Alyssa Gill

Period 1
APUSH
11/26/10

CHAPTER 15
OBECTIVES/ ID’S

1) The battle of the first Bull Run

The first major land battle of the Civil War occurred at Bull Run
Creek, near the town of Manassas, Virginia, on July 21, 1861. Brig.
Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, the hero of Fort Sumter, commanded the
Confederate army. His force of 20,000 protected a rail link that led
to Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army in the lower Shenandoah
Valley. Johnston's 12,000 men faced a Federal force of 18,000
commanded by the aged Robert Patterson, a veteran of the War of
1812. The Federals attacked the stone bridge. Confederate Capt.
Nathan G. “Shanks” Evans perceived that the Federal attack in his
front was merely a maneuver. In the first battlefield use of the
wigwag telegraph system. Beauregard rushed his forces toward
Henry Hill to support Evans.

2) General George McClellan

General George McClellan was an American soldier and Union
commander. He was a brilliant strategist, organizer, and trainer of
troops during the American Civil War. At the outbreak of the Civil
War, he was commissioned major general in the regular army and,
after the First Battle of Bull Run, commanded the Army of the
Potomac, the troops in and around Washington, D.C. In November
1861 he was appointed commander in chief of the Union army.
3) The anaconda plan
The Anaconda Plan was drawn up by General Winfield Scott to
end the American Civil War in favor of the North. The plan was never
officially adopted by the Union, but elements of it were employed
throughout the course of the war. It involved four main parts.
Although the plan was devised early in the war, it was derided by
several newspapers and was reluctantly adopted by the Union's
leaders. The plan as originally conceived by Scott also advised
passivity, in that it suggested that once the Southern states were
effectively cut off from their resources, the North should wait for
capitulation. Nonetheless, the particulars of the plan were all
carried through, the first three proving indeed to be the most
decisive factors of the war.

4) Ulysses S. Grant
As the Civil War reached its peak, Grant sought to win control
of the Mississippi Valley. In February 1862, he took Fort Donelson in
Tennessee, which was the first Union victory of strategic
importance. The Confederates surrendered, and President Lincoln
promoted Grant to major general of volunteers in 1863. As the
fierce battles of the Civil War continued, some began to question
General Grant's military leadership. At Shiloh, Grant fought one of
the bloodiest battles in the West. Some called for him to be
replaced. President Lincoln fended off demands that Grant be
removed by saying, "I can't spare this man — he fights." With
President Lincoln's support, Grant was determined to move ahead
to victory. He captured Vicksburg, the key city on the Mississippi
River, which cut the Confederacy in two. He then broke the
Confederate hold on Chattanooga, Tennessee.

5) The battle of Shiloh

 The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg
Landing, was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American
Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A
Union army under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the
Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally
at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the river. Confederate
forces under Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard
launched a surprise attack on Grant there. The Confederates
achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately
defeated on the second day.
At Shiloh, Grant fought one of the bloodiest battles in the West.
Some called for him to be replaced.

6) General Robert E. Lee

He was a career United States Army officer and combat
engineer. He became the commanding general of the Confederate
army in the American Civil War and a postwar icon of the South's
"lost cause." A top graduate of West Point, Lee distinguished
himself as an exceptional soldier in the U.S. Army for 32 years. He is
best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of
Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. In early 1861, President
Abraham Lincoln invited Lee to take command of the entire Union
Army. Lee declined because his home state of Virginia was, despite
his wishes, seceding from the Union. When Virginia declared its
secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home
state.

7) Jefferson Davis
He was an American statesman and leader of the Confederacy
during the American Civil War; serving as the President of the
Confederate States of America for its entire history. Davis fought in
the Mexican-American War as a colonel of a volunteer regiment, and
was the United States Secretary of War under President Franklin
Pierce. Both before and after his time in the Pierce Administration,
he served as a U.S. Senator representing the State of Mississippi. As
a senator, he argued against secession, but did agree that each
state was sovereign and had an unquestionable right to secede from
the Union.

8) The battle of Antietam

The battle of Antietam was fought on September 17, 1862,
near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the
Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil
War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day
battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. After
pursuing Confederate General Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Union
Army Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan launched attacks against Lee's
army, in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek. At dawn on
September 17, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's corps mounted a powerful
assault on Lee's left flank. Nevertheless, Lee's invasion of Maryland
was ended, and he was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia
without interference from the cautious McClellan. It had unique
significance as enough of a victory to give President Abraham
Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation,
which discouraged the British and French governments from
potential plans for recognition of the Confederacy.

9) Lincoln’s Use of Presidential power

All that occurred during the very turbulent period of the
American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln is usually considered
to be a hero. During his presidency, he managed to keep the United
States of America together and gave a people held in bondage,
American slaves, the freedom they so desperately deserved. Like
almost every president who preceded him, Lincoln's actions at the
time were somewhat controversial. Some of his most controversial
decisions might actually be considered now to be abuses of the
Presidential power. During his terms as president, he suspended the
Writ of Habeas Corpus, and upheld the Declaration of Independence
above the Constitution. Many even agreed that he abused
presidential powers.

10) The Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation is an executive order issued by
United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil
War under his war powers. The proclamation did not cover the
800,000 slaves in the slave-holding border states of Missouri,
Maryland, West Virginia or Delaware, which had never declared a
secession; slaves there were freed by separately state and federal
actions. The state of Tennessee had already mostly returned to
Union control, so it also was not named and was exempted. Virginia
was named, but exemptions were specified for the 48 counties that
were in the process of forming West Virginia, as well as seven other
named counties and two cities. Also specifically exempted were New
Orleans and thirteen named parishes of Louisiana, all of which were
also already mostly under Federal control at the time of the
Proclamation.

11) African American Soldiers in the US Army

News from Fort Sumter set off a rush by free black men to
enlist in U.S. military units. They were turned away, however,
because a Federal law dating from 1792, but then a change
occurred. While recruiting black troops in Virginia in late 1864, and
thus began the opening for black men to begin enlisting for the
army. By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men served
as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.
Nearly 40,000 black soldiers died over the course of the war. Black
soldiers served in artillery and infantry and performed all non-
combat support functions that sustain an army, as well. Black
carpenters, chaplains, cooks, guards, laborers, nurses, scouts,
spies, steamboat pilots, surgeons, and teamsters also contributed
to the war cause.

12) The battle of Gettysberg

This most famous and most important Civil War Battle
occurred over three hot summer days, July 1 to July 3, 1863, around
the small market town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It began as a
skirmish but by its end involved 160,000 Americans, and is often
referred to as the turning point of the war. The battle lasted three
long days with many things happening. Between 46,000 and 51,000
Americans from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle.
That November, President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for
the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen and redefine
the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.

13) The presidential election 1864

Lincoln's chances for reelection appeared dim for much of
1864. No president had won a second term since Andrew Jackson
more than 30 years ago. More importantly, Lincoln was weakened
by widespread criticism of his handling of the war. The Union had
suffered a long string of disappointments and many faulted the
president's strategy. Further, conservative forces in the North were
outraged by the Emancipation Proclamation and feared its impact
on the future of society. Much maneuvering occurred in the
Republican Party prior to the convention because of Lincoln's
apparent vulnerability. Various names were advanced as
presidential possibilities: General Benjamin F. Butler, Vice President
Hannibal Hamlin, General U.S. Grant, Treasury Secretary Salmon P.
Chase. But it ended up being between Abraham Lincoln and George
McClellan, and Lincoln came out victorious.

14) John Wilkes Booth

John Wilkes Booth was an American stage actor who
assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in
Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. Booth was a member of the
prominent 19th century Booth theatrical family from Maryland and,
by the 1860s, was a well known actor. He was also a Confederate
sympathizer vehement in his denunciation of the Lincoln
Administration and outraged by the South's defeat in the American
Civil War. He strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the United
States and Lincoln's proposal to extend voting rights to recently
emancipated slaves.

Alyssa Gill
Period 1
APUSH
11/26/10

Objectives 9 and 10
9) Examine the emergence of dissent and disorder in the
Confederacy and the Union in the final two years of the Civil War,
and explain the impact of these forces on the two combatants.

Opposition at home for the South

 The South did not have the same industrialization and
railroads that the North had. They also had more of a lack of natural
resources, because of the this the South felt the war more strongly.
 The plantation owners began to rebel against the government,
the government had been taking their slaves and using them to
build forts, the plantation owners were upset when Confederate
leaders burned large amounts of cotton, so the Union could not use
it.
 The South lost many men and the people they left behind
mourned their loss, because of this they could not fully commit to
the cause of the war.
 For the ordinary people living in the South there was not
enough food to go around, people began to riot stealing food and
refusing to pay taxes.
 Men did not wish to stay in the army because they knew that
their family was suffering at home. Because of this many
confederate men began to desert the army.
Opposition in the North
 People in the north began moving towards a more peaceful
movement, they wanted to end the war and stop all the fighting and
bloodshed.
 This movement grew under the leadership of a North Carolina
Democrat named William W. Holden, over the summer of 1863 over
100 meetings for peace took place.
 Most of the wartime protest in the South was in politics,
Democrats blamed Lincoln for the war and death toll along with
many other things, the peace Democrats supposedly encouraged
draft resistance, discouraged enlistment, and sabotaged
communications.
Impact of the war opposition on both sides
 Both sides suffered from people who were disheartened with
the war, and no longer supported it.
 Many people began to believe that the war should be ended
and that peace should be negotiated between the North and the
South.

10) Discuss the financial and human costs of the Civil War, and
indicate what issues were resolved and what issues were left
unresolved at war’s end.

Financial and human costs of the civil war

 The total number of casualties on both sides exceeded 1
million, more men had died in this civil war than in any other war
the U.S has fought in.
 Along with the large numbers of deaths, hundreds of
thousands of men were seriously wounded in this battle.
 Thousands of men also died as a prisoner of war in the
opposite sides prisons, a fact that devastated many people.
Issues that the war resolved
 Slavery was no longer legal in either the North or the South,
the slaves that had lived in the South were liberated by the Union’s
troops.
 The union was preserved, and the secession of the South from
the North was officially ended, they were forced to come back.
 Dissent flourished in both the North and South, which played a
crucial role in the collapse of the Confederacy.
Issues that the war did not resolve
 The rights of the newly freed black slaves were not yet
determined, and because of this many people were not sure where
the slaves would fit in with normal life.
 Americans knew that secession was dead, but they were
unsure of the fact if they should support a centralized nationalistic
government.
 The white Southerners who had owned plantations as their
living where unsure what to do, they could no longer use the free
labor of slaves, and the lack of slaves made cotton a crop that was
not as profitable.
 Many women were widowed due to the war and many children
were also orphaned, they did not know what to do to make an
income.
 People did not know what to do with all the dead who had to
be identified and properly buried.