Journal of Sound and Vibration (1976) 45(3), 405-416

VIBRATIONS OF AN INITIALLY STRESSED THICK PLATE

E. J. BRUNELLE~
Department of Mechanics, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, U.S.A.

AND
S. R. ROBERTSONS
GTE Laboratories, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, U.S.A.

(Received 14 April 1975, and in revisedform 27 September 1975)

By using previously derived equations for a thick plate in an arbitrary state of non-uniform
initial stress the vibrational behavior of a thick, simply supported rectangular plate subjected
to initial stress is investigated. The initial stress is taken to be a combination of pure bending
plus extensional stress in the plane of the plate. The vibrational behavior is correlated to the
buckling behavior in order to explain how, in certain cases, higher modes can vibrate at
frequencies lower than those of the lower order modes.

1. INTRODUCTION
Past investigations of the effects that initial stresses have on the vibrations of beams and plates
have been mainly concerned with in-plane compressive or tensile stresses. Very little has been
done with respect to the formulation and solution of equations for beams and plates in an
arbitrary state of initial stress. This is particularly true for the cases of thick beams and plates
where rotatory inertia and transverse shear effects are important. The first attempt to derive
equations of motion for a thick plate in a state of initial stress was made by Herrmann and
Armenakas [ 11. They used a variational procedure to derive the governing equations. Their
formulation had certain inconsistencies in that they used two different definitions of gener-
alized stress, the boundary and lateral loading terms were not clearly defined and, based on
unclear arguments, certain terms were dropped from the final equations. Brunelle [2] derived
the governing equations for a thick beam in an arbitrary state of initial stress. It was found
that the equations derived in reference [l] would not reduce down to the equations for the
thick beam. In addition, it was found that the terms dropped in reference [l], from the final
equations, do contribute to the behavior of the thick beam in a significant way. Sun [3]
derived the equations for a thick beam having an initial, in-plane compressive stress by using
both the Trefftz and Biot formulations. When the equations in reference [2] are specialized
to the case of an initial, in-plane compressive stress, they agree with Sun’s equations, derived
by using the Trefftz formulation. Brunelle and Robertson [4] derived the equations for a
thick plate in an arbitrary state of initial stress by two different methods. In the derivations
the Trefftz generalized stress was used throughout and no terms were dropped from the final
equations. The equations were used to study the static buckling behavior of a simply sup-
ported, thick plate under combined initial compressive stress and bending stress acting in
the plane of the plate. The purpose of this paper is to extend that work to the consideration
of the effects of the initial, in-plane compressive (tensile) plus bending stress on the vibratory
behavior of a simply-supported, thick plate.
7 Consultantto Watervliet Arsenal, Watervliet, New York 12189, U.S.A.
$ Formerly with The Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, U.S.A.
405
406 E. J. BRUNELLE AND S. R. ROBERTSON

Though the governing equations for an initially stressed, thick plate are rather cumber-
some, they are given here in order to show how they simplify down for the problem discussed
here. An attempt is made to relate some of the unusual effects the initial stress field has on
the vibratory behavior of the plate to its buckling behavior.

2. THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS

The problem of interest here is that of a thick plate that is in a state of non-uniform initial
stress, which is in static equilibrium and subjected to a time varying incremental deformation.
In accordance with a technique described by Bolotin [5] the following quantities are intro-
duced :

zi, = u, + ii,,
(1)

8, j = bij + Oij,
(2)

@,=P,+AP,+& (3)
J?s=Xs+AXs+IP,-pB,, (4)

where, for example, li,, u, and zi, represent the final displacement, initial displacement and
the perturbing displacement, respectively. The terms Ap, and AX, represent changes in the
initial surface traction and body force due to the perturbation. The term -pif, is the inertia
force due to the perturbation where the superior double dot denotes the second partial
derivative with respect to time.
In deriving the thick plate equations the following displacement field was assumed in
order to account for transverse shear and in-plane extensional deformation:
r&(x,, x2,x3,2) = u,(x,, x2, t) + x3 $,(x1, x1. r), (5)
&(x1. x2, x3, t) = U2(Xlr x2, t) + x3 J/*(x,* x2> th (6)

a,@,, x2, t> = 4% x2, t). (7)

8, and ti2 are the in-plane displacements and ~2~is the lateral deflection of the neutral surface.
ui, u2 and w are displacements of the neutral surface. Ic/1and I,$?are the angular changes of
lines initially normal to the neutral surface. Note that the incremental displacements defined
in equations (5)-(7) do not have superior bars. They should not be confused with the initial
displacements of equation (1). However, since the initial deformation will appear only in
terms of stress resultants, this should cause no difficulty. The above assumption for the dis-
placement field is analogous to that used in the derivation of the Mindlin plate equations
WI.
The incremental stress-displacement relations are taken to be those of linear elasticity:

5 11 -- &A-,.1
+v~,.z),
a,, = +2.2 +V&,l),
a12 = G(4.z + %.A (10)
CT
13 - Kz G*(4.3 + a3.1)> (11)

623 = K2 G*@2.3 + 03.2)~ (12)

where G* accounts for the effect of transverse isotropy. If G* = G the material is isotropic.
K’ is Mindlin’s shear correction factor [6].
 VIBRATIONS OF A STRESSED THICK PLATE 407

The equations of motion for a thick plate in an arbitrary state of initial stress are now
given. These equations are linear. They are valid for those cases where the initial state of
stress is in equilibrium and when the initial and incremental displacement gradients are so
small that their products with the incremental stress may be neglected.
Prior to giving the equations of motion, the following initial stress resultants and material
parameters are defined :

N, = j 011dx,, N, = j 022dxs, N, = j 033 dx,, Nx, = j 012 dx3,

Qx = j on dx,, Q, = j 023 dx3, Q:= j xs 013dx,, Q: = j xj 623 dx,,

M, = cl1 x3dx3, My = 622 x3 dx3, M.w= j 012 x3 dx3,

j j

M:=j allx:dx3, M: = j(rzzx:dxj, IV,*,= ja,,x:dx,, (13)

D = Hz/( 1 - v2), 9 = Eh3/12(1 - vq, Gh3/12 = 9(1 - v)/2 (14)
where all the integrals are through the thickness of the plate from -h/2 to +h/2.
There are five coupled equations of motion. They are called the x1 and x2 extension
equations, the shear force equation and the x1 and x2 moment equations.
The x1 - extension equation is
%I,, + ~~2.21.1 + GW 1.2 + u2,1),2+ Wxul.1 + MxGl.1 + Nxyul.2 + Mzwv51.2 + $1 QJJ +
+(N,~l,2+~,1(/1.2+N,,~l.l +Mx,$l,l + $1 Qv).z+_L=W1, (15)
where
h/2

fx= j (n,+dX,)dx,+v,,,(o:,-a,)+SJI,,,(~:,+~~~)+
-h/2

+ %,2K2 - GJ + ; lc/l.2(62 + (732) + +1G7:3 - 033) + 53+l - 5,. (15*)

The (+) and (-) imply that the stresses are evaluated at the top and bottom faces of the plate,
respectively. The terms containing the initial stresses arise from the change in the initial
load brought about by the incremental deformation. The barred stresses are due to the load
causing the incremental deformation. Similar discussions hold for the remaining equations.
The x,-extension equation is
‘W41.2 + ~2.d.l + W42.2 + v~1.1>.2 +

+Wxu2.1 + MxII/,.l+ Nwu2.2 +Mx,$2,2 + Qxti2J.1 +

+ (N, ~2.2 + My $2.2 + Nx, u2,1 + Mx, $2.1 + Q, $21.2 +f, = ~hG2, (16)

where
h/2
f, = j (X2 + dX,)dx, + u2,l(dl - 6) + ;$,,l(dl + 631) +

-h/2

+ u2,262 - 0,) + ; Ic12.2@:2 + Qjz) + $2@:3 - aii> + %+2 - z3% (lb*)

The shear force equation is

~~ G* A[($, + w,l).l + ($2 + w.2l.21 + (N, w.1 + Nx, w.2)~ + Wx, w.1 + N, “‘,2),2 + 4 = i’h+,

(17)
408 E. J. BRUNELLE AND S. R. ROBERTSON

where
hl2

9= J’ (X,+dX,)d. Y3 + w,,(a,+, - a,) + w.,(o,: - a,) + a;3 - a,.

-hi2

The x,-moment equation is

h
+ 2 1//1.*(42 - G2) + $,(d3 + 633) + 5:3 + cr;
1 . U8*)
The x,-moment equation is

-Q:$2.2 -Nz~2-r2G*h(~2+w~2)+m,=~~2. (19)

where

+ Yj (cJ3: -

The boundary conditions,

032) $2.2 + (d3 +

in terms of normal and tangential co-ordinates,

033) $2 + 52: + 5,
1 . (19*)

on the plate
are given below. First, the following traction resultants are defined :

AFnn = [ AP,, dx,, Fnn = j Is, dx,t

AF,, = Apt dxj, F,, = 1 I% dxj,

s

AF,, = 1’Ap, dx,, F.3 = 1 A dx,,

AM., = AP, x3 dx3, &z, A j P. x3 dx,,

j

AM,, = j Apt x3 dx,, A?,,, = j & x3 dx,, (20)

 VIBRATIONS OF A STRESSED THICK PLATE 409

where all integrals are from -h/2 to +h/2 and

Bn + &I = ~#I,Ll + a”, a,., + t7,3 C”,, + C”“, (21)

i4 + AP, = gnn~t,n + 0.t Ut.r + ~“3 4.3 + @,a, (22)

B3 + AP, = c‘nn ~3,. + gnc u3.r + gn3 ~3.3 + 5Vn3, (23)

where the subscripts n and t denote the normal and tangential directions of the plate’s edge,
respectively. The terms containing’the initial stresses account for the change in the initial
boundary conditions due to the incremental deformation.
The five boundary traction conditions are
4, + AF,, = N”u,., + M. L + N,,, u,,r + M,, $,,, + Q,, ti. + D(u,,, + VU& (24)
R’,,+ AF,, = N, ~r,n + M. Ic/,,,+ N,,, u,,, + M,, $,., + Q. $t + GW,,, + u,,.), (25)
Fn3 + AJ’n3 = N. w.n + Nnt w,, + Kz G* W,t + w,J, (26)

ll;i,” + AM,, = M” %” + Mf IC/n.n + M”, %I.1 + M,’ II/,,, + Q ,* $. + w,., + v&t>, (27)

m”, + AM,, = M, nf,, + MZ $,., + Mm,~t,f + M,: tit,, + QE $, + ; (1 - v) (A,, + $,,,>. (28)
Alternative displacement boundary conditions are
u, = %n, u, = %, w= W”3, 4+” = G”., *t = *.t, (29)

where the quantities on the right sides are prescribed.

If a rectangular plate were being considered the boundary conditions would be rephrased
in x1, x2 co-ordinates. For example, on the edge where x2 is constant the unit normal has
components (0, I, 0) and the subscript IZcorresponds to the x,-direction while the subscript t
corresponds to the x,-direction. Thus, for instance, equation (28) would become

These equations are rather cumbersome. However, for many particular problems they
can be simplified to something manageable as well as interesting.

3. SIMPLY SUPPORTED RECTANGULAR PLATE

Consider a simply supported thick rectangular plate in a state of initial stress. The state of
initial stress is
cl1 = a, +2x30,/h, (30)

Figure 1. The rectangular plate and the initial stress field.

410 E. J. BRUNELLE AND S. R. ROBERTSON

with all other initial stresses assumed to be zero. bN and c,+, are taken to be constants so that
the initial stress field is uniform. It is comprised of a tensile (compressive) plus a bending
stress: see Figure 1. From equations (13) the only non-zero initial stress resultants are
Nx = ha,, M, = h2 cr,+,/6, M: = h3a,/12. (31)
Lateral loads and body forces are taken to be zero:
fx,.fy,4,mx,m,
= 0. (32)
The equations of motion (15)-( 19) simplify to

MXIC/1.11 + Nxu,,,, + WC,, + vu& + GQ,,,, + ~2.12) = @A,

Mx$2.l, + Nxu,,,, + GNU,,,, + ~2.11) + Wu,.,, + vu,.,J = phii,,

N, w.11 + K’G* h($,,, + w,,l) + K’G* h($z.L + w.~J = phii’,

M: $,,I, + Mxu,,~, + gtJ(II/u,+ v$z.zJ+ g,, 1.22 + $2.12) - K2 G* h(lC/, + w,,) = $i,,
A.
Gh3
M,*IC/2.11 + Mx4.1, + ,,(h,21 + ti2.11) + g($ 2.22 + ~‘41.12) - K2 G* h($2 + w,J = $32.

(33)
The boundary conditions (24)-(29) are, for the simply supported plate, on the x1 = constant
edges,
w = 0, *2 = 0, u2 = 0,

~~~+~~~,=~,I(/,,,+N,~,.,+~(u,.,+vu,,,)=O,

~~,+~Mr~=Mx*~~,~+M,u~.,+~(~,,,+v~,.,)=o, (34)
and, on the x2 = constant edges,
w = 0, *I = 0, ur =o,

F22 + AF22 = M, $2.2 + N, ~2.2 + W42.2 + u,.,) = 0,

a22 + AM,: = M,* $2.2 + Myu2.2 = W$,., + ~$1.1) = 0. (35)

Displacements of the following form will satisfy equations (33) and boundary conditions
(34) and (35):

w= W~~sin(~)sin(~)exp(iwr),

Ic/1= r,..cos~~)sin(~jerp(i,r),

ti2 = Y,..,i,(~)cos(~jenp(icur),

u1 = U,,cos(y)sin( y)exp(iwr),

u2 = U,..sin( y)cos(y)erp(ior).

Brunelle and Robertson [4] have used the above solution to study the static buckling behavior
of the simply-supported thick plate. The characteristic equation found for that case may
 VIBRATIONS OF A STRESSED THICK PLATE 411

also be used to study the free vibration problem. The characteristic equation is found by
substituting the assumed displacement field of equations (36) into the equations of motion
(33). Since the equations are homogeneous, the determinant of the coefficients must vanish in
order for a solution to exist. This procedure gives the following characteristic equation for
the determination of the buckling loads and the natural frequencies. The characteristic
equation in non-dimensional form is

where

b,, =m2+n2 7 (u/b)2 + m’(a/b)‘klK - a2/K,

b 12 = (’ ’ ‘) mnu/b , bm = 0, b,, = m2(u/b)’ (k/K) jY/(LjK)‘“,

2

bn =O,
b
21
= (’ +
--j---
‘) mna/b 3

l-v
b22 = (nu/b)2 + 2 + (a/b)2 k/K m2 - a2/K, b23 = 0,
1

b,, = 0, b2, = (ma/b)2 (k/K) 8/(3KY2, b,, = 0, b,, = 0,

bJ3 = (a/b)2 (m’ + kSm2 + (na/b)2 - SR2, bs4 = m(alb)2,

bj5 = n(4b)3, b,, = SjI(a/b)2 m2 k/(3K)‘12, b,, = 0,

b43= m(alb)2, b,, = S m2[(u/b)2 k/K + I ] + T (a/b)2 n2 + (a/b)2/S - R21K ,

b,, = Smn(a/b) (1 + v)/2, bs = 0, b,, = Sj?(a/b)2 m2 k/(3K)li2,

bs3 = n@/b)‘, b,, = Smn(a/b) (1 + v)/2,

bs5 = S{m2[(a/b)2 k/K + (1 - v)/2] + (na/b)2 + (a/b)2/S - SJ2/K},

and where the following non-dimensional parameters have been used :

B = QA4l~M Q = K2G*h/9 =12K2G*/hD, M = ph3/ 129 = phi D,

S = Eh2/G* b2( 1 - v’) = Dh/b2 G* (transverse isotropy parameter),

S, = NJ9 = 12NJh2D, k = (b/n)2 S, = 12b2N&r2 h2 D (buckling coefficient),

K = (U/h)2/K2, Q2 = pa402/hz2 ~~ D (non-dimensional frequency).

Taking 7r2/12 [6] gives Q = n2G*/hD = S(7c/b)2, (3K)‘12 = 6a/zch, k/K= (b/a)2Nx/D,
K’ =

SJ2/K = pha2c02/x2 D, kS = NJK~ G* h = 12N,..7t2G* h. f12 has been non-dimensionalized

with respect to the first Bernoulli-Euler beam frequency. v is taken to be O-30.
412 E. J. BRUNELLE AND S. R. ROBERTSON

I: I 2 3 5

J/L1

Figure 2. Buckling curve envelopes for various values of 8.

There are so many parameters that can be varied that it would be difficult to present
results for all cases. From the numerous problems solved, only a few typical cases will be
selected for discussion. These cases will illustrate the salient features of the way that the thick
plate considered here behaves. The initial in-phase compressive (tensile) stress is contained
in the buckling coefficient, k. If k is positive the stress is tensile. The initial in-plane bending
stress is contained in /?. When p = 0 and/or k = 0, there is no initial bending stress. For the
problem considered here a/h = 10 and S = 0.05. For this case, Brunelle and Robertson
[4] have computed the static buckling loads for /I = 0,lO. In these cases n = I. A composite

1Thtchness -shear

40

i \ i
Extensmal
20 - r

Flexural

/ 1 / :
-3 -2 -I 0 / 2

Figure 3. Frequency uersus non-dimensional extensional load for the five plate modes when m = 2, n = 1,
a/b = 2 and b = 5.
 VIBRATIONS OF A STRESSED THICK PLATE 413

TABLE 1
Natural frequencies for k = 0, a/b = 2, m = 2, n = 1 and 4 = 0.
a Mode type

7.42741 Flexural
18.45099
Extensional
31.18787
100.33580
Thickness-shear
166.22782 i

plot of the buckling load envelopes for j? = 0, 5, 10 is given along with the classical result for
a simply supported thin plate with only an in-plane compressive stress acting in Figure 2.
The envelope for a = 5 is new. What these envelopes reveal is the mode shape a plate will
have when the compressive load exceeds that of the envelope for a given width to length
ratio, a/b. These curves are calculated by determining the roots of the characteristic equation
when Q = 0. Physically, this means that a compressive stress is sought which completely
negates the rigidity of one of the flexural modes of the plate so that it will oscillate at zero
frequency with a finite amplitude, in the absence of a lateral force. There will be five natural
frequencies associated with each mode (i.e., for each pair ofm and n). If k = 0 (i.e., no in-plane
initial stress) the equations of motion separate into a pair of coupled extensional equations
and the flexural equation coupled to the two thickness shear equations. Since k = 0 implies
gN = 0 this means that oM = 0 regardless of the value of /?. The natural frequencies for this
case, when m = 2, n = 1 and a/b = 2 are given in Table 1. Figure 3 shows the behavior of
each mode as the in-plane load goes from tensile to compressive when p = 5. Notice how the
lowest natural frequency (flexure) is noticeably affected by the variation in k. Also, notice
how it drops to zero when k reaches the buckling load for this case (see Figure 2). The change
in k affects the extensional frequencies to a much lesser degree and has a very small affect
on the thickness shear modes. For the remainder of the discussion only the flexural mode
will be considered.
Figure 4 is a very interesting plot. It is a plot of natural frequency versus initial tensile and
compressive stress for various m when a/b = 2, n = 1 and p = 5. It can be seen that the fre-
quency curve for m = 1 crosses those for the higher modes. Also, from Figure 2 it can be
seen that this plate will buckle in the second mode m = 2, n = 1. It can be seen that the fre-
quency curve form = 2 goes to zero at the buckling load for this case. The interesting thing to
note is that prior to buckling, the frequency curve for m = 1 is above that for m = 2. This
says that the lowest mode m = 1, n = 1, vibrates at a higher frequency than the second mode
m = 2, n = 1. It can also be seen that all the higher modes are more affected than the lowest
mode by increased compressive stress. In general, frequency curves for modes of lower
order than the mode in which buckling occurs will cross above the curve for the buckling

Figure 4. Frequency versus initial extensional stress for various values of m when n = 1, a/b = 2 and B = 5.
414 E. J. BRUNELLE AND S. R. ROBERTSON

Figure 5. Frequency versus initial extensional stress for various values of m when n = 1, a/b = 2 and /3 = 0.

mode prior to buckling. It is interesting that the “stiffness”? of a higher mode can be made
less than that of a lower mode by the proper variation of the compressive load. Modes higher
than the buckling mode cannot have their frequency curves brought below that of the buckling
mode. Thus, if the aspect ratio a/b is such that the plate buckles in the first mode (see Figure
2), the frequency curves will not cross. Another explanation of this behavior can be made
with the aid of the buckling curves of Figure 2. Consider the curve for /? = 0 when m = 1.
It is apparent that as the aspect ratio increases from zero, the buckling load for that mode
decreases until it reaches a minimum, after which it continues to increase. As it increases,
it crosses above the curves for the higher modes. Thus, the first mode will become progressively
“stiffer” uis-a& the higher modes as a/b increases. Thus, when a/b = 2, for example, the
load necessary to cause buckling in the first mode is greater than the load necessary to cause
buckling in the second mode. This implies that the first mode is “stiffer” than the second
mode in the neighborhood of the buckling load for this case. Therefore, as one examines the
frequency behavior of the various modes as the compressive load increases, one would expect
a transition to take place where those modes lower than the buckling mode become “stiffer”
than the buckling mode. This has been borne out in the discussion of Figure 4. This behavior
is also observed when /? = 0, 10.
Figure 5 illustrates the same effects as Figure 4 except for the fact that /? = 0. Figure 6
illustrates these effects for /3 = 10. Although the figure does not show it clearly, the curve
form = 2 passes above the curve form = 3 just prior to reaching the buckling load. Examina-
tion of Figure 2 indicates that buckling occurs very close to the cusp near a/b = 2 on the
fl = 10 curve. The computer output indicates that buckling indeed occurs when m = 3 for a
value of k = -3.1265. The value of k = -3.1473 when m = 2 is also found which indicates

t For a linear vibration problem, each mode can be represented by an equivalent spring mass. For a fixed
mass, as the frequency increases the spring constant increases with its square. Thus, if the first mode has a
higher frequency than the second mode it may be thought to be stiffer since its associated spring constant is
larger.
 VIBRATIONS OF A STRESSED THICK PLATE 415

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -I 0 I 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 6. Frequency uersus initial extensional stress for various values of m when n = 1, a/b = 2 and B = 10.

Figure 7. Frequency oersus initial extensional stress for various values of m when n = 1, a/b = 4 and
j?=5.

20 I I
-5

4
n IO-

3
2
m=l

I I
0 5 IO

Figure 8. Frequency versus the ratio of initial bending to extensional stress, for various values of m when
n=l,a/b=2andk=-2.
416 E.J.BRUNELLEAND S.R.ROBERTSON

that the curve for m = 2, as well as that for m = I, passes above the curve for nz= 3 prior to
buckling. Moreover, the curve form = 1 is above that for m = 2.
Figure 7 illustrates these same results when p = 5 and n = 1 when ajb = 4. In this case
buckling occurs when m = 5 and all the curves m = I to 4 pass above it just prior to buckling.
Interestingly enough, the frequency for m = 1 is higher than for m = 2 which is higher than
that for m = 3, etc., just prior to buckling. Thus, for modes below the buckling mode, the
frequency prior to buckling undergoes a transition after which the frequency increases as
the order of the mode decreases.
Figure 8 shows the variation of the natural frequency as /? varies when a/b = 2, n = 1 and
k = -2. Note that the increase in initial bending stress, ,!I, has little effect on the flexural
modes shown excepting the slight softening of the higher modes. Of course, in the neighbor-
hood of the buckling load, p has a dramatic effect as seen in Figure 2.

4. CONCLUSION
Although the results presented do not cover all the possible cases for this problem they
typify its behavior and point out some interesting consequences of an initial stress field.
There is a lot of room for the future study of the effects that other initial stress fields would
have on this and other geometries.

REFERENCES
1. G. HERRMANN and A. E. ARMENAKAS 1962 Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers
127, 458. Vibrations and stability of plates under initial stress.
2. E. J. BRUNELLE 1972Journal of Applied Mechanics 39, 819-821. Stability and vibrations of trans-
versely isotropic beams under initial stress.
3. C. T. SUN 1972 JournaI of Applied Mechanics 39, 282-285. On the equations for a Timoshenko
beam under initial stress.
4. E. J. BRUNELLE and S. R. ROBERTSON 1974 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Journal 12, 1036-1045. Initially stressed Mindlin plates.
5. V. V. BOLOTIN 1963 Non-Conservative Problems of the Theory of Elastic Stability. The MacMillan
Company.
6. R. D. MINDLIN 19.51Journal of Applied Mechanics 18, 31-38. Influence of rotary inertia and
shear on flexural motions of isotropic elastic plates.