diameter= 15.2 cm (centi-
meters), ID (inside diameter) = 10.2 cm.,
and height= 5.08 cm. Determine the
phase angle error and ratio correction
factor for this design and compare these
results with the ASA (American Stand-
ards Association) limits for accuracy
class 0.5, as shown in Fig. 4.7
Cross-sectional area of the core is
A H(OD*-ID) 5.08(15.2-10.2)
2 2
= 12.7 cm2
Mean length of the core is
7r(OD +ID) r(15.2 +10.2)
2 2
=39.9 cm
From equationl 16,
* Outside diameter.
1
V\-2Xioo0
3 = (2.08-0.33) X 10 -3 = 1.75 X 10-3 radians
( = 6.01 minutes at 100% of rated current
From equation 26,
8 0.124
RCF = 1 +--X XO09+
0.327
\/2xiooX 435
RCF = 1 +(0.67+ 1.01) X 10-3
RCF= 1.00168 at 100% of rated current
Table I summarizes the calculations for
10% and 150% of rated current.
Plotting the values obtained for the
phase angle error (3and for RCF, on the
plot of Fig. 4 shows all values to be within
the parallelogram from 10% to 150% of
rated current, thus the design is accept-
able for accuracy class 0.5. Notice that
the most critical point is at 10% of
rated current, as is typical with trans-
formers designed with a nominal ratio
equal to their turns ratio.
computed from a knowledge of the Ray-
leigh hysteresis loops of the core material,
the physical dimensions of the trans-
former, and the electrical properties of
the instrument burden. The simplicity
of the calculation makes these equations
most useful in the design of precision
current instrument transformers.
References
1. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS (book), B. Hague.
Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., London, England,
1936, pp. 7-10.
2. Ibid., pp. 40-41.
3. FERROMAGNETISM (book), R. M. Bozorth.
D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, N. J.,
1951, pp. 489-91.
4. ANALYSIS OF THE MAGNITUDE AND PHASE
RELATIONSHIPS IN MULTI WINDING CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS, J. Meisel. Ph. D. Thesis, Case
Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio, June
1961, pp. 7-22.
5. Ibid., pp. 22-26.
6. BASIC ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS (book),
M. B. Stout. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, N. J., second edition, 1960, pp. 396-99.
7. AMERICAN STANDARD FOR INSTRUMENT TRANS-
FORMERS. Standard C-57,13-1948, American
Standards Association, New York, N. Y., p. 12.

DECEMBER 1963 Meisel-Current Instrument Transformer Error Calculations 1085