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Consultant IF WEP
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Contact: Mr Nick Buik
22.039/109140/NB
June 8, 2010
Index
Samenvatting ...................................................................................................................... 4
Appendices:
1 Geological timescale
2 Geological maps Slochteren Formation
3 Petrophysics
4 Complete workflow basin modelling
5 Abbreviations geological formations
De reservoireigenschappen die bepalend zijn voor het debiet wat onttrokken kan worden,
worden deels bepaald door het milieu ten tijde van de afzetting. Kaarten van het regiona-
le afzettingsmilieu van de Slochteren Fm laten zien dat het grootste deel door de wind is
afgezet (eolisch) en een deel door rivieren (fluviatiel). De boorgatmetingen laten zien dat
het onderste deel een wat grilliger karakter heeft wat correspondeert met een fluviatiel
milieu, terwijl het overgrote deel een homogeen (eolisch) pakket is. De karakteristieken
van het reservoir zijn vrij constant over het gehele gebied. In verschillende putten is do-
lomiet en/of anhydriet aangetroffen in de poriën waardoor de porositeit en daarmee de
permeabiliteit verlaagd wordt. Elk mineraal heeft een andere mate van invloed. Uit de
logmetingen kan niet worden bepaald welk mineraal zich in de poriën bevind.
Ook deze analyse laat een vrij homogene Slochteren Fm zien waarbij het onderste deel
meer klei bevat. Aan de hand van boorgatmetingen is de porositeit van de formatie op de
locatie van de put bepaald. Aan de hand van kernmetingen is een relatie vastgesteld
tussen de porositeit en de permeabiliteit. Deze relatie is zichtbaar in figuur 2.
100.
10.
1.
0.1
0.01
0. 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.3
core porosity [-]
De put LSM-01 laat een andere relatie zien dan de andere putten in de omgeving. Er zijn
geen duidelijke aanwijzingen waarom deze waardes lager zijn. Verwacht wordt dat een
dichtbij liggende breuk heeft gezorgd voor een plaatselijke verandering van het gesteente
met de mineralen in de poriën in het bijzonder. De metingen in deze put zijn meegeno-
men in de onzekerheid van de relatie tussen de porositeit en de permeabiliteit. Hetzelfde
geld voor de metingen uit Q07-01 die een beduidend hogere permeabiliteit hebben dan
zou worden verwacht.
De eigenschappen van de formatie worden ook bepaald door de diepte waarop de forma-
tie zich bevindt of de maximale diepte die het gesteente ooit heeft bereikt. Door de druk
van het bovenliggend gesteente nemen de porositeit en permeabiliteit van het gesteente
af. Dit is een onomkeerbaar proces waardoor de slechtere eigenschappen behouden
blijven als het gesteente weer opgeheven wordt.
In het gebied zijn breuken aanwezig die in de geologische tijd verschillende keren actief
zijn geweest. Ze hebben ervoor gezorgd dat de Slochteren Fm in sommige delen van het
gebied vroeger dieper heeft gelegen dan de tegenwoordige diepte. Aan de hand van de
inkolingsgraad van de koollagen kan worden bepaald wat de maximale diepte is waarop
het gesteente heeft gelegen. Van 6 putten in de omgeving waren deze gegevens be-
schikbaar. Ter plekke van de putten is bepaald hoeveel gesteente verdwenen is door
In het gebied zijn ook breuksystemen aanwezig die verschillende keren in de geologische
tijd actief zijn geweest. Natuurlijke actieve breuksystemen hebben vaak een hogere per-
meabiliteit dan het gesteente en zijn daardoor ook interessant voor de winning van aard-
warmte. In het gebied komen verschillende actieve breuksystemen voor die in aanmer-
king komen hiervoor. In figuur 4 is een kaartje weergegeven met de breuken aan de ba-
sis van de Boven Noord Zee Groep. Deze breuken zijn allen afschuivingsbreuken, maar
op enkele locaties hebben ze ook een zijschuiving component. De gebieden met een
afschuiving én zijschuiving component hebben veelal een hogere permeabiliteit. Deze
zijn aangegeven in figuur 4 voor twee breuksystemen binnen het gebied.
Berekeningen van de neiging tot het schuiven langs en verwijding van het breukvlak zijn
uitgevoerd voor de breuk ten zuiden van Haarlem-Schiphol en voor de breuk ten noorden
van Haarlem. Deze berekeningen laten zien dat het zeer waarschijnlijk is dat nog steeds
bewegingen langs de breukvlakken plaatsvinden. Dit wordt bevestigd door de aardbeving
Figuur 4 Breuken aan de basis van de Boven Noord Zee Groep in rood. Gear-
ceerde gedeelten: vermoedelijk hogere permeabele zone.
Voor verschillende gebieden op het Zandvoort Hoog, het noordwesten en het zuidoosten,
is een onzekerheidsanalyse gemaakt. Deze zijn aangegeven in figuur 5. In de onzeker-
heidsanalyse is de onzekerheid van het haalbare debiet bepaald aan de hand van de
onzekerheden in de diepte, temperatuur, porositeit, permeabiliteit en dikte. In tabel 1 zijn
de resultaten weergegeven. Aan de hand van het debiet en de productie- en injectietem-
peratuur kan het thermisch vermogen worden bepaald.
De resultaten laten zien dat de eigenschappen van de Slochteren Fm niet overal vol-
doende zijn voor een economisch rendabel project. Om deze reden is gekeken naar de
mogelijkheden van reservoir stimulatie. Aan de hand van state-of-the-art modellen van de
olie- en gasindustrie is gekeken naar de verbeteringsfactor die kan worden gehaald als
het reservoir gestimuleerd wordt. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat hoe lager de permeabiliteit,
hoe groter het effect van de reservoirstimulatie is. De resultaten zijn weergegeven in ta-
bel 2. Hieruit blijkt dat door reservoirstimulatie toe te passen, het debiet met een factor
1,3 tot 3,6 verbeterd, afhankelijk van de oorspronkelijke permeabiliteit.
Vervolgonderzoek
Om de onzekerheid in het haalbare debiet te verkleinen is het belangrijk om te bepalen
waarom LSM-01 een afwijkende relatie laat zien. Aangeraden wordt om hiervoor slijp-
plaatjes van de kern op te vragen bij de NAM of, indien niet beschikbaar, te laten maken.
Op deze manier kan worden bepaald welke mineralen zich in de poriën bevinden en of
deze ook op andere plekken in het onderzoeksgebied voor kunnen komen.
De onzekerheid in het haalbare vermogen in het zuidoosten kan ook worden verkleind
door de onzekerheid in de temperatuur te verkleinen. Aangeraden wordt een tempera-
1
COP: een COP geeft aan hoeveel delen energie opgewekt kunnen worden bij het gebruik van 1
deel (pomp)energie
De zekerheid in het gebied zuidoosten kan ook worden vergroot door het uitvoeren van
een (gezamenlijke) exploratieboring. Met deze boring kunnen dan de eigenschappen ter
plekke worden vastgesteld. Tevens kan op deze manier meer zekerheid verkregen wor-
den over de temperatuurgradiënt in het gebied.
The regional study includes a petrophysical analysis of the wells which reach the forma-
tion in the area. In this analysis, the properties of the reservoir are determined within the
wells. A sedimentological analysis is also included. This gives information of the deposi-
tional environment as well as the mineral composition at the well locations.
These analyses are used as input for the basin analysis. Within this analysis the maxi-
mum burial depth of the Slochteren Formation will be determined for the whole area as
the maximum burial depth influences the reservoir properties. The analysis is performed
by first constructing burial graphs for the wells and followed by using geological maps to
extent the maximum burial depth geographically.
The next step in the research is the uncertainty analysis to get more insight in the feasibil-
ity of a geothermal system at a specific location. It is expected that the properties of the
Slochteren Formation will not always be sufficient for the economical extraction of geo-
thermal water. Therefore, the influence of reservoir stimulation on the flow rate is also
investigated. These last steps are location specific and will therefore be analysed for spe-
cific areas.
The outcome of this study can be used for a more detailed design in the next stage. Fur-
thermore, this report may be used as input for the Dutch Geothermal Guarantee Fund or
for a private insurance company.
Figure 2.1 Research area and wells reaching the Slochteren Formation.
In the late Visean the collision between Gondwana and Laurussia took place. As a result,
a foreland basin was formed partly located in the Netherlands. Large amounts of clastic
material were deposited from the south. The facies changed from deepwater deltaic to
coal bearing shallow deltaic as the basin was filled. From the Westphalian C, the deposits
of the foreland basin were folded and locally uplifting occurred. As a result of the dextral
movement between Laurussia and Gondwana during the Stephanian, a regional tran-
stensional fault system developed. This fault system has a NW-SE orientation and may
already have been formed during the Caledonian orogenic phase. During the Stephanian
and Early Permian, the deposits in the foreland basin were folded into broad anticlinal
structures. As a result, a large part of the Westphalian deposits has been eroded.
Sedimentation was resumed during the Late-Permian after a long period of non-
deposition and erosion. As a result of thermal subsidence and transtensional movements
north of the Variscan orogen, the Southern Permian Basin developed. The area focused
on in this study is located at the former southern edge of this basin. As a result, the thick-
ness reduces towards the south and increases towards the north. Large differences in
thicknesses and the absence of evidence of erosion where thin layers of the Upper-
A transgression at the end of the Saxonian was the beginning of the sedimentation of the
Zechstein Group. The thermal subsidence continued. As a result of the rising sea level,
the supply of clastic sediments ceased and the deposition of the carbonate-evaporite
cycles started. In the area of investigation, only the first three cycles are well developed
as the location at the southern rim of the basin resulted in less influence of marine proc-
esses.
Thermal subsidence continued during the Triassic. The Zandvoort Ridge is characterized
by smaller subsidence rate then the surrounding basins. The Central Netherlands Basin
on the northern side of the Zandvoort Ridge had a higher subsidence rate than the West
Netherlands Basin on the southern side. The sedimentation environment changed from
marine to fluvial and playa.
The Hardegsen tectonic phase occurred during the Late Scythian and resulted in local
uplift and erosion of the Main Buntsandstein Subgroup. In the investigated area, the ero-
sion increases from north to the south with the thinnest Main Buntsandstein present at
the Zandvoort Ridge. This indicates an uplift of the northern rim of the West Netherlands
Basin probably as a result of regional transpression.
In the Anisian a regional transgression occurred resulting in the marls and carbonates of
the Muschelkalk and a connection with the Tethys was established. This connection was
not always maintained which resulted in evaporitic deposits on the southern side of the
Zandvoort Ridge.
As a result of a regional sea level rise and a thermal subsiding after the Late Cimmerian
phase, a transgression occurred. During the Albian the Austurian tectonic phase took
place. Combined with a long term lowstand in sea level, this resulted in the development
of the Late Cimmerian unconformity.
At the end of the Albian a period of tectonic rest started. As a result of the fast sea level
rising in the Late-Albian, the sources of clastic sediment supply were submerged and the
deposition of the Chalk started.
The subhercynian phase at the end of the Conacian until the end of the Campanian took
place in the form of compression in the north-south direction. This resulted in the inver-
sion of the Mesozoic sequences in the West- and Central Netherlands basins. During this
inversion, the subsidence of the platforms and formal basin rims continued. The inverted
basins where therefore acting as local sediment source for the continuing sedimentation
of the Chalk in the subsiding areas. The gradual decrease and ending of the inversion
during the Campanian resulted in a decrease of the relief.
The Cenozoic was a period of shallow and deep marine sedimentation influenced by the
Alpine tectonic activity. The West Netherlands Basin was uplifted during the Laramide
phase, resulting in the erosion of the Chalk deposits of the Upper Cretaceous. During the
Eocene a gradual deepening of the basin occurred. The uplift during the Pyrenean phase
resulted in erosion of the deposits of the Early Tertiary. During the Early Oligocene the
subsidence was resumed and a shallow sea occupied the area of interest. The Savian
tectonic phase, a last inversion during the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, resulted in the
Mid North Sea Unconformity. The last phase of uplift in the Pliocene resulted in new
sediment supply in the West Netherlands Basin.
In figure 2.4 and in appendix 2, the present day depth map of the base of the Slochteren
Formation can be seen. Several cross sections have been made to illustrate the struc-
tures in the area of interest, see figure 2.5 till 2.7.
Figure 2.7 Profile 3 from NNE to SSW over the southeastern part of Amsterdam and
Waverveen.
160
140
120
Temperature [ºC]
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
TVDSS [m]
SPL‐01‐S1 WRV‐01
ARV‐01 WOB‐01‐S1
Q07‐01 Q11‐01‐S2
LSM‐01 T = 0.0267 x z + 18.254
The reason why this gradient is higher is not clear. The nearby fault may transport water
of higher temperature to shallower depth via convection and warm the water in SPL-01-
S1 which is located near a fault. The higher temperature may also be caused by wrong
calibration of the tool which measured the temperature during the different log runs.
180
160
140
120 SPL‐01‐S1 uncorrected
Temperature [ºC]
SPL‐01‐S1 corrected
100
schiphol geothermal gradient
80
regional geothermal gradient
60
40
20
0
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500
TVDSS [m]
Figure 3.1 Map of the regional depositional environment of the Slochteren Forma-
tion. TIJH: Texel-IJsselmeer High (Wong et al., 2007).
Eolian/Fluvial
Figure 3.2 Gamma ray log response of the Slochteren Formation in LSM-01.
Table 3.1 Overview of the reservoir characteristics derived from the logs and core
measurements.
Well colour grain size sorting grain shape remarks
Q07-01 grey-brown- fine-med well rounded- breccia & conglomerate
grey angular in lower part
Q10-03 grey with red fine-med poor - no visible porosity
iron stains
Q11-01-S2 red, grey, - - - conglomerate in lower
white part
Q11-03 brown-grey fine-med poor- - poor visible porosity,
moderately mud losses at base
Q14-02 dark grey- fine-med well subrounded good visible porosity
brown
ARV-01 light brown fine-med - - -
The table shows the reservoir characteristics are more or less constant over the area.
There is some variation in sorting as well as the grain shape which is caused by a slight
change in depositional environment towards the base of the formation. Furthermore in
several wells conglomerate are present at the base of the formation which indicates a
fluvial source.
Dipmeter
Several of the wells contain dipmeter measurements. A dipmeter log provides a continu-
ous record of formation dip and direction. The dipmeter can provide facies information,
bedform orientation and paleocurrent directions. The dip has been measured in wells
Q10-03, Q11-01-S1, Q10-03, Q14-02, HEK-01, LSM-01, WOB-01-S1 and WRV-01.
All of the wells have visible bedding, except for WRV-01 which is located on a structural
high at the time of deposition. This well contains a thin Slochteren Formation and is there-
fore considered to be non representative for the research area. Wells Q10-03 and LSM-
01 show foresets in the middle of the formations which are interpreted as dune deposits.
Illite is a clay mineral which reduces the permeability significantly due to the hair-like or
lath-shaped particles while the high porosity of the formation is retained. According to
Lanson et al. (1996), illitization occurred during the Cimmerian phases when rapidly illiti-
zation of the kaolin-group minerals was favoured both by increased heat flow in the sedi-
mentary pile and by widespread presence of faults which permitted significant fluid flow
probably from the Zechstein formation. As the majority of the present clay minerals in the
wells were they were analysed are kaolinite and secricite, which belong to the kaolin-
group, the illitization has had little to no influence in the research area.
The wells Q07-01, Q10-03, Q11-03, OZN-01, SPL-01-S1 and WRV-01 all show the pres-
ence of anhydrite and dolomite as cement. The amount is not quantified. Traces of pyrite
and mica are also present. The presence of dolomite and/or anhydrite also reduces the
permeability significantly. The presence is likely caused by fluid flow from the Zechstein
Formation shortly after deposition.
The low permeability caused by the presence of clay minerals, dolomite and/or anhydrite
can be increased by applying reservoir stimulation. This can be done either chemically or
hydraulically. A mixture of HCl and HF have been used for years within the oil and gas
industry for acidizing sandstones to increase the flow rate. HF is used to dissolve clay
particles and silicates. HCL is used for the treatment of carbonates such as calcite or
dolomite. The treatment is temperature dependent as the solubility of dolomite strongly
increases above a temperature of a 100 ºC (Lund et al., 1972). The downside of chemical
stimulation is the relative small distance from the borehole at which the acid is still affect-
ing the formation. With hydraulic stimulation, a fluid is used to generate fractures which
enhance the permeability of the formation. The fractures are generated by pumping water
with a viscosity enhancer at a high pressure into the formation which break the rock and
create fractures. Proppants can be added to keep the fractures open. A combination with
a chemical treatment is possible.
Thinsection analyses show the presence of clay minerals such as kaolinite which are
present as pore filling. Furthermore dolomite and anhydrite have been encountered as
cement. All three of them reduce the permeability of the formation while the higher poros-
ity might be retained. If the permeability of the reservoir is too low to deliver the required
thermal power at the surface, reservoir stimulation can be applied. This can be done ei-
ther chemically, hydraulically or a combination of them.
4.1 Introduction
To be able to quantify the reservoir properties of the Slochteren Formation, a petrophysi-
cal analysis has carried out for 12 of the 13 wells. Well OZN-01 is excluded as the avail-
able log data was not sufficient for an analysis.
Sandstones not only consist of sand, but often also contain silt and clay fractions. The
important properties which should be determined include clay volume, porosity, perme-
ability and water quality. In this analysis, the pore-filling is also determined. This may
consist of water, oil, gas or salt. In the end, the permeability and the net thickness of the
reservoir determine the transmissivity. The transmissivity is a measure of the quality of
the reservoir and is directly related to the yield.
The data used are from wells drilled between 1970 and 1992. These wells contain
enough log- and core-data for the determination of the reservoir properties. Besides core
and log data, knowledge is used of the petrophysical properties within the region. The
used data, results and parameters are listed in appendix 3.
According to the well log of SPL-01-S1, cores of the Slochteren Formation have been
taken. However, de data does not exist in the databases. The cores are also absent in
the core depot in Zeist. The data is not available by original concession holder of the
area, Amoco. The chances of getting the cores are low and it still needs to be seen if
analyses have been performed on them.
Porosity
Porosity measurements have been carried out under atmospheric pressure. To determine
the porosity at depth, a correction factor needs to be applied. This factor is determined by
the pressure within the reservoir. A correction factor of 0.95 has been applied.
The distribution of the corrected porosity is given in figure 4.1 and 4.2. The porosity for
each well is represented by a normal distribution.
25
frequency [#]
20
15 Q07‐01
Q11‐01‐s2
10
OZN‐01
5 LSM‐01
0 HEK‐01
porosity [%]
Figure 4.1 Corrected porosity of the Slochteren Fm. in the wells Q07-01, HEK-01,
OZN-01 and Q11-01.
120
100
frequency [#]
80
60
40 Q14‐02
20
porosity [%]
Figure 4.2 Corrected porosity of the Slochteren Fm. in the well Q14-02.
Permeability
The measurements of permeability have been done under atmospheric pressure and
using air instead of water. The air permeability differs from the permeability for water.
Furthermore, the permeability generally decreases by increasing pressure from overbur-
den rock. Therefore, the data need to be corrected. The measurements of the permeabil-
ity have been corrected using the Juhasz compaction correction (Juhasz, 1986). The
equations and parameters for this correction are listed in appendix 3.
18
16
14
frequency [#]
12
10
8 Q07‐01
6
Q11‐01‐S2
4
2 OZN‐01
0 LSM‐01
Permeability [mD]
Porosity-permeability relationship
The porosity and permeability measured in the core analyses can be used to determine
direct relationships between the two. Figure 4.4 shows the corrected porosity and perme-
ability values of the Slochteren Formation. RMA2-regression has been applied to the data
within the area defined by the blue curve. The resulting relationship represents the opti-
mal relation between the porosity and permeability:
. .
10 (1)
where K is the permeability in mD and the porosity in fraction. The correlation coeffi-
cient (R²) of this relation is 0.8375.
2
RMA: Reduced Major Axis.
100.
core permeability [mD]
10.
1.
0.1
0.01
0. 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.3
core porosity [-]
As can be seen in figure 4.4, the core measurements of LSM-01 are significantly lower
than the other measurements. The measurements of the nearby well OZN-01 have been
corrected for the permeability using the relationship between the corrected and uncor-
rected permeability of well LSM-01, see figure 4.5. The corrected measurements are
situated in between the other measurement. As no structural features are present which
may explain the different relationship, it is assumed that this measurements in LSM-01
has been influenced by hydrothermal alteration through a fault. LSM-01 shows this may
occur locally. Therefore, the measurements in this well have been used to define the
lower boundary of the uncertainty range of the porosity-permeability relationship.
Likewise, measurements in well Q07-01 are locally much higher than other measure-
ments in the same well. These have also been used to determine the upper boundary of
the uncertainty range of the porosity-permeability relationship.
10.
corrected core permeability [mD]
1.
0.1
0.01
0.01 0.1 1. 10. 100.
uncorrected core permeability [mD]
Figure 4.5 Relationship between the uncorrected and corrected core permeability of
well LSM-01.
Gamma ray (GAPI) DEPTH TVDSS Deep resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water saturation VWCL (Dec)
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Member
CoppershaleZ1 Fringe Carbona
Lower ClaystoneZ1Member
1500 -1339
Slochteren Formation
1600 -1412
Ruurlo Formation
Figure 4.6 Results of the log analysis of the Slochteren Formation in well LSM-01.
Q07‐01
250
200 Q11‐01‐S2
150 LSM‐01
100 Q10‐03
50 SPL‐01‐S1
0 ARV‐01
ALE‐01
porosity [%]
The quality of the log data is checked by the correlation of the log-derived porosity and
the porosity measured in the cores. Figure 4.8 gives the correlation between the log-
derived and the core porosity. The closer the data to the line, the better the log-derived
data represent the true values within the formation. The data points are located above
and below the perfect correlation-line which means there is no systematic over- or under-
estimation of the log-derived porosity.
0.2
log effective porosity [-]
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.
0. 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
corrected core porosity [-]
439 points plotted out of 56001
Well Depths
(1) Q07-01 0.M - 2999.99M
(2) Q11-01-s2 2840.M - 3068.88M
(5) Q11-03 0.M - 3199.94M
(6) Q14-02 2800.M - 3200.M
(14) LANDSMEER-01 0.M - 1705.M
Figure 4.8 Correlation between the log-derived effective porosity and the corrected
core porosity.
Permeability
Permeability cannot be measured directly by well log measurements. Neither can it quali-
tative be derived from log measurements. To calculate the permeability, the relationship
between the porosity and the permeability derived from core measurements is applied to
the calculated porosity logs. As the correlation between the measured and log derived
porosity is considerably, the porosity permeability relationship can be safely applied to
determine the permeability.
The distribution of the calculated permeability is given in figure 4.9. All wells show a rea-
sonable log-normal distribution of the permeability.
Q07‐01
200
Q11‐01‐S2
150
LSM‐01
100
Q10‐03
50
SPL‐01‐S1
0
ARV‐01
ALE‐01
Permeability [mD]
∑ (2)
Where Keff is the effective permeability, K the permeability and a constant. For a
value of 1/3 has been used, which belongs to a 3D situation (Desbarats, 1992; Herweijer,
1997).
For the wells containing permeability core measurements, it is assumed that the meas-
ured permeability in the cores is representative for the whole of the formation. The wells
that do not contain any permeability core measurements, the calculated permeability from
the logs is used for the calculation of the mean permeability.
The transmissivity of the wells is calculated by multiplying the net thickness with the cal-
culated mean permeability. The net thickness of the reservoir is determined by excluding
the thickness of the intercalated claystone from the total thickness. Assumed are a mini-
mal clay volume of 40% and a maximum porosity of 6% for the claystone.
The results are shown in table 3 in appendix 3.
In the well OZN-01, drill stem tests have been carried out. In these tests, a TDS of 52-58
g/l has been measured. Production tests in WOB-01-S1 measured a TDS of 145 g/l.
The different wells show a range of 100 to 250 g/l for the total dissolved solids. Excep-
tions are WRV-01, which is considered to be non representative for the area, and LSM-
01, which has a very low resistivity. The production test in well Q07-01 measured a TDS
of 255 g/l. This is below the saturation point of natrium chloride at that temperature. The
risk of well blockage due to salt precipitation within the wells is therefore considered to be
low.
The other multi-well plots are shown in appendix 3. The plot of HEK-01, SPL-01-S1 and
ARV-01 confirms the observations of figure 4.10. The plot of Q07-01, Q11-01-S2, Q11-
03, SPL-01-S1 and WRV-01 also show a fairly homogeneous Slochteren Formation
which is less clean at the base of the formation. In this plot, it is also shown the thickness
does not vary much from west to east, except in WRV-01. This reduced thickness is due
to deposition due to a high in the paleo-landscape at the time of deposition.
lithostra
Lithostr
0. 150. (M) 0. 150. (M) 0. 150. (M)
-2004
2 Middle Claystone Memb
ZE Upper Claystone
1 Middle Claystone Memb
-2046 Z3 CARBONATE
Grey Salt Claystone
Ze Middle Claystone
GREY SALT CLAY
Z2 MIDDLE CLST
Z1 Middle Claystone
Z1
Lo
we Z1 MIDDLE CLST
rC
la y
sto
ne
Me
1 Lower Claystone Membe mb
er
1 Fringe Carbonate Memb
-2090
-2134
Slochteren Formation
-2674
Slochteren Formation
ep
Gro
-2178
burg
Lim
Limburg Groep
-1412 -2722
ep
Gro
burg
Lim
Limburg Groep
-2771
Limburg Groep
-1485 -2819
4.7 Conclusions
The petrophysical analysis shows a fairly homogeneous Slochteren Formation which is
less clean at the base of the formation. The core measurement show permeabilities
which are lower than expected based on the porosity of the wells. This is likely due to
cementation of dolomite and anhydrite of the grains as discussed in chapter 3. Well LSM-
01 has a very low porosity-permeability relationship compared to the other wells which all
follow the same trend. The permeability of the well has most likely been reduced due to
hydrothermal alteration at the influence of a nearby fault. As this may occur throughout
Overall the values show a formation which can at some places be used as a reservoir for
geothermal energy, depending on the amount of cementation. The area around HEK-01,
LSM-01 and SPL-01-S1 seems suitable, but the large uncertainty in the permeability
needs to be taken into account.
For the first step, vitrinite reflectance data is used. From these measurements the degree
of coalification can be determined. The degree of coalification is a measurement for the
change that the organic material has undergone. The chemical signature of sedimentary
layers change through time due to the influence of temperature, pressure and time itself.
If the coalification is higher than expected based on the present day depth, the layer has
been located at greater depth in the past. Of the wells WRV-01, OZN-01, ARV-01, Q11-
01-S1, SPL-01-S1 and WOB-01-S1 vitrinite data was available.
The studied area covers a part of three tectonic structures. As shown on figure 5.1, it
covers the northern part of the West Netherlands Basin, the Zandvoort Ridge and the
southern part of the Central Netherlands Basin. In profile (figure 5.2), it is clear that the
evolution of the areas have been different. Within the Zandvoort Ridge, a first erosion
phase took place in the late Jurassic eroding the Jurassic deposits. In the West Nether-
lands Basin and Central Netherlands Basin, the deposition is continuous and conformably
from the Carboniferous to the end of the Cretaceous. At the end the Cretaceous a major
tectonic inversion appears, creating an erosion phase which has eroded the Mesozoic
depositions.
Figure 5.2 Location of the area on a cross section. Dashed lines shows the erosion
interface (modified after TNO, 2004)
Figure 5.3 Burial history of the well WOB-01. For abbreviations see appendix 5.
The erosion phases can now be modelled using the burial history of the wells. The addi-
tional inputs are the thicknesses which have been eroded and the timing of this erosion
phase. Within the model, a layer can be created if it has been completely eroded. The
initial assessment of the amount of erosion for each layer can be estimated in first ap-
proximation from the thicknesses left in the surrounding area. The values are then cali-
brated using the vitrinite reflectance values (Middleton, 1990). Figure 5.4 shows the re-
sults of the modelled vitrinite reflectance obtained for the six wells. The crosses represent
Figure 5.4 Vitrinite reflectance calibrations of the erosion phases using 1D model-
ling.
Figure 5.5 Representation of the concept to select the non-eroded area for each
layers
Figure 5.6 Areas where the initial thickness of the deposits of the Lower Cretaceous
is preserved.
At this stage the initial layer thickness is still stored into two different datasets. In order to
perform an interpolation between the available data, the two separate dataset have been
regrouped. The interpolation in the empty area has been performed with a natural
neighbour’s technique.
For each of the scenarios the maximum burial depth is calculated. As it is not known at
which moment the maximum burial occurred, the highest burial value of the three scenar-
ios is used for the map. The maximum burial depth of the top of the Slochteren Formation
is shown in figure 5.7. An uncertainty of 10% on the results of the maximum burial depth
calculations is assumed.
Figure 5.7 Maximum burial of the top ROSL (top of the Slochteren Fm)
Table 5.1 Available porosity values in the Slochteren Fm in the working area.
It can be noticed that with the exception of Q11-01-S2, the Slochteren Formation is pres-
ently at its maximum burial depth in the offshore wells. This also holds for WRV-01, the
only well representing the Zandvoort Ridge. The Slochteren Formation in the other wells
all has been buried deeper in the past.
Using the Athy’s Law (Athy, 1930) a porosity-depth curve has been determined (equation
1).
z 1 0 1 e kz (1)
Where z is the porosity at depth in %, 1 the minimal porosity in %, 0 the initial po-
rosity in %, k the Athy’s factor in km-1 and z the depth in km.
The initial average porosity of the formation is assumed to be 41 %. The minimum aver-
age porosity is assumed to be 1% and Athy’s factor is assumed to be 0.43 km-1.
The result of the Athy’s law is the curve calibrated by the average porosity measurements
at their maximum burial depth shown in figure 5.8. Two measurements are noticeably out
of the main trend which are both located close to the border of the Zandvoort Ridge. The
average porosity of SPL-01-S1 is too high for the calculated maximum burial depth. This
is probably due to the closeness of the wells to the border of the Zandvoort Ridge. Well
WRV-01 has an average porosity which is too low for the maximum burial depth at this
location. This can be explained by the difference in sedimentation as this well was loca-
2500
Depth (m)
3000
Arty's Law
Porosity measurments - 1D
modelled depth calibrated
3500 Arty's Law +10%
Porosity measurments - 1D
modelled depth uncalibrated
4000
Figure 5.8 Athy’s law curve fitted to the average porosity - TVD maximum burial
measurements.
The maximum burial depth has been used as a reference to calculate the porosity, within
each cell the average porosity has been calculated using the Athy’s Law (see equation
1). The results are shown in figure 5.9. The map shows average porosities ranging from
8% to 20%. The highest porosity on top of the Zandvoort Ridge gives values from 13% to
20%. The Central Netherlands Basin has intermediary values from 12% to 17%, and the
West Netherland Basin indicates the lowest values with a minimum of 7% in the south-
west of the research area.
The uncertainty of the porosity results is depending on the uncertainty on the maximum
burial (see figure 5.7) and the uncertainty on the porosity (see figure 5.8). The results of
the sum of these uncertainties is shown in the figure 5.10. Figure 5.9 can also be found in
appendix 2.
The comparison between the calculated porosity and the measured values is coherent,
with the exception of SPL-01-S1 and WRV-01. From a porosity point of view the geo-
thermal potential of the Slochteren Fm is the highest in the Zandvoort Ridge (SPL-01-S1),
acceptable in the Central Netherland Basin and very variable in the in the West Nether-
lands Basin.
Figure 5.10 Uncertainty in the porosity. Left: minimum porosity; Right: maximum po-
rosity.
0.00007 .
Where is the average permeability in mD and the average porosity in fraction. The
correlation coefficient (R²) of this relation is 0.8563 which means the relationship is reli-
able.
1000
Average permeability [mD]
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Average porosity [‐]
Figure 5.10 Average porosity versus average permeability of the wells.
The average permeability in the area is used, in combination with the thickness of the
Slochteren Formation to obtain the transmissivity in the area. The resulting map is shown
in figure 5.11. The map can also be found in appendix 2.
5.5 Conclusions
The results of the basin analysis show the offshore wells are presently located at their
maximum burial depth. The same holds for the Zandvoort Ridge. The Slochteren Forma-
tion in the other wells all has been buried deeper in the past. The porosity and permeabil-
ity in these areas were influenced by the greater depth and are lower in these areas.
From this, it can be concluded that the location of the structures determine the area’s
which have lower reservoir properties. It is therefore advised to reinterpret the available
seismic data for the exact location of the faults.
6.1 General
Natural fractured rock may have a higher permeability and is therefore interesting as a
source for geothermal energy. Fracture zones along actively deforming normal or strike-
slip faults are well-known for their high permeabilities which make them particularly inter-
esting for hydrogeothermal projects. Not all fractures will have a higher permeability; this
depends on a couple of factors.
4. Fault stepping;
In the area where the movement is transferred from one fault to the next, the frac-
tured zones around the faults overlap. In this area, the amount of fractures is higher
and the flow rate which can be achieved is higher. This factor is not necessary, but
increases the probability.
The results of the petrophysical analyses show a large uncertainty in the permeability.
Therefore, fault systems present within the Slochteren Formation who full fill the factors
mentioned above are interesting as the permeability is expected to be higher around that
area. Generally speaking, the flow rate from a fracture zone is higher by a factor 2-3
compared to non-fractured areas in the same formation.
Figure 6.1 The faults at the base of the Upper North Sea Group. The shaded areas
probably contain higher permeabilities due to fractures.
As the fault is bended at several places, there are areas where the direction of maximum
stress does not align with the fault. At these places, another component besides the nor-
mal component is present. In these areas transtensional faulting is taking place. It is be-
lieved these areas have higher permeabilities than normal faults. These areas are indi-
cated in figure 6.1 as well.
Figure 6.2 indicates a large data gap for the central and southern part of the Netherlands.
However, based on the data from the NE and offshore it can be stated that the maximum
horizontal stress orientation in the area of interest should be about NNW-SSE. For the
calculation of the slip and dilation tendency a value of N155°E has been taken.
Stress regime
The available stress data do not give direct information about the stress regime. DIFs in
offshore Netherlands may point to a strike-slip stress regime (Zoback, 2008). However,
active tectonics and fault-guided subsidence in large areas of the central and southern
Netherlands point to a normal faulting stress regime. Thus, for the calculation of the slip
and dilation tendency it has been decided to take a normal faulting stress regime into
consideration, which means that the maximum principal stress σ1 equals the vertical
stress Sv, medium principal stress σ2 equals maximum horizontal stress SH, and minimum
principal stress σ3 equals minimum horizontal stress Sh (Anderson, 1951).
Stress magnitudes
Stress magnitudes are not available for BO and DIF data (Heidbach et al., 2008). There-
fore, for the calculation of the slip and dilation tendency magnitudes for the three principal
stresses have to be estimated. The vertical stress magnitude can be calculated as fol-
lows:
SV gz
Where is the rock density in kg/m³, g is the gravity acceleration in m/s² and z is the
depth in m.
1 SV p
[ ( 2 1) ]2
3 Sh p
Where p is the pore pressure in N/m2 and is the coefficient of friction.
For the calculation of the vertical principal stress SV an average rock density of 2.500
kg/m3 and for the calculation of the minimum horizontal stress Sh a coefficient of friction μ
= 0.6 has been taken.
North of Haarlem
The fault north of Haarlem is considered to be active. This is confirmed by the earthquake
of tectonic origin which occurred at Beverwijk. Its location is shown in figure 6.3. Historical
sources also indicate the occurrence of two seismic events in the 19th century which were
felt in Haarlem.
Figure 6.3 The location of the Beverwijk-earthquake in blue on January 30, 1997
with the faults at the base of the Upper North Sea Group.
The amount of offset is enough to create a wide fracture zone. Therefore, the dilation and
slip tendency have been calculated for this fault. The trace of a fault at the base of the
Rotliegend reservoir has been taken from the geological survey map. The fault dip is
given with 58.6°N.
The principal stresses were calculated for a depth of 2,300 m and a pore pressure of 23.4
MPa, which is hydrostatic. The magnitude for SH has to be estimated. The following re-
sults were obtained: SV = 56.4 MPa, SH ≈ 41.5 MPa, Sh = 34 MPa.
The slip tendency for the investigated fault supply high values between 0.36 and 0.60
with slightly higher values in the southeast. They indicate a favourable orientation of the
fault with respect to the recent tectonic stress field and point to ongoing deformations
along the fault. The values for the dilation tendency TD are in the range between 0.53 and
0.73. The highest values are indicated for the small bend near the south-eastern termina-
tion of the fault, which is almost parallel to the SH-direction. Based on the calculated val-
ues for the slip and dilation tendency ongoing displacements along the fault with a signifi-
cant dilation component is likely to occur.
Haarlem-Schiphol
Based on the regional mapping information, the fault underneath Haarlem and the airport
Schiphol is not really interesting as the offset of the formation along the fault is in the
range of tens to hundred meters. This produced a smaller fractured zone. Seismic inter-
pretation can be used to further qualify the offset.
The principal stresses have been calculated for a depth of 1,900 m using a hydrostatic
pore pressure. The resulting magnitudes are as follows: SV = 46.6 MPa, SH ≈ 34.2 MPa,
Sh = 27.9 MPa.
The situation for this fault is very similar to the situation of the fault north of Haarlem be-
cause of the similar fault trend. The difference is given by the slightly lower dip angle for
the fault south of Haarlem-Schiphol. The slip tendency is very high all along the fault (Ts
between 0.52 and 0.68), whereas the dilation tendency TD within a range of 0.49-0.59 is
slightly lower compared to the northern fault. However, ongoing deformations along the
fault under the recent tectonic stress field are very likely.
In the continuation in this study, the Slochteren Formation itself is assumed as a reser-
voir. The fault zones are not incorporated in the rest of this study but do certainly have
potential within the area.
6.4 Conclusion
The area shows several active faults present within the Slochteren Formation. Parts of
the faults are orientated at an angle to the present day maximum horizontal stress. As the
stress regime is extensional, these areas also have a strike-slip component. These are
the areas which have a higher permeability. Several of these areas are present within the
research area.
The calculation of the slip and dilation tendency for the faults north of Haarlem and south
of Haarlem-Schiphol both show that ongoing deformations along the fault under the re-
cent tectonic stress field are very likely. For the northern fault this is confirmed by the
occurrence of an earthquake along the fault as recent as 1997.
7.1 Methodology
The analysis consists of two phases. In the first phase the data of the petrophysical
analysis, interpreted parameters of the reservoir (such as interpret porosity and clay vol-
ume) and the error in measurements and interpretation are determined. Then a Monte-
Carlo simulation3 is run to determine the probability curves of the results. The range in
mean permeability, thickness and net/gross is a result of the Monte-Carlo simulation. The
method is illustrated in figure 7.1.
Measurements: Permeability
Sonic
Resistivity - Random input measure- Mean permeability
Gamma ray ments and interpretations
Density in the determined range Net/Gross
Interpretations: (Monte-Carlo).
Clay volume - Result analysis calculation Gross thickness
Total porosity based on these input val-
Effective porosity ues. Porosity
Water saturation
Figure 7.1 Method to determine the uncertainty in the results of the petrophysical
analysis. The dots are the minimum and maximum, the squares the ex-
pected value of the relevant parameter.
In the second phase the probability of the transmissivity is determined by applying a sec-
ond Monte Carlo simulation. The minima, maxima and expected value of the mean per-
meability, net/gross ratio and the gross thickness are used as input for this simulation.
These three factors are multiplied with each other to determine the transmissivity. The
method is illustrated in figure 7.2.
3
Monte-Carlo simulation: A simulation technique with many reruns and each time a random start
value as input resulting in a distribution function.
Figure 7.2 Method for the determination of the probability distribution of the trans-
missivity.
In this simulation all errors in the raw data and the interpreted parameters in the well have
been accounted for. When more than one representative well is available and analysed,
the range in mean permeability of these wells needs to be taken into account. The per-
meabilities can, if necessary, be corrected for the depth and distance to the location.
Porosity-permeability relationship
The core measurements in the petrophysical analysis showed a large range in possible
permeabilities. Especially the measurements of well LSM-01 are significantly lower than
the other measurements which follow more or less the same trend. It is not clear yet why
the measurements of this well do not follow the regional trend of the other wells. The
basin analysis showed the well did not have a higher burial depth than the well OZN-01.
OZN-01 is located less than 7 km from LSM-01. The Slochteren Formation has the same
thickness and is located at the same depth. No large faults are present between these
two wells. Considering this, the low permeabilities are caused by the presence of other
type of cement. From the present data, it is not known what cement is present. Therefore,
it cannot be determined if this well is representative for the whole area or not. Therefore,
the uncertainty analysis has been carried out including the data of LSM-01. To determine
which analysis is correct, a thinsection analysis needs to be carried out. These were not
available for this study but they either might be available from the NAM or new ones need
to be made.
The porosity-permeability relationship has a form of y=Ax+B. For the determination of the
uncertainty in the log of the permeability, Gaussian distributions for the A and B factor of
the porosity-permeability relationship have been assumed. The mean is the relationship
as determined in figure 4.4. The standard deviation has been determined using the distri-
bution of the core measurements. 80% of the measurements are located around the
mean relationship, with a much smaller uncertainty, and 10% are located above and an-
other 10% are located below. The Gaussian distributions of the A and B factor are shown
in figure 7.3.
Table 7.1 Transmissivity and flow rate of the area around well HEK-01.
transmissivity [Dm]
p90 expected
All data 15 36
Excluding extreme values 23 41
The transmissivity listed in table 7.2 are not high enough for a commercial project. There-
fore the possibilities for enhancing the transmissivity by reservoir stimulation have been
investigated.
7.4 Conclusions
The transmissivity calculated for the north-western area in table 7.1 seems sufficient for
an economical project. The transmissivity for the area around SPL-01-S1, is expected to
be insufficient for an economical project. Therefore, the possibilities of reservoir stimula-
tion have been investigated. Due to the low expected flow rates from the formation itself,
the fault zone with an increased flow rate by a factor 2-3 has more potential.
The fluid with which the fracturing will be done consists of water with a guar based gel.
Proppant4 will be pumped along consisting of 20/40 Badger Sand in the first case and
20/40 CarboLite in the second case. Furthermore a proppant damage of 50% has been
assumed. It is also assumed that production from the open hole is not possible, which is
a worst case situation.
Two cases have been modelled assuming a reservoir permeability of 100 mD in the first
case and a permeability of 140 mD for the second case. The results are given in table
8.2. In figures 8.1 and 8.2 the shape of the created fractures is shown.
4
Proppant: Sized particles mixed with fracturing fluid to hold fractures open after a hydraulic frac-
turing treatment.
Figure 8.1 Overview of the width, length and height of the created fracture in the first
case.
Figure 8.2 Overview of the width, length and height of the created fracture in the
second case.
The fluid with which the fracturing will be done consists of water with a guar based gel.
Proppant will be pumped along consisting of 16/20 Sinterball Bauxite. Furthermore a
proppant damage of 50% has been assumed. It is also assumed that production from the
open hole is not possible, which is a worst case situation.
Two cases have been modelled assuming a reservoir permeability of 30 mD in the first
case and a permeability of 40 mD (p50) for the second case. The results are given in
table 8.4. In figures 8.3 and 8.4 the shape of the fracture is shown.
Figure 8.4 Overview of the width, length and height of the created fracture in the
second case.
The flow rates in tables 8.5 and 8.6 are the values for extraction of the reservoir only. In
case of drilling into a fault zone, the flow rates from the reservoir without stimulation are
expected to increase by a factor 2-3. It is not clear what flow rate can be extracted from a
stimulated fault zone.
The results in table 8.5 show an increase of the flow rate by a factor 1.3 in the case of a
mean permeability of 140 mD and a factor 3.6 in the case of a mean permeability of 40
mD. The effect of reservoir stimulation is thus higher in the case of lower reservoir per-
meability.
The results in table 8.6 show that in the situation in the northwest, the p90 value of the
flow rate can be sufficient for the realization of the project. In the southeast, the p90 val-
ues are insufficient for an economical profitable project. Reservoir stimulation can en-
hance the flow rate in which case an economical project can be profitable.
In table 8.7 the minimum flow rates (p90) are shown when the extreme porosity-
permeability data has not been taken into account. The factor of increase in the flow rate
is slightly lower.
Experiences of fraccing in the oil and gas industry show the fractures will remain open for
long periods. The production can be lowered due to the blockage of the proppant by float-
ing particles in the water. It is possible re-fracturing is necessary during the system’s life-
time. The exact lifetime of the fractures can be determined when a complete fracture
design is made. It is advised to do this in a next stage for projects in the area where frac-
cing is needed to obtain a commercial flow rate.
8.5 Conclusions
From the calculations it can be concluded that the lower the permeability, the more effec-
tive the reservoir stimulation. Therefore, reservoir stimulation is only needed in the north-
west when reservoir damage occurs due to drilling. The flow rate can be enhanced by a
factor 1.3 at an original reservoir permeability of 140 mD.
In the southeast, reservoir stimulation is necessary to increase the flow rate to a more
acceptable level. The modelling shows the flow rate can be increased by a factor 3.6.
Based on the results of the basin analysis, the reservoir properties in the area around
Amsterdam are expected to be within the same range. Similar results of the reservoir
stimulation are expected. More towards the south, lower reservoir properties are ex-
pected as the formation has been buried much deeper in the past. The flow rate after
reservoir stimulation will therefore be slightly lower than the results in the southeast.
It is possible re-fracturing is necessary during the system’s lifetime due to blockage of the
fractures. The exact lifetime of the fractures can be determined when a complete fracture
design is made. It is advised to do this in a next stage for projects in the area where frac-
cing is needed to obtain a commercial flow rate.
Well LSM-01 has a very low porosity-permeability relationship compared to the other
wells which all follow the same trend. The permeability of the well has most likely been
reduced due to hydrothermal alteration at the influence of a nearby fault. As this may
occur throughout the area, the measurements in this well have been used as the lower
uncertainty range of the permeability. If these measurements, as well as the higher
measurements of Q07-01 are excluded, the p90 flow rate increases significantly. Overall
the values show a formation which can at some places be used as a reservoir for geo-
thermal energy, depending on the amount of cementation. The area around HEK-01,
LSM-01 and SPL-01-S1 seems suitable.
The results of the basin analysis show the offshore wells are presently located at their
maximum burial depth. The same holds for the Zandvoort Ridge. The Slochteren Forma-
tion in the other wells, north of Amsterdam-Haarlem and south of Schiphol, has been
buried deeper in the past which means the porosity and permeability has been affected
and will be lower in these areas.
The area shows several active faults which are present within the Slochteren Formation.
Parts of the faults are orientated at an angle to the present day maximum horizontal
stress. As the stress regime is extensional, these areas also have a strike-slip compo-
nent. These are the areas which have a higher permeability. Several of these areas are
present within the research area. The calculation of the slip and dilation tendency for the
faults north of Haarlem and south of Haarlem-Schiphol both show that ongoing deforma-
tions along the fault under the recent tectonic stress field are very likely.
In the southeast, reservoir stimulation is necessary to increase the flow rate to a more
acceptable level. The modelling shows the flow rate can be increased by a factor 3.6.
Re-fracturing might be necessary during the system’s lifetime due to blockage of the frac-
tures by floating particles in the water. The exact lifetime of the fractures can be deter-
Recommendations
To decrease the uncertainty in the low permeability range due to the measurements in
LSM-01, a thinsection analysis is recommended. They can either be asked for at the
NAM, the original operator of the well, or be made from the core if they have not been
yet. This analysis will show why the permeability is so much reduced while the porosity is
high.
Advised is to reinterpret the available seismic data for the determination of the depth and
thickness of the Slochteren Formation. Furthermore, these data are needed to determine
the location of the faults with more certainty. This will give better insight for the areas
around the faults as the geological structure largely determines in basin analysis which
areas have been inverted.
Geological timescale
Voortzand, Veldhoven,
Middle Northsea Gp
Tertiary Bergzand
Paleogene
Lower Northsea Gp Brusselssand, Meerssand
65
Ommelanden (Chalk) Fm
Late
Texel Fm
Cretaceous Holland Gp Holland Groenzand
Late
Jurassic Middle
Altena Gp
Early
208
Late
Z3 Carbonate
Zechstein Gp
Late Z2 Carbonate
271
Permian
Upper Rotliegend Gp Slochteren Fm
Namurian
Carboniferous Limestone
Dinantian
Gp
354
Devonian
409
Silurian
439
Ordovician
510
Cambrian
570
Precambrian
Geological maps
Petrophysics
Where Kair is the air-permeability, Kbrine the water-permeability, PHIE the effective poros-
ity, PHIT the total porosity and σ the effective in-situ uniaxial stress in the reservoir in psi.
2 Gamma ray
Spontaneous potential
7
Sonic
Matrix density
8 Effective porosity
9
Water saturation
Water
10 Porosity
Claystone
Sandstone
Carbonate
Silt
Coal
Gamma Ray (API) DEPTH TVDSS Density (G/C3) Deep Resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water saturation VWCL (Dec)
lithostratigraphy all
0. 150. (M) (M) 1.95 2.95 0.2 2000. 140. 40. 0.25 0. 1. 0. 0. 1.
Shallow Resistivity (OHMM) Matrix density (gm/cc) Core porosity VSILT (Dec)
0.2 2000. 2.5 3. 0.25 0. w ater 0. 1.
Matrix core density (G/C3) Effective porosity
2.5 3. 1. 0.
Clay
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Lower Claystone Membe
Z1Member
Coppershale
2400 -2369
Slochteren Formation
2500 -2469
Limburg Group
2600 2568
Figure 1 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well Q07-01.
Gamma Ray DEPTH TVDSS Deep Resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water saturation VWCL (Dec)
lithostratigraphy all
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Z1 Lower Claystone Member
2900 -2848
Slochteren Formation
3000 -2944
Ruurlo Formation
Figure 2 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well Q11-01-S2.
Gamma Ray DEPTH TVDSS Density (G/C3) Deep resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water saturation VWCL (Dec)
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY ALL
0. 150. (M) (M) 1.95 2.95 0.2 2000. 140. 40. 0.25 0. 1. 0. 0. 1.
Neutron porosity (V/V) Shallo resistivity (OHMM) Matrix density (gm/cc) Effective porosity VSILT (Dec)
0.45 -0.15 0.2 2000. 2.5 3. 0.25 0. 0. 1.
Effective porosity Effective porosity
0.25 0. 1. 0.
Clay
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Z1 Fringe
Z1 Middle Claystone Carbonate
Member
2850 -2670
Slochteren Formation
2900 -2707
2950 -2743
3000 -2779
Ruurlo Formation
3050 2816
Figure 3 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well Q11-03.
Gamma Ray DEPTH TVDSS Density (G/C3) Deep resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water saturation VWCL (Dec)
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY ALL
0. 150. (M) (M) 1.95 2.95 0.2 2000. 140. 40. 0.25 0. 1. 0. 0. 1.
Neutron porosity (V/V) Medium resistivity (OHMM) Matrix density (gm/cc) Core Porosity VSILT (Dec)
0.45 -0.15 0.2 2000. 2.5 3. 0.25 0. w ater 0. 1.
Matric core density (G/C3) Effective porosity
2.5 3. 1. 0.
VCOAL (Dec)
0. 1.
Clay
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Coal
Z1 Fringe Carbonate Member
Fringe Coppershale Member
2900 -2864
Slochteren Formation
3000 -2964
Hellevoetsluis Formation
Figure 4 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well Q14-02.
GR (API) DEPTH TVDSS Density (gr/cc3) Deep Resistivity (ohm.m) Sonic ( ms/ft) Effective Porosity Water Saturation VWCL (Dec)
Lithostratigrafie_ARV-01
0. 150. (M) (M) 1.95 2.95 0.2 2000. 140. 40. 0.25 0. 1. 0. 0. 1.
Neutron Porosity (DEC) Short Normal (ohm.m) Matrix Density (gm/cc) VSILT (Dec)
0.45 -0.15 0.2 2000. 2.5 3. w ater 0. 1.
Effective Porosity
Sand 1. 0.
VCARB (Dec)
0. 1.
Clay
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Carbonate
Z1 FRINGE CARB.
2400 -2392
Slochteren Formation
2450 -2441
HELLEVOETSLUIS
2500 2491
Figure 5 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well ARV-01.
GR (GAPI) DEPTH TVDSS Deep Resistivity (OHMS) Sonic (MS) Effective Porosity Water Saturation VWCL (Dec)
Lithostratigrafie_WRV01
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Carbonate
Coal
Z1 FRINGE CAR
Z1 LOWER CLST
2350 -2206
Slochteren Formation
Figure 6 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well WRV-01.
GR ( API) DEPTH TVDSS Deep Resistivity ( ohm.m) Sonic (ms/ft) Effective Porosity Water Saturation VWCL (Dec)
Lithostratigraphy all
Silt
Sandstone
Carbonate
Porosity
GREYZ3
Z1 MIDDLE CLST Z2 MIDDLE CLST
Z1 Fringe Carbonate Member CLA
CARBO
SALT
2600 -2576
Slochteren Formation
2650 -2625
2700 -2674
Limburg Groep
Figure 7 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well WOB-01-S1.
GR (GAPI) DEPTH Vertical Density (G/C3) Resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective Porosity Water Saturation VWCL (Dec)
lithostratigraphy all
0. 150. (M) (M) 1.95 2.95 0.2 2000. 140. 40. 0.25 0. 1. 0. 0. 1.
Rw FT (ohmm) Matrix Density (gm/cc) VSILT (Dec)
0.01 1. 2.5 3. Water 0. 1.
Effective Porosity
1. 0.
VCARB (Dec)
0. 1.
Silt
Sandstone
Clay
Carbonate
Porosity
Z1 Fringe Carbonate Member
Z1 Lower Claystone Member
2750 -2090
2800 -2134
Slochteren Formation
2850 -2178
Figure 8 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well SPL-01-S1.
Gamma ray (GAPI) DEPTH TVDSS Density (G/C3) Deep Resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water saturation VWCL (Dec)
lithostratigraphy reservoir
0. 150. (M) (M) 1.95 2.95 0.2 2000. 140. 40. 0.25 0. 1. 0. 0. 1.
Neutron porosity (dec) Matrix density (gm/cc) VSILT (Dec)
0.45 -0.15 2.5 3. Water 0. 1.
Effective porosity
1. 0.
Silt
Sandstone
Clay
Porosity
Z1 Middle Claystone Member
Fringe Coppershale Member
2950 -2911
Slochteren Formation
3000 -2961
Figure 9 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well Q10-03.
Gamma ray (GAPI) DEPTH TVDSS Short Normal (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water saturation VWCL (Dec)
lithostratigraphy
Silt
Sandstone
Claystone M
Z1 LowerMember
Coppershale
1800 -1782
Slochteren Formation
1900 -1881
Caumer Subgroup
Figure 10 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well HEK-01.
Gamma ray (GAPI) DEPTH TVDSS Deep resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water saturation VWCL (Dec)
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Member
CoppershaleZ1 Fringe Carbona
Lower ClaystoneZ1Member
1500 -1339
Slochteren Formation
1600 -1412
Ruurlo Formation
Figure 11 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well LSM-01.
Gamma ray (GAPI) DEPTH TVDSS Density (G/C3) Deep Resistivity (OHMM) Sonic (US/F) Effective porosity Water Saturation VWCL (Dec)
lihtostratigraphy all
0. 150. (M) (M) 1.95 2.95 0.2 2000. 140. 40. 0.25 0. 1. 0. 0. 1.
Neutron (dec) Shallow Resistivity (OHMM) Matrix density (gm/cc) VSILT (Dec)
0.45 -0.15 0.2 2000. 2.5 3. w ater 0. 1.
Effective porosity
1. 0.
Clay
Silt
Sandstone
Porosity
Lower Anhy
ClaystoneZ1Member
Lower
Member
CoppershaleZ1
1750 -1748
Slochteren Formation
1800 -1798
1850 -1848
Maurits Formation
Figure 12 Results of the well log analysis of the Slochteren Fm. in well ALE-01.
0. - 1999.9 (DEPTH)
GR (GAPI) TVDSS
lithostra
0. 150. (M)
Z3 Carbonate Member
SCHIPHOL 1 SIDETRACK 1
lithostra
0. 150. (M) 5.1 - 2545.3 (DEPTH)
GR (API) TVDSS
Lithostr
0. 150. (M)
2 Middle Claystone Memb
-2004
ZE Upper Claystone
Z2 MIDDLE CLST
to
ne
Z1 MIDDLE CLST
M
-1782
Slochteren Formation
-2134
Slochteren Formation
ep
Slochteren Formation
rg Gro
Li mbu
-2178
Limburg Groep
Limburg Groep
ep
Gro
burg
Lim
Limburg Groep
1980
22.039/109140/NB
Q07-01 SCHIPHOL 1 SIDETRACK 1
Q11-01-s2
0. - 3000. (DEPTH) 2600. - 2890. (DEPTH)
0. - 3068.9 (DEPTH) Q11-03
GR (API) TVDSS GR (GAPI) TVDSS WAVERVEEEN 1
0. 150. (M) 0. 150. (M)
GR (GAPI) TVDSS 0. - 3199.9 (DEPTH)
34. - 2458. (DEPTH)
lithostra
0. 150.
lithostra
(M)
GR (GAPI) TVDSS
lithostra
0. 150. GR (GAPI) TVDSS
-2700 (M) 0. 150.
2 Middle Claystone Memb
(M)
LITHOS
2 Middle Claystone Memb
Lithostr
Main clayst. Member
Grey Salt Clay Member
ed-brown Salt Clay Memb 2 Fringe Sandstone Memb -2004
June 8, 2010
Slochteren Formation Slochteren Formation 1 Lower Claystone Membe
Coppershale Member
-2090
-2670
Slochteren Formation
-2134
Slochteren Formation
-2900 -2707 p
Slochteren Formation ou
Slochteren Formation Gr
rg Limburg Group
Slochteren Formation bu
-2178 m
Li
p
-2469 -2743
Limburg Group
ou
Gr
rg
bu
Lim
Limbur
up g Gro
up
Gro
burg Limburg Group -2779
Lim -3000
Limburg Group
-2816
-2888
2924