Electro Magnetism

Graduate program in Communication, Electrical

Engineering
Bahir Dar University
By
Aynalem Addis

November 9, 2010

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Contents
1 Electric Charge 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 ELECTERIC FIELD 4
2.1 Interoduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Magnetic field 4
3.1 Interoduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Electero magneticwave 4
4.1 Interoduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5 MAX WELL EQUATION 6

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1 Electric Charge
1.1 Introduction
• Electric charge is the phenomenon rubbing of a glass rod with silk.
The charges on the glass rod are positive. And sealing wax with fur is
negative. Like charges repel and opposite charges attract each other.
Fig1 bellow shows the interaction of like, and un like charges . The
unit the action of rubbing a glass, which we designate as positive and
negative. The SI unit of charge is called the Coulomb (C).

• The smallest unit of free charge known in nature is the charge of an

electron or proton, which has a magnitude of e = 1.602 × 10−19 C .
Electron are negative charge carriers i.e − e. While protons are positive
charge carriers i.e e+ . In a closed system, the total amount of charge is
conserved since charge can neither be created nor destroyed. A charge
can, however, be transferred from one body to another.

Figure 1: The interaction between like and unlike charges charges

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 According to Columbus low Consider a system of two point charges q1
and q2 , separated by a distance r in vacuum the force exerted by q1 on q2 is
given by:
kq1 q2
F12 = (1)
r2
where F12 is the force exerted by the first charge on the seconde, k is
Coulomb’s constant, q1 and q2 are given charges.

2 ELECTERIC FIELD
2.1 Interoduction
Electric field is related to voltage. Voltage is analogous to pressure in a wa-
ter pipe. Higher voltages produce stronger electric fields. The phenomena
rubbed glass rod with silk creates electric charge, and space in the Vicinity
of the charged properties with in the material creates the field is called an
electric field. There are two distinct types of electric fields (1) the static
electric field produced by electric charges- this electric field produces a con-
servative force on the charges and (2) the induced electric field created by
a changing magnetic flux- electrical forces produced by this field are not
conservative. Only the static electric field need be considered in Gausss law:
the flux of the induced electric field through a closed surface is zero because
the induced electric field lines are closed loops.

3 Magnetic field
3.1 Interoduction
Magnetic field is the fields of the circuits around the magnet. This field
is related to the amount of current that is flowing. Current is analogous
to the rate of fluid flow in a water pipe. Higher currents produce stronger
magnetic fields. For example, the magnetic field generated by a hair dryer
is higher when the dryer is operated on its ”high” heat setting than on the
”low” setting because the high setting d draws more current. However, the
electric field from the hair dryer will be the same at both settings because
the voltage does not change.

4 Electero magneticwave
4.1 Interoduction
The fluctuating of electric and magnetic fields can form a propagation of
wave the name of that wave is known as electromagnetic wave This wave is a
transverse wave, since the fields are perpendicular to the direction in which

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the wave travels. All electromagnetic waves, regardless of their frequency,
travel through a vacuum at the same speed as the speed of light. The speed
of light is represented by the letter C. This means c = 3.00x108 m/s
Electromagnetic wave in a vacuum are related to its speed through the
relation
Electromagnetic wave is propagate with in a dielectric
Electromagnetic waves cannot propagate within a conductor; they are
totally reflected when they strike a conducting surface. The wave speed of
dielectric medium is represented by the letter V.
Electromagnetic waves are created by accelerating charges. Example:
oscillating source with two wires attached (antenna).
When the electric field produced by the antenna points downward, the
magnetic field points into the page. Fig 2 bellow shows, the electric and
magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave are always at right angles to
each other.

Figure 2: Electric and magnetic field in electro magnetic wave

The propagation of electric and magnetic wave are perpendicular to each

other and in phase. The direction of propagation is given by the thumb of
the right hand ,after painting the fingers in the direction of E and caring
them to ward B . Where E= electric wave B= magnetic wave

Figure 3: the propagation of electeric and magnetic wave

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5 MAX WELL EQUATION
Maxwell’s equations are 4 mathematical equations that relate the Electric
Field (E) and magnetic field (B) to the charge (Q ) and current (J) densities
that specify the fields and give rise to electromagnetic radiation

− →
→ − Qnotclosedbys
Z
E .ds ≡ (2)
ε0
→
− →
−
where E is the electeric field,ds isderivation of displesment .
Maxwell equation of electeromagnetism (a)gasses law for the electeric
field Gauss law for electricity, more commonly simply refered to as Gauss
law, states that the closed surface integral of E.ds is equal to the charge
enclosed by the surface divided by the electric permittivity of the material.
(The integral of E dot ds) Is due to the charge density contained inside)

− →
→ −
Z
E .ds (3)

→
− →
−
where E is the electeric field,ds is tiny portion of the surface area . law is a
way of finding the electric flux through a surface due to a charge Q. ds is a
unit vector normal to the surface at all points, and represents a tiny portion
of the surface area of the Gaussian surface. The closed surface integral of ds
is the surface area, s.
→
−
Z
phiE ≡ E .ds (4)
→
−
where phiE is the3.14times electeric field,ds isderivation of displesment .
Gasses law is a consequence of this inverse squire nature of coulombs law
for the electerical forse interaction between point like charges. (b) gasses low
for magnetic field Gauss law for magnetism is remarkably similar to Gauss
law for electricity in form, but means something rather different. Imagine
that a magnet was placed in space, and that a spherical Gaussian surface
was constructed around it. Remember from the section on magnetism that
magnetic fields flow, by convention, from the North pole of a magnet to the
South pole.
− →
→ −
Z
B .ds ≡ 0 (5)
→
− →
−
where B is the magnetic field,ds isthe surface of the magnetic field .
This statement about the non existence of magnetic monopole; magnets are
dipolar. Magnetic field lines form closed contours.
Part of the magnetic field will not pierce the Gaussian surface - this
portion of the field clearly will not contribute to the flux through the surface,
so it can be ignored. The rest of the magnetic field lines will leave through
the surface from the North pole of the magnet, but because the field flows
from the North pole to the South pole, the same field lines will enter the

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surface again somewhere on the surface to go to the South pole. Since the
flux going out is equal to the flux coming in, the net flux is zero, as indicated
by Gauss law for magnetism.
(c)Amperes max well law
− →
→ −
Z
B . dl (6)
→
− →
−
where B is the magnetic field,ds is the surface of the magnetic field .
dφ
µ0I + µ0 0 × (7)
dt
where
mu0 is relative prmeability,0 is relative permitivity, IandID are the con-
duction and displacement currents B X dl = muo x I+ID where I and ID
are the conduction and displacement currents, respectively, enclosed by the
path. This law is a statement that magnetic fields are caused by electric
conduction currents and or by a changing electric flux (via the displacement
current).
(d)Faradays law of electromagnetic induction:

− →
→ − dφ
Z
E . dl ≡ − (8)
dt
→
− →
−
where E is the electeric field, dl is nonconsteractive surface.