Multiple Choice Wave motion

a. Superposition: Constructive interference when a crest meets crest or trough meets through which causes an increase in the wave.

b. Polarization: light is 3D because you put one polarizer over light and it still shows then a second one the opposite direction and it is dark.

c. Refraction: incident medium speed and wavelength are the same the amplitude is less. Refracted medium wavelength and speed are either both smaller or both larger and
amplitude is less.

d. Interference: constructive and destructive (see superposition)

e. Doppler Effect: the change in frequency and wavelength when a wave moves relative to the observer.
Light
a. Concave mirror/ convex lens:
Equations: |do/di|=so/si 1/ do+1/ di=2/r=1/f do: distance of object from mirror di:= for real –for virtual f:= for concave – convex so:size of object si: size of image
Image characteristics: erect/inverted larger/smaller/equal real/virtual
Find the Focal Point: F=1/2C
b. Plane Mirror:
Image characteristics: Virtual, erect, equal
Law or Reflection: from the point make 2 lines find the angles then make the reflections, from the reflections you can find where the virtual image is located.
c. Refraction
Snell’s Law: ni(sin i)=nr(sin r), V=(3x108)/n Nglass:1.52 Nwater:1.33 Nair:1
Critical angle: angle of incidence that has an angle of refraction of 90o sin ic=nr/ni
Total internal reflection: when ni>nr and when i>ic
d. Interference: For a point on the nth maximum (bright spot) the path difference from that point (p) to the point S1 and S2
Diffraction: Huygens Principle where a nodal line is divided into even # and a maximum is in an odd #.
Electrostatics
a. Properties: Like charges repel/unlike charges attract, charged objects and uncharged objects attract each other, electrons are in motion
b. Coulomb’s Law: F=kQ1Q2/r2 Q1Q2:charges 1 coulomb=6.2x1018 k:9x109nm2/c2 F is in N which is 1/4lbs
c. Inverse-squared law: the distance is inversed squared
Electricity
a. Factors affecting resistance: Material of wire (ρ), length of wire, and area of the wire
b. Circuit Analysis
Series: same current goes through each resistor, V splits up Vt=V1+V2+V3, and Rt=R1+R2+R3
Parallel: current splits It=I1+I2, equivalent resistors 1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
c. Simplifying resistors: Rt=R1+R2+R3 1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
d. Ohm’s Law: 1 ohm (Ω)=volts/amps or r=v/i
Electromagnetism
a. Left Hand Rules: Closed left hand to find direction of magnetic field and open left hand rule to find direction of force, current
b. F=IBL: I current, L length, B field strength F=qvB: Force acting on a free charge q moving at a speed of v in a field strength of B
c. Force between parallel wires: anti-parallel currents produce parallel fields that repel and parallel currents make anti-parallel fields that attract
d. Lenz’ Law & electromagnetic induction:

Open-Ended
1. Standing Waves
a. Math Models: n-nodes; String: L=(n-1/2)ƛ closed pipe: L=(2n-1/4) ƛ open pipe: L=(n/2) ƛ

b. Drawings: String: Closed pipe: Open pipe:

2. Snell’s Law:
a. Math models: (sin i)=nr(sin r), V=(3x108)/n Nglass:1.52 Nwater:1.33 Nair:1
3. Interference Pattern:
a. Math models: ƛ=(xnd)/(nL) Δx= ƛL/d p-point on an antinode, xn distance from p to center, d distance between point sources, L distance from p to middle of point
sources, n is the nodal line Δx is width of an antinode.
b. Effects of changing variables: D increases # of nodal lines increase, ƛ increases # of nodal lines decreases, ƛ increase nodal lines are wider
4. Coulomb’s Law/Electric Field/ Electric potential energy

a. Determine electric field strength/draw field lines

b. Determine electric force: F=kQ1Q2/r2 Q1Q2:charges 1 coulomb=6.2x1018 k:9x109nm2/c2 F is in N which is 1/4lbs and the inverse squared law
c. Determine whether electric potential energy increase or decrease: If the object is moving in a direction that it doesn’t want to go then its potential difference
increase. Ex: if the 2 objects are positive and they are moved closer together the potential energy will increase.
Quantity Symbol Unit 5. Ohm’s Law:
Force F N
Period/time T sec
Frequency f Hz
a. b. current is x, voltage is y
Velocity v m/sec
Determine R from graph: choose 2 points and plug them in y2-
b.
Energy KE,PE J y1/x2-x1
Work W J c. Sources of error: voltmeter/ammeter is off, resistor is wrong,
Power P W graphing wrong, using wrong points
Wavelength ƛ m 6. Design an Experiment:
Electric field E N/C Will be one of these
a. Demonstrate the principle of electromagnetic induction: Need
Voltage V V
a solenoid and something to move electrons to make a magnetic
Current I A field ( bar magnet, battery)
Resistance R Ω b. Determine he speed of sound: Using a test tube, water and a
Magnetic field B T tuning fork find when the sound is made
Charge Q C c. Determine the focal length of a curved mirror/ convex lens: by
focusing the mirror/lens on a distant object the only light that can
Index of refraction n --
get in is light that is parallel
d. Determine the index of refraction of an optical medium: Plotting lines at certain angles. Then shine a laser pointer at those angles and
find the angle of refraction which will get you the index of refraction through the equation.