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y (t) y [n]
User i d (t) i,1 h (t) i Chip i
Channel estimators based on the block fading model do s (t)
i
i
... i,L
MF
not work satisfactorily for fast fading where channel changes C (t) i MUI w(t)
rapidly within a time interval between pilot symbols; Addi-
tional pilot insertion is required with the conventional es- Fig. 1. System model
timation methods. Several channel tracking methods are
proposed based on time multiplexed pilot symbols and in- We assume that the channel of a particular user con-
terpolation techniques e.g. [1] [8]. These methods utilize sists of independent multipaths each of which is a ban-
only pilot symbols over multiple slots, which requires pilot dlimited deterministic waveform with bandwidth the max-
symbols with high SNR and long observation time. Others imum Doppler frequency [3]. Due to fast fading, we let the
consider Wiener filter approaches which requires the knowl- multipath coefficients vary from symbol to symbol while
edge of the Doppler spread and the signal-to-interference remaining constant over one symbol period . The delay
ratio [4]. profile of multipaths is assumed to be invariant within one
In this paper, we present a new channel estimation tech- slot1 . To simplify the model, we assume that all users are
nique which utilizes multipath structure and tracks fast fad- chiprate synchronized, that is, the delays between paths are
ing channels effectively without the insertion of additional multiples of chip interval . Specifically, the continuous-
pilot symbols. Using a linear interpolation model, the pro- time time-varying channel impulse response of user is given
posed method estimates the channel coefficients at selected as
sampling points and tracks the channel for the whole slot. $
"
The proposed method can be implemented with a state-space # $
inversion technique with a comparable amount of complex-
!
() +*-, */.0
(1)
ity with conventional RAKE receiver [5]. %'&
This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research Contract 1 Fast fading results mainly from the phase variation of carrier not from
The size of B EC is the total number of chips of the entire - Fig. 2. sample interpolation model
symbol slot. For user , the total received noiseless signal is
expressed as $
interval $ as
is modeled $
# U] ^ ] ^ ] ^ Q
DC H'C & & NHlSlTlN'C E @ SRSRTRUP (7)
Be f GMDCKJ'DCgTDC
C %8&
where 8C is the interpolation coefficient for symbol @ and
GM diag J8 & TRSRSRh
J8
_i
(5) <
sample 4 . Stacking all the multipaths corresponding to the
f same symbol and user, we have
where ih 3 & RTRSRjT 5kV and GM!X 3 GM & TlSlSlUGM 5 which
has a special structuref of sparse block Toeplitz form Z[ ] &_^ ] &^ ] &^ ca bb Z[ acb
f which [ & ` D
[ lTlSl b [ 8C & b
is exploited for efficient implementation of matrix inversion [ ]D` ^ ]E` ^ ]E` ^ b [ b
& ` lTlSl D C `
8
[5]. Including all users and noise, we have the multiuser
J EC .. .. .. P
X ;C
data model as \ ." ." d \ . d
] ^ ]" ^ ] ^ 8C
# & ` lTlSl D
B m G diag J8 & T RSRSRUJ'
M
_inNpo (8)
%'& f
GMqrisNpor (6) where and C are defined correspondingly. The inter-
polation coefficient vector C is determined by the selected
where the overall code matrix Gt 3 G & SRTRSRUG
5, u
q
interpolation method and is the unknown channel pa-
diag vJ && SRSRTRU
J & J ` & TRSRSRUJ ` SRTRSR
J
, and
m o is ad- rameter which is invariant over a slot. We further assume
ditive Gaussian noise. f We also assume f f
them following
the following
A1: The code matrix G is known and has full column
rank. A3: The matrix has full column rank.
2 Rough timing knowledge is enough since we parameterize the delay 3 Frequency domain approach can be also used with frequency com-
cluster with sufficient number of fingers w ponents for bandlimited channels.
&
Assumption (A3) implies that the number of multipaths is Let ®¯°Pª
X ² ± with the following row partition
larger than that of the sampling points which is usually valid
Z[ acb
due to the abundance of the multipaths in most mobile chan- [ o³¦ & b
[ b
nels and several sample points are sufficient to track the o³¦ `
channel change within a slot effectively. The design pa- ®¯' .. R (13)
\ . d
rameter is chosen considering the fading velocity so that
the channel vectors at different sampling points are linearly o³E¦
independent almost surely. This suffices to the validity of
the assumption (A3). Multiplying EC by ®¯ from the left gives
Z[ acb Z[ acb
[ o³¦ & b [ 'C & b
3.2. Blind multiuser channel estimation algorithm [ b [ b
o³¦ ` C `
DCP DCL
.. ..
We propose a blind channel estimator based on the linear \ . d \ . d
interpolation channel model exploiting the multipath struc- o³D¦ C
ture of channel. We assume that the channel and symbols
are deterministic parameters. Q
Assume C ¶µ 4 SlTlSlU
and DC ¶µ for given
<9´ ´
The multiuser signals are separated by decorrelating or @ , which is valid for most interpolation points and mod-
regularized least square front end. The required matrix in- ulation schemes. Notice that multiplying row · , ¸ by 'C?¹ ,
version is efficiently implemented by an algorithm using the 8C»º respectively gives the same value 'C!ºT8C¹7TDC . Taking
state-space technique[5][6]. The output of the decorrelator difference between two rows related to @ th symbol data, a
is given by system of equations are obtained similarly as in [2]
G B ½¼
DC¾o¿89| (14)
diag J & & T RSRSRUJ &
J ` & SRTRSRU
J
_isN¡s
f m f where o+»X 3 o ¦ & SlSlTlUo D¦ 5 ¦
where _l
is pseudo inverse. Let DC be the subvector of
and
length corresponding to @ th symbol of user . Due to the ÆÇÇ É7À cÂÊ Ã'Ë É À ÂcÊ ÃÌ
7 Í Î_Î_Î Î_Î_Î Í Ô ÕÕ
diagonal structure of q , the vector EC us given by ÇÇ ± ÕÕ
ÇÇ É7À ÂcÊ Ã'Ë Í É7À ÂcÊ ÃÏ
.
.
.
ÕÕ
ÇÇ ± ÕÕ
EC J EC EC Np¡ DC ÇÇ .
. Í Í .. .
. ÕÕ
.
Q ÇÇ . .
ÕÕ
;C DC N¡ DC @ SRTRSRUP (9) ÇÇ .
. .. Í ÕÕ
.
À ÂEÃÅ% Ä ÇÇ É7À cÂÊ Ã'Ë .
Í _Î Î_Î Î_Î_Î Í É7À ÂEÊ ÃhÐ ÕÕ
`¢ Á» ÇÇ ÕÕ
where the colored noise ¡8EC has distribution of z{ v|h
} ECg
, Í É7À ÂcÊ ÃÌ É7À ÂcÊ ÃÏ Í _Î Î_Î ± Í
¢ ÇÇ ± ÕÕ
and the covariance EC is the ¤£p submatrix obtained ÇÇ Í .
Í .. .. . ÕÕ
Q ÇÇ
. . . .
ÕÕ
É7À ÂcÊ ÃÌ É7À ÂEÊ ÃhÐ
. .
from the 8*
¥N @ th diagonal block of G vG
_¦ . Í Í _Î Î_Î Í
ÇÇÈ Í Í É7À ÂcÊ ÃÏ É7À ÂcÊ ÃUÑ Í ± Í ÕÕ
±
. . . . . .
3.2.1. Noise free case
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. Ö
Í Í Í Í É7À ÂcÊ Ã²Ò Ð'Ó0Ë É7À ÂEÊ ÃhÐ
±
Consider the noise free case. With the deterministic as-
¼ ¼
sumption on , the column space of is obtained by and EC!º 9
X C?¹ DC and DC?¹ H
X C!º EC for given D·7j¸
singular value decomposition pair. Combining all the symbol data gives
§ ¢
¨ ¦ P©! X 3 & ` SRSRTRU 5R (10) ½
vo+'H| (15)
f
Then is given as ½ ½¼ ½¼
where X 3 ¦ & SlSlTlU ¦ 5¦ .
§
' ǻ (11) f
Q `
Proposition
½
1 (Identifiability) The Fp v×*
ØÚÙL£Û
where ª is a invertible {£¬ unknown square matrix from ` Q
matrix is a matrix with rank * , i.e. the column
the assumption A(3). Projecting DC to the column space of rank is deficient by one. Hence, o+ is the unique null space
§ ½
, we have the following square system of and is blindly identifiable up to a scale factor.
DC § Q
X ¦ DC{9ªh CKECL @ SRTRSRUjPR (12) Hence, is identifiable by eq.(11).
1
10
4. NUMERICAL RESULTS
0
10
BER
−3
10
mean square error performance and almost reaches the the Sinc
Polynomial
Piecewise linear
Known channel
−6
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR[dB]
1
10
CRB
MSE Fig. 5. Bit error rate: low-pass channel
0
10
−1
10
5. CONCLUSION
mean square error
−2
10
−3
10 We propose a new blind channel estimation technique which
−4
10
effectively tracks fastfading channels in long code CDMA
−5
systems and a new blind identifiability is established. Ex-
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
SNR[dB]
30 35 40 45 50
ploiting the multipath structure and interpolation model, the
proposed method shows a significant improvement over the
Fig. 3. Mean square error:interpolation channel channel estimation with block fading model without inser-
tion of additional pilot symbols.
6. REFERENCES
The performance of the proposed method is evaluated [1] H.Andoh, M.Sawahashi, and F.Adachi, “Channel Estimation Filter using Time-
for a bandlimited waveform channel. Since we assume the Multiplexed Pilot Channel for Coherent RAKE Combining in DS/CDMA Mo-
$Eäå bile Radio,” IEICE Trans. Communications, E81-B(7):1517-1526, July 1998.
channel is deterministic, the channel waveform is gener-
ated with Jakes’s model[3] with ¶µRæ7ç and trun- [2] D. Gesbert, P. Duhamel, and S. Mayrargue, “On-line blind multichannel equal-
ization based on mutually referenced filters ,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing ,
cated for one slot length. Two equal power asynchronous 45(9):2307-2317, September 1997.
users with delay of a half symbol interval are simulated.
[3] W.Jakes Jr., Microwave Mobile Cummunications, Wiley, New Yor, 1974.
Other parameters are the same as in the interpolation chan-
nel case. Fig. 4 shows the MSE performance of the pro- [4] B. Lindoff, C. Ostberg, and H. Eriksson, “Channel estimation for the W-CDMA
system, performance and robustness analysis from a terminal perspective ,”
posed method with various interpolation techniques with In Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, volume 2, pages 1565-1569,
three sample points. The proposed algorithm improves MSE 1999.
performance much over the estimation using the pilot sym- [5] L.Tong,A.V.der Veen, P.Dewilde, and Y.Sung, “Blind decorrelating rake receiver
bol and the block fading model. However, the proposed for long code WCDMA,” Tech. Rep. ACSP-02-01, Cornell University, Feb. 2002.
method also shows a performance floor at high SNR due [6] P.Dewilde and A. van der Veen, Time-Varying Systems and Computations,
to the imperfect modeling of the actual channel. Figure 5 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1998.
shows the average bit error rate performance of a whitened [7] M. K. Tsatsanis and G. B. Giannakis, “Subspace Methods for Blind Estimation
RAKE receiver with the estimated channel. The increase of of Time-Varying FIR Channels,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing , 45(12):3084-
3093, December 1997.
BER with respect to SNR for the estimation with block fad-
ing model shows that the additive noise works beneficially [8] Hai-Wei Wang and Che-Ho Wei, “Pilot-symbol assisted channel estimation for
coherent DS-CDMA communications,” In Proc. IEEE International Symposium
for detection since the estimation gives adverse values due on Circuits and Systems , volume 3, papes 383-386, 2000.
to lack of tracking capability.