Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Predicting cavitation
damage in control valves
By:
Dr.-Ing. Jörg Kiesbauer
Dipl.-Ing. Domagoj Vnucec
Dipl.-Ing. Miriam Roth
Prof. Dr. Bernd Stoffel
Predicting cavitation damage in control valves
Dr. Jörg Kiesbauer, and Dipl.-Ing. Domagoj Vnucec, SAMSON AG
Dipl.-Ing. Miriam Roth, Prof. Dr. Bernd Stoffel, Darmstadt University of Technology
Cavitation can occur in control valves handling fluids, causing loud noise as well as damaging valve components and ulti-
mately leading to additional costs in process plants. A standardized procedure to evaluate the destructiveness of cavitation-
induced still does not exist whereas noise emission can reliably be predicted with the new international EN 60534-8-4 stan-
dard. This article describes a new method to solve this problem by evaluating structure-borne noise in the ultrasonic range.
Fig. 3: Typical graph plotting noise vs. differential pressure ratio xF Fig. 4: Improved noise prediction using new IEC method [6]
5. Material method
Fig. 8: Signal processing in acoustic measuring method
The material analysis is generally performed in three steps:
lyzed by a special software (PITCOUNT) developed by Darm- • One specimen each is exposed to a different cavitation ope-
stadt University. This allows the number of pits and their radii rating point
to be counted. • Photographing the damaged surfaces (Fig. 11)
A correlation of the acoustic and material-related histograms • Analysis of the photographs (Figs. 12 and 13)
enables the portion of acoustic power to be determined that A benefit of this method, in which just the initial stage is inves-
actually causes the material damage (threshold value re- tigated, is the relatively short testing time. The time until a sur-
quired). face is damaged is substantially reduced by selecting materials
with a fairly low resistance against cavitation. Additionally, a
4. Acoustic method relatively short time helps obtain more constant test parame-
The signals caused by cavitation have a special shape (see ters. The plugs are made of copper, which is soft and provides
Fig. 8, signal above oscilloscope). A high-frequency noise at a a uniform image in undamaged, polished condition in the im-
constant amplitude is observed in the acoustic measurements age analysis procedure.
when no cavitation exists. Much larger amplitudes that trail off
fairly slowly arise when cavitation events (implosions) occur.
The signal analysis counts the recorded amplitude peaks over
a certain period of time and allocates them to amplitude class-
es (see Fig. 8 histogram on PC as well as Fig. 10).
The implosion pressure waves caused by the bubbles are consid-
ered to be similar to spherical waves in an approximation. The
sound energy Es of the spherical wave results from the force
amplitude F̂ exerted on the wall, and the pulse width τP:
(5)
the acoustically recorded events cause the pits, a threshold value power increases, the pressure differential ratio xFid for the onset
was determined for every operating point to separate the dam- of damage can be determined. In addition, the total acoustic
age-relevant acoustic events from those not relevant for dam- power and thus higher acoustic power at the plug is plotted in
age. Integrating the pit frequency graph in Fig. 13, for example, Fig. 9 for the maximum valve opening without taking into ac-
results in a value of 11.82 pits per second. To achieve the same count the threshold, which would incorrectly indicate the risk of
sum for greater acoustic amplitudes (Fig. 10 top), a limit of 73 N erosion at an earlier stage.
is required. All amplitudes greater than 73 N summed up also Fig. 16 shows the resulting values in comparison with the value
mean a frequency of 11.82 acoustic events per second. This from Table 1 (xFid = 0.7 for single-stage globe valve). The limits
threshold of 73 N is represented in Fig. 10 as a line. for the parabolic plug match well.
The acoustic implosion energies measured above the threshold In the case of other plug types, different ratios were to be ex-
are equated with the material-based implosion energies and pected, which was also verified by a series of measurements.
the pulse width τp is determined (Fig. 14, τp = 3.3 µs). A clear correlation between these values and the operating
The discovered parameters, such as pulse width and threshold point is recognizable when the implosion duration for all plugs
for mechanical load, differ substantially from those for centrifu- is calculated. Shorter signal durations are expected for small
gal pumps. As a result, cavitation turns out to be much more valve strokes and likewise at higher pressure drops. This influ-
critical with control valves. ence is taken into account to determine the final implosion
maps. A linear rise in signal duration was found with increas-
7. Results ing valve flow coefficients and with decreasing xF values.
After filtering out the acoustic power not relevant for component Naturally, the procedure can also be applied to other nominal
damage, diagrams were drawn up with the measured external sizes and valve styles. The measurements of the acoustic power
noise level LpA at one meter distance from the valve and the relevant for cavitation erosion can be performed just as quick-
damage-relevant acoustic power plotted against xF/xFz. ly as the measurements using the external noise level using a
Fig. 15 illustrates these data for a parabolic plug at various structure-borne sound sensor integrated into the plug. In an
loads by changing the valve opening. Although the cavitation initial approximation, the mean threshold, pulse width depen-
causes audible external noise peaks from 85 to 95 dB around dent on the k v coefficient, and differential pressure ratio xF from
the control valve, damage to the valve is not to be expected. existing tests can be used for further analysis.
The acoustic power relevant for damage measured at the valve At the same time, material tests should be performed for very
also starts to increase at much higher differential pressure ra- large valve plugs to obtain reliable results. Further series of mea-
tios than xFz. At the point where the damage-relevant acoustic surements show whether or how the limits xFid/xFz will change.