Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physical Phenomenon
• Governing
Governing laws of physical phenomenon
laws of physical phenomenon
expressed in mathematical form (usually
differential equations)
differential equations)
• All equations possess a common form
All i f
– Identification of the common form
– Help to construct a general solution procedure
Physical Phenomenon & Differential
Equation
• Meaning of a Differential Equation?
Meaning of a Differential Equation?
– Express a certain conservation principle
– A physical quantity as a dependent variable
p y q y p
– Balance among various factors influencing the
variable
– Dependent variables are usually specific
properties (expressed on a unit mass basis)
• Examples: mass fraction, velocity, specific enthalpy
E l f ti l it ifi th l
– Terms in a D.E. denote influence on a unit volume
basis
Physical Phenomenon & Differential
Equation
• Exception: The temperature
Exception: The temperature
– Frequently used as a dependent variable but not a
specific property
specific property
– Arises from more basic equations employing
specific internal energy or specific enthalpy
specific internal energy or specific enthalpy
Physical Phenomenon & Differential
Equation
• Example:
– ‘J’ any flux
influencing a
influencing a
dependent
variable
– Balance over
a control
volume
Physical Phenomenon & Differential
Equation
• Another example
Another example
– A term expressed on unit volume basis
Fi is any specific property
– ‘Fi’ is any specific property
– ‘rho’ is the density
– The product ‘rho into fi’ represents the amount of
Th d t ‘ h i t fi’ t th t f
extensive property contained in CV
– The term is the rate of change of
The term is the rate of change of
relevant property per unit volume
Physical Phenomenon & Differential
Equation
• D
D.E. is a compilation of such terms
E is a compilation of such terms
• Each term represent an influence on a unit
volume basis
volume basis
• All the terms collectively imply a balance or
conservation
i
Conservation of Chemical Species
Conservation of Chemical Species
R t f h
Rate of change of mass of chemical specie per unit volume
f f h i l i it l
Rate of generation of specie per unit volume (may be –ve, +ve or zero
Diffusion flux caused by gradients of mass fraction
Convection flux carried by flow field ‘rho into u’
Conservation of Chemical Species
Conservation of Chemical Species
Fick’ss Law of Diffusion
Fick Law of Diffusion
Diffusion Coefficient
The Energy Equation
The Energy Equation
For steady low‐velocity with negligible viscous dissipation,
Specific enthalpy Temperature
Thermal conductivity
Rate of change of enthalpy
Influent of conduction heat transfer within fluid
Volumetric rate of heat generation (‐ve, +ve or zero)
g ( , )
The Energy Equation
The Energy Equation
• Substituting, and simplification
g, p
• Setting velocity zero, gives steady state conduction equation
A Momentum Equation
A Momentum Equation
Viscous term in addition to the first term
Momentum flux
Rate of change of momentum (x‐direction)
g ( ) Pressure gradient
Pressure gradient
Viscous term Body force per unit volume
The Turbulence‐Kinetic‐Energy
Equation
• From ‘two‐equation model’ of turbulence, the
equation of kinetic energy ‘k’ of the fluctuating motion
Diffusion coefficient for k Rate of generation of turbulence energy
Kinematic rate of dissipation
Net source term
Unsteady term Convection term
Convection term
Convection term
Source terms
The General Differential Equation
The General Differential Equation
• The
The dependent variable can stand for different
dependent variable can stand for different
quantities (mass fraction, enthalpy, temperature, etc.
• Appropriate meaning will be given to diffusion
pp p g g
coefficient and source term
y y
• Density may be related to mass fraction,
temperature, etc. via an equation (like equation of
state)
• Flow field should satisfy continuity equation
The General Differential Equation
The General Differential Equation
• The
The two equations (general D.E. & Continuity)
two equations (general D E & Continuity)
can be represented in Cartesian‐tensor form
• Subscript ‘j’ can take the values 1, 2, 3,
denoting the three space coordinates
g p
• When
When a subscript is repeated in a term, a
a subscript is repeated in a term a
summation of three terms is implied
• One‐dimensional form can always be obtained
y
by dropping the subscript ‘j’
How to Obtain G.D.E.
How to Obtain G.D.E.
• Manipulate
Manipulate a D.E. until the unsteady,
a D E until the unsteady
convection and diffusion terms conform to
standard form
standard form
• More convenient to work with dimensionless
variables
Benefits of G.D.E.
Benefits of G.D.E.
• G.D.E ‐
G. . An extremely important conclusion‐‐‐‐‐‐
e t e e y po ta t co c us o
Recognize this!!!
g p
• A time saving step
• Concern only with numerical solution of G.D.E.
p p g ,
• Even with computer program, sufficient to write a
general sequence of instructions for solving
• General purpose program can be developed
• Variables, initial & boundary conditions can be
adjusted for making the specific case
Proper Choice of Coordinates
Proper Choice of Coordinates
• Flow
Flow around a moving airplane is unsteady in
around a moving airplane is unsteady in
a stationary frame of reference, but steady in
a moving coordinate system attached to the
a moving coordinate system attached to the
airplane
• Axisymmetric flow in a circular pipe appears
to be 3‐D in a cartesian coordinate system but
b 3 Di i di b
is 2‐D in cylindrical polar coordinates
One‐Way
One Way & Two
& Two‐Way
Way Coordinates
Coordinates
• Two‐Way:
Two Way: conditions at a given location are
conditions at a given location are
influenced by changes in conditions on either
side of location
• One‐Way: conditions at a given location are
influenced by changes in conditions on only
one side of location
• Time – always one‐way coordinate
• Space – mostly two‐way, but may nearly
become one‐way in some conditions
Computer Implications of One‐Way
Two‐Way Coordinates
d
• If
If one
one‐way
way coordinate can be identified in a
coordinate can be identified in a
given situation, computer storage and
computing time can be saved
computing time can be saved
• Example
Summary
• All
All the dependent variables of interest here seem
the dependent variables of interest here seem
to obey a generalized conservation principle
• One has to emphasize on G.D.E. to solve; Specific
One has to emphasize on G D E to solve; Specific
equations can be addressed later on and different
cases can be accommodated then after.
cases can be accommodated then after.
• Things become simpler if we make right selection
of coordinate system and can reduce two‐way
of coordinate system and can reduce two way
coordinates into one‐way coordinates