Chapter 44 Test Bank

Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) A marine sea star was mistakenly placed in freshwater and it died. What is the most likely explanation
for its death?
A) The sea star was stressed and needed more time to adapt to new conditions.
B) The sea star is hypertonic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate.
C) The osmoregulatory system of the sea star could not handle the change in ionic content
presented by the freshwater.
D) The contractile vacuoles used to regulate water content ruptured in the freshwater.
E) The cells of the sea star dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize.
ANS: B TOP: Concept 44.1
2) Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

A) terrestrial.
B) marine.
C) amphibious.
D) found in freshwater streams.
E) found in freshwater lakes.
3) The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ____ with its ____ environment.
A) hypertonic; freshwater
B) isotonic; freshwater
C) hyperosmotic; saltwater
D) isoosmotic; saltwater
E) hypoosmotic; saltwater
ANS: D TOP: Concept 44.1
4) Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are

A) hyperosmotic.
B) hypoosmotic.
C) isoosmotic.
D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic.
E) hypoosmotic and isoosmotic.
ANS: C TOP: Concept 44.1
5) Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?
A) loss of water through the gills
B) gain of salt through the gills
C) loss of water in the urine
D) no drinking of water
E) gain of water through food
ANS: E TOP: Concept 44.1
6) In addition to their role in gas exchange, fish gills are also directly involved in
A) digestion.
B) osmoregulation.
C) thermoregulation.
D) the excretion of uric acid.
E) the release of atrial natriuretic proteins.
7) All of the following represent adaptations by terrestrial animals to drying conditions except
A) anhydrobiosis.
B) salt glands.
C) efficient kidneys.
D) impervious surfaces.
E) increased thirst.
8) The digestion and utilization of which nutrient creates the greatest need for osmoregulation by the
kidneys?
A) protein
B) starch
C) fat
D) oil
E) cellulose
ANS: A TOP: Concept 44.2
9) Which of the molecules shown in the figure below represents urea?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
10) Where and from what compound(s) is urea produced?

A) liver from NH3 and CO2
B) liver from glycogen
C) kidneys from glucose
D) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids
E) bladder from uric acid and H2O
11) Which of the following is true of urea? It is

A) insoluble in water.
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia.
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds.
E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates.
12) Which of the following is true of ammonia?

A) It is soluble in water.
B) It can be stored as a precipitate.
C) It has low toxicity relative to urea.
D) Only A and C are true.
E) A, B, and C are true.
13) Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

A) storage of glycogen
B) secretion of urea
C) production of plasma proteins
D) removal of glucose from the blood
E) detoxification of chemical poisons in the blood
14) The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that
A) urea can be exchanged for Na+.
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia.
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia.
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient.
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body.
15) What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds?

A) ammonia
B) nitrate
C) nitrite
D) urea
E) uric acid
16) Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste that requires hardly any water for its excretion?
A) amino acid
B) urea
C) uric acid
D) ammonia
E) nitrogen gas
17) What is the process called by which materials are returned to the blood from the nephron fluid?
A) filtration
B) ultrafiltration
C) selective reabsorption
D) secretion
E) active transport
18) Which organism(s) has excretory structures known as protonephridia?

A) flatworms
B) earthworms
C) insects
D) vertebrates
E) both C and D
19) Which organism(s) has excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules?

A) earthworms
B) flatworms
C) insects
D) jellyfish
E) both A and B
20) Which of the following mechanisms for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal is incorrectly paired with
its corresponding animal?
A) metanephridium-earthworm
B) Malpighian tubule-insect
C) kidney-frog
D) flame bulb-snake
E) direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate
21) Which of the following excretory systems is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high
hydrostatic pressure?
A) flame-bulb system of flatworms
B) protonephridia of rotifers
C) metanephridia of earthworms
D) Malpighian tubules of insects
E) kidneys of vertebrates
22) What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A) cortex
B) vasa recta
C) nephron
D) bladder
E) glomerulus
23) The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

A) results from active transport.
B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones.
C) is very selective as to which small molecules are transferred.
D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid.
E) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the nephron tubule.
24) Which part of the vertebrate nephron consists of capillaries?

A) glomerulus
B) loop of Henle
C) distal tubule
D) Bowman's capsule
E) collecting duct
25) Which of the following normally contains blood?

A) vasa recta
B) Bowman's capsule
C) loop of Henle
D) proximal tubule
E) collecting duct
Refer to the figure below, a diagram of a renal tubule, to answer the following questions.
26) In which region would filtration occur?

A) I
B) III
C) IV
D) V
E) VII
27) In which region would urine become more concentrated?

A) I
B) III
C) IV
D) V
E) VII
28) In which region would nutrients be actively transported to the blood?

A) I
B) II
C) IV
D) V
E) VI
29) Which part directly leads to the area where membranes become permeable to urea?
A) III
B) IV
C) V
D) VI
E) VII
30) What substance is secreted by the proximal-tubule cells and prevents the pH of urine from becoming
too acidic?
A) bicarbonate
B) salt
C) glucose
D) ammonia
E) HCl
31) Which structure passes urine to the renal pelvis?

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal tubule
E) glomerulus
32) Which structure possesses specialized cells called podocytes?

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal tubule
E) glomerulus
33) Which structure is the first section of the nephron tubule into which the filtrate enters?
A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) ureter
D) proximal tubule
E) glomerulus
34) Which structure descends deep into the renal medulla only in juxtamedullary nephrons?
A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) glomerulus
35) All of the following are functions of the mammalian kidney except
A) water reabsorption.
B) filtration of blood.
C) excretion of nitrogenous waste.
D) regulation of salt balance in the blood.
E) production of urea as a waste product of protein catabolism.
36) Which one of the following structures is found in birds and mammals but not in other vertebrates?
A) juxtamedullary nephrons
B) nephrons
C) urethra
D) ureter
E) Bowman's capsule
37) Which of the following is not true concerning transport epithelia involved in water balance?
A) One surface of the epithelium faces the outside environment directly or indirectly.
B) The epithelium is a semipermeable barrier.
C) The surface area is small, which prevents excessive water loss.
D) The epithelium regulates the movement of solutes.
E) Cells are joined by tight junctions.
38) Which of the following processes of osmoregulation by the kidney is the least selective?
A) salt pumping to control osmolarity
B) H+ pumping to control pH
C) reabsorption
D) filtration
E) secretion
39) Proper functioning of the human kidney requires considerable active transport of sodium in the kidney
tubules. If these active transport mechanisms were to stop completely, how would urine production be
affected?
A) No urine would be produced.
B) A less-than-normal volume of hypoosmotic urine would be produced.
C) A greater-than-normal volume of isoosmotic urine would be produced.
D) A greater-than-normal volume of hyperosmotic urine would be produced.
E) A less-than-normal volume of isoosmotic urine would be produced.
40) Which one of the following is extremely important for water conservation in mammals?
A) juxtamedullary nephrons
B) Bowman's capsule
C) urethra
D) podocytes
E) ureter
41) Which one of the following, if present in a urine sample, would likely be caused by trauma?
A) amino acids
B) glucose
C) salts
D) erythrocytes
E) vitamins
42) A toxin that specifically blocks active transport in the loop of Henle might result in which of the
following?
A) a decrease in the interstitial concentration of NaCl
B) a decrease in the filtrate concentration ability of the kidney
C) an increase in the amount of interstitial urea to maintain interstitial osmolarity
D) A and C only
E) A, B and C
43) Depending on salt intake and water availability, humans can produce urine that is
A) hyperosmotic to body fluids.
B) hypoosmotic to body fluids.
C) isoosmotic to body fluids.
D) A and B are true.
E) A, B, and C are true.
44) Which structure increases the reabsorption of Na+ when stimulated by aldosterone?
A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal tubule
E) distal tubules
45) What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages?
A) increased aldosterone production
B) increased blood pressure
C) decreased amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule
E) the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity
46) In a laboratory experiment with three groups, one group of people drinks pure water, a second group
drinks an equal amount of beer, and a third group drinks an equal amount of concentrated salt solution
all during the same time period. Their urine production is monitored for several hours. At the end of
the measurement period, which group will have produced the greatest volume of urine and which
group the least?
A) beer the most, salt solution the least
B) salt solution the most, water the least
C) water the most, beer the least
D) beer the most, water the least
E) There will be no significant difference between these groups.
47) Which of the following activities would initiate an osmoregulatory adjustment brought about primarily
through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
A) sleeping
B) spending several hours mowing the lawn on a hot day
C) eating a bag of potato chips
D) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni
E) drinking several glasses of water
48) Hormones involved in the production of urine include all of the following except
A) aldosterone.
B) angiotensin.
C) ADH.
D) atrial natriuretic factor.
E) secretin.
49) Which statement is true about marine fishes?

A) Compared to marine fishes, freshwater fishes have fewer glomeruli.
B) The kidneys of marine fishes excrete little urine.
C) Marine fishes lack proximal tubules.
D) Marine fishes secrete uric acid to conserve water.
E) Their kidneys produce filtrate at high rates.

Chapter 44 Test Bank

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Chapter 44 Test Bank

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Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

2) Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

4) Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are

9) Which of the molecules shown in the figure below represents urea?

10) Where and from what compound(s) is urea produced?

11) Which of the following is true of urea? It is

12) Which of the following is true of ammonia?

13) Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

15) What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds?

18) Which organism(s) has excretory structures known as protonephridia?

19) Which organism(s) has excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules?

23) The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

24) Which part of the vertebrate nephron consists of capillaries?

25) Which of the following normally contains blood?

26) In which region would filtration occur?

27) In which region would urine become more concentrated?

28) In which region would nutrients be actively transported to the blood?

31) Which structure passes urine to the renal pelvis?

32) Which structure possesses specialized cells called podocytes?

49) Which statement is true about marine fishes?

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