Congestive Heart Failure

CHF
Definition

Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), means your heart can't
pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. Over time, conditions such as
coronary artery disease or high blood pressure gradually leave your heart too weak or
stiff to fill and pump efficiently.

You can't reverse many conditions that lead to heart failure, but heart failure can often
be treated with good results. Medications can improve the signs and symptoms of
heart failure and lead to improved survival. Lifestyle changes, such as exercising,
reducing salt intake, managing stress, treating depression, and especially losing excess
weight, also can help prevent fluid buildup and improve your quality of life.

The best way to prevent heart failure is to control risk factors and aggressively manage any underlying
conditions such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or obesity.

Symptoms

Heart failure typically develops slowly and is a chronic, long-term condition, although
you may experience a sudden onset of symptoms, known as acute heart failure. The
term "congestive heart failure" comes from blood backing up into — or congesting —
the liver, abdomen, lower extremities and lungs.

Some of the signs and symptoms for chronic and acute heart failure are:
Type of heart failure
Signs and symptoms
Chronic heart failure
(A long-term condition with signs
and symptoms that persist.)


Fatigue and weakness



Rapid or irregular heartbeat



Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when you

exert yourself or when you lie down


Reduced ability to exercise



Persistent cough or wheezing with white

or pink blood-tinged phlegm


Swelling (edema) in your legs, ankles

and feet


Swelling of your abdomen (ascites)



Sudden weight gain from fluid retention



Lack of appetite and nausea



Difficulty concentrating or decreased

alertness
Acute heart failure

(An emergency situation that occurs

when something suddenly affects
your heart's ability to function.)


Signs and symptoms similar to those of

chronic heart failure but more severe,
and start or worsen suddenly


Sudden fluid buildup


Rapid or irregular heartbeat with
palpitations that may cause the heart to
stop beating


Sudden, severe shortness of breath and

coughing up pink, foamy mucus


Chest pain if caused by a heart attack

In addition to characterizing whether your condition is chronic or acute, your doctor

will need to know whether your heart fails to pump, or fills with blood, or a
combination of both. Heart failure can involve the left side, right side or both sides of
your heart. Typically, heart failure begins with the left side — specifically the left
ventricle, your heart's main pumping chamber.

Part of your heart affected

by heart failure
Description
Left-sided heart failure


Most common form of heart failure.



Fluid and blood may back up in your lungs,

causing shortness of breath.
Right-sided heart failure


Often occurs with left-sided heart failure.



Fluid and blood may back up into your

abdomen, legs and feet, causing swelling.
Systolic heart failure


The left ventricle can't contract vigorously,

indicating a pumping problem.
Diastolic heart failure
(also called heart failure with
normal ejection fraction)


The left ventricle can't relax or fill fully,

indicating a filling problem.

While systolic heart failure was once thought to be more common and less serious,
recent studies have shown this to be incorrect. Isolated diastolic heart failure, now
also termed "heart failure with normal ejection fraction," is just as common as systolic
heart failure and has a similar prognosis. Identifying the type of heart failure, whether
systolic, diastolic, or a combination, is important because the drug treatments for each
type may differ.
Causes
Chambers and valves of the heart

Heart failure often develops after other conditions have damaged or weakened your
heart. Over time, the heart can no longer keep up with the normal demands placed on
it. The ventricles may become stiff and not fill properly between beats. Also, the heart
muscle may weaken, and the ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can't
pump blood efficiently throughout your body.

Any of the following conditions can cause heart failure, which can damage or weaken
your heart over time. Some of these can be present without knowing it:

Coronary artery disease and heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the most common form

of heart disease and the most common cause of heart failure. Over time, arteries that supply
blood to your heart muscle narrow from a buildup of fatty deposits, a process called
atherosclerosis. Blood moves slowly through narrowed arteries, leaving some areas of your
heart muscle weak and chronically deprived of oxygen-rich blood. In many cases, the blood
flow to the muscle is just enough to keep the muscle alive but not functioning well. A heart
attack occurs if plaque formed by the fatty deposits in your arteries ruptures. This causes a
blood clot to completely block blood flow to an area of the heart muscle, weakening the
heart's pumping ability.

High blood pressure (hypertension). Blood pressure is the force of blood pumped by your

heart through your arteries. If your blood pressure is high, your heart has to work harder than it should to circulate blood throughout your
body. Over time, the heart muscle may become thicker to compensate for the extra work it must perform, enlarging the heart. Eventually,
your heart muscle may become either too stiff or too weak to effectively pump blood.