Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented by:
Submitted to:
Pro.Jallavi panchamiya
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 1
Power
• Definition of Power:
Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so
that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes.
For example:
In our college we want to get MBA degree and only sources to get degree is
faculty who teaches that course so he has power over the students.
For Example:
You need money for doing MBA and your parents provide finance to you so
your parents have power over you but when you have a job and earn
handsome good income then this is power is reduced.
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 2
Bases of Power
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 3
1. Formal Power:
Formal power bases are derived from the power holders position in an
organization that means the person receives these power bases because of the
specific authority he is assigned in an organization.
There are three type of formal powers:
a. Coercive Power:
The coercive power base is dependent on fear that means the capacity
to influence others through the ability to apply punishment.
One reacts to this power out of fear of negative results that might occur if
one failed to comply.
For Example:
Managers have coercive power through their authority to suspend or
dismiss employees.
b. Reward Power:
People comply with the wishes of another because doing so produces
positive benefits one who can distribute reward that others view as valuable
will have power over those others
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 4
c. Coercive power and reward power are actually counter parts of
each other. If you can remove something of positive value from
or if you can give someone something of negative value. You
have coercive power over that person and if you can give
someone something of positive value or remove something of
negative value you reward power over that person.
For Example:
In organization subordinated or employees have power over their bosses
2. Legitimate Power:
a. Position of authority include both coercive and reward powers.
b. Legitimate power is broader than the coercive and reward
power.
c. It include acceptance by members in an organization of the
authority of a position.
For Example:
In an organization managers have a right to require employee to perform
different tasks.
d. Personal Power
Personal power is the power that comes from an individual’s own
characteristics
e. It is not necessary to have formal position in an organization to
have power
Two bases of personal power:
1. Expertise power
2. Referent power
1. Expert Power
Expert power comes from within the person
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 5
It is an individual’s capacity to influence others by possessing
knowledge that they want
For example:
Professors in a college give special knowledge to the students that they
want
Doctors, computer specialist, tax accounts.
2. Referent Power
• Influence based on possession by an individual of desirable
resources
• Referent power is typically associated with charismatic leadership
• Charisma is defined as a form of interpersonal attraction whereby
followers develop a respect for a trust in the charismatic individual
For example:
Amitabh bachhan have the power to influence your choice of chocolates
• Generally the personal powers are most effective both referent and
expert power are positively related to employees satisfaction with
supervision their organizational commitment and their performance.
• Whereas reward and legitimate power are unrelated to these outcomes
and coercive power is negatively related to employees satisfaction and
commitments.
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 6
• Dependency: key to power
• Importance :
if you possess the thing that is having least importance to
others that thing will not give you any power to you , but the
thing that is having the most importance among others that
thing gives power to you because you are having the thing that
others want to possess but some what reason or problem they
are not having that thing and that thing is at top in the list of
their priority of importance.such things make you to make other
dependent on you
.
Exa-there are various department in any organization in these
departments their HOD (Head Of Department)are having importance
because everybody under HOD is employees
• Scarcity:
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 7
As noted previously, if something is plentiful, possession of it
will not increase your power. A resources needs to be perceived as scarce to
create dependency.
opec countries are having large amount of petroleum but other countries are
having small amount of petroleum, opec have power to change the price
because other countries are dependent on opec for petroleum.
• Nonsubstitutability:
if there are fewer substitute of the source that source holds power,&
others will have to be dependent on that source because they have no other
alternative. thus the more options available the less power that source have.
Example:
A lawyer that has high rank among other lawyers, that
lawyer has power on his clients.
A publication has a copyright to public of a book, so that
publication has power.
.
POWER TACTICS
• Legitimacy :-
• Rational persuasion :-
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 8
• Inspirational appeals :-
• Consultation :-
• Exchange :-
• Personal appeals :-
• Ingratiation :-
• Pressure :-
• Coalitions :-
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 9
Tactical Dimensions:
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 10
• Destructive coalitions: Informal sub-groups operating behind the
scenes promoting self interest and private agenda that differ from
organization interest
Influencing
Influencing
Downwards
Upwards
Reason
+
Reason
Assertiveness
Coalition
Popularity
Friendliness
Friendliness
Coalition
Bargaining
Bargaining
Assertiveness
Higher Authority
Higher Authority
Sanctions
-
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 11
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
The origin……
• Most studies confirm that the concept of power is central to
understanding sexual harassment.
• Mostly the harassment comes from a supervisor, a co-worker, or
even an employee.
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 12
• The supervisor-employee is the best characterizes of an unequal
power, by the use of the formal power gives the supervisor the
capacity to reward and coerce.
The Circumstances…
• The supervisor gives employees their assignments, evaluate their
performance, make recommendations for salary adjustments and
promotions and even they decide the job retains or not.
• As all the employees want favorable performance reviews, salary
increases and the preference.
• Because of Power inequities, sexual harassment by one’s boss
typically creates the greatest difficulty for those who are being
harassed, especially the female employees.
• Because the supervisor’s control over resources, many of those who
are harassed are afraid of speaking out for fear of retaliation by the
supervisor.
• The harassment also comes from the co-workers, as the work is
allotted in teams
• By the use of the traditional gender stereotypes
• which reflects the negatively on the woman in power.
•
At the end….
Skpimcs/O.B./Power 13