Chapt 2:1/3

Chapter 2 Cell Structure & Cell Organization

2.1 Cell structure & function

Animal cell Plant cell

Cell
structure

Organelles Non-Organelles
Function Function
s s
Nucleus Controls all cell activities Plasma Controls movement of
Mitochondrion Site of energy synthesis membrane substances in & out of the cell
Vacuole Keeps cell sap Cell wall Gives shape & support to the
Chloroplast Site for photosynthesis cell
Golgi apparatus Completes the synthesis of Cytoplasm Medium for reactions in the cell
glycoproteins, hormones &
polysaccharides
Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic Transport of protein
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic Synthesis & transport of lipids
reticulum

Differences between animal cell & plant cell

Animal cell Plant cell
Cell wall absent. Cellulose cell wall present.
Vacuoles, if present, are small & scattered Has one or a few large vacuole(s) filled with cell
throughout the cell. sap.
Nucleus often in the middle of the cell. Nucleus normally at the edge of the cell.
Centrioles present. Centrioles absent.
Cilia & flagella often present. Cilia & flagella absent.
Lysosomes present. Lysosome normally absent
Glycogen granules are used for storage. Starch grains are used for storage.
Chloroplast absent. Chloroplast present.
 Chapt 2:2/3
2.2Cell Organization
• Unicellular organisms = Organisms with just one cell.
~ Examples: Amoeba sp., Paramecium sp.
• Multicellular = Organisms made up of more than one cell.

Living processes of an Amoeba sp.

General structure Feeding: Reproduction: Locomotion:
of an amoeba. * Use pseudopodium * By binary fission * Use pseudopodium
to trap food. for movement.
Ectoplasm Contractile
Endoplasm vacuole

Nucleus
Food vacuole
Pseudopodia

Cell specialization in multicellular organisms

• Level of organization:
Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

Cell: The smallest unit of life capable of Organ: Several types of tissue that
carrying out all the functions of living carry out a particular function.
things.

Tissue: A group of cells of the same

type that perform a specific function in Organ system: Several organs
an organism. together to perform a function.

Animal tissue:
• Four main types:
Connective tissue Muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue
Joins tissues together; Produces movement. Lines, covers, and Transmits and
protects & supports ~ i.e. protects other tissues coordinates massages
organs. Skeletal Muscle, and organs. around the body
~ i.e. Adipose, Smooth Muscle,
cartilage, bone, blood Cardiac Muscle

Plant tissue:
• Four main types:
Meristematic tissue
Produces new cells by
cell division.
Ground tissue Vascular tissue Epidermal tissue
Provides support and Transport water and Lines, covers, and
strengthens the plant. food; provides support. protects other tissues.
 Chapt 2:3/3
Cell organisation in multicellular organism
Cell organisation in humans Cell organisation in plants

CELLS CELLS

Smooth muscle Epidermis cell Mesophyll cell Guard cell

cell Cartilgae cell Epithelial cell

TISSUES TISSUES

Smooth muscle Epidermis tissues Mesophyll tissues Guard tissues

Cartilgae tissues Epithelial tissues
tissues

ORGANS ORGANS
Leaf
Trachea
Bronchus
Lungs

Trachea
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Bronchus Lung
Bronchiole Shoot system
Respiratory system

ORGANISMS ORGANISMS

The internal environment of multicellular organism

Intracellular fluid Fluid that surrounds & bathes the

Fluid inside a cell
cells / interstitial fluid.
outside a cell Extracellular fluid /
internal environment Plasma of the blood.

* The maintenance of a constant internal environment = homeostasis.

Blood Body cell

plasma Blood capillary
Extracellular fluid /
internal environment Red blood cell
Interstitial
fluid

Factors affecting the internal environment

a) Body temperature b) Blood pH c) BloodTissue
glucosefluid
level d) Osmotic pressure of blood