H0 : µΑ = µΒ SPSS

t-test and ANOVA

By the end of this lecture you should
understand
›Carrying out a t-test
›Why we need ANOVA
›Entering data and running a 1-way ANOVA
›Interpreting a 1-way ANOVA

H0 : µΑ = µΒ
Basic Stats. Revision
Assumptions and requirements
›All data are independent (no data point can
appear twice) (APPLIES TO ALL TESTS)
›Variances must be homogenous (can be fixed
using transformations)
›For ANOVA and t tests the assumption of a
normal distribution of the data is least important
and can effectively be ignored

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
Errors

Accept Reject

Type I error
Null Hyp. True

by convention
p(type I) = α
= 0.05

Null Hyp. False Type II error

p (type II) = β


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H0 : µΑ = µΒ A t-test

»Comparing 2 means (t test), robust, reliable.

µA µB 4

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
A Basic t-test
› Investigation into group size in kangaroos. The
literature says that the average group size is 10

› Model: You are testing the model that your

group is representative of other studies

› Hypothesis is that your mean is statistically not

different from 10

›Collect data from 25 groups 5

H0 : µΑ = µΒ
A Basic t-test
› 2 ways of doing this

›1. Excel using the formula, with n-1 degrees of

freedom

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
A Basic t-test

H0 : µΑ = µΒ
A Basic t-test
› Use a statistical programme

› Good example is SPSS

› Is NOT a spreadsheet

› 1. copy and paste data into cells, then name

cells

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Then double click on

var00001

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Code Label
Grouping
(will appear in print-outs)

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Mean is significantly less than

10, t24 = 9.28, P < 0.001
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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
A Basic t-test
› 2-sample t-test to compare 2 means

› Model: You are testing the model that your

groups are different from another 20 groups from
different habitats

› Hypothesis is that the average group size differs

between groups seen in area A ) (bush) and area
B (grass

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›Collect data from 20 groups in each habitat

Need to code the groups

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 P > 0.05

So, the mean size of groups of kangaroos in

each habitat was not significantly different
t38 = 0.662, NS 19

H0 : µΑ = µΒ
ANOVA
By the end of this lecture you should
understand
›Why we need ANOVA
›Entering data and running a 1-way ANOVA
›Interpreting a 1-way ANOVA
›Entering data and running a 2 way
orthogonal ANOVA
›Interpretation of such an ANOVA
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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
Basic Stats. Revision
Assumptions and requirements
›All data are independent (no data point can
appear twice) (APPLIES TO ALL TESTS)
›Variances must be homogenous (can be fixed
using transformations)
›For ANOVA and t tests the assumption of a
normal distribution of the data is least important
and can effectively be ignored

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ Why ANOVA?

»Comparing 2 means (t test), robust, reliable.

»What happens for 3 levels of a treatment,
e.g. 3 diets affecting growth of shrimps?
»t tests look for differences in treatment
means, consider overlap of “tails”

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µA µB

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ t tests
»3 means, now have 11 possible tails......
OW!
»Instead of using 1 test, could use 3 tests
» A vs B, A vs C, and B vs C
»This approach... 2 problems...
» 1. Problems of independence
» 2. Increased probability of type I error (on 3
tests rises to 0.14 from 0.05)
»Can get round pt 2 by corrections
(Bonferroni), but this increases probability of
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type II error and gives reduced power

H0 : µΑ = µΒ
ANOVA

»Can use an ANOVA for >2 means

»Allows development of complex designs

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ Language Break!
»Response variable: the thing you are measuring
»Most people think in terms of treatment(s)
»Clumsy and ambiguous term
»Example.... To investigate the effect of growth
enhancers on the cattle.

Treatment (T) effect: Factor: Diet

Diet 3 Levels

T1 = normal diet L1 = normal diet

T2 = diet + x L2 = diet + x
T3 = diet + 2x L3 = diet + 2x 25

H0 : µΑ = µΒ
1-way ANOVA on SPSS
»Model: Temperature controls the
metamorphosis rate of barnacles cyprids
»Hypothesis: If temperature increases, time
taken for metamorphosis is reduced (H1:
µtime at high T0C < µtime at medium T0C <
µtime at low T0C

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Double click on var0001
to get variable view and
name vars

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
1-way ANOVA on SPSS
»CRITICAL ASSUMPTIONS

»Assumptions of independence.. DESIGN

»Assumptions of Homogeneity of Variance..

»Normality… ignore except for extreme cases

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
1-way ANOVA on SPSS

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
Heterogeneity of variance
» Analogous to looking for traffic when
crossing the road

»2 useful tests… Levene’s (has some

problems but otherwise ok)

»Cochran’s (excellent, but only for

BALANCED samples… σmax/Σσ
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Post-hoc tests
Single test
3 means though

A≠B≠C
A=B≠C
A≠B=C
A=B=C
C≠A=B
C=A=B
Use a Post-hoc
test, lots… SNK 33

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H0 : µΑ = µΒ
1-way ANOVA on SPSS
METAM
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 6174.050 2 3087.025 75.014 .000
Within Groups 1111.125 27 41.153
Total 7285.175 29

Source SS df MS F P
Temperature 6174.1 2 3087.03 75.01 P <0.001
Residual 1111.1 27 41.15
Total 7285.2 29

Result Written as: Temperature significantly

reduced the time taken for cyprids to metamorphose
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(F(2,27) = 75.01, P < 0.001) (Table 1)

Cyprid Metamorphosis Times in Relation to Temperature

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Time Taken (Hours) to metamorphosis

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25

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10

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Low Medium High
Temperature

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 2-way Factorial ANOVA on
SPSS
»Model: People disturb birds, so kestrels will be
less successful in foraging in human utilised areas.
Additionally complex vegetation will mean prey is
harder to see, thus reducing success rate.
»Hypotheses:
» In highly disturbed areas kestrels will have less
success at foraging than in medium disturbed
areas, and this will be less than undisturbed
areas.
» In complex vegetation areas kestrels will have
less success at foraging than in grassy areas.37

NOTE SORT ORDER

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 2-way Factorial ANOVA on
SPSS
»Paste data from Excel into SPSS, code both
factors using values box in variable view

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{
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 Source SS df MS F P
Vegetation Ve 4556.3 1 4556.25 52.90 < 0.001
Disturbance Di 118.2 2 59.11 0.69 > 0.5
Ve x Di 194.7 2 97.33 1.13 > 0.3
Residual 2583.8 30 86.13
Total 15523.0 36

Effect of Vegetation Type on Success Rates of Foraging Kestrels

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High Dist
Success Rates (Kills per day)

30 Med Dist
Low dist

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Interpret?
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Grass Complex
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Vegetation

2-way Factorial ANOVA : SPSS

»Too simplistic?

»Madeitup, I (1989) redid the experiment

»Kestrels 2 data set,

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2-way Factorial ANOVA : SPSS
Source SS df MS F P
Vegetation Ve 850.7 1 850.69 8.71 < 0.01
Disturbance Di 840.4 2 420.19 4.3 < 0.05
Ve x Di 1395.7 2 697.86 7.15 < 0.01
Residual 2928.8 30 97.63
Total 13269.0 36

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Effect of Vegetation Type on Success Rates of Foraging Kestrels

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low Dist
Success Rates (Kills per day)

25 Med Dist
High dist

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10

0
Grass Complex

Vegetation

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 2-way Factorial ANOVA on
H0 : µΑ = µΒ SPSS
»What have I missed?

»Assumptions of independence.. DESIGN

»Assumptions of Homogeneity of Variance..

Test data
»stat, ANOVA, Homogeneity of Variance
» use Levene’s test?
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Homogeneity of Variance
Test Homogeneity of
Variance
Non Significant Significant
Result Result
Do ANOVA Transform Data
and Interpret and re-test
Fixed Problem
of heterogeneity?
Yes No
Do ANOVA Do ANOVA
and interpret
ANOVA NS ANOVA Sig.
Absolutely Fine
Design Large?
N > 30, a > 6
Yes No
Probably OK Interpret with
caution, treat as pilot 48

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 Summary and survival guide
›ANOVA is more powerful in terms of flexibility
› data must be independent
› variances must be homogeneous
› Normality is not important
›Nearly all biological hypotheses are about
interactions... Know what that means!
›SPSS is useful for general purposes
›All detailed in your refs + Dytham, C. (1999)
Choosing and using statistics. Blackwell. (note he
is wrong about assumptions of normality.. Ignore it!)
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