Computer:

It is a data processing machine for performing calculations automatically. Under the Control list of
information, those information are called program stored in main memory.
Input Processing Output:
 Input:
Input is that which you give the information to the computer, what you type, read or enter into the
computer.
Input devices: key board, mouse, scanner, sensors, penway (light pen), etc
 Processing:
The controlling of instructions which we give to the computer, like calculating.
Processing devices: components of the mother board, CPU (Central processing unit), ALU (Arithmetic
logic unit), Memory, etc.
 Output:
Result of the processing.
Output devices: Monitor (soft copy), printer (hard copy), etc.
 Storage:
The process of storing information in a computer memory.
Devices: hard disk, tape, etc.
Part of computer system:
Hardware, software, data, users.
 Hardware:
The electronic devices which you can touch and see. Such as modem, key board, mouse, etc.
 Software:
Software also called programs consists of organized sets of instructions for controlling the computer.
Such as Microsoft, creating document, etc.
 Data:
Computer data is information processed or stored by a computer. This information may be in the form
of text documents, images, audio clips, software programs, or other types of data.
 Users:
people are the computer operators, or users.
Layers of a computing system:
Communication, Application, Operating system, Programming, Hardware, Information.
Early history of computer:
 Abacus (16 th century)
An early device to record numeric values.
 Blaise (middle of 17 th century)
Mechanical device to add, subtract, divide, multiply.
 Joseph Jacquard (late 18th century)
Jacquard loom, the punched card
 Charles Babbage (19th century)
 Analytical engine designed but never implemented.

 Alan Turing
Turing machine, Artificial intelligence testing.
 Harvard mark I, Eniac, Univac I
Early computers launch new era in Mathematics, Physics, Engineering and Economics.
Generations of Computer:
 Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
 Transistor - 1958-1964
 Small scale integration - 1965-1968
up to 100 devices
 Medium scale integration - 1968-1971
100-3,000 devices on a chip
 Large scale integration - 1972-1977
3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
 Very large scale integration - 1978
100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
 Ultra large scale integration
Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Transistor: 1958-1964
Replaced vacuum tubes, Smaller and Cheaper, Less heat dissipation, Solid State device, Made from
Silicon (Sand), Invented 1947 at Bell Labs.
Benefits of Integration:
Increased speed, smaller computers, reduced cooling, more reliable, cheaper.
Types of Computers:
 Microcomputers:
Portable (note books, palmtops), can be move easily from one place to another.
e.g. laptops, notebooks, palmtops, personal digital assistants (PDA).
 Mini computers:
Desk sized, more processing speed and storage capacity than micro computers, large companies use
them for specific purposes.
 Mainframes
Larger machines, faster processing and greater storage than minicomputers.
 Super computers:
The most powerful of the four categories, Used by very large organizations, particularly for very math
intensive types of tasks.

Sir Syed University Of Engineering And Technology, Karachi

 Assignment of CF&P
Introduction to computer

Name: Nasir Ahmed Khan

Department: Electronics
Subject: CF&P
Form no# 0529
Section: 1A
Batch: 2010
Teacher: Muhammad Imran Saleem