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Math 1190 – Calculus I
Ken Keating
Kennesaw State University
Chapter 1
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Chapter 1 1 / 33

Table of Contents
1 Preface
2 Section 1.1
3 Section 1.2
4 Section 1.3
5 Section 1.4
6 Section 1.6
7 Section 1.7
8 Section 1.8

What is Calculus?

What is Calculus?
According to Wikipedia:
Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, func-

tions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. . . . It has
two major branches, differential calculus and integral calcu-
lus, which are related by the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geome-
try is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and
their application to solving equations. . . . Calculus has widespread
applications in science, economics, and engineering and can solve
many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.

Section 1.1 – Functions and Their Graphs
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 4 / 33
Definition
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) element f (x) ∈ Y to each element x ∈ D.
Definition
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) element f (x) ∈ Y to each element x ∈ D.
Functions pass the vertical line test
Relations that fail the vertical line test can be analyzed piecewise
I e.g. a circle
I e.g. a circle
Types of functions
I e.g. a circle
Types of functions
I piecewise-defined
I increasing/decreasing
I odd/even
I linear
I power
I polynomial
I rational
I algebraic
I trigonometric
I exponential
I logarithmic
I transcendental
Section 1.2 – Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling
Graphs
Graphs

f
(f + g )(x), (f − g )(x), (fg )(x), (x), including domain
g
Graphs

f
g
(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)), including domain
Graphs

f
g
shifts: y = f (x) + k (vertical) , y = f (x + h) (horizontal)
Graphs

f
g
scaling: y = cf (x) (vertical) , y = f (cx) (horizontal)
Graphs

f
g
scaling: y = cf (x) (vertical) , y = f (cx) (horizontal)
reflecting: y = −f (x) (x-axis) , y = f (−x) (y-axis)
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
rise change in y y2 − y1 ∆y
Recall slope = = = =
run change in x x2 − x1 ∆x
rise change in y y2 − y1 ∆y
Recall slope = = = =
run change in x x2 − x1 ∆x
ex: linear function – note ∆y and ∆x
ex: quadratic function
Note: slope of secant line between

P and Q = average rate of change
between P and Q
Definition
The average rate of change of y = f (x) with respect to x over the interval
[x1 , x2 ] is
∆y f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) f (x1 + h) − f (x1 )

= = , h 6= 0
∆x x2 − x1 h
Definition
[x1 , x2 ] is
∆y f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) f (x1 + h) − f (x1 )

= = , h 6= 0
∆x x2 − x1 h
So we know we can find the slope of the line between any two points P
and Q on a curve. What about the slope of the curve at any given
point?
Definition
[x1 , x2 ] is
∆y f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) f (x1 + h) − f (x1 )

= = , h 6= 0
∆x x2 − x1 h
So we know we can find the slope of the line between any two points P
and Q on a curve. What about the slope of the curve at any given
point?
It’s reasonable (and correct, as we’ll see later this semester) to associate
the slope of the line tangent to a point on a curve with the slope of the
curve at that point.
As Q moves closer to P,
the slope of the secant line between P and Q approaches the slope of
the tangent line at P
the length of ∆x = h gets closer to 0
the length of ∆x = h gets closer to 0
the average rate of change between P and Q approaches the
instantaneous rate of change at P
ex: (p.23 #10) Find the slope of the curve at the given point P and find
the equation of the tangent line at P.
y = 5 − x 2 , P(1, 4)
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Before defining what a limit is, let’s look at an example and try to
determine what the function values are approaching as x → 1.
f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0
f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0
f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1
f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0
f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1
f (1) = undefined f (1) = 1 f (1) = 2
f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0
f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1
f (1) = undefined f (1) = 1 f (1) = 2
as x → 1, y → 2 as x → 1, y → 2 as x → 1, y → 2
Definition
Let f (x) be defined on an open interval about x0 , except possibly at x0
itself. If f (x) is arbitrarily close to L for all x sufficiently close to x0 , we
say that f approaches the limit L as x approaches x0 , and we write
lim f (x) = L.
x→x0
Definition
itself. If f (x) is arbitrarily close to L for all x sufficiently close to x0 , we
say that f approaches the limit L as x approaches x0 , and we write
lim f (x) = L.
x→x0
Definition (formal – as given in Sec. 1.5)

itself. We say that the limit of f(x) as x approaches x0 is the number
L, and write
lim f (x) = L,
x→x0
if, for every number > 0, there exists a corresponding number δ > 0 such
that for all x,
0 < |x − x0 | < δ ⇒ |f (x) − L| < .
Note, functions may have point(s) where the limit does NOT exist:
(a) jumps
(a) jumps
(b) grows too large to have a limit
(a) jumps
(b) grows too large to have a limit
(c) oscillates too much to have a limit
One common task we’ll have is to find the value of the limit (assuming it
exists). To do this we’ll need to make use of ”limit laws”. First, however,
we present a few special cases.
f is a constant function, i.e., f (x) = k
lim f (x) = lim k = k
x→x0 x→x0
x→x0 x→x0
f is the identity function, i.e., f (x) = x
x→x0 x→x0
lim f (x) = lim x = x0
x→x0 x→x0
x→x0 x→x0
lim f (x) = lim x = x0
x→x0 x→x0
Now, our ”limit laws”:
In addition to our ”limit laws”, there are some theorems that will help us
quickly compute limits.
Theorem (Limits of Polynomials)

If P(x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + · · · + a0 , then
lim P(x) = P(c) = an c n + an−1 c n−1 + · · · + a0 .

x→c
Theorem (Limits of Polynomials)

If P(x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + · · · + a0 , then
lim P(x) = P(c) = an c n + an−1 c n−1 + · · · + a0 .

x→c
In other words, to compute the limit as x approaches c of a polynomial,

simply plug c in for x in the polynomial!
Theorem (Limits of Rational Functions)
If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(c) 6= 0, then
P(x) P(c)
lim = .
x→c Q(x) Q(c)
P(x) P(c)
lim = .
x→c Q(x) Q(c)
Like we did for polynomials, if we need to compute the limit as x

approaches c of a rational function, we just plug c in for x in both the
numerator and denominator.
P(x) P(c)
lim = .
x→c Q(x) Q(c)
Like we did for polynomials, if we need to compute the limit as x

approaches c of a rational function, we just plug c in for x in both the
numerator and denominator.
Note in the statement of the theorem the phrase ”and Q(c) 6= 0”. If, in
fact, we DO have Q(c) = 0, there are some techniques we can employ to
try to compute the limit. These will be presented by example after we
present the next two theorems.
Theorem (The Sandwich, or Squeeze, Theorem)
Suppose that g (x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x) for all x in some open interval
containing c, except possibly at x = c itself. Suppose also that
lim g (x) = lim h(x) = L.

x→c x→c
Then limx→c f (x) = L.
Theorem (The Sandwich, or Squeeze, Theorem)
Suppose that g (x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x) for all x in some open interval
containing c, except possibly at x = c itself. Suppose also that
lim g (x) = lim h(x) = L.

x→c x→c
Then limx→c f (x) = L.
Suppose we don’t know to compute the limit as x approaches c of the

function f . If we know that f is always between two other functions, g
and h, whose limits as x approaches c both equal L, then we are
guaranteed that the limit as x approaches c of the function f is also L.
Theorem
If f (x) ≤ g (x) for all x in some open interval containing c, except possibly
at x = c itself, and the limits of f and g both exist as x approaches c, then
lim f (x) ≤ lim g (x).

x→c x→c
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
”Toolbox” Summary – When computing lim f (x):
x→c
first try plugging c in for x
simplify f (x) by canceling common factors, then take the limit
multiply numerator and denominator of f (x) by the ”conjugate”,
simplify f (x), then take the limit
when all else fails, make a table of values letting x get closer and
closer to c (from both sides) and see if you can determine if f (x) is
approaching a real number L
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
x→c
x→c
x→c
x→c −
limits
as x → 0
x→c
x→c
x→c
x→c −
limits
as x → 0
x→c
x→c
x→c
x→c −
limits
as x → 0
x→c
x→c
x→c
x→c −
limits
as x → 0
x→c
x→c
x→c
x→c −
limits
as x → 0
x→c
x→c
x→c
x→c −
limits
as x → 0
x→c
x→c
x→c
x→c −
limits
as x → 0
lim f (x) = DNE

x→0
lim f (x) = DNE

x→0
lim f (x) =
x→0−
lim f (x) = DNE

x→0
lim f (x) = 0
x→0−
lim f (x) = DNE

x→0
lim f (x) = 0
x→0−
lim f (x) =
x→0+
lim f (x) = DNE

x→0
lim f (x) = 0
x→0−
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+
lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

x→0 x→0
lim f (x) = 0
x→0−
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+

x→0 x→0
lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) =

x→0− x→0−
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+

x→0 x→0
lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE

x→0− x→0−
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+

x→0 x→0

x→0− x→0−
lim f (x) = 1 lim f (x) =

x→0+ x→0+

x→0 x→0

x→0− x→0−

x→0+ x→0+
lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

x→0 x→0 x→0

x→0− x→0−

x→0+ x→0+

x→0 x→0 x→0
lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) =

x→0− x→0− x→0−

x→0+ x→0+

x→0 x→0 x→0
lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = 0

x→0− x→0− x→0−

x→0+ x→0+

x→0 x→0 x→0

x→0− x→0− x→0−
lim f (x) = 1 lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) =

x→0+ x→0+ x→0+

x→0 x→0 x→0

x→0− x→0− x→0−
lim f (x) = 1 lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

x→0+ x→0+ x→0+
One-sided limits are related to (two-sided) limits in the following way:
Theorem
A function f (x) has a limit as x approaches c if and only if it has left-hand
and right-hand limits there and these one-sided limits are equal:
lim f (x) = L ⇐⇒ lim f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L.

x→c x→c − x→c +
One-sided limits are related to (two-sided) limits in the following way:
Theorem
A function f (x) has a limit as x approaches c if and only if it has left-hand
and right-hand limits there and these one-sided limits are equal:
lim f (x) = L ⇐⇒ lim f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L.

x→c x→c − x→c +
The ”if and only if” (⇐⇒) in this theorem means:

if lim f (x) = L, then both one-sided limits exist and are equal to L
x→c
if both one-sided limits exist and are equal to L, then lim f (x) = L
x→c
The power of this theorem is in the second bullet. Let’s see it action.
Theorem
sin θ
lim =1 (θin radians)
θ→0 θ
To prove the theorem we are going to show that both the left-hand
and right-hand limits are equal to 1.
We’ll employ concepts from algebra, geometry, and trigonometry, as
well as calculus, in the proof.
Recall:
1
I area of a triangle = bh
2
I area of a circle = πr 2
I radians in a circle = 2π
θ 1
I area of a sector = · πr 2 = r 2 θ
2π 2
opposite
I tan θ =
adjacent
x
I measured in radians, sin θ =
r
Notes:
the circle is a unit circle
π
0<θ<
2
1
area ∆OAP = sin θ
2
1
area sector OAP = θ
2
1
area ∆OAT = tan θ
2
Proof.
area ∆OAP < area sector OAP < area ∆OAT
1
2 sin θ < 12 θ < 1
2 tan θ
1
divide each term by 2 sin θ (a positive #, so inequality signs unchanged)
θ 1
1< sin θ < cos θ
take the reciprocal of each term (reverses the inequality signs)

sin θ
1> θ > cos θ
Since limθ→0+ 1 = 1 and limθ→0+ cos θ = 1, by the Sandwich Theorem

limθ→0+ sinθ θ = 1. Also, since sin θ and θ are both odd functions, sinθ θ is an
even function, so limθ→0− sinθ θ = limθ→0+ sinθ θ . Thus, limθ→0 sinθ θ = 1.
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
Section 1.7 – Continuity
Section 1.8 – Limits Involving Infinity

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Math 1190 – Calculus I

Kennesaw State University

Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Chapter 1 1 / 33

Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Chapter 1 2 / 33

Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Chapter 1 3 / 33

Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, func-

Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Chapter 1 3 / 33

Note: slope of secant line between

∆y f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) f (x1 + h) − f (x1 )

∆y f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) f (x1 + h) − f (x1 )

∆y f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) f (x1 + h) − f (x1 )

f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0

f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0

f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1

f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0

f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1

f (1) = undefined f (1) = 1 f (1) = 2

f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0 f (−1) = 0

f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1

f (1) = undefined f (1) = 1 f (1) = 2

Definition (formal – as given in Sec. 1.5)

Now, our ”limit laws”:

Theorem (Limits of Polynomials)

lim P(x) = P(c) = an c n + an−1 c n−1 + · · · + a0 .

Theorem (Limits of Polynomials)

lim P(x) = P(c) = an c n + an−1 c n−1 + · · · + a0 .

In other words, to compute the limit as x approaches c of a polynomial,

Like we did for polynomials, if we need to compute the limit as x

Like we did for polynomials, if we need to compute the limit as x

lim g (x) = lim h(x) = L.

Then limx→c f (x) = L.

lim g (x) = lim h(x) = L.

Then limx→c f (x) = L.

Suppose we don’t know to compute the limit as x approaches c of the

lim f (x) ≤ lim g (x).

lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) =

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 1 lim f (x) =

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 1 lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 1 lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) =

lim f (x) = 1 lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = 0

lim f (x) = 1 lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = DNE

lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = DNE lim f (x) = 0