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Table of Contents:

BTS (Base Transceiver System): .................................................................................. 3


Wireless Network Cloud: ............................................................................................. 4
BTS in Mobile Communication:................................................................................... 4
Upcoming Problems to Deployment a New BTS Tower: ............................................. 5
Existing BTS Tower in Pakistan:.................................................................................. 6
Aesthetic Tower: ...................................................................................................... 6
General Architecture of BTS:-...................................................................................... 8
1. Transceiver (TRX): .......................................................................................... 8
2. Power Amplifier (PA): ..................................................................................... 8
3. Combiner: ........................................................................................................ 8
4. Duplexer: ......................................................................................................... 8
5. Antenna:........................................................................................................... 9
6. Alarm extension system: .................................................................................. 9
7. Control function: .............................................................................................. 9
8. Base-band Receiver Unit (BBxx): .................................................................... 9
Frequency Spectrum: .................................................................................................... 9
Frequency Ranges: ..................................................................................................... 10
GSM 900: ............................................................................................................... 10
EGSM 900: ............................................................................................................ 10
GSM 1800: ............................................................................................................. 11
PCS 1900: .............................................................................................................. 11
ARFCN: ................................................................................................................. 11
Cell Size: .................................................................................................................... 12
Types of Cell: ......................................................................................................... 12
Large Cells: ............................................................................................................ 12
Small Cells: ............................................................................................................ 13
Frequency Re-use: ...................................................................................................... 14
Co-Channel Interference:........................................................................................ 15
Adjacent Channel Interference: .............................................................................. 16
Sectorization: ............................................................................................................. 16

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Fundamentals of Antennas: ........................................................................................ 18
a) Radiation Pattern: ........................................................................................... 18
b) Input impedance: ............................................................................................ 18
c) Return Loss: ................................................................................................... 18
d) Bandwidth: ..................................................................................................... 19
e) Directivity and Gain: ...................................................................................... 19
f) Beam Width: .................................................................................................. 19
g) Side Lobes: .................................................................................................... 19
h) Nulls: ............................................................................................................. 19
i) Polarization: ................................................................................................... 20
j) Front to back ratio: ......................................................................................... 20
Antennas Definition: .................................................................................................. 20
Types of Antenna: .................................................................................................. 20
a) Omi-Directional Antennas: ............................................................................ 20
b) Directional Antennas:..................................................................................... 21
c) Sectorial Antennas: ........................................................................................ 22
Battery Installation: .................................................................................................... 22
Bibliography: ............................................................................................................. 22

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BTS (Base Transceiver System):
A Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or cell site is a piece of equipment that
facilitates wireless communication between User Equipment (UE) and a network.
UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless
internet connectivity, Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX gadgets etc.
The network can be that of any of the wireless communication technologies like GSM,
CDMA, WLL, WAN, Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX etc. BTS is also referred to as the radio base
station (RBS), node B (in 3G Networks) or simply the base station (BS).

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Wireless Network Cloud:
In order to make off-loading the signal processing to the cloud, a new
architecture called the Wireless Network Cloud (WNC). WNC would make it possible
to step away from “the usual” dedicated hardware for RBS (radio base stations) that
serve Radio Frequencies for networks like GSM & 3G cell phone networks. This
technique would decouple the radio antennas from the base stations, which now will be
processed in the Cloud.
With the latter existing virtually within general purpose data centers at distant
locations. All of the signal processing--the modulation and encoding of the signals to
and from the physical antennas--is carried out using software radio technology, adds
Yonghua Lin, manager of IBM's Next Generation Network Appliance. With multi-
core and multithreading techniques, it is possible to use general-purpose data centers to
carry out the signal processing entirely in software.

BTS in Mobile Communication:


A GSM network is made up of three subsystems:
The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) comprising an MSC and
associated registers. The Base Station subsystem (BSS) – comprising a BSC and
several BTSs. The Operations support system - for maintenance of the network.
Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication
standards, it is generally and commonly associated with mobile communication
technologies like GSM and CDMA. In this regard a BTS forms part of the base station
subsystem (BSS) developments for system management. It may also have equipment
for encrypting and decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass
filters) etc. antennas may also be considered as components of BTS in general sense as
they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will have several Transceivers

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(TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the
cell (in the case of sectorised base stations).

A BTS is controlled by a parent base station controller via the Base-station


Control Function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even
incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides an operations and
maintenance (O&M) connection to the network management system (NMS) and
manages operational states of each TRX as well as software handling and alarm
collection. The basic structure and functions of the BTS remains the same regardless of
the wireless technologies.

Upcoming Problems to Deployment a New BTS Tower:


The growth of wireless and mobile technology stimulate development of
telecommunication infrastructure, placement of BTS tower in the city cause
environmental problems by inadequate space while operators install their own tower
lead to “Tower Forest” that cause aesthetic disruption and other social problems.
BTS as telecommunication infrastructure product growth along with increasing
of wireless and mobile technology demand. In the implementation placement of the
BTS tower in the city often caused many environmental problems in the residential
areas. Inadequate space of the city limits telecommunication infrastructure building
progress.
As we know, every BTS Tower has own operator from telecommunication
company. Each operator can install their own BTS tower and we can imagine if this
condition continuous there will be “Tower Forest” in the city that will be followed with
other problems such as disruption for city aesthetic, maintenance and other social
problems.
Pakistan has five telecommunication operators (Telenor, Mobilink, U-fone,
Warid, Zong) and each of them has their own BTS tower and can place it anywhere
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they want as they got permit action by regulator. This uncoordinated action cause
sometime conflict both for the operators and authority. Single tower for single operator
cause business confrontation for BTS coverage area and local permit conflict. The
tower itself has bad shape, structure and construction and becoming disruption to city
plan. Worse case happened in settlement area which causes other social environmental
problem. Discomfort, accident, not well maintained tower often happened and become
more complicated problem.

Existing BTS Tower in Pakistan:


BTS Tower design in Pakistan is dividing into two kinds which are conventional
and camouflage tower. The conventional BTS tower in tower with commonly metal
structural that only meet technical requirement to holds the radio transceivers that
define a cell and coordinates of the radio link to protocols with the mobile device. The
BTS just become networking component of a mobile communications system from
which all signals are sent and received.

Aesthetic Tower:
The conventional BTS design is would not be discuss here because of it design
and technically aspect would not meet the requirement of being Multi Operator BTS
Aesthetic Tower (e-tower). E-Tower design would refer to camouflage tower design in

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concealment but give better aesthetic and availability for local manufacturing ability
and multi operator usage. The existing camouflage tower can be derivate as lighting
tower monopole, city clock tower & monument, tree tower, street light & flag pole
Mosque etc.

The monopole towers designed for public walkways, public transportation


meeting areas, shopping and parking areas, recreation areas, residential areas, business
premises, roadway.

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There are existing BTS with idea of combining its function as City clock and
city monument although some product was not designed very well. This idea seems
become preferable for city authority because of its flexibility and idea of using existing
building or city monument offer easier implementation and lower cost production.
Other Alan Dick design in Malaysia and Indonesia is mosque tower that camouflage
Tower BTS into mosque tower in some cities.

General Architecture of BTS:-


A BTS in general has the following parts:
1. Transceiver (TRX):
Quite widely referred to as the Driver Receiver (DRX). DRX are either in the
form of single (sTRU), double (dTRU) or a composite Double Radio Unit (DRU). It
basically does transmission and reception of signals. Also does sending and reception
of signals to/from higher network entities (like the base station controller in mobile
telephony).

2. Power Amplifier (PA):


Amplifies the signal from DRX for transmission through antenna; may be
integrated with DRX.

3. Combiner:
Combines feeds from several DRXs so that they could be sent out through a
single antenna. Allows for a reduction in the number of antenna used.

4. Duplexer:
For separate sending and receiving signals to/from antenna. Does sending and
receiving signals through the same antenna ports (cables to antenna).

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5. Antenna:
This is also considered a part of the BTS.

6. Alarm extension system:


Collects working status alarms of various units in the BTS and extends them to
operations and maintenance (O&M) monitoring stations.

7. Control function:
Control and manages the various units of BTS including any software. On-the-
spot configurations, status changes, software upgrades, etc. are done through the
control function.
8. Base-band Receiver Unit (BBxx):
Frequency hopping, signal DSP, etc.

Frequency Spectrum:
The frequency spectrum is very congested with only narrow slots of bandwidth
allocated for cellular communications. The list opposite shows the number of
frequencies and spectrum allocated for GSM, Extended GSM 900 (EGSM), GSM 1800
(DCS1800) and PCS1900.
A single Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) or RF
carrier is actually a pair of frequencies, one used in each direction (transmit and
receive). This allows information to be passed in both directions. For GSM900 and
EGSM900 the paired frequencies are separated by 45 MHz, for DCS1800 the
separation is 95 MHz and for PCS1900 separation is 80 MHz. For each cell in a GSM
network at least one ARFCN must be allocated, and more may be allocated to provide
greater capacity.
The RF carrier in GSM can support up to eight Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) timeslots. That is, in theory, each RF carrier is capable of supporting up to
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eight simultaneous telephone calls, but as we will see later in this course although this
is possible, network signaling and messaging may reduce the overall number from
eight timeslots per RF carrier to six or seven timeslots per RF carrier, therefore
reducing the number of mobiles that can be supported. Unlike a PSTN network, where
every telephone is linked to the land network by a pair of fixed wires, each MS only
connects to the network over the radio interface when required.
Therefore, it is possible for a single RF carrier to support many more mobile
stations than its eight TDMA timeslots would lead us to believe. Using statistics, it has
been found that a typical RF carrier can support up to 15, 20 or even 25 MSs.
Obviously not all of these MS subscribers could make a call at the same time, but it is
also unlikely that all the MS subscribers would want to make a call at the same time.
Therefore without knowing it, MSs share the same physical resources, but at different
times.

Frequency Ranges:
GSM 900:
GSM stands for Global System for Mobiles Communication.
 Receive (uplink, MS to BTS) 890-915 MHz
 Transmit (downlink, BTS to MS) 935-960 MHz
 124 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)

EGSM 900:
 Receive (uplink) 880-915 MHz
 Transmit (downlink) 925-960 MHz
 174 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)
{45 MHz Duplex Spacing in GSM & EGSM}

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GSM 1800:
GSM-1800 also known as DCS-1800 (Digital Cellular Services)
 Receive (uplink) 1710-1785 MHz
 Transmit (downlink) 1805-1880 MHz
 374 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)
 Duplex Spacing = 95 MHz

PCS 1900:
PCS stands for Personal Communication network Services also known as GSM-1900.
 Receive (uplink) 1850-1910 MHz
 Transmit (downlink) 1930-1990 MHz
 299 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)
 Duplex Spacing = 80 MHz

ARFCN:
 Bandwidth = 200 KHz
 08 TDMA timeslots

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Cell Size:
The cells are normally represented by a hexagon shape but in practice they are
Irregular in shape. The number of cells in any geographic area is determined by the
number of MS subscribers who will be operating in that area, and the geographic
layout of the area (hills, lakes, buildings etc).
The cells are omni-directional cells each site (BTS) has a single cell with a
single transmit antenna. Which radiates the Radio-wave to 3600 (2 π) or 4 sides.

Types of Cell:
There are two types of cell size these are below:-

Large Cells:
The maximum cell size for GSM is approximately 70 Km (30-35 Km in
practice) in diameter but this is dependent on the terrain the cell is covering and the
power class of the MS. In GSM the MS can be transmitting anything up to 8 Watts;
obviously, the higher the power output of the MS the larger the cell size. If the cell site
is on top of a hill with no obstructions for miles, then the radio waves will travel much
further than if the cell site was in the middle of a city, with many high-rise buildings
blocking the path of the radio waves.

Generally large cells are employed in:


 Remote areas.
 Coastal regions.
 Areas with few subscribers.
 Large areas which need to be covered with the minimum number of cell sites.

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Small Cells:
Small cells are used where there is a requirement to support a large number of
MSs in a small geographic region, or where a low transmission power may be required
to reduce the effects of interference. Small cells currently cover 200 m and upwards.

Typical uses of small cells:


 Urban areas.
 Low transmission power required.
 High number of MSs or subscribers.

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Frequency Re-use:
Standard GSM has a total of 124 frequencies available for use in a network.
Most network providers are unlikely to be able to use all of these frequencies and are
generally allocated a small subset of the 124.
Example:
A network provider has been allocated 48 frequencies to provide coverage over
a large area, let us take for example Great Britain. As we have already seen, the
maximum cell size is approximately 70 Km in diameter, thus our 48 frequencies would
not be able to cover the whole of Britain. To overcome this limitation the network
provider must re-use the same frequencies over and over again, in what is termed a
“frequency re-use pattern”.

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When planning the frequency re-use pattern the network planner must take into
account how often to use the same frequencies and determine how close together the
cells are, otherwise co-channel and/or adjacent channel interference may occur. The
network provider will also take into account the nature of the area to be covered. This
may range from a densely populated city (high frequency re-use, small cells and high
capacity) to a sparsely populated rural expanse (large omni cells, low re-use, low
capacity).

Co-Channel Interference:
This occurs when RF carriers of the same frequency are transmitting in close
proximity to each other the transmission from one RF carrier interferes with the
other RF carrier.

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Adjacent Channel Interference:
This occurs when an RF source of a nearby frequency interferes with the RF
carrier.
{Both Co-Channel & Adjacent channels are degrade the Cellular network performance}

Sectorization:
The cells we have looked at up to now are called omni-directional cells. That is
each site has a single cell and that cell has a single transmit antenna which radiates the
radio waves to 360 degrees. The problem with employing omni-directional cells is that
as the number of MSs
Increases in the same geographical region, we have to increase the number of
cells to meet the demand. To do this, as we have seen, we have to decrease the size of
the cell and fit more cells into this geographical area. Using omni-directional cells we
can only go so far before we start introducing co-channel and adjacent channel
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interference, both of which degrade the cellular network’s performance. To gain a
further increase in capacity within the geographic area we can employ a technique
called “sectorization”.

A sectorization split a single site into a number of cells, each cell has transmit
and receive antennas and behaves as an independent cell. Each cell uses special

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directional antennas to ensure that the radio propagation from one cell is concentrated
in a particular direction.
This has a number of advantages: firstly, as we are now concentrating all the
energy from the cell in a smaller area 60, 120, 180 degrees instead of 360 degrees, we
get a much stronger signal, which is beneficial in locations such as “in-building
coverage”.
Secondly, we can now use the same frequencies in a much closer re-use pattern,
thus allowing more cells in our geographic region which allows us to support more
MSs.

Fundamentals of Antennas:

a) Radiation Pattern:
A graphical representation of the radiated power in space is called the Radiation
Pattern. It is three dimensional (Two directional may in some case). Pattern
measurement is presented in either a rectangular or polar format.

b) Input impedance:
Input Impedance means an efficient transfer of energy. The impedance of the
Radio of antenna and of transmission cable must be same. Transceiver & Transmission
line is designed for 50ohm impendence. If antenna has impedance different from 50-
ohm then there is a mismatch and impedance matching circuit is required.

c) Return Loss:
Another way of expressing mismatch. It is a logarithmic ratio measured in dB. It
compares the power reflected by the antenna to the power that is fed into the antenna
from transmission line.

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d) Bandwidth:
Bandwidth of the antenna refers to the range of frequency over which the
antenna can operate correctly. Different types of antennas have different bandwidth
limitations.

e) Directivity and Gain:


Directivity is the ability of an antenna to focus energy in a particular direction
when transmitting. To receive the energy better from a particular direction.

f) Beam Width:
An antenna beam width is easily understood to mean the half power beam width.
Peak radiation intensity is found. Points on the either sides of the peak which represent
the half power of peak intensity are located. The angular distance between half power
point is defined as a beam width. Half power beam width is defined in -3 dB.

g) Side Lobes:
No antenna is able to radiate all the energy in one preferred direction. Some is
inevitable radiated in other direction. The peaks are referred to as side-lobes. Specified
in dB.

h) Nulls:
In an antenna radiation pattern a Null is a zone in which the effective radiated
power is at minimum. A null often has a narrow directivity angle compared to that of
the main beam. Null is useful for several purposes such as Suppression of interfering
signals in a given direction.

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i) Polarization:
The orientation of the electric field of an electromagnetic wave is called
Polarization. In generally describe by an Ellipse. Omi directional antennas are always
vertical Polarization. Vertical polarized radiation is some what less effected by
reflections over transmission path. With horizontal polarization such reflections cause
variation in received signals strength. In Circular polarization the electric field appears
to be rotating with circular rotation.

j) Front to back ratio:


The ratio of maximum directivity of an antenna to its directivity in the rear word
direction.

Antennas Definition:
An antenna is a device used to transform an RF signal traveling on a conductor
into an Electromagnetic Wave in free space. An antenna must be tuned to the same
frequency band of the Radio system to which it is connected. Otherwise reception and
transmission will be impaired.

Types of Antenna:
There are three major types of Antenna are used which are below-.

a) Omi-Directional Antennas:
o
1. These types of antennas have 360 coverage pattern on horizontal coverage.
2. The coverage pattern is Tours Shaped.
3. The types of Omi-Directional Antennas are “Plane Antenna, Ceiling-Mount-
Dipole Antenna, Rubber-duck-Dipole Antenna, Magnetic- Dipole Antenna and
Short- Dipole Antenna.

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b) Directional Antennas:
1. These concentrate the coverage pattern in one direction
2. These types of Antennas are worked on the bases of Line of Sight direction.
3. Its converge pattern is like Conical.
4. Beam width angle are 90o and for more directional 20o.
5. The directional beam allows for a longer but narrower coverage pattern.
6. The have much gain used for long distance links.
7. The types of Directional Antennas are “Yagi Antenna (30o beam), Patch Antenna
(70o beam), Panel Antenna (22o beam) and Parabolic Antenna.”

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c) Sectorial Antennas:
1. It radiates primarily in a specific area.
2. The beam can be wide as 1800 as narrow as 600.
3. These are in vertical shapes.

Battery Installation:
Different types of companies are provides BTS Battery Products for electric support in
BTS such as:-
Casio G’zOne Razor E325S
Toshiba Tecra M3 VACF etc

Bibliography:
http://www.taranfx.com/wireless-network-management-cloud
http://wordinvestor.blogspot.com/2010/03/wireless-controlled-from-cloud.html
http://www.puppetmastertrading.com/blog/2009/07/28/the-trading-frequency-spectrum/
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Mobility/vowlan/41dg/vowlan_ch3.html
http://www.rsm.govt.nz
http://www.thefullwiki.org/Frequency_reuse

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