Project Profile

VAT DYES
V
at dyes one of the
important class in the
synthetic dyes
produced. These dyes are
characterised by their insolubility
in water. They are applied to the
fabric in a reduced, soluble form,
which has affinity for the
substrate and after the reduced
dye been absorbed, the fabric is taken out from the dye bath and left in the air or
immersed in solution, of a mild oxidising agent to reproduce the dyeing column. Vat
dyes are, in general, fast to washing to light, etc.

Until early times of the present century, the only vat dyes known were those related
to indigo. But due to the constant research work in the field, a new class,
anthraquinone dyes was found and is of much prominence these days.

Indigo was first a naturally cultivated dye which was principally grown in our country.
Indigo has become quite important in dyeing full shades of navy blue on wool, for
uniform cloth of good fasteners. While dyeing, it is reduced by hydrosulphite, to make
the alkali soluble leuco derivative or to make indigo white.

In 1901 Rene Boh, a Chemist at a famous dye unit, experimenting to make

diphthaloy indigo by the then new glycine-sodimine indigo synthesis, obtained the
blue vat dye indanthrone (Indanthrene Blue C.I. Vat Blue 4). The new dye which as
unrelated to indigo as to chemical structure was found to have extra-ordinarily high
light fastness on cotton (7-8) and, as the result of a period of intense research
activity, the Indanthrene range (BASF) of vat colours was introduced in 1823. This
range included description Indanthrene Fast became current.

Anthraquindne vat dyes are mostly solid in

the insoluble oxidised form, sometimes as
dry solids but more often as quneous
pastes. They are applied in the reduced
form as 'Vats', the reduction 'being affected
by the use' of sodium hydrosulphite under
strongly alkaline conditions.

Vat dyes are so named because of their

ability to form a soluble alkali salt or vat
from the insoluble dye. This is usually
accomplished by an alkaline reducing
agent, and the affinity of the colourless
leuco salt for textile fibers, especially
cellulosic fibers, is characteristic of the
group.

Uses and Applications

As in the case of other dyes, vat dyes is mainly the final application in textile industry
and more than 90% of the entire Vat dyes produced are consumed by the textile
units located in various parts of the country.

Market Survey
Presently, the following are the units engaged in the manufacture of the Vat dyes in
our country:

1. M/s Amar Dye Chern Ltd., Rang Udyan, Sital Devi Temple Rd., Mahim, Bombat-
16.

2. M/s Aromatics and Dyes Indus., Plot No. 19, Block 10/ Road No. 4/ Udyognagar/
Udhna, Surat.
3. M/s Attic Industries Ltd., P.O. Atul 396020, Dist. Valsad, Gujarat.

4. M/s Associated Chemicals Indus., Opp. Vijay Mills, Naroda Road, Ahmedabad -
380025

5. M/s Central Dyes Products (P) Ltd., Ruvaj ari Road, Bhavnagar, Gujarat.

6. M/s Chemical and Dyestuff Industries, Kalia Kuva, College Road, Nadiad, Gujarat.

7. M/s Chem-Met Industries, 55/56, Datta Mandir Rd., Bhandup, Bombay-78.

8. M/s Harish and Co., Anand Bhavan, Mangnath Street, Junagadh - 362001.

9. M/s Indian Dyestuffs Ind. Ltd., Mafatlal Centre, Nariman Point, Mumbai-21.

10. M/s Indian Chemi Dyes Industries, Plot No. 6-B, Govt. Ind. Estate, M.G. Road,
Mumbai.

11. M/s Jakovan Industries, Dutta Mandir Road, Bhadup, Mumbai - 78.

12. M/s Makwell, 310/312, Samuel Street, 2nd Floor, Vadgadi, Mumbai - 400 003.

13. M/s National Chemical Industries Pvt. Ltd., 210, Najafgarh Road, Industries Area,
Delhi-IS.

The import and export figures are as given below:

Year Imports Exports
(Tonnes) (Tonnes)
2000 34.84 396.84
2001 29.56 555.42
2002 55.58 707.64
2003 60.00 800.00
2004 60.00 900.00

Figures for these items are estimated

It could be observed from the above that there is a good scope for some more new
units to come up as there is sufficient export demand and also a gap in supply and
demand position internally.

Process of Manufacture

Vat dyes are made up of any organic colouring matter (with the exception of basic
and sulphur colours) which is capable of undergoing a reversible reduction-oxidation
cycle without serious colour loss or change of shade. No general formula can be
written for a vat dye. It is almost always a coloured organic compound containing two
or more keto groups (i) which are alkali to give leuco compound (ii) which has affinity
for cellulosic fiber. In many cases this affinity extends also to other fibers such as
wool, nylon, 'Orlon' acrylic fiber and even to cellulose acetate.

Vat dyes are insoluble in water, solubilised by treatment with caustic soda and
reducing agent, usually hyposulphite, the resulting leuco compounds have affinity for
textile fiber, on exposure to air leuco compound inpregnated fiber reoxidises to the
insoluble parent dye. Vat dyes mainly belong to indigoid and anthra quinoid classes
and are characterised by high fastness, specially anthraquinoids, most valuable for
dyeing and printing cotton, wool and silk pH is kept below a point at which damage to
protein fiber may occur.

Some of the important formulations and their process of manufacture are given here
under:

Vat Brown BR

Vat brown BR is a reddish-brown paste or powder. It dyes cotton, linen and silk from
a dark purlish-brown alkaline 'Hydrosulphite vat, Cold or at 600C, is reddish-brown of
excellent fastness to washing, light, chlorine and acids.

10 parts of 4':5' dibenzoyidiamine-III'-diaanthraqunony limine are dissolved in 100

parts of sulphuric acid (sq. gr. 1.84). The temperature is raised to 400C and is
maintained at that for several hours, until the colour of a sample poured into water
shows no further alternation. 10 parts of water is then slowly added to the solution
with cooling. The brown Reedless which are separated on cooling are filtered and
washed with 60% sulphuric acid and water before pulverised and packed.

Vat Corinth B

It is a dark paste or violet black powder. It dyes cotton, linen silk from a cold reddish
brown alkaline Hydrosulphite vat liac or neliotrope of excellent fastness to washing,
light and chlorine.

A mixture of two parts of the condensation product obtained from 1:5

diaminoanthraquinone and two molecular proportions of a chloroanthraquinone, 20
parts of nitrobarzene and one part of 95% nitric acid is stirred and heated at 900C for
two hours. The nitro compound which separates in reddish-brown crystall, is reduced
with aqueous sodium sulphide solution; a mixture of one part of the amino compound
formed, 4 parts of nitrobenzene, two parts of benzoyl chloride and two parts of
pyridine is heated at IOO-HO0C for ¥.2 hour. The benzoyl compound crystallises,
which is filtered, pulverised and packed.

Vat Bordeaux B

It is a dark brownish-red paste or brown powder. It is used in dyeing cotton, linen, silk
and artificial silk from a cold brownish-red alkaline Hydrosulphite vat bordeaux red
fast to washing, light and chlorine.

A mixture of 50 parts of lamino-4-methoxy-anthraquinone, 25 parts of 2:6-

dichloroanthraquinone, 300 parts of naphthalene, 25 parts of anhydrous sodium
acetate and 4 parts of cuprous chloride is boiled for about six hours. The product is
separated completely by the addition of solvent naphtha, filtered at 40-500C, and
washed with solvent naphtha, glacial acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and water.

Vat Red-BT

It is a dark bluish-red paste, or brown powder, then dye. It dyes cotton from a
yellowished cold alkaline Hydrosulphate vat moderately bright pink to bluish-red, fast
to washing, light acids, alkalies and chlorine, rendered rather yellower by soaping at
the boil.
A mixture of 150 parts of 4-brown-N-Methyl-anthrapyridone (obtained by the action of
alkali on acetyl methyl amino-4-bromoanthraquinone), 100 parts of calcium hydroxide
5 parts of copper chloride and 2000 parts of naphthalene is boiled for 3 hours. The
product is filtered hot washed with alcohol, dilute hydrochloric acid and water. It is
then purified further by crystallisation from aniline.

Vat Pink-B

It is a dark paste or bluish-red powder. It dyes cotton from a cold yellowish red
alkaline Hydrosulphate vat bluish pink of only moderate fastness to light and soap.

A mixture of 10 parts of 1-amino-4-hydroxy-anthraquinone, 100 parts of nitrobenzene

and 20 parts of benzoyl chloride is boiled for about 1h hours. The mixture is allowed
to cool and the production crystallises in bronze-red shining leaflets.

Vat Scarlet-R

It is a reddish-orange paste or scarlet-red powder. It dyes cotton from a cold

yellowish red alkaline Hydrosulphite vat scarlet red, very fast to light and to good
fastness to alkalines and boiling but not very fast to washing.

10 parts of 1-amino-4-methoxy-anthraquinone, 100 parts of nitrobenzene and 20

parts of benzoyl chloride are heated at 100"C for about 1h hour. The mixture is
allowed to cool and the product crystallises giving orange-red needles.

Vat Violet 3B

It is dark violet paste or powder. It dyes cotton, linen and silk from a reddish-brown
alkaline Hydrosulphite vat cold or at 40-50"C violet. It is used for dyeing delicate lilac
and bluish-violet shades of good fastness to light, in the manufacture of lakes in
admixture with usual substrate.

A mixture of 10 parts of diaminoanthrarufin, 100 parts of nitrobenzene and 40 parts of

benzoyl chloride is boiled for about 1h hour and is then allowed to cool. The product
crystallises in leaflets with a metallic lustre and is filtered.
Vat Orange R

It is an orange-red paste or powder. It dyes cotton, linen and silk from a cold reddish-
orange alkaline Hydrosulphite vat bright orange.

A mixture of 10 parts of 1:2:4 triamino-anthraquinone, 100 parts of nitrobenzene and

40 parts of benzoyl cWoride is boiled for about 1h hour and is then allowed to cool.
The product separates out in orange crystals and is filtered.

Vat Orange RB

It is a brownish-red paste or brown powder. It dyes cotton from a cold red alkaline
Hydrosulphite vat level brownish-orange, fast to washing, light, acids and alkalies. It
is used in conjunction with Algol Red B for, Turkey red shades.

A mixture of 2.4 kgs of 2chlorocanthraquinone, 2.7 kgs of 1-aminothraquinone, 100

kgs of naphthalene, 2.5 kgs of anhydrous sodium acetate and 05 kgs of cupric
chloride is boiled for 15 hours and is then cooled. The naphthalene is removed by
boiling with toluene and the dianthraquinonelamine remains in small crystals with a
metallic lustre.

Vat Yellow G

It is a yellow paste of yellow powder when dry. It dyes cotton from a cold yellowish-
red alkaline Hydrosulphite vat fast yellow although not exceptionally past tp light. It is
also used for dyeing silk.

A mixture of 22 kgs of a amonoanthraquinone, 12 kgs of succinic acid and 100 kgs of

nitrobenzene is boiled for 6-8 hours until all or nearly all of the α-aminoanthraquinone
has disappeared. The mixture is then allowed to cool and the crystalline
condensation product is filtered.

Indanthrane Blue RS

An intimate mixture of 250 kgs of pure Beta amino-anthraquinone, 125 kgs of

potassium acetate, 30 kgs of potassium hydroxide and 750 lt. of water is heated to
210"C. A crucible made of nickle or V2A steel should be used as the reaction vessel
and the stirrer should be made of the same material. Iron is not suitable for this
purpose. The additions are completed in 20 minutes and the mixture is heated for 5
minutes more at 215-2200 with thorough stirring. The melt is then poured into 1000
kg of ice, washing out the residue from, the reaction vessel with a small amount of
water. The entire melt is dissolved in the water, and 200 kg of concentrated sulfuric
acid is added to salt out the dye. The solution which is still alkaline is then heated to
600C and treated with 150 kg of sodium hydrosulfite. The blue leuco derivative of
indanethrone blue RS which is formed is insoluble in the salt solution. When the
mixture is cold, the leuco compound is filtered off, using a cotton filter on a suction
funnel. The product is washed with a 2 per cent sodium hydroxide solution containing
5 grams of sodium hydrosulphite per litre until the washing are clear and light blue in
colour. The precipitate is then stirred with 5000 lt. water at 600C and a stream of air is
blown through the mixture until the entire leuco derivative is oxidised as shown by the
insolubility of a small test sample in a large volume of water. The dye is filtered off,
washed with water and dried. The yield is about 100 kgs.

The chlorine fastness or indanthrene blue varies directly with the purity of the
aminoanthraquinone used. Also the finished dye can be purified by treating it in
concentrated sulfuric acid solution and with oxidising agent (manganese dioxide,
etc.) which destroys the impurities. Such purified dyes are marketed as indanthrene
brilliant blue. They are somewhat stronger and have better chlorine fastness, then
the original dye. The use of potassium acetate was first proposed by a scientists
pope (1910) who also pointed out the advantage of using an oxidising agent in
addition to the acetate or formate. It is essential that the fusion is not carried out at
too high a temperature or for too long a time. Hence, in the plant only small batched
are run, e.g. about 20 kgs. The reaction vessels are either pure nickle or stainless
steel.

Process of Manufacturing Vat Brown

The process essentially consists of condensing the intermediate (1-

chloroanthraquinone and 1.4-Diaminoanthraquinone uinone) to trianthrimid and
subsequent carbazolation to brown. The process is essentially completed in the
following stages:
1. Condensation of Intermediates to Trianthramid of brown

The condensation of 1-chloranthraquinone and 1,4 diaminoanthraquinone to form the

trianthrimid of brown 1, 1,4(dianthraquinoxylamine)- anthraquinone is carried out in a
glass lined reactor, Nitrobenzene is used as the solvent, hence it is imperative that
the reaction is carried out in the process building equipped to handle and flammable
solvents. Sodium acetate and soda ash are added to neutrallse and buffer the
hydrogen chloride given off in the condensation. A colloidal copper catalyst is also
sometimes includes in this reaction.

Nitrobenzene is run into the reaction vessel from a measuring tank and 1-
chloroanthraquinone, 1, 4 sodium acetate, soda ash and the copper catalyst are
added. The batch is heated to 2100C and held for 10 to 15 hours. The contents of the
kettle are then fed to a rotary vacuum dryer where the nitrobenzene is distilled and
recovered. The dry trainthrimid is ground in a micropulverizer and boiled in dilute
hydrochloric acid to remove salts. This purification step is filtered and washed in a
filter press and dried in a vacuum chamber dryer.

2. Carbozolation of Triathrimid to brown

Carbozolation is affected in a glass-lined jacketed kettle. Pyridine 15 fed into the tank
from a measuring tank. Aluminium chloride is poured in from a chain-hoisted drum,
and the temperature is held at 1350C until a sample taken from the melt shows the
same appearance as a sandard sample. The melt sample is boiled with 30% sodium
hydroxide diluted and filtered. The residue is dried on a porous plate and compared
with the standard.

When the reaction is complete, the mixture is pressed into an acid-proof brick-lined
vessel containing caustic soda solution charged from a measuring tank.

A solution of sodium hyphchlorite is run in form another measuring tank, and the
slurry is boiled for about an hour. An excess of sodium bisulfite is sometimes added
to remove excess bleach and the slury is filtered in an iron filter press. The finished
dye is washed and standardised.
Standardisation of Vat Dyes

Standardisation essentially include the treatment of chemically finish dye to ensure

proper physical form. The physical form of anthraquinone vat dyes affects markedly
the ease of vatting and affinity difficult to vat. Poor shades and wasted materials may
result. Different treatments have been developed to prepare dyes for different end
uses.

Only 12 to 15% of vat dye production is sold as dry powders. The over whelming
majority of the output is sold in paste form in varying concentrations, from 10 to 30%
dye. Surface active agents, humectants or other additives may also be included.

Dissolving the crystalline dye in concentrated sulfuric acid reprecipitating by drowning

in water is a standard and method of improving the vating and dyeing properties.
Treatment with oxidising agents such as sodium hypochlorite or dichromate solution
near boiling for an hour or more, with vigorous mechanical agitation markedly
improve the shades of many dyes.

The standardisation of dye pastes usually consists of conventional paste grinding,

with the addition of conditioning agents to regulate the fluidity of the paste. Aryl
sulfonic acid derivatives are among the conditioning agents used. Glycerol is added
to printing pastes. The shade and strength of the pastes are standarded in nmixing
kettles. The products are then strained into drums ready for shipment.

In the case of Brown, BR, immediately after the chemical synthesis is complete, the
pulp is charged into stainless steel kettles and the concentration is adjusted
approximately. It is ground in a micropulveriser until the desired particle size and
consistency are attained and then returned to the pasting kettle. Samples are
examined in the laboratory and the strength and shade are finally adusted. The
finished paste passes through a 200 mesh screen into drum for shipping.

Powders are also ground in a micropulveriser, but they are blended in horizontal
powder mills.
Economics of the project

A. Capacity

The economics of the project is based on a production capacity of 82 tonnes of

brown BR and 33 tons of Indanthrene Blue RS per year. The plant will run on three
shift basis on a 330 days working schedule in a year.

B. Land, Building and Other Civil Works

1. Cost of land and site development of 1000 sq.m. land @ Rs. 25 per sq.m. 25,000

2. Building and shed with 300 sq.m. plinth/area @ Rs. 1000 per sq.m. 3,00,000

3. Other civil works including internal and external approach roads, equipment
foundations, boundary wall/fencing and factory gate, etc.

C. Equipment and Machinery

S.No. Description No. Estimated Cost

Reqd.
1. Glass lined reactor fitted with agitator, gear
box and other accessories, complete fittings,
etc. capacity 500 it. 1 40,000
2. Rotary vacuum dryer with vacuum pump and
all other accessories, fittings, etc. Cap.-300
kgs/day of drug and product 1 40,000
3. Nitro benzene condenser, tooler and
collector 500 lt. cap. 1 50,000
4. Micro pulveriser cap. 100 kg/hr 1 15,000
5. Acid-proof brick lined kettle fitted with
agitator, gear box, etc. complete with all
accessories fittings cap. 500 lt. 1 20,000
6. Fitter presses, plate and frame type 60X60
cm, with 20 sets of plates and frames
 complete with all accessories and fittings. 2 20,000
7. Vacuum chamber dryer with vacuum pump
and other needed accessories and fittings
etc. capacity 500 lt. 1 35,000
8. Crbozolation kettle, jacketed and glass lined,
fitted with an agitator gear box etc. and
equipped with pyridene measuring tank cap.
1000 lt. 1 50,000
9. Hypochloric treatment tank with acid proof
brick lining fitted with agitator, gear box etc.
all capacity 1000 lt. 1 15,000
10. Hypochlorite and caustic soda measuring
tanks with rubber lining capacity 500 lt. cap. 2 15,000
11. Paste grinding machine (micro pulveriser)
and standardisation unit, glass lined capacity
500 kg/day. 1 75,000
12. Nickel cladded steel vessel fitted with
agitator gear box, etc. with one side jacket
for passing the steam used for heating the
contents of the vessel capacity 1000 lt. 1 70,000
13. Acid proof brick lined vessel fitted with
agitator capacity 1000 lt. 1 30,000
14. Suction funnel type vacuum fitter with
vacuum pump and other accessories 1 20,000
15. Air blower 1 5,000
16. Boiler with all fittings and accessories
capacity 500 kgs/hr 1 50,000
17. Electricals inclusive of weak current
feasilities like fans, tubes lights, etc. 1 50,000
18. Office furniture and equipment 1 20,000
19. Weighing scale 0-100 kg range 2 20,000
20. Laboratory equipment and glass ware 1 10,000
21. Other miscellaneous equipment and
accessories such as printing, process pumps
valves, structurals, packing equipment etc. 1 50,000
Rs. 7,00,000
 Erection and contingencies Rs. 50,000
Rs. 7,50,000

D. Projecting Cost

1. Preliminary and promotional expenses 25,000

2. Know-how and engineering fees 75,000
3. Cost during construction 75,000
Rs. 1,75,000

E. Fixed Capital Investment

1. Land, building and other civil works 3,50,000

2. Plant, equipment and machinery 7,50,000
3. Projecting cost 1,75,000
4. Contingencies 25,000
Rs. 13,00,000

F. Annual cost of Raw Materials, Utilities and Factory overheads

1. 1-chloroanthraquinone 73 tonnes @ Rs. 75,000/- per

tonne 54,75,000
2. 1, 4-diaminoanthraquinone 35 tonnes @ Rs. 80,000/- 28,00,000
per tonne
3. Soda ash 17 tonnes @ Rs. 2500/- per tonne 43,000
4. Sodium acetate 17 tonnes @ Rs. 4700/- per tonne 80,000
5. Pyridine 483 tonnes @ Rs. 25000/- per tonne 95,75,000
6. Aluminium chloride 83 tonnes @ Rs. 4000/- per tonne 3,32,000
7. Caustic soda 190 tonnes @ Rs. 6000/- per tonne 11,40,000
8. Sodium hypochlorite (13%) 152 tonnes @ Rs. 500 per 76,000
tonne
9. Betaaminoanthraquinone (pare) 83 tonnes @ Rs. 64,00,000
80000/- per tonne
10. Potassium acetate 42 tonnes @ Rs. 9000/- per tonne 3,78,000
11. Potassium hydroxide 10 tonnes @ Rs. 11,000/- per 1,10,000
 tonne
12. Sulphuric acid 66 tonnes @ Rs. 1000/- per tonne 66,000
13. Sodium sulphate 50 tonnes @ Rs. 44000/- 2,20,000
14. Misce. Material and consumables (1s) 1,00,000
15. Water 2500 KL @ Rs. 2/- per KL 5,000
16. Power 1,00,000 kwh @ Rl. 0,50 per kwh. 50,000
17. Coal 800 tonnes @ Re. 500/- per tonne 40,000
18. Packing material 50,000
19. Factory overheads and other exp. Inclusive of sales 2,00,000
Rs. 2,75,00,000

G. Annual Wage Bill of Staff and Labour

S. No. Designation No. Amount

Reqd.
1. Managing Director 1 48,000
2. Factory Manager 1 36,000
3. Chemical Engineers 4 48,000
4. CheM/sts 4 36,000
5. Accounts officer 1 24,000
6. Stores-purchase officer 1 18,000
7. Sales officer 3 36,000
8. Clerks-cum-typists 10 60,000
9. Skilled workers 12 1,08,000
10. Semi-skilled labour 8 18,000
11. Unskilled labour 10 30,000
12. Peons 3 9,000
13. Watchman 4 12,000
Rs. 5,13,000
Other benefits Rs. 1,27,000
Rs. 6,40,000

H. Working Capital Requirement

1. Raw materials, utilities and factory overheads (2

 months) 45,83,334
2. Labour and staff wages (3 months) 1,60,000
Rs. 47,43,334
Working capital requirements rounded off to Rs. 47,50,000/-

I. Total Capital Investment

1. Fixed Capital 13,00,000

2. Working Capital 47,50,000
Rs. 60,50,000

J. Financial Implications

1. Long term borrowings from financial institutions 9,00,000

2. Short term borrowings from banks 3 promotors 33,25,000
investment
3. Promotors Investment 18,25,000
Rs. 60,50,000

K. Annual Cost of Production

1. Raw material, utilities and factory overheads 2,75,00,000

2. Staff and labour wage bill 6,40,000
3. Dep. On buildings @ 5% on Rs. 3,25,000/- 16,000
4. Dep. On plant and machinery @ 15% on Rs. 1,12,500
7,50,000/-
5. Amortisation of projecting cost @ 10% on Rs. 1,75,000
1,75,000/-
6. Interest on long term borrowing @ 14% p.a. on Rs.
9,00,000/- 1,26,000
7. Interest on short term borrowing @ 10% p.a. on Rs.
33,25,000/- 6,65,000
Rs. 2,90,77,250
Annual cost of production rounded off to Rs. 2,90,77,000/-
L. Revenue through Sales (Exclusive of Excise Duty)

1. Vat brown BT 82 tonnes @ Rs. 3,15,000 per tonne 2,58,30,000

2. Indanthrene blue Rs. 33 tonnes @ Rs. 1,40,000 per
tonne 46,20,000
Rs. 3,04,50,000

M. Profitability

1. Net annual before tax 13,73,000

2. Net annual return on promotor's capital 75.23%

List of Raw material suppliers

1. Chlaro Anthraquine and I, 4-Diaminoanthraquinone

1. M/s Indian Dyestuff Industries Ltd., Mafatlal House, Backbay Reclamation,

Bombay-20.

Sodium Acetate

2. M/s Vibgyor Dye Co., 39/13, Eswaran Koil, Street, P.B. No. 257, Erode-I, Tamil
Nadu.

3. M/s Hindustan Fine Chemicals, 8-A, Western India House, Sir P.M. Road,
Bombay-I.

4. M/s Thakoreal Bhagat & Co., Eranada Hall, Kapasia Bazar, Ahmedabad-2.

5. M/s Gujarat Dye Chern Corporation, 638/6, Dalal Building, Kapasia Bazar,
Ahmedabad-2.

Pyridine
6. M/s Wavner Hindustan Ltd., Belwandi House, 254-B, Annie Besant Rd., P.B. No.
9116, Wodi, Bombay-25.

7. M/s Considered Solvents and Chemicals Co., 52/58-Baby Gennu Road, Jivaraj
Shamji Bldg., Bombay-2.

8. M/s Chandrakant Brox., 408, Vaishali Apartments, 4th Floor, Pareker Street,
Bombay-400004.

Aluminium Chtoride

9. M/s Acid Sales Corpn., 7, Paramesawr, Plot No. 353/20, R.B. Mehta Marg,
Ghatjopar East, Bombay-72.

10. M/s Hypophosphite and Co., 79-F, Princes Street, Bombay-2.

11. M/s Rajda Sales Corpn., 10, Pallock Street, Calcutta-1.

12. M/s Wesix Chemicals, Marshall Building, 3rd Floor, G.P.O. Box No. 1423, 20,
Ballard Road, Bombay-400001.

Hydrochloride

13. M/s Calico Mills, Chemicals Division, Anik Chamber, Bombay-400074.

14. M/s The Ahmedabad Mfg. & Calico, Printing Co. Ltd., Post Box No. 12,
Ahmedabad-22.

Soda ash

15. M/s Saurashtra Chemicals, Industries House, 159, Churchgate Reclamation,

Bombay-20.

16. M/s D.C.M. Ltd., Nirmal, Nariman Point, Bombay-21.

Caustic Soda
17. M/s Mettur Chemicals and Industrial Corpn., Mettur Dam-2, Salam Dt., Tamil
Nadu.

18. M/s Andhra Sugars Ltd., Kovur, Andhra Pradesh.

19. M/s D.C.M. Chemicals, I, Jhandewalan Estate, New Delhi-I.

20. M/s Durgapur Chemicals, 6, Rusell Street, Calcutta-16. (Other chemicals from
various parts of the country).

Plant and Machinery Supplies List

1. M/s A.P.V. Engineering Co. Ltd., 2, Jessore Road, Calcutta-28.

2. M/s Bird and Co. Pvt. Ltd., Process Engineering Division, Dakhinchari, Calcutta-
48.

3. M/s De Smet (India) Pvt. Ltd., Shrinikotan, Dr. A. Besant Road, Bombay-10.
4. M/s Kalpana Boilers and Chemicals Plant Mfg. Co., 0-9/11, Bhadram Nagar, S.V.
Road, Malad West, Bombay-64.

5. M/s Chemec Engineers Pvt. Ltd., C-2, Ind. Ambattur, Madras-58.

6. M/s Anup Engg. Ltd., 66, Odhav, Ahmedabad-2.

7. M/s Mirch Process Plants Pvt. Ltd., Delstar, Hughes Road, Bombay-26.

# Dr. Himadri Panda & # Dr. (Mrs.) Rakhshinda Panda

Devashish Consultants (P) Ltd.,
61, West End City,
Bidholia, Rampur Road,
P.O. Clutterbuckganj - 243502
Bareilly (UP)
e-mail: devashish_1984@yahoo.co.in