Petrophysical Interpretation

Saturation Computation
 The ideal log
0.35

porGas 0.3
0.25

0.2
porOil 0.15

0.1

porWat 0.05

% of rock filled with gas, 0

1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025 1030

% of rock filled with oil,

% of rock filled with water,
perm 10000

Gas

recovery factors
1000

perm
Oil 100

relative permeability 10
perm 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025 1030
Wat

Unfortunately we currently 0.8

0.7

cannot directly measure any recGas

0.6
0.5

of these quantities
0.4
recOil
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025 1030
In reality we have to make indirect measurements

• GR
• Resistivity in various flavors
• Spectroscopy (natural or induced)
• Density and PEF
• Neutron Porosity
• Sigma
• etc.
Water Saturation : Volumes
Fraction of porosity

Vw
Porosity, Ø
Vo

Sw = Vw / Ø

So = Vo / Ø
Archie
Resistivity variation due to fluids

Resistivity is the resistance of 1 m3 of a material.

Oil has high resistivity, saline water has low resistivity.

Rt Rt
Resistivity variation due to porosity

Higher porosity rock has lower resistivity

than lower porosity rock, given the same Sw.

Rt Rt
 Saturation Equations: Archie 1942

Ro a
F= = m
Rw φ
a Rw
= m
n
Sw
Sw
n
=
Ro
φ Rt
Rt

φ Sw Cw
m n
F = Formation factor
Rt = True formation resistivity
Ct =
Ro = True formation resistivity when Sw=1 a
Rw = Resistivity of the formation water
Ø = Total formation porosity
m = empirical fudge factor (cementation factor)
n = empirical fudge factor (saturation exponent)
a = yet another fudge factor
 Archie a, m and n

Ro/Rw (log scale)

Slope = -m

a Rw a
= m
n
Sw
φ Rt 0.01
Ø (log scale)
1.0

Effect of m
(tortuosity)

Rt/Ro (log scale)

Slope = -n

Effect of m+n
(tortuosity) 1.0
0.01 Sw (log scale) 1.0
Archie a & m values

General form
where a ~ 1
and m ~2

sandstones a = .81, m=2

‘Humble’ formula

carbonates a = 1, m > 2
 Archie equation - complications

Archie’s equation assumes “clean” sand, with saline water.

In shaley sand, with fresh water, the simple Archie equation is not accurate:

There are many variations on Archie equation derived for different

environments. They all reduce to simple Archie in the case of clean sand
with various values of a, m & n.
Water Saturation : n

n is saturation dependent in
fresh water, the error due to
variation on n decreases at
higher saturations.

n measurements can be made

on core, but they are difficult
and expensive.

n may also be saturation

equation dependent.
Water Saturation : Archie equation - variations
2
1 ⎛⎜ Vcl φe ⎞⎟ n
m
•Nigeria Equation =⎜
1.4
+ Sw
2

Rt Rcl aRw ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2
•Indonesia Equation ⎛
1 ⎜V
⎛ Vcl ⎞
⎜ 1− ⎟
φe ⎞⎟
cl ⎝
2 ⎠
=⎜ +
2
⎟ Sw
Rt ⎜ Rcl Rw ⎟
⎝ ⎠
•Waxman-Smits Equation 1 Sw BQvSw
2
= * +
Rt F Rw F*

•Dual Water Equation φtm S wtn ⎛ ⎞

Ct = ⎜⎜ Cw +
S wb
(Cwb − Cw )⎟⎟
a ⎝ S wt ⎠
The CCD
model
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
m' ⎜ 1.93m'Qv ⎟
Ct = φ (1− 0.28Qv ) ⎜Cw +
m
−n ⎟ + 1.3φ m'
Qv
0.7Sw
⎜⎜ 1+ ⎟⎟
⎝ Cw ⎠
1/ 2
⎛ φ ⎞
m' = 1.79+ 0.27⎜⎜Qv ⎟⎟
⎝ (1− φ ) ⎠

Clavier, Coats, Dumanoir

The SGS
model m 1.93 m µT QV m
σ= Swnφ σw + + β µ
0 T φ QV
1+0.7 µ T Sw /σw
-n

µT =1+0.0414 T-22
1/2
φ
m =1.62+1.37 QV
1-φ

Sen, P.N.; Goode, P.A.; and Sibbit, A.M.: “Electrical conduction in clay bearing sandstones at low and high salinities,” Journal
of Applied Physics 63 no.10 (15 May 1988), pp 4832-4840.

Sen, P.N.; Goode, P.A.:”Influence of temperature on electrical conductivity in shaly sands,” Geophysics 57 no. 1 (January
1992) pp 89-96.

Sen, P.N.; Goode, P.A.: “Shaly sand conductivity at low and high salinities,” presented at the 29th annual logging symposium
of the SPWLA (June 1988) paper F.
For this course simple Archie is enough

a Rw
= m
n
Sw
φ Rt
 Resistivity of NaCl Solutions

0.16 Ohm-m

0.052 Ohm-m

25°C 120°C

Chart Gen-9
Water Saturation : Rw

Rw depends on the water

salinity and the temperature.

Even if water salinity is know,

temperature can be an issue.

Temperature sensors in the tool

string measure the mud temperature
or the temperature inside the tool
(slightly warmer than the mud
temperature).
Formation temperature is usually
higher than mud temperature.
Formation temperature from gradient
Chart Gen-6

Formation temperature can be

estimated from a known
temperature gradient, and
may be more accurate than
mud temperature.
Quick Look – D Log R
Quick Look – D Log R
Flowchart of Petrophysical Analysis
 Interpretation Method

• Quick Look : D LOG R (DELTA LOG R)

• Interpretation (Cross Plot Method)
a. Lithological Model
- Cross Plot N-D
- Cross Plot N-S
- Cross Plot S-D
- Cross Plot M-N

b. Petrophyisical Parameter
- Picket Plot (a, m & Rw)
- Hingle Plot (Rw)
- Cross Plot RWA-GR (Rclay & water salinity)
- Cross Plot PHIE-RHOMAU ( RhoH)

c. Permeability

K = (kcoef x PHIEkexp)/(SWirr2) , mD
Cross Plot S-D

Cross Plot M-N

Picket Plot (a, m & Rw)

Hingle Plot (Rw)

Cross Plot RWA-GR
Log Header
D LOG R (DELTA LOG R)
Composite Log
 SUMUR-X

PETRAN