IMAGE PROCESSING USING MATLAB – LEARNING TOOL

LO SHING LOONG

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

 DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND
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Author’s full name :LO SHING LOONG
Date of birth :8thFEBRUARY 1987
Title :IMAGE PROCESSING USING MATLAB –
LEARNING TOOL

Academic Session : 2009/2010

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Date : APRIL 2010
 IMAGE PROCESSING USING MATLAB – LEARNING TOOL

LO SHING LOONG

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Telecommunication)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

APRIL 2010
 ii

DECLARATION

“I declare that this work as the product of my own effort with the exception of
excerpts cited form other works of which the sources were duly noted”

Signature :

Author’s Name :Lo Shing Loong

Date : April 2010

 iii

DECLARATION

Dedicated, in thankful appreciation for support, encouragement and

understandings to my beloved mother, father, brothers and sisters.
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my

supervisor, Dr. Yusri Yunus for the guidance and enthusiasm given throughout the
progress of this project.

My appreciation also goes to my family who has been so tolerant and supports
me all these years. Thanks for their encouragement, love and emotional supports that
they had given to me.

.
 v

ABSTRACT

The purpose for this study is to investigate a software application that can show
how the image is process in computer platform. The process will be done in converting
the picture to matrix model by using MATLAB program. Picture will be shown when
program is running successfully. Real image or picture will be resulted from the matrix
using the function in the MATHLAB. User can use varies of functions such as filter or
rotate depending on the user itself. In this study, the picture or real image used is from
Internet, scanner and etc. Basic mathematical calculation does not apply in this project
as it only used MATHLAB program. The significant of this project is to educated user to
learn how the image can be changes after the function indicated by the program.
 vi

ABSTRAK

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mencari suatu aplikasi perisian yang dapat
menunjukkan bagaimana imej di proses dalam platform komputer. Proses ini akan
dilakukan dalam menukar imej-imej untuk model matriks dengan menggunakan
program MATLAB. Imej akan dipaparkan ketika program ini beroperasi dengan
jayanya. Imej tulen atau gambar akan dihasilkan dari matriks menggunakan fungsi di
MATHLAB. Pengguna boleh menggunakan fungsi bervariasi seperti penapis atau lain-
lain, bergantung pada pengguna itu sendiri. Dalam kajian ini, imej atau bayangan nyata
yang digunakan adalah dari Internet, scanner, dan lain-lain Dasar perhitungan matematik
tidak berlaku dalam projek ini kerana hanya menggunakan program MATHLAB.
Pengguna dididik untuk mempelajari bagaimana imej boleh berubah setelah melalui
berbagai fungsi yang ditunjukkan oleh program.
 vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE OF RESEARCH i

DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENT vii

LIST OF TABLE x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objective of The Project 3
1.3 Scope of Project 3
1.4 Outline of Thesis 3
1.5 Summary of Work 4
 viii

2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR IMAGE

PROCESSING
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Histogram 9
2.3 Blur/Deblurring Image Using Blind Deconvolution 9
Algorithm
2.4 Threshold/Edge Detection 9
2.5 Enhancing Multispectral Color Composite Images 10
2.6 Identify Round Object 10
2.7 Digital Filters 11
2.8 Low Pass Filter 11
2.9 High Pass Filter 14

3 METODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Blur/Deblurring Image Using Blind Deconvolution 19
Algorithm 20
3.3 Enhancing Multispectral Color Composite Images
Threshold / Edge Detection
3.4 Threshold / Edge Detection 20
3.5 Identify the Round Object 21
3.6 Rotate 22
3.7 Open Image 23
3.8 Reset 24
3.9 Save Image 24
3.10 Show Original Picture 25
 ix

4 RESULT AND DISCCUSION

4.1 Introduction 26
4.2 GUI (Graphical User Interface) 27
4.3 Image Processing Result 29

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclsion 35
5.2 Problems 36
5.3 Recommendation 37

REFERENCES 38

APPENDICES A 39
APPENDICES B 43
 x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Effect of increasing the size of the neighborhood region 14
 xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Process block 4
1.2 Gantt Chart of the project schedule for semester 1 6
1.3 Gantt Chart of the project schedule for semester 2 7
2.1 Filter 12
2.2 Coefficient values of low pass filter 13
2.3 Effect of low pass filter (a) matrix with bad element (b) matrix 14
after low pass filter
2.4 High pass filter coefficient set for 3x3 matrix convolution mask 15
2.5 Mask, data and element 16
3.1 Processing block 18
4.1 Step planning 26
4.2 layout of image processing program 29
4.3 Image opened in program 30
4.4 Image after simulated with blur and nois 30
4.5 Image after deblurred 31
4.6 Image enhanced after blurred 31
4.7 Image enhance after deblurred 32
4.8 Image rotated 32
4.9 Original image after threshold 33
4.10 Enhanced image after threshold 33
4.11 Original and modified image shows together 34
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an
image, such as photographs; the output of image processing can be either an image or a
set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing
techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard
signal-processing techniques to it. Image processing – converting the image to another
form by using direction in MATLAB/Toolboxes/Image Processing tables for example is
image input/output, color operation, image enhancement/ analysis and another method.

Image processing and computer vision practitioners tend concentrate on a

particular area of specialization. People refer to their research interests as “texture”,
“surface mapping”, “video tracking”, and the like. Nevertheless, there is a strong need to
appreciate the spectrum and hierarchy of processing levels.

Image processing is the manipulation of the image by using a computer, with the
objective to enhance or evaluate some aspect of an image which is not readily apparent
in its original form. This is done through the development and implementation of
processing means necessary to operate on the image. Processing image using a digital
computer provides the greatest flexibility and power for general image processing
 2

application, since the programming of a computer can be changed easily which allows
operation to be modified quickly.

Interest in image processing technique dates back to early 1920’s when digitized
pictures of world news events were first transmitted by submarine cable between
Newyork and London. However, application of digital image processing concepts did
not become widespread until the middle 1960’s, when third-generation digital computers
began to offer the speed and storage capabilities required for practical implementation of
image processing algorithms. Since then, this area has experienced vigorous growth and
has been subjected of study and research in such fields as engineering, computer science,
statistics, information science, physics, chemistry and medicine.

The result of these efforts have established the value of image processing
technique in of problem with application in diverse fields, including automated factory
controlled, astronomy, meteorology, agriculture, medicine, art and military application.
With the increasing availability of reasonably inexpensive hardware and some very
importance application on the horizon, image technology is expected to continue its
growth and to play an important role in the future.

From the MATLAB software we have the Toolbox for image processing and
Professional MATLAB. MATLAB is the interactive environment, scientists and
engineers are able to analyze and develop algorithms with exceptional improvements n
productivity and creativity. As a result of new algorithms with application-specific uses.
The MathWorks offers a series of application toolboxes that contain set of MATLAB ofr
the Linear algebra, high-speed computational kernel, extensive mathematical
functionality, data analysis, 2-D and 3-D graphic rapid algorithm development, matrix
based programming environment. In MATLAB Toolboxes professional version but
priced at a lower rate for academic use.
 3

1.2 Objective of The Project

The objective of this project is actually to educate newcomer to basic and

fundamental technique in image processing through integrated image processing
software. All fundamental algorithms of image processing will be exposed through this
package. This package will also provided easy-to-learn mechanisms turn user-friendly
by pop-up menu and graphic-orientation environment.

These operations include preprocessing, spatial filtering, image enhancement,

feature detection, image compression and image restoration involves process which
restores a degraded image to something close to the ideal. Generally, in computer vision,
especially in MATLAB program (image understanding or scene analysis) involves
technique from image processing, pattern recognition and artificial intelligent.
Particularly, MATLAB program offers many features and are more multifaceted then
any calculator. MATLAB toolbox is a tool for making mathematical calculations.

1.3 Scope of Project

Study and understand the image processing in varies method, mainly in

MATLAB. Create a GUI (Graphical User Interface) MATLAB program with several
functions.

1.4 Outline of Thesis

This thesis consists four chapters. In first chapter, it discuss about the objective
and scope of this project as long as summary of works. While Chapter 2 will discuss
 4

more on theory and literature reviews that have been done. It well discuss about types of
motor, various kind of speed measurement and controllers (thyristor, phase-lock loop
and PWM technique) that can be used to control the speed of the motor.

In Chapter 3, the discussion will be on the methodology hardware and software

implementation of this project. The result and discussion will be presented in Chapter 4.
Last but not least, Chapter 5 discusses the conclusion of this project and future work that
can be done.

1.5 Summary of Work

Every digital image processing system can be represented by a block diagram

containing three main elements, as shown in figure 1.1. The 4 major elements of every
image processing system include the following,

Image
MATLAB
Process
Block
Processed
Image

Figure 1.1 Process block

Image and MATLAB involves the conversion of scene into a digital

representation that can be processed by a digital computer. This can be performed by a
 5

sensor system specially designed to view a scene and provide a digital representation of
the scene.

Process block. When the images are installed in MATLAB, flowers picture for
example, the color of that image is first analyzed. In the process include several
functions of image processing technique.

Processed Image is the image display after the process. Gantt charts as shown in
Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3 show the detail of the works of the project that had been
implemented in the first and second semester.
 6

Figure 1.2 Gantt Chart of the project schedule for semester 1

 7

Figure 1.3 Gantt Chart of the project schedule for semester 2

 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR IMAGE PROCESSING

2.1 Introduction

Histogram is one of the technique most commonly used in contrast enhancement.

In many cases, the subjective contrast of an image is improved if one equalizes the
histogram of the histogram of gray-level of the picture elements argued that one should
make the histogram of the subjective brightness of the picture element uniform, or
equivalently making the gray-level histogram hyperbola is shape, it may hurt the further
machine analysis of the image.
 9

2.2 Histogram

Histogram is graphical presentations of the frequency count of the occurrence

each intensity (gray level) in the image. The horizontal axis of the graph represents the
tonal variations, while the vertical axis represents the number of pixels in that particular
tone. The left side of the horizontal axis represents the black and dark areas, the middle
represents medium grey and the right hand side represents light and pure white areas.
The vertical axis represents the size of the area that is captured in each one of these
zones.

2.3 Blur/Deblurring Image Using Blind Deconvolution Algorithm

The Blind Deconvolution Algorithm can be used effectively when no

information about the distortion (blurring and noise) is known. The algorithm restores
the image and the point-spread function (PSF) simultaneously. What happens is that
what should be seen as a sharp point gets smeared out, usually into a disc shape. In
image terms this means that each pixel in the source image gets spread over and mixed
into surrounding pixels. Another way to look at this is that each pixel in the destination
image is made up out of a mixture of surrounding pixels from the source image.

2.4 Threshold / Edge Detection

An image processing method distinguishes an object from within an image area

by determining a stable threshold value of light intensity values from within the image
area. Received light is converted into image data denoting light intensity values of the
received light at a plurality of points from within the image area. A bright portion
average value denoting an average of the light intensity values which exceed a
 10

predetermined threshold and a dark portion average value denoting an average of the
light intensity values which are less than the predetermined threshold are calculated. A
new threshold is obtained by applying the bright portion average value and the dark
portion average value to a predetermined dividing ratio. The object within the image
area is distinguished using the new threshold. The method is also applicable to the use
of multi value thresholds.

2.5 Enhancing Multispectral Color Composite Images

Enhance multispectral radiance or reflectance data to create an image that is

suitable for visual interpretation. Another way to enhance the true color composite is to
use a decorrelation stretch, which enhances color separation across highly correlated
channels.

Use decorrstretch to perform the decorrelation stretch. Again, surface features

have become much more clearly visible, but in a different way. The spectral differences
across the scene have been exaggerated.

2.6 Identify the Round Object

Classify objects based on their roundness using bwboundaries, a boundary

tracing routine. In this process, the MATLAB will convert the picture to black and white
first before to remove the noise (pixels which do not belong to the objects of interest)
inside the picture.

Estimate each object's area and perimeter. Use these results to form a simple
metric indicating the roundness of an object:
 11

Metric = 4*pi*area/perimeter^2.

This metric is equal to one only for a circle and it is less than one for any other
shape. The discrimination process can be controlled by setting an appropriate threshold.
In this example use a threshold of 0.94 so that only the pills will be classified as round.

2.7 Digital Filters

The digital filter can be categorized as a low pass or high pass filter depending
on which part of the frequency spectrum it affects. The effect on a composite electrical
analog signal containing all frequency components. The output signal of the high pass
filter will contain the high frequency components. The output signal of the low pass
filter will contain the DC bias and low frequency components. The specific cutoff
frequency cab be varied the selection of the value used in the filter, but that is beyond
the scope of this course.

The low frequency components in an image are characterized by a slow change

in the contrast or values of adjacent pixel in relation to high frequency components, due
to the rapid change in contrast encountered at the edge of an object.

2.8 Low Pass Filter

The low pass filter will not affect low frequency components in the image data
and will attenuate the high frequency components as illustrated in figure 2.1. Random
speckles in an image can be considered as noise and are high frequency components
since the pixel values of adjacent pixels change very rapidly. The effect of the speckles
can be reduced by using a simple averaging filter. The coefficient matrix for an
 12

averaging filter for a 3x3 local area convolution would contain nine elements as shown
below.

High Pass
Filter

(b)

Low Pass
Filter
(a)

(c)
Figure 2.1 Filter

Result of low pass (b) and high pass (c) digital filter on a composite signal (a)
containing both low and high frequency as well as a DC bias.

The value for the pixel in the output matrix is calculated by convoluting the
image data, p1,j with the coefficient matrix f1,j and placing the resultant value at the
center pixel of the area in the new image matrix. The clearly for low pass filter, the
coefficient values of a low pass filter can declared with matrix form as show below
figure 2.2;
 13

1 1 1
, , , ⎡ 9 9 9⎤
, , , = ⎢1 1 1 ⎥
⎢ 9 9 9⎥
, , , 1 1 1
⎣ 9 9 9⎦
Figure 2.2 coefficient values of low pass filter

The new value of q2,2 is given by

q2 , 2 = , x , + , x , +…+ , x ,

The rules for a low pass filter are;

1. All the coefficient must be positive, and

2. The sum of all the coefficients must be equal 1.

If the sum of the coefficient must be equal 1, amplification will result. If the sum
is less than 1, attenuation will result, and the magnitude of the pixel value over the entire
image will be reduced. Hence, the image would appear darker.

The application of the 3x3 coefficient matrix to a data field where all the pixel
have the same value will have no effect except where there is a gradient between
adjacent pixels. The effect of the low pass digital filter in reducing noise can be
illustrated by considering the case where there is one pixel in the matrix which is zero
due to bad element in the sensor array used to acquire the data; all the adjacent pixels
have a high value show is figure 2.3.
 14

7 7 7 7 7 7
7 0 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7
(a) (b)
Figure 2.3 effect of low pass filter (a) matrix with bad element (b) matrix after low pass
filter

If the bad pixel value had been high instead of low as the result of a white speck,
the application of the low filter would have had the effect of reducing the magnitude of
the value of bad pixel.

The effect of increasing the size of the neighborhood region 5 x 5 or 9 x9 can be

illustrated by comparing the result of applying a low pass filter to the case one of one
bad pixel value, (0 in a region contain all ones) as is done in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 effect of increasing the size of the neighborhood region

Size of Matrix Convoluted Value Raw Value of Bad Relative
Element Computation Time
3x3 1/9 8/9 1
5 x5 1/25 24.25 25/9 = 2-7/9
9x9 1/81 80/81 81/9 = 9

2.9 High Pass Filter

The high pass digital filter has the inverse characteristic of low pass filter. The
filter will not change the high frequency component of a signal and will attenuate the
low frequency component as well as eliminate any bias in the signal. The effect of
background light would result in a DC bias in the vision system data since the minimum
value of all pixel would be above some given some given value. The effect of applying a
 15

high pass filter to the data for a 6 x 6 image is shown in the histogram of figure 2.4
below. The high pixel values may or may not change depending on the degree of
saturation of the image.

The high pass filter coefficient set for set for a 3 x 3 matrix convolution mask is

−1 −1 −1
−1 −8 −1
−1 −1 −1
Figure 2.4 high pass filter coefficient set for 3x3 matrix convolution mask

1. The coefficient can be positive or negative.

2. The sum of the coefficient is 0.

Since the sum of all the coefficients is equal to zero, the dc component will be
completely suppressed. If the sum were equal to +1, the DC value would have been
retained at the same value as the original signal. The filter is applied by overlaying the
3x3 coefficient matrix filter mask on the image data, multiplying the coefficient and data
in each of the nine elements, and adding the nine resultant products to obtain the value
of the new element located at the center of 3 x 3 matrixes. The mask is then shifted by
one unit and the process repeated to obtain the value of the next new element.
 16

+1 +1 +1 4 8 8 − − −
+1 −8 +1 4 8 8 − [] −
+1 +1 +1 4 8 8 − − −
mask data element
Figure 2.5 mask, data and element

(2,2) = +(1x4)+(1x8)+(1x8)+(1x4)-(8x8)-(8x8)+(1x8)+(1x4)+(1x8)+(1x8)

= +4+8+8+4-64+8+4+8+8

=` +52-62

= -12
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Basically, MATLAB software has many functions/commands to apply in image

processing. How to manipulate the program depending to us but must be practically
know what item is MATLAB program will be used. Creativity in MATLAB can make
the interesting result. Even, the complex data can be solved in MATLAB. Especially
when the data involved is very complex. Here, we can create some image from
converting data by using the some program in MATLAB, which just applied all
procedure in the MATLAB program. MATLAB toolbox is a tool for making
mathematical calculations. Image processing toolbox is user friendly programming
language with feature more advanced. In the program also used the GUI (Graphical User
Interface) to create develop the program.

Every digital image processing system can be represented by a block diagram

containing three main elements, as shown in figure 3.1. The 4 major elements of every
image processing system include the following,
 18

Image
MATLAB
Process
Block
Processed
Image

Figure 3.1 Processing block

Image and MATLAB involves the conversion of scene into a digital representation that
can be processed by a digital computer. This can be performed by a sensor system
specially designed to view a scene and provide a digital representation of the scene.

When the images are installed in MATLAB, flowers picture for example, the
color of that image is first analyzed. In the process include several functions of image
processing technique. Processed Image is the image display after the process.
 19

3.2 Blur/Deblurring Image Using Blind Deconvolution Algorithm

In this process, by referring to the M-file

a) LEN = 21, linear motion across 31 pixels

b) THETA = 11, angle of 11 degrees

c) PSF = fspecial('motion', LEN, THETA), point-spread function, PSF,

corresponding to the linear motion across 31 pixels (LEN=31), at an angle of 11
degrees (THETA=11).

d) blurred = imfilter(IMG, PSF, 'conv', 'circular'), simulate the blur, convolve the
filter with the image using imfilter.

e) noise_mean = 0; noise_var = 0.001;

blurred_noisy = imnoise(blurred, 'gaussian', ...noise_mean, noise_var), adding
the noise to the picture.

f) deconvwnr(blurred_noisy, PSF, 0.01) restore the blurred picture.

 20

3.3 Enhancing Multispectral Color Composite Images Threshold / Edge

Detection

In this process, by referring to the M-file

a) truecolor = IMG, set the truecolor equal to the IMG

b) decorrstretched_truecolor = decorrstretch(truecolor, 'Tol', 0.01), Use

decorrstretch to perform the decorrelation stretch (followed by a linear contrast
stretch, as specified by the optional parameter-value pair 'Tol' and 0.1).

c) IMG=decorrstretched_truecolor, set the IMG equal to decorrstretched_truecolor

d) imshow(IMG), display the image IMG.

3.4 Threshold / Edge Detection

a) level = graythresh(IMG), bw = im2bw(IMG,level), level = graythresh(I)

computes a global threshold (level) that can be used to convert an intensity image
to a binary image with im2bw. level is a normalized intensity value that lies in
the range [0, 1]. The graythresh function uses Otsu's method, which chooses the
threshold to minimize the intraclass variance of the black and white pixels.
Multidimensional arrays are converted automatically to 2-D arrays using reshape.
The graythresh function ignores any nonzero imaginary part of I.

b) bw = bwareaopen(bw, 50), Morphologically open binary image (remove small

objects)
 21

c) IMG=bw, set the IMG equal to bw

d) imshow(IMG), display the IMG to screen

3.5 Identify the Round Object

a) I = rgb2gray(RGB);threshold = graythresh(I);bw = im2bw(I,threshold),

computes a global threshold (level) that can be used to convert an intensity image
to a binary image with im2bw. level is a normalized intensity value that lies in
the range [0, 1]. The graythresh function uses Otsu's method, which chooses the
threshold to minimize the intraclass variance of the black and white pixels.
Multidimensional arrays are converted automatically to 2-D arrays using reshape.
The graythresh function ignores any nonzero imaginary part of I.

b) bw = bwareaopen(bw,30), Using morphology functions, remove pixels which do

not belong to the objects of interest. remove all object containing fewer than 30
pixels

c) se = strel('disk',2);bw = imclose(bw,se), fill a gap in the pen's cap

d) bw=imfill(bw,'holes');imshow(bw);[B,L]=bwboundaries(bw,'noholes'), fill any

holes, so that regionprops can be used to estimate the area enclosed by each of
the boundaries

e) IMG=label2rgb(L, @jet, [.5 .5 .5]);imshow(IMG)hold on, Display the label

matrix and draw each boundary
 22

f) For k=1:length(B);boundary = B{k};plot(boundary(:,2),boundary(:,1), 'w',

'LineWidth', 2)
end
stats = regionprops(L,'Area','Centroid');threshold = 0.94, loop over the
boundaries

g) for k = 1:length(B);boundary = B{k}, obtain (X,Y) boundary coordinates

corresponding to label 'k'

h) delta_sq=diff(boundary).^2;perimeter=sum(sqrt(sum(delta_sq,2))), compute a
simple estimate of the object's perimeter

i) area = stats(k).Area, obtain the area calculation corresponding to label 'k'

j) metric = 4*pi*area/perimeter^2, display the results

k) if
metric>threshold; centroid = stats(k); Centroid; plot(centroid(1),centroid(2),'ko');
end
mark objects above the threshold with a black circle

3.6 Rotate

In this process, by referring to M-file

a) image=double(IMG);s=size(image);result=zeros(s(2),s(1),s(3)),
Allocating memory for fast execution

b) i = 1:s(1)
 23

j=1:s(2);
k=s(2)-j+1;
result(k,i,:)=image(i,j,:),Computing the new matrix

c) res=uint8(result);
IMG=res;
imshow(IMG), Displaying the rotated image

3.7 Open Image

In this process, by referring to M-file

Loading the Image

[filename, pathname, filterindex]=uigetfile( ...
{'*.jpg','JPEG File (*.jpg)'; ...
'*.*','Any Image file (*.*)'}, ...
'Pick an image file');
var=strcat(pathname,filename);
ORI_IMG=imread(var);
IMG=ORI_IMG;
% Showing the origional image
imshow(IMG);title('original image')

3.8 Reset

In this process, by referring to M-file

 24

a) global IMG ORI_IMG;IMG=ORI_IMG;, reset the image after process

b) imshow(IMG);title('original image'), show the image

3.9 Save image

In this process, by referring to M-file

a) image=uint8(IMG), define a 8-bit unsigned integer.

b) [filename,pathname] = uiputfile( ...

{'*.jpg', 'JPEG Image File'; ...
'*.*', 'All Files (*.*)'}, ...
'Save current image as');
Open standard dialog box for saving files, displays a dialog box titled 'Save
current image as’ with the filter specifier set to .jpg file, JPEG Image file and all
files.

c) var=strcat(pathname,filename,'.jpg'), horizontally concatenates corresponding

rows of the character arrays pathname, filename and ‘.jpg’.

d) imwrite(image,var), write the image to pc in the format specified by var

3.10 Show original picture

In this process, by referring to M-file

a) (get(handles.checkbox3,'Value') == 0),
 25

subplot(1.2,0.99,1.05); Deleting all subplots present

imshow(IMG);

b) subplot(1.3,1.8,1), imshow(ORI_IMG),title('original image'); Displaying

origional image

c) subplot(1.3,1.8,2), imshow(IMG); Displaying the rotated image

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

Before processing the image, we must know what process should be planning.
The planning as shown in figure 4.1 is step to process the image by applying MATLAB
toolbox program.

-Modified Image
1. JPG -Show Image

2. Any image
Get image

Image memory Operator

1. Enhance
2. Threshold
RESULT 3. Rotate
4. Blur
5. Deblur
6. Identify Round Object

Figure 4.1 step planning

 27

Regarding to figure 4.1 we can know the step to identify which the images
are .JPG and any image file. To develop the program, we should know how to create
GUI (Graphical User Interface) function program.

4.2 GUI (Graphical User Interface)

A graphical user interface (GUI) is a graphical display in one or more windows

containing controls, called components that enable a user to perform interactive tasks.
The user of the GUI does not have to create a script or type commands at the command
line to accomplish the tasks. Unlike coding programs to accomplish tasks, the user of a
GUI need not understand the details of how the tasks are performed.

GUI components can include menus, toolbars, push buttons, radio buttons, list
boxes, and sliders—just to name a few. GUIs created using MATLAB tools can also
perform any type of computation, read and write data files, communicate with other
GUIs, and display data as tables or as plots

Most GUIs wait for their user to manipulate a control, and then respond to each
action in turn. Each control, and the GUI itself, has one or more user-written routines
(executable MATLAB code) known as callbacks, named for the fact that they "call
back" to MATLAB to ask it to do things. The execution of each callback is triggered by
a particular user action such as pressing a screen button, clicking a mouse button,
selecting a menu item, typing a string or a numeric value, or passing the cursor over a
component. The GUI then responds to these events. You, as the creator of the GUI,
provide callbacks which define what the components do to handle events.

This kind of programming is often referred to as event-driven programming. In

the example, a button click is one such event. In event-driven programming, callback
 28

execution is asynchronous, that is, it is triggered by events external to the software. In

the case of MATLAB GUIs, most events are user interactions with the GUI, but the GUI
can respond to other kinds of events as well, for example, the creation of a file or
connecting a device to the computer.

You can code callbacks in two distinct ways:

 As MATLAB functions, written in M and stored in M-files

 As strings containing MATLAB expressions or commands (such as 'c = sqrt(a*a

+ b*b);'or 'print')

Using functions stored in M-files as callbacks is preferable to using strings, as functions

have access to arguments and are more powerful and flexible. MATLAB scripts
(sequences of statements stored in M-files that do not define functions) cannot be used
as callbacks.

Although you can provide a callback with certain data and make it do anything
you want, you cannot control when callbacks will execute. That is, when your GUI is
being used, you have no control over the sequence of events that trigger particular
callbacks or what other callbacks might still be running at those times. This
distinguishes event-driven programming from other types of control flow, for example,
processing sequential data files.
 29

4.3 Image Processing Result

The image will be modified after the process in the program system. The GUI
program I create will be show below and include all the results (modified images) for
each function.

Figure 4.2 layout of image processing program

 30

Figure 4.3 image opened in program

Figure 4.4 Image after simulated with blur and noise

 31

Figure 4.5 image after deblurred

Figure 4.6 image enhanced after blurred

 32

Figure 4.7 image enhance after deblurred

Figure 4.8 image rotated

 33

Figure 4.9 original image after threshold

Figure 4.10 Enhanced image after threshold

 34

Figure 4.11 original and modified image shows together

 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

Image can be solved with ant software programming such as C language, Matrix
– X (Mainframe or workstation, based on MATLAB), Visual Basic, Java program and
MATLAB program. Image applications frequently need to produce multiple degrees of
manipulation interactively. Image applications frequently need to interactively
manipulate an image by continuously changing a single parameter and multi-parameter.
The best software program is the MATLAB toolbox for image processing. Interpolation
and extrapolation of image can be a unifying approach, providing a simple function that
supports many common images processing operation.

Since a degenerate image is sometimes easier to calculate, extrapolation may

offer a more efficient method to achieve effects such as sharpening or saturation.
Blending is a linear operation, and so it must be performed in linear, not gamma-warped
space. Component range must be also be monitored, since clamping, especially of the
degenerate image, causes inaccuracy.

By using the GUI (Graphical User Interface) program, the application of image
processing can successfully created. The function of the image processing program
 36

include the enhance, threshold, rotate, blur (noise), deblur, identify round object and
show the original and modified image together.

5.3 Problems

Although the image processing program function as we aspect, but there are still
many way to improve this program. In the image processing program, the info for the
function are not state clearly enough and make people understand. In the GUI program,
the info should function as pop-up window after user press any function button.

As the project title is Image Processing using MATLAB – Learning Tool, the
information is not good enough and clear to understand by people. The main problem is
the effectiveness of people to understand it. MATLAB also can be used in industry are
in the areas of bar coding, deck-top publication, copy preparation for printing and
factory automation.

However, due to the information and studies this state of program of image
processing that I only can create. More advance and more functional program can be
creating by using MATLAB. Thereby, to write the program became problem and the this
project not perfectly complete.
 37

5.3 Recommendations

The result of the program is slightly sluggish. For future works, some
recommendations have been listed based on the problems in order to improve the
performance.

a) Create a 3-D for the image processing and animation. Then the image can be
more sophisticated if the 3-D program instead. Can spin and move the image
with applying that command, so that we can create a great animation for the
image.

b) Add more functional button of more function to the program. It is less filter to
filter image, such as Robert Gradient, Sobel Edge Detector Operator, Gaussion
filter and other filters.

c) More information and detail about the function should be add in the program to
educate people well.
 38

REFERENCES

1. FIONN MURTAGH. Image processing data analysis. The Multi-scale approach.

University of Ulster

2. LOUIS J.GALBIATI, JR. Machine Vision and Digital Image Processing

Fundamentals. Prentice-Hall International Editions.

3. ABDUL HALIM BIN BABA. Image processing Learning Tool-Edge detection.

Bachelor Degree. University of Technology Malaysia 1996.

4. CHIN CHIOON KHENG. Window based image processing-learning tool.

Bachelor Degree. University of Technology Malaysia 1997.

5. Fundamentals of Image Processing, hany.farid@dartmouth.edu

(http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~farid)

6. JEAN-LUC STARCK, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay, Fionn Murtagh. Image

processing and data analysis the multiscale approach. University of Ulster.

7. C. ANDERSON. "An alternative to the Burt pyramid algorithm", memo in

preparation.

8. S LEVIALDI, “Digital Image Analysis”, University of Rome

 39

APPENDIX A

The contents of Image Processing Toolbox

Image input/output
bmpread -Read a BMP (Microsoft Windows Bitmap) file from disk.
bmpwrite -Write a BMP (Microsoft Windows Bitmap) file from disk.
gifread -Read a GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) file from disk.
gifread -Write a GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) file from disk.
hdfpeek -Read data from HDF file.
hdfwrite -Write data from HDF file.
pcxread -Read a PCX (ZSoft Paint Format) file form disk.
pcxwrite -Write a PCX (ZSoft Paint Format) file form disk.
tiffread -Read a TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) file from disk.
tiffwrite -Write a TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) file from disk.
xwdread -Read a XWD (X window dump) file from disk.
xwdwrite -Write a XWD (X window dump) file from disk.

Utility routines
getimage -Get image data form axes
isbw -True for black and white images.
isgray -True for intensity images.
isind -True for indexed images.

Color operations
brighten -Brighten or darken a colormap.
cmunique -Find unique colormap colors and corresponding image.
cmpermute -Permute colormap positions.
cmgamma -Gamma correct colormap.
cmgamdef -Default gamma correction table.
dither -Floyd-Steinberg image dithering.
hsv2rgb -Convert HSV values to RGB colorspace.
imadjust -adjust and stretch image by an image with fewer colors.
imapprox -Approximate indexed image by an image with fewer colors.
ntsc2rgb -Convert NTSC values to RGB colorspace.
rgb2gray -Convert RGB values to gray.
rgb2hsv -Convert RGB values to HSV colorspace.
rgb2ntsc -Convert RGB values to NTSC colorspace.
rgbplot -Plot RGB colormap components.
 40

Geometric operations
imcrop -Crop image
imresize -Resize image
imrotate -Rotate image
truesize -Resize figure so that image is actual size
imzoom -Zoom in and out an image or 2-D plot

Image enhancement/analysis
brighten -Brigthen or darken a colormap.
grayslice -Density (intensity) slicing.
histeq -Histogram equalization.
imadjust -Adjust and stretch image intensity
imapprox -Approximate indexed image by an image with fewer colors.
imhist -Image histogram
impixel -color of a pixel
improfile -intensity profile.
interp2 -2-D data interpolation.

Image Statistics.
mean2 -Mean of a matrix
corr2 -2-D correlation coefficient.
std2 -2-D standard deviation.

Morphological operations.
bwarea -Area of object in binary image.
dilate -Dilate (thicken) a binary image.
erode -Erode (thin) a binary image.
edge -Euler number.
bwmorph -Morphological operators.
bwperim -Perimeter of objects in a binary image.

FIR Filter design.

fsamp2 -2-D FIR filter design via frequency sampling.
fspecial -Special 2-D filter.
ftrans2 -2-D FIR filter design via frequency transformation.
fwind1 -2-D FIR filter design using 1-D windows.
fwind2 -2-D FIR filter design using 2-D windows.
imnoise -Image noise

Frequency response.
freqspace -Frequency spacing for 2-D frequency responses.
freqz2 -Two dimensional frequency response.
 41

Filtering.
colfilt -Local non-linear filtering as columns.
conv2 -Two-dimensional convolution.
filter2 -Two-dimensional filtering.
medfilt2 -Two-dimensional median filtering.
mfilter2 -Masked filter.
nlfilter -Local non-linear filtering.
wiener2 -Adaptive 2-D Wiener filtering

Block processing
bestblk -Best block size for block processing.
blkproc -Process an image in blocks.
col2im -Rearrange distinct or sliding column blocks to form image,
colfilt -Local non-linear filtering as columns.
im2col -Rearrange distinct or sliding blocks into columns.

Region of interest (ROI)

mfilter2 -Masked filter
roipoly -Define polygonal region of interest (ROI).
roicolor -Define region of interest (ROI) by color.

Transforms.
dct2 -2-D discrete cosine transform.
fft2 -2-D Fast Fourier Transform.
fftshift -Move zeroth lag (DC component) to center.
idct2 -2-D inverse discrete cosine transform.
ifft2 -2-D inverse FFt
radon -Radon transform.

Conversions.
dither -Floyed-Steinberg image dithering.
gray2ind -Convert gray scale intensity image to indexed image.
hsv2rgb -Covert HSV values to RGB colorspace.
im2bw -convert image to black and white by thresholding.
imslice -Get image slices into an image deck
ind2rgb -Convert indexed image to an RGB image.
mat2gray - Convert matrix to (gray) intensity image.
ntsc2rgb - Convert NTSC values to an RGB image.
rgb2gray - Convert an RGB image r values to gray.
rgb2hsv - Convert RGB values to HSV colorspace..
rgb2ind - Convert RGB image to indexed image.
rgb2ntsc - Convert RGB values to NTSC colorspace.\
 42

Image diplay
colorbar -Display color bar (color scale)
colormap -Set or get the color look-up table.
gray -Linear gray-scale color map
hsv,hot,jet -Colormaps. Types HELP COLOR for others
image -Display indexed image.
imagesc -Scale data and display as image
imcoutour -Image coutour.
immovie -Make a movie of an image deck.
imshow -Display all type of image data.
montage -Display an image deck as a rectangular montage.
warp -Warp an image on
 43

APPENDIX B

function varargout = LearningTool(varargin)

% LEARNINGTOOL M-file for LearningTool.fig
% LEARNINGTOOL, by itself, creates a new LEARNINGTOOL
% or raises the existing singleton*.
%
% H = LEARNINGTOOL returns the handle to a new LEARNINGTOOL
% or the handle to the existing singleton*.
%
% LEARNINGTOOL('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local
% function named CALLBACK in LEARNINGTOOL.M
% with the given input arguments.
%
% LEARNINGTOOL('Property','Value',...) creates a new
% LEARNINGTOOL or raises the existing singleton*. \
% Starting from the left, property value pairs are
% applied to the GUI before LearningTool_OpeningFcn gets called. An
% unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application
% stop. All inputs are passed to LearningTool_OpeningFcn via varargin.
%
% *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu. Choose "GUI allows only one
% instance to run (singleton)".
%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES

% Edit the above text to modify the response to help LearningTool

% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 12-Mar-2010 02:38:49

 44

% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT

gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @LearningTool_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @LearningTool_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end

if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT

% --- Executes just before LearningTool is made visible.

function LearningTool_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin command line arguments to LearningTool (see VARARGIN)

% Choose default command line output for LearningTool

handles.output = hObject;

% Update handles structure

 45

guidata(hObject, handles);

% UIWAIT makes LearningTool wait for user response (see UIRESUME)

% uiwait(handles.figure1);

% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = LearningTool_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Get default command line output from handles structure

varargout{1} = handles.output;

% --- Executes on button press in OpenFile.

function OpenFile_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to OpenFile (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
global IMG ORI_IMG
% Loading the Image
[filename, pathname, filterindex]=uigetfile( ...
{'*.jpg','JPEG File (*.jpg)'; ...
'*.*','Any Image file (*.*)'}, ...
'Pick an image file');
var=strcat(pathname,filename);
ORI_IMG=imread(var);
IMG=ORI_IMG;
% Showing the origional image
imshow(IMG);title('original image');
 46

% --- Executes on button press in Reset.

function Reset_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Reset (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% reset the image after process
global IMG ORI_IMG;
IMG=ORI_IMG;
%show the image
imshow(IMG);title('original image');

% --- Executes on button press in Blur.

function Blur_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Blur (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
global IMG;
LEN = 21;
THETA = 11;
PSF = fspecial('motion', LEN, THETA);
blurred = imfilter(IMG, PSF, 'conv', 'circular');
noise_mean = 0;
noise_var = 0.001;
blurred_noisy = imnoise(blurred, 'gaussian', ...
noise_mean, noise_var);
IMG=blurred_noisy;
imshow(IMG)
title('Simulate Blur and Noise')

% --- Executes on button press in Deblured.

 47

function Deblured_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to Deblured (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
global IMG;
LEN = 21;
THETA = 11;
PSF = fspecial('motion', LEN, THETA);
blurred = imfilter(IMG, PSF, 'conv', 'circular');
noise_mean = 0;
noise_var = 0.001;
blurred_noisy = imnoise(blurred, 'gaussian', ...
noise_mean, noise_var);
A = deconvwnr(blurred_noisy, PSF, 0.001);
IMG=A;
imshow(IMG)
title('Restoration of Blurred, Noisy Image Using NSR = 0.001')

% --- Executes on button press in Enhance.

function Enhance_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Enhance (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
global IMG;
truecolor = IMG;
decorrstretched_truecolor = decorrstretch(truecolor, 'Tol', 0.01);
IMG=decorrstretched_truecolor;
imshow(IMG);
title('Image Composite after Decorrelation Stretch');
% --- Executes on button press in Rotate.
 48

function Rotate_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to Rotate (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
global IMG;
image=double(IMG);
s=size(image);
result=zeros(s(2),s(1),s(3)); % Allocating memory for fast execution
for i = 1:s(1)
j=1:s(2);
k=s(2)-j+1;
result(k,i,:)=image(i,j,:); % Computing the new matrix
end
res=uint8(result);
IMG=res;
imshow(IMG); % Displaying the rotated image
title('Rotate Image');

% --- Executes on button press in Threshold.

function Threshold_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Threshold (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
global IMG;
level = graythresh(IMG);
bw = im2bw(IMG,level);
IMG = bwareaopen(bw, 50);
imshow(IMG);
title('Gray Image');
 49

% --- Executes on button press in IdentifyingRoundObjects.

function IdentifyingRoundObjects_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to IdentifyingRoundObjects (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
global IMG;
RGB = IMG;
I = rgb2gray(RGB);
threshold = graythresh(I);
bw = im2bw(I,threshold);
% Using morphology functions, remove pixels which do not belong to the
% objects of interest.
% remove all object containing fewer than 30 pixels
bw = bwareaopen(bw,30);
% fill a gap in the pen's cap
se = strel('disk',2);
bw = imclose(bw,se);
% fill any holes, so that regionprops can be used to estimate
% the area enclosed by each of the boundaries
bw = imfill(bw,'holes');
imshow(bw)
[B,L] = bwboundaries(bw,'noholes');
% Display the label matrix and draw each boundary
IMG=label2rgb(L, @jet, [.5 .5 .5]);
imshow(IMG)
hold on
for k = 1:length(B)
boundary = B{k};
plot(boundary(:,2), boundary(:,1), 'w', 'LineWidth', 2)
end
stats = regionprops(L,'Area','Centroid');
 50

threshold = 0.94;

% loop over the boundaries

for k = 1:length(B)

% obtain (X,Y) boundary coordinates corresponding to label 'k'

boundary = B{k};

% compute a simple estimate of the object's perimeter

delta_sq = diff(boundary).^2;
perimeter = sum(sqrt(sum(delta_sq,2)));

% obtain the area calculation corresponding to label 'k'

area = stats(k).Area;

% compute the roundness metric

metric = 4*pi*area/perimeter^2;

% display the results

metric_string = sprintf('%2.2f',metric);

% mark objects above the threshold with a black circle

if metric > threshold
centroid = stats(k).Centroid;
plot(centroid(1),centroid(2),'ko');
end

text(boundary(1,2)-35,boundary(1,1)+13,metric_string,'Color','y',...
'FontSize',14,'FontWeight','bold');

end
 51

% --- If Enable == 'on', executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border.

% --- Otherwise, executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border or over OpenFile.
function OpenFile_ButtonDownFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to OpenFile (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function OpenFile_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to OpenFile (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% --- If Enable == 'on', executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border.

% --- Otherwise, executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border or over Reset.
function Reset_ButtonDownFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Reset (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function Reset_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Reset (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% --- Executes on mouse press over axes background.

 52

function axes1_ButtonDownFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to axes1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function axes1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to axes1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: place code in OpeningFcn to populate axes1

% --- If Enable == 'on', executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border.

% --- Otherwise, executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border or over Rotate.
function Rotate_ButtonDownFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Rotate (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function Rotate_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Rotate (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% --- If Enable == 'on', executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border.

 53

% --- Otherwise, executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border or over Blur.

function Blur_ButtonDownFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Blur (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function Blur_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Blur (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function pushbutton2_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton2 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% --- Executes on button press in Close.

function Close_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Close (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
clear all;
close;clear

% --- Executes on button press in Save.

function Save_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Save (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
 54

% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

global IMG
image=uint8(IMG);
[filename,pathname] = uiputfile( ...
{'*.jpg', 'JPEG Image File'; ...
'*.*', 'All Files (*.*)'}, ...
'Save current image as');

var=strcat(pathname,filename,'.jpg');
imwrite(image,var);

% --- Executes on selection change in listbox1.

function listbox1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to listbox1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hints: contents = get(hObject,'String') returns listbox1 contents as cell array

% contents{get(hObject,'Value')} returns selected item from listbox1

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function listbox1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to listbox1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: listbox controls usually have a white background on Windows.

% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
 55

set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end

% --- If Enable == 'on', executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border.

% --- Otherwise, executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border or over text2.
function text2_ButtonDownFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to text2 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function text2_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to text2 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% --- Executes on button press in checkbox3.

function checkbox3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to checkbox3 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hint: get(hObject,'Value') returns toggle state of checkbox3

global ORI_IMG IMG
if (get(handles.checkbox3,'Value') == 0),
subplot(1.2,0.99,1.05); % Deleting all subplots present
imshow(IMG);
else
 56

subplot(1.3,1.8,1), imshow(ORI_IMG),title('original image'); % Displaying origional

image
subplot(1.3,1.8,2), imshow(IMG); % Displaying the rotated image

end