Mechanisms of allergic reactions.

Role of nervous system in an allergic inflammation.

But V. I.
Physiological department
IEM RAMS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
butvit.land.ru
vit.but@mail.ru

«But which snake has written this script of the mechanism?»

V. Pelevin, 2003.

Importance of questions of the mechanism of an allergy cannot be

overestimated. Up to 60 % of the population are a allergy man to one or
several products. In the USA a allergy man is possible to meet almost in
each family [1]. People have symptoms of an allergy which they at all do
not count its symptoms. Patients speak: « I think, that all have a diarrhea
when they will drink fresh milk ». Studying of mechanisms of an allergy
is complicated with that circumstance, what not at all people the allergy is
shown. Not clearly, whether it is connected to a various genotype and
enzyme reactions or with age changes, as, for example, at reactions to
milk.
The role of vegetative nervous system in allergic reactions is
investigated not enough. Supervision concern to such works of
occurrence allergic reactions to a sting of a bee, reflex allergic reactions
to a mention of stress (occurrence of spots on a skin). There are
supervision about an allergy on a daylight, a cold, intellectual exhaustion
[1]. These reactions are carried out at participation of vegetative nervous
system. Participates sympathetic system and vagus system.
Some authors count an allergy («other reaction» from greec algos –
other, ergon – reaction) the increased sensitivity external ecological
factors: to smells, foodstuff, medicinal substances, temperature of air, a
sunlight, etc. Different people have various stability to these factors,
tolerance which can be reduced with the years [2].
SH. Felten [1] supervision that allergic, « other reactions » can be
and without participation of antibodies. In the circuit SH. Felten is
disassembled the mechanism of formation hystamine. The majority of
allergic reactions is listed.
 The circuit of the mechanism of allergic reactions

The allergy without participation Ig The allergy caused Ig

Food
Mould
Chemical, medicines, Dust
aspirin, Corpulent cells Sting
Washing-up liquids, or basophilic Pollen
cells
Animal,
Food additives, insects,
Physical factors
Cold, heat, solar light
Infections
Physical loading
Emotions
Emission of intermediaries of an allergy
( histamine etc.)
histamine from food

Reactions of an organism
Vegetative nervous system

Edema Hypertension Mucus Inflammation Other illnesses

muscular tone
Hives Bronchial Cold, Arthritis Migraine
asthma, Sneezing, Bronchitis Headaches
Enuresis, Cough Dermatitis Itch
Kidneys and Rhinitis Nausea
hepatic pains Sinusitis Diarrhea
Stenocardia Enterocolitis Fatigue

If we shall break vegetative system on vagus system and sympathetic

system would be possible to add to this scheme the follows:
 Histamine

Reaction of vegetative nervous system at an allergy

vagus system sympathetic system

smooth muscles vessels

Diseases

Inflammation

Bronchospasm, Rhinitis, enterocolitis,

Hepatic, kidney pains dermatitis etc.
etc.
The mechanism of allergic reactions is a copy of the mechanism of
change of "reactance" of body. It is similar to the mechanism trophic to
function of nervous system. At infringement of the trophic mechanism
function of body is broken also, there is its dystrophy [10], as at an
allergy.
1. The first phase of allergic reactions - reaction antigen-antibody
carries the name immunology phase.
2. The second phase – a phase of emission histamine and others
substances carries the name pathochemical phase.
3. The third phase of reactions – a phase of influence mediators
allergic reactions carries the name pathophysiology phase [9].
The pathophysiology phase of allergic reaction of an inflammation
occurs the participation neurons, innervate blood vessels of body.
In the first phase distinguish reactions of immediate type (anaphylactic
shock). And the slowed type ( chronic diseases of kidneys, rheumatism,
экземы, etc.) [9].
The pathophysiology phase of the allergic reaction of an
inflammation occurs at participation neurons of the segmental spinal
cord, innervated blood vessels of body. In it distinguish the various
diseases named as an allergy diseases (see the scheme).
It is necessary to emphasize, that on our supervision and on
supervision of other authors, on allergen, it is possible to develop a
conditioned reflex. One mention of an exit on cold air can cause a
bronchospasm. Conversation about hives can cause occurrence nettle-
rash. The attack bilious stab can be and after removal of a bilious bubble
[1]. Participation of nervous system in occurrence of allergic (other)
reaction is doubtless.
However not all authors adhere to such circuit. A part of authors the
reactions proceeding without participation of immune system, name a
pseudo-allergy ("pseudo other reaction»), food intolerance. It brings
terminological misclassification .
The food intolerance meets at 70 % of adults and at 50 % of children
[4.]
The basic in a pathology of allergic reactions – occurrence of surplus
histamine in blood which through vegetative system starts reaction in
shock body.
In the scheme of the mechanism of an allergy is added with two
important moments .
In the first, occurrence histamine in blood can be caused by direct its
hit from food that is in detail described in work J. Joneja. Histamine ,
contained in food, it is kept at thermal processing. It is important to
note, that in this case occurrence superfluous histamine in blood is not
connected to corpulent cells in blood, with immunology reactions.
At allergy mans processes destruction histamine are broken. The
same happens at a dysbacteriosis, a tuberculosis, a cirrhosis of a liver, at
long reception antibiotics.
Damage of cells with allocation histamine is observed and at influence
on an organism of various physical factors: high and low temperatures,
radiation, ultra-violet radiation. Damage of cells(cages) can be at
influence of chemical agents: solvents, medical products (penicillin),
components of beer poison, etc.
In the second, allergic reaction hives , the cold, allergic
inflammations are shown at participation of vegetative system. These
moments have been added in the circuit.
Let's consider decrease of stability to such allergenic factor as a cold.
This phenomenon name cold hives: the body becomes covered by a rash,
it can arise and at immersing a hand in cold water [1].
Cold test on reactance to a cold is described in A.M. Potyomkinoj's
work [5]. Thus the test tube with a piece of ice is put to palm surfaces of a
forearm for 10 minutes and fastens bandage or an adhesive plaster.
Reaction is estimated in 5 minutes after removal of a test tube.
Occurrence of an allergic bronchial asthma on cooling of legs
alongside with allocation phlegm for a long time is known at patients
with a bronchial asthma. Occurrence on a cold wind of compressing
pains in the field of heart also is allergic, «other» reaction to a cold. The
arthritis, inflammatory diseases in various bodies for a long time are
known. « To the mechanism locus minoris resistentiae corresponds
functional changes of excitability in the spinal cord nervous system,
usually remaining compensated ». Infringements of indemnification, for
example, at stress, cause an aggravation of disease, including allergic
disease. It is caused by infringement of trophic function sympathetic
system fibers.
Allergic inflammatory reaction frequently, as well as forming of a
conditioned reflex, demands recurrence irritant, i.e. in the nervous centers
there is a memory about previous irritant.
Some people have a stability to a cold: the low temperature does not
cause neither a rash, nor a bronchial asthma, neither a stenocardia, nor a
cold. The cold at them does not arise and at immersing by a foot in water
of room temperature. Cooling of a skin of hands by water of room
temperature, for example at washing utensils, at the majority of people
also does not cause hives and a cold. Though there are patients such
symptoms.
Allergic reactions to a cold as an inflammation of organ (a skin, a
bronchial tree, a mucous pharynx, conjunctivas eyes, etc.), as is known,
proceed at participation of vegetative nervous system. « The
inflammation - the special form of infringement of blood circulation and
vascular permeability in a combination to the phenomena of dystrophy. In
development of an inflammation, it is especial at early stages, nervous
reflex mechanisms plays a leading role ». The cold provokes occurrence
allergic reaction of an inflammation as a pneumonia. Pneumococcus at a
pneumonia are found only in 5-10 % of cases.
Inflammation including allergic, it is provoked and adjusted by the
centers of vegetative nervous system, the centers sympathetic system
regulating a tone of smooth muscles of vessels. The inflammation, can
arise on a symmetric site of a skin, without the provoking microbes factor
[A.R. Kirichinsky, p.]. As an example the sympathetic inflammation of a
healthy symmetric eye in reply to damage and an inflammation of the
first. It is possible to think, that it is connected to change of trophic
function sympathetic fibber’s under influence of irritation from the
inflamed symmetric eye. « The essence of process consists in
pathological function of nervous system of a spinal cord segment » [8].
As is known, vegetative fibers have tonic pulse activity which
supports function of organs, is for it trophic (L.O. Orbeli). Neurons have
not only pulse activity, but also trophic, medical function [10]. Allergic
reactions at participation histamine change pulse activity of the centers. It
has been earlier shown, that гистамин changes pulse activity in fibers of
vegetative system [7]. Change of impulse activity of vegetative fibers
under influence of allergens and histamine can cause an inflammation of
a skin, mucous a nose and a bronchial tree, etc. Which are allergenic
agent.
 Not only the fatigue (I.M. Setchenov), not only forming of a
conditioned reflex (I.P. Pavlov), but also an allergic inflammation is
developed in connection with change of mutual relations in the centers
of nervous system. As is known, medical influence on the vegetative
centers is carried out by reflex methods of physiotherapy, acupuncture,
etc.

Resume

The allergy (« other reaction ») is pathological reaction of an organs

carried out at participation of the centers of vegetative nervous system.
Development of inflammatory diseases on symmetric sites of a body
proves participation segment neurons in development of "inflammatory"
diseases with infringement sympathetic innervating smooth muscles of
vessels. The similar situation develops and in a third pathophysiology
phase of allergic inflammatory reaction of a fabrics and organs.
Basic "character" of the majority of allergic reactions is histamine. At
allergic man process of destruction histamine is broken.
However it is possible to develop allergic reaction and as a
conditioned reflex.
The scheme of the mechanism of allergic reactions call to attention.

Literature

1. S.Felten, The Allergy self-help book, М., 1995.

2. Shvalyov V.N., etc., Morphological bases enervation hearts, M., 1991.
3. Joneja J.M. Dietary Management of Allergies and Intolerance.
Vancouver, 1998.
4. Lifljandskij D.G., Feed against illnesses. St. Petersburg, 1992.
5. Potyomkina A.M., Diagnostics and treatment of allergic reactions at
children, Kazan, 1990.
6. Kirichinskij A.R., Reflex physiotherapy, Kiev, 1959.
7. But V.I., Change of activity inspiration neurons vagus nerves under
action of pharmacological substances, Phisil. journal, 52, 6, 1966.
8. Arhangelskij V.N., The Sympathetic inflammation and neurogenic
factor in the mechanism of transfer of disease from the first eye on the
second. Bullitin ophthalmology, т.7., 6, 737, 1935.
9. Dobronravov A.V., Invalid nutrition at an allergy, Moscow, 2001.
10. Azhipa J.I., Trophic function of nervous system, М., 1990.