Water Purification Engineering

Water
• Water is essential for all life
• categories of users –
• municipal,
• industrial,
• institutional,
• medical,
• commercial
• residential.
 water in Pharmaceuticals
– As Solvent in
– sterile products
– non-sterile products
– solid dose products
– washing and rinsing
– Drug Analysis
 Pharmaceutical Water
Solvent Drug
Analysis

Cleaning Steam

4
 Hydrologic Cycle
• Water evaporates from surface supplies
and transpires from vegetation directly
into the atmosphere.
• It returns to the earth as rain
 Acid Rain

• It dissolves gases such as carbon

dioxide, oxygen, and natural and industrial
emissions such as nitric and sulfuric
oxides, as well as carbon monoxide
• has a pH of 5 to 6. The result of contact
with higher levels of these dissolved
gases is usually a mildly acidic condition –
what is today called “acid” rain – that may
have a pH as low as 4.0.
 Contaminants
• returns to the earth’s surface as rain,.
• As the precipitation nears and run the
ground, it picks up many additional
contaminants - airborne particulates,
spores, bacteria
 Underground water
• pass through the earth’s soils
• Most of the particulate matter is removed, much
of the organic contamination is consumed by
bacterial activity in the soil, and a relatively
clean, mildly acidic solution results.
• it dissolve many minerals, especially limestone,
which contributes calcium, magnesium, iron,
sulfates and chlorides. The addition of these
minerals usually raises groundwater pH to a
range of 7 to 8.5.
 Surface waters
• Surface waters such as rivers, lakes and
reservoirs typically contain less mineral
contamination because that water did not
pass through the earth’s soils. Surface
waters will, however, hold higher levels of
organics and undissolved particles
because the water has contacted
vegetation.
 Raw Water
• Definition
• Sources
• Impurities
• Problems of using Raw Water
 Raw Water
• Definition: Water which is available in
nature and contains impurities is known
as raw water
 Raw Water
Sources:
 Rain Water
 Underground Water
 Surface Water
 River Water
 Pond Water
 Sea Water
 Contaminants of Water
• Inorganic contaminants, such as magnesium
carbonate, calcium carbonate and sodium chloride;
• Organic contaminants, such as detergent residues,
solvents and plasticizers;
• Solids, such as clays, sols, cols and soils;
• Gases, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen;
and
• Microorganisms. These can be particularly
troublesome because of the numbers that can grow in
nutrient-depleted conditions. Bacteria may even
multiply in pure water.
 Impurities

Impurities

Dissolved Suspended

Radical Ion Gasses Dust Pyrogen

Cat Ion Microorganism

Anion
RAW WATER IMPURITIES PROBLEMS
IMPURITIES Patient acceptability, Blocking
dust particle Dust particle of capillary
microorganism
Pyrogen
Gasses (O2, N2, CO2 ) Microorganism Infection
Organic O2 Oxidation of drug
Radical (CO3, HCO3, NO3 etc ) N2
Cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2 etc ) CO2
Anions (Cl-1, Br-1, I-1 etc ) Pyrogen Increases body temperature
CO3-2 May react with drug
HCO3-1 May react with drug
NO3-1 May react with drug
Ca+2 May react with drug
Mg+2 May react with drug
Na+1 May react with drug
Fe+2 May react with drug
Cl-1 May react with drug
Br-1 May react with drug
I-1 May react with drug
 Inorganic Contaminants
• Calcium and magnesium are probably the two
most common mineral contaminants. They
cause water hardness. Heating or boiling water
can precipitate these minerals leaving behind a
scale deposit.
• 2. Iron and manganese discolor water and can
react with drug products, or act as catalysts in
decomposition processes.
• 3. Silicates may interfere with distillation
equipment.
 Inorganic Contaminants

4. Carbon dioxide can change the pH and hence

the conductivity of water. Carbonates can
cause precipitation of calcium, and carbonic acid
can cause corrosion of water treatment systems.
5. Sulphides, which even at low levels cause a
rotten egg odor.
6. Phosphates can also cause precipitation of
metal ions and scaling, e.g. in boilers.
 Inorganic Contaminants
7. Aluminium can pose a problem in the
manufacture of dialysis products.
9. Heavy metals, particularly arsenic, may
be problematic in wells in certain areas.
Lead contamination can arise from tanks
which have had lead solder repairs.
Lead pipes are not recommended.
 Problems of using Raw Water
• Product Purity:
• Product Stability:
• Shelf Life:
• Efficacy
• Patient’s safety:
• Patient’s Acceptability:
• Regulatory Compliance
 Problems of using Raw Water
• Product Purity:
• Water is a universal solvent, because of water’s
unique chemical properties. A wide variety of
compounds, more than 90 possible
unacceptable contaminants, may be present in
raw water. The main contaminants are inorganic
substances (Calcium, magnesium etc.) organic
chemicals (solvent, detergent etc.) gases
(nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen) and
microorganism. These contaminants will also
contaminate various dosage forms if raw water
is used in any step of manufacturing.
 Problems of using Raw Water
• Product Stability:
• The contaminants of raw water can react with the drugs or
increase the rate of decomposition making the drug unstable.
• Iron and manganese present in the raw water can discolor liquid
products and can react with drug, or act as catalysts in
decomposition processes.
• Carbon dioxide picked up in the atmosphere can change the pH
and hence the conductivity of water.
• Carbonates can cause precipitation of calcium.
• Sulphides, which even at low levels, cause a rotten egg odor of
products.
• Phosphates can also cause precipitation of metal ions and
scaling, e.g. in boilers.
• Oxygen can oxidize drugs.
 Problems of using Raw Water
• Shelf Life:
• Contaminants of the raw water may react
with the drugs or increase the rate of
decomposition making the drug unstable.
As a result shelf life of the preparation will
be short.
 Problems of using Raw Water
• Efficacy
• The efficacy of drugs depends on the
plasma drugs concentration. Unstable
drugs will not be effective because of
lower drug concentration in blood
 Problems of using Raw Water
• Patient’s safety:
• Raw water is not safe to use in pharmaceuticals
because
• Raw water containing pathogenic microorganism
may cause infection.
• Dust particle present in the raw water may block
the blood capillary.
• Drug degraded product may be toxic and
harmful to the patient.
• Endotoxin may increase the body temperature
 Problems of using Raw Water
• Patient’s Acceptability:
• Liquid products containing raw water may
not be acceptable to the patient as it can
produce unacceptable physical
appearance.
 Problems of using Raw Water
• Regulatory Compliance
 Hardness

mg/L gpg Hardness

0-17 <1 soft water
17-60 1-3.5 slightly hard water
60-120 3.5-7.0 moderately hard water
60-120 3.5-7.0 hard water
>180 >10.5 very hard water
Problems of using Raw Water

50 mL of water were tranfered to a 250 mL erlenmeyer

and added 1 mL of ammonia buffer solution and a small
quantity (0,05 g) of Eriocromo Black T indicator. After
that, the solution were titulated with EDTA 0,01 M until
purple color turn blue (Pregnolatto e Pregnolatto, 1985).

The calculation presented in Equation (1) was done:

1000.V.f/A = mg of calcium per liter ---1
where:
V = EDTA (mL) used volume in the titulation. - f = factor
of EDTA solution -A = water volume (mL).
Pharmaceutical Water

Pharmaceutical Water

Purified Water Water for Injection

Sterile Purified Water Sterile Water for Injection

 Pharmaceutical Water

NAME DEFINITION

Purified water A clear, colorless, odorless & tasteless

liquid that complies all relevant regulations

Sterile purified water Purified water that is sterilized and suitably

packed
Water for injection A clear, colorless, odorless, tasteless &
apyrogenic liquid that complies all relevant
regulations
Sterile water for Water for injection that is sterilized and
injection suitably packed
 Pharmaceutical Water
NAME SPECIFICATION

Purified water Purified water specification

1. Microbial limit: 50 CFU/ml

Sterile purified water 1.purified water specification

2.sterile

Water for injection 1. Purified water specification

2. Endotoxin: NMT 0.25 endotoxin USP/ml
3. Microbial limit: 10 CFU/ml

Sterile water for injection 1.purified water specification

2.sterile
3.endotoxin: NMT 0.25 endotoxin USP/ml
 Specification
Test Specification Referenc
e
PH 5-7 USP24

NH4+ NMT 0.2ppm BP98

HEAVY METALS NMT 0.1ppm BP98

NO3- NMT 0.2ppm BP98

Cl- NMT 0.5ppm BP98

RESIDUE ON NMT 10ppm BP98

EVAPORATUI
ON
SO4 -- No turbidity when 1ml barium chloride is added to 100ml water USP24

Ca++ No turbidity when 2ml ammonium oxalate is added to 100ml water USP24

CO2 No turbidity when 25ml calcium hydroxide is added to 25 ml water USP24

Mg++ blue color when react with disodium edetate BP98

OXIDIZABLE pink color when react with potasium permanganate USP24

SUBSTANCES

T.C. NMT 50CFU/ml in house

Uses of Pharmaceutical Water

NAME USES
Purified water 1.liquid preparation
2.equipment cleaning
3.bulk chemical manufacturing
Sterile purified water Ophthalmic preparation
Water for injection 1.parenterial preparation
2.equipment cleaning
3.bulk chemical manufacturing
Sterile water for injection 1.parenterial preparation
2.equipment cleaning
3.bulk chemical manufacturing
 Methods for purification
• Ion Exchange Method
• Filtration Method
• Distillation Method
• Disinfection
 Method

Ion exchange method

Methods Impurities that can be removed

Deionization Anions
Cations
Electro Deionization Anions
Cations
Electro Dialysis Anions
Cations
Water sofners Cations
Ion Exchange Resin
 Water Softener:

• Water Softener:
• Water is softened in a Cation exchange column
where the calcium and magnesium ions are
exchanged for sodium. The sodium then has to
be removed by de-ionization or reverse osmosis.
When the resin reaches its exchange limit, it
needs to be stripped of calcium and magnesium.
This can be done using a brine solution, which
exchanges sodium for calcium and magnesium,
and the cycle starts again.
Water Softener – schematic drawing
"soft" water to deioniser
by pass valve

brine and salt tank

zeolite water softener

-exchanges
brine
-Ca and Mg for Na

"hard" water
in

drain
Water Softener:
DIP
 DIP
• Principle:
• Ion exchange resin is present in both twin
bed and mixed bed de-ionizer. A twin bed
de-ionizer contains cation exchange resin
and anion exchange resin into two
separate cylinders but mixed bed de-
ionizer contains both the resins in the
same cylinder.
 Typical de-ionizer schematic
from water softener
HCl NaOH

6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

Water
must be Cationic column Anionic column Cartridge Cartridge
kept UV light filter 5 µm filter 1 µm

circulating Eluates to Ozone generator

neutralization
plant
Hygienic pump
Return to de-ioniser

Outlets or storage.
Drain line

Air break to sewer

 DIP
• Principle:
• Cation Exchanger: When raw water is passed
through the cation exchange resin, ion exchange
reaction takes place. Cation exchange resin
exchanges cation. For example, the resin as per
following reaction exchanges Calcium
• Calcium + H-R (Resin)= Calcium-RR + H+
• When no more hydrogen is available for
exchange in the cation exchange resin, the
material will be exhausted and must be
regenerated.
 DIP
• Principle:
• Anion Exchanger: When raw water is passed through the
anion exchange resin, ion exchange reaction takes
place. Anion exchange resin exchanges anions. For
example, Sulphate is exchanged and water is formed as
per the following reaction.
• Sulphate + HO-R (Resin)= Sulphate-RR + Water
• When no more hydroxyl group is available for exchange
in the anion exchange resin, the material will be
exhausted and must be regenerated.
• This is the basic principle of a de-ionizer plant.
 DIP
• Operation procedure:
• Raw water enters at the bottom left into the
cation exchange column of a twin bed de-
ionizer. Resin exchanges the cations while
passing from bottom to top of the column.
Cations free water comes out from the column
and enters at the bottom left into the anion
exchange column. Resin at this column
exchanges anion while passing from bottom to
top of the column. Finally ion free water comes
out from de-ionizer.
 DIP
• Regeneration:
• Regeneration of Cation exchanger: Raw water
input line is disconnected first. Then 15 L 8%
HCl is passed through the cation exchange
column from top to bottom at a rate of 1 L /min
and the acid solution is drained out completely.
Then deionized water is passed through the
cation exchange column from top to bottom at a
rate of 3 L /min to remove the acid completely.
Hydrochloric acid reacts with resin to make it
active:
• Calcium-R (inactive) + HCl = H-R (active)
 DIP
• Regeneration of Anion exchanger: Water input
line is disconnected first. Then 15 L 4% Sodium
Hydroxide is passed through the anion
exchange column from top to bottom at a rate of
1 L /min and the Sodium Hydroxide solution is
drained out completely. Then deionized water is
passed through the anion exchange column
from top to bottom at a rate of 3 L /min to
remove the base completely. Sodium Hydroxide
reacts with resin to make it active:
• Sulphate-R (inactive) + NaOH = HO-R (active)
 DIP
• Advantages:
• Removes all the cations and anions.
• Simple and chief
• No energy consumption
• Regeneration is possible
• Uses:
• DIP is mainly used as ion separator in a water
purification system. It is an intermediate process in water
purification system. It is used before Distillation or
Reverse Osmosis unit for partial purification of water.
DIP prevents scaling and ensures quality WFI
 DIP

Disadvantages:
Danger of microbial growth on Resin
DIP cannot remove most of the
contaminants of water.
More acid- base handling
DIP is not sufficient to produce purified
water.
 DIP
• Uses:
• DIP is mainly used as ion separator in a
water purification system. It is an
intermediate process in water purification
system. It is used before Distillation or
Reverse Osmosis unit for partial
purification of water. DIP prevents scaling
and ensures quality WFI
 Methods

. Filtration Methods

Methods Impurities that can be removed

Organic Scavenging device Organic Material, endotoxin
Ultra Filtration Macromolecule, endotoxin
Microbial Retention Filter Microorganism, small particle
Positive Charge Filter Endotoxin
Activated Carbon Bed Low molecular wt. organic materials
Oxidizing additives
Reverse Osmosis All
Filtration
 Activated Carbon filter:

• Activated Carbon filter adsorbs low molecular weight

carbon compounds and oxidizing additives, such as
chlorine. It is important to protect against reaction with
downstream stainless steel surface and membranes.
• Although AC filters reduce chlorine levels, the carbon
provides an environment, which is conducive to the
growth of microorganisms because of the huge surface
area and the ready availability of nutrients. The carbon
bed should be sanitised daily if possible. At a minimum,
the bed should be sanitised weekly. Steam is useful for
disinfecting the AC filters.
• AC filters are also useful in removing organic
contaminants.
Sand and Carbon Filter
Ultrafiltration
 Reverse Osmosis (RO):

• Reverse Osmosis (RO):

• Principle:
• High salt solutions will draw water from low salt
solutions if they are separated by a semi-
permeable membrane, until an equilibrium is
achieved. The height of the column of water that
results is the osmotic pressure. Conversely, if
pressure is applied above the osmotic pressure,
pure water will be driven the other way through
the membrane. This is called reverse osmosis
(RO).
Reverse osmosis (RO) theory
High pressure Low pressure

Semi-permeable
membrane
Feed
water

under Purified water

pressure raw water
Reject

Permeate
water

water

drain or recycle
 Typical 2-stage RO schematic
Water from softener or de-ioniser

Second stage reject water goes back to first stage buffer tank
1st stage buffer tank
Branch First stage RO cartridge
1st stage reject concentrate

Branch

First stage filtrate feeds second stage RO

. excess back to 1st stage buffer tank
with
Air break
to sewer 2nd stage buffer tank
Second stage RO cartridge

High pressure
pump
Cartridge
filter 1 µm Hygienic pump
Second stage RO water
meets Pharmacopoeia Water returns to 1st stage buffer tank
standards Outlets or storage
 Reverse Osmosis (RO):

• Advantages of RO:
• Less chemical handling than ion
exchange
• More effective microbial control than ion
exchange
• Integrity test possible
• Removes most of organic and non-organic
contaminants
• Less energy consumption than distillation
 Reverse Osmosis (RO):

• Disadvantages of RO:
• Water consumption higher than IE unless waste-
water is re-used
• Danger of microbial growth on membrane
• Sterilization/sanitization with steam not possible
• No removal of dissolved gases
• Working at high temperature (>65 °C) only
possible with certain types of
membrane
 Reverse Osmosis (RO):

• Uses of RO:
• Preparation of purified water that meets Pharmacopoeia
specifications
• Feeding of distillation units– prevents scaling and
ensures quality WFI
• Water for Final Rinse
• Water for Injection – only if permitted by local regulations
• Removal of organic contaminants such as endotoxins
• Operation at 80°C possible
• Sterilisation at 121°C possible
 Distillation
• Principle:
• Separation of liquid from solid-liquid mixture or liquid-liquid mixture
by partial vaporization and separate collection of vapor is known as
distillation. Raw water is a mixture of liquid, solid and gases. Boiling
point of water is 1000c. If raw water is heated at 1000c only pure
water evaporates and contaminants are left behind in the reject
water. Vapour is then transferred to a condenser to give
pharmaceutical water.
• Single-effect distillation is the process whereby water is boiled and
the vapour is transferred to a condenser. This is known as a single-
effect still – one boiling pot, one condenser and a collection vessel.
• Multi-effect distillation gives better, more reliable quality PFW and
WFI. Steam is produced and condensed in multiple columns or
“effects”, with the condensate becoming progressively more pure,
thus producing high quality WFI, at better energetical conditions.
 Diatillation
• Advantages:
• Less chemical handling than ion exchange
method.
• More effective microbial control than ion
exchange
• Integrity test possible
• Removes most of organic and non-organic
contaminants
• Sterilization/sanitization with steam is possible
• Removal of dissolved gases
 Distillation
• Disadvantages:
• Water consumption higher than DIP
unless waste-water is re-used
• More energy consumption.
• It is not advisable to use only distillation
plant for the preparation of pharmaceutical
water due to scaling formation. So Pre-
treatments are essential.
 Distillation
• Uses:
• Preparation of purified water that meets
Pharmacopoeia specifications
• Preparation of
• Water for Final Rinse
• Preparation of water for Injection
• Removal of organic contaminants such as
endotoxins
•
 Method

Disinfections

Methods Impurities that can be removed

Heat Microorganism
UV Sterilization Microorganism
Chemical Additives Microorganism
 Disinfectants

• Ozone:
• The chemical formula is O3.This gas is highly unstable,
and is one of the strongest oxidizing agents. It is easily
produced by O3-promoting UV light units, or corona
electricity through O2. It leaves no residue. However,
because it is highly reactive, O3 must be stripped from
the water before the water is used to manufacture
pharmaceuticals. Otherwise it will quickly degrade the
actives. Ozone may be removed by ultraviolet (UV) light
at 254 nanometers, reducing the ozone to oxygen. The
use of Ozone in storage and distribution systems is
growing because of its relatively low capital and
operating costs, compared to hot water generation and
storage.
Ozonator
 Disinfectants

• Chlorine:
• The halogen family of chlorine, bromine
and chloramines is very strong, and these
chemicals are very good disinfectants.
However, residues can cause
considerable corrosion. The by-products
of halogen chemical disinfectants can
cause problems if they are not completely
removed from the water.
 Disinfectants

• Formaldehydes
• Formaldehyde is the principal agent from the
aldehyde family, but glutaraldehyde has also
been used. The latter has a toxic vapour even
at very low levels so its use is not widespread.
The aldehydes have persistent residues, which
can take so long to flush out of the water that the
system becomes re-contaminated. Ensure that
the company conducts tests for residues before
the water is used for manufacturing.
 Disinfectants

• UV light:
• 1.UV light is bactericidal, but water can
attenuate the radiation quickly. The design and
maintenance of the system is important. The
units do not “sterilize” water as is sometimes
claimed; at best the manufacturer can expect
about a 3 log reduction of bacteria for properly
installed and maintained equipment. The lamp
life is often less than 12 months.
UV Light
UV light
 Disinfectants

• Heat:
• Heat is the preferred disinfection method because it is safe,
inexpensive, effective and leaves no residues.
• Heat is one of the most reliable methods used to disinfect water
systems, as the problem with chemical disinfectants is achieving a
balance between the risks from microbial pathogens and disinfection
by-products. It is important to provide protection from microbial
pathogens while simultaneously ensuring that disinfection by-
products do not affect the ultimate product.
• The manufacturer must record the time and temperature of the heat
disinfection cycle: > 60oC for purified water for 1 hour or > 70oC for
WFI, continuous circulation. The contact time must be validated.
The inspector should ask for records of this to verify effective
contact time.
 Typical water storage and distribution schematic
Hydrophobic air filter
Feed Water & burst disc
from
DI or RO Cartridge
filter 1 µm Spray ball

Optional
Water must in-line filter
be kept 0,2 µm

circulating
UV light
Outlets

Heat Exchanger
Ozone Generator Hygienic pump Air break
to drain
Pretreatment –
schematic drawing
float
operated excess water recycled activated
carbon
To water
valve from deioniser
air filter sand filter filter softener &
DI plant
spray ball

Water is kept raw water in break tank

circulating

cartridge
filter
centrifugal pump 5 micrometers
air break to drain

« S” trap to sewer
• Principle:
• Water-treatment plants should be designed, constructed,
maintained and validated so as to ensure the reliable
production of water of an appropriate quality. They
should be operated within their design limits.
• All water-treatment systems, including stills, should be
subject to planned sampling, testing, inspection and
monitoring.
• Water should be produced, stored and distributed so as
to prevent microbial growth. This can be achieved, for
example, by constant circulation at 70°C or at not more
than 4°C.
• Components of Water Treatment plant:
• There are various components of a water
treatment plants:
• Raw water collection, storage
• Pre-treatment: Chemical additives, AC filter, Sand
Filter, Water softer
• Main treatment: DIP, DP, ROP
• Post treatment: UV, Cartridge Filter
• Storage & Distribution
 Storage and distribution
• Storage and distribution of Pharmaceutical Water
• The storage of highly purified water types is critical
because of the risk of re-contamination by micro-
organisms and other contaminants.
• Good design elements include:
• Closed system with continuous re-circulation at 1-2 (or
more) linear metres per second;
• Hydrophobic vent filters, which can be sterilized and
integrity-tested;
• Burst disc if tank is heated, to prevent the tank collapsing
as it cools; Recirculation via spray ball, to ensure the
tank lid is wet with moving water;
 Storage and distribution
• In-line disinfection, by periodic heating,
ozonization or UV;
• Air breaks to drains;
• In-line 0.2 micrometer filter to “polish” the
water in purified water systems
• WFI storage, which must be 70oC or
above, and preferably above 80oC. (No
ozone and filtration in WfI storage and
distribution systems).
 Summary
• State what has been
learned
• Define ways to apply
training
• Request feedback of
training session

1/5/2011 96
WATER DISTILLATION PLANT

1/5/2011 97
Pretreatment –
schematic drawing
float
operated excess water recycled activated
carbon
To water
valve from deioniser
air filter sand filter filter softener &
DI plant
spray ball

Water is kept raw water in break tank

circulating

cartridge
filter
centrifugal pump 5 micrometers
air break to drain

« S” trap to sewer
Water Softener – schematic drawing
"soft" water to deioniser
by pass valve

brine and salt tank

zeolite water softener

-exchanges
brine
-Ca and Mg for Na

"hard" water
in

drain
 Typical de-ionizer schematic
from water softener
HCl NaOH

6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

Water
must be Cationic column Anionic column Cartridge Cartridge
kept UV light filter 5 µm filter 1 µm

circulating Eluates to Ozone generator

neutralization
plant
Hygienic pump
Return to de-ioniser

Outlets or storage.
Drain line

Air break to sewer

Reverse osmosis (RO) theory
High pressure Low pressure

Semi-permeable
membrane
Feed
water

under Purified water

pressure raw water
Reject

Permeate
water

water

drain or recycle
 Typical 2-stage RO schematic
Water from softener or de-ioniser

Second stage reject water goes back to first stage buffer tank
1st stage buffer tank
Branch First stage RO cartridge
1st stage reject concentrate

Branch

First stage filtrate feeds second stage RO

. excess back to 1st stage buffer tank
with
Air break
to sewer 2nd stage buffer tank
Second stage RO cartridge

High pressure
pump
Cartridge
filter 1 µm Hygienic pump
Second stage RO water
meets Pharmacopoeia Water returns to 1st stage buffer tank
standards Outlets or storage
 Typical water storage and distribution schematic
Hydrophobic air filter
Feed Water & burst disc
from
DI or RO Cartridge
filter 1 µm Spray ball

Optional
Water must in-line filter
be kept 0,2 µm

circulating
UV light
Outlets

Heat Exchanger
Ozone Generator Hygienic pump Air break
to drain
INCORRECT WATER TREATMENT PLANT
MODIFIED WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Softner
Sand and Carbon Filter
Distillation Plant
Ozonator
Ultrafiltration
DIP