c

 


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The First World War raged across Europe between 1914 to 1918, killing 10 million
people and ravaging large parts of France. After viewing President Wilson¶s Fourteen
Point of Peace, the German¶s signed an amistice which they saw as a cease-fire, not
surrender.

c

 
 
  

The Paris Peace Conference took place to set up the 

, so named
because it took place in the Palace of Versailles. Delegates from 32 countries met
there in January 1919, but the missing delegate was Germany. They were not invited,
and the allies imposed their peace upon Germany. The Germans saw this as a  
.

c    

They were the leaders of the allied countries: Prime Minister David Lloyd George of
Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France and President Woodrow Wilson of the
United States.

c
  



 
 wanted a µrevanche¶ peace, weakening Germany so they could never
attack France again.  wanted a compromise. British public opinion was
anti-German, so while he did want some punishment, he also wanted a healthy
Germany as a trade partner. He wanted also to protect the interests of the British
Empire. Idealist c  wanted a fair peace based on his 14 points, including self-
determination for all ethnic groups and a League of Nations to be set up.

c
 
 

 

The Treaty of Versailles banned an anschluss with Austria, it demilitarised the
Rhineland and capped the German military. It also gave Germany sole blame for the
war, which gave them a legal argument for reparations.
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ï Blame was listed in Clause 231 of the treaty, giving Germany sole
responsibility.
ï Germany had to pay £6,6000 in reparations
ï The German army was limited to 100,000 men and conscription was banned.
The navy was limited to six battleships, and they weren¶t allowed to have
 submarines or air force. The fifty miles of the Rhineland area were also
demilitarised.

(
 


ï Germany lost all her colonies

ï Belgium gained: Eupen and Malmedy
ï France gained: Alsace-Lorraine and 15 year lease of the Saar
ï Denmark gained: North Schleswig
ï Poland created and gained land in West Prussia, Posen, Memel and Silesia.

c

   
  
 

Germany felt the treaty was deeply unfair and humiliating. The US congress refused
to sign the Treaty, and signed a separate peace treaty. Therefore the US never joined
the League of Nations. In France, they thought it wasn¶t harsh enough and
Clemenceau was ousted. In Britain it was seen as adequate, but as time past it seemed
more and more harsh.

c
 
  




   
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ï The republic of Austria was created from the Germany speaking parts of the
empire
ï The Treaty dissolved the Austro-Hungarian monarchy
ï They were required to pay reparations, but the country went bankrupt and
never did
ï The army was limited to 30,000


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ï Reduced the population and size of what was considered Hungarian in the
empire by two thirds. It lost its access to the sea and most natural resources.
ï The army was reduced to 35,000
ï Reparations required

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ï Bulgaria lost much land to Greece and Yugoslavia
ï Reparations were required
ï Bulgarian army limited to 20,000 men

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ï The Ottoman Empire was broken up, with most of its further lands given to
Britain and France as mandates. This seeded Iraq, Transjordan and PPalestine
to the British and Syria to the French.
ï †urdistan and Armenia were to be given independence
 ï Lost large amounts of land to Greece, and some to Italy
ï The straits were internationalised

Sevres was signed by the Sultan, but after being ousted by Ataturk they reached a new
treaty, Lausanne

ï No reparations were to be paid

ï Turkey regained some of the land lost at Severes, crucially East Thrace
ï Regained some control of the Straits