簡易英文作文寫作

指導手冊

（此手冊乃改編 Heinle’s Brief Writer’s Handbook）

2008 年 12 月
目錄:

I. 標點符號用法介紹

II. 名詞大寫的用法

III. 義大利斜字體用法

IV. 常混淆的單字再提醒

V. 連接詞及連接詞片語用法

VI. 動詞與介係詞用法

VII. 其它
I. 標點符號用法介紹 (Punctuation)
首先, 標點符號不要以為是小事一樁, 它可是英文作文寫作中的畫龍點睛的工具,
所以若能熟悉所有的符號, 對您的英文作文及寫作具有加分之效.

1. 省略符號或撇號 – Apostrophe (‘)

z 省略符號 + s 乃所有格的一種 (用於第三人稱); 例如 John’s iphone,
his father’s house
z 後者名詞乃是該人的所有物，但需注意是否是共有物，例: Anne and
Jim’s book (兩人共有)但 Anne’s and Jim’s books (兩人分別有此書)
z 省略符號用於省略語詞: I’ll = I will, He’s = He is, You’re = You are
2. 括弧 – Brackets []
z 用於引句中以解釋某詞 – He said, “This is good time 【meaning today】
for us to go hiking.”

z 括弧中出現 3 個連續 “.”時則代表你想要在引句中省略某些字 – He

said, “This is good time 【…】to go hiking.

3. 冒號 – Colon (:)
z 多用於表時間 – 13:00
z 表示將要介紹一連串的項目(但記得第一個項目的字首必須大寫) – My
father likes to do many kinds of exercises: Hiking, playing tennis, playing
golf, swimming, and so on.
z 用於商業信件的開頭問候 – Dear Mr. Brown:
4. 逗號 – Comma (,)
z 用於日期及地址中 – January 21, 2009; 15 Hunter Street, Columbia, SN
10235
z 用於附屬子句及主要子句間 – After studying for 3 hours, I went to bed
immediately last night.
z 用於分別一連串的項目 – I like to eat noodle, pizza, rice, and salad.
z 用於同位語或是非限定關係子句 – Mr. Lee, my neighbor, had a car
accident. Rebecca, who just passed by, is my best friend.
z 用在一般信件開同問候或結束語 – Dear Mary, Sincerely yours,
5. 長破折號 – Dash (–)
z 與冒號具相同作用，用以介紹幾個項目，但此資訊是額外加進來詳述
的，而句子尚未完成 – This hospital offers several special courses
on—sleeping problems, losing weight, and healthy eating—as well as a
wide variety of doing exercises to make more money.
6. 驚嘆號 – Exclamation Point (!)
z 加強語氣之用 – Shut up! Sit down!
7. 連字號 – Hyphen (-)
z 用於複合語 – mother-in-low, thirty-one
8. 圓括號 – Parentheses ( )
z 圓括號用於增加一些不是非必要的訊息 – I told her about your story in
details (such as when and how did you do it).
9. 句點 – Period (.)
z 置於句子的末端表結束的一種 (句子結束亦可用問號及驚嘆號) - We
love to go shopping on weekends.
z 亦多用於縮寫的末尾 – Mr. etc. P.M. i.e.
10. 問號 – Question Mark (?)
z 問號亦用於句子的末端，但此句子乃是問句 – What did you do? When
did you go to bed yesterday? Do you like my supper?
11. 雙引號 - Quotation Marks (“ ”)
z 當直接引用他人的句子或話語時則需要雙引號 – My father said
“Michael, you have to go to bed now.” 但記得引句的第一個字母必須大
寫，且若引句後句子就結束的話，句點必須放在引號內。
z 亦可運用雙引號來強調某件事或物的重要性 – My favorite Chinese dish
is “Fried dumping.”
12. 分號 – Semicolon (;)
z 一種不用對等連接詞(例如 such as, and, but, or, nor 或 for)即可連結另一
個獨立句子的符號 – Some people like pop music; some people don’t.
z 分號亦可與連接副詞來連接另一個獨立子句 – Some people like Jazz
music; however, other people dislike it very much.
13. 斜線號 – Slash (/)
z 表分別的替代物 and/or
z 用於日期上 12/31/2008

II. 那些名詞需要大寫 (Capitalization)

英文文法中名詞大概是外國人學習英文最先接觸到的, 再來才是動詞及形容詞,
三者皆是最基本的, 故打好此基礎是很重要的, 也就是多記些單字(名詞/動詞/形
容詞), 這樣您的英文作文寫作必能猛進.

用於所有專有名詞:
z 書名、電影名 – Gone with the Wind.
z 人名、地名或國名(包括簡稱) – Jackie Chan, Central Park, United States,
UK
z 專有機構或公司名或地標(包括簡稱) – Internal Affair Department, AT&T,
UN
 z 星期、月、假日 – Tuesday, Saturday, January, Christmas, New Year
Holidays
z 宗教專有名詞 – Bible, Muslim
z 歷史事件或文件 – the World War II, Declaration of Independence

III. 那些名詞或子句需要用到義大利字體 (Italicization)

1. 用以強調某些字眼及詞句 – Is this really your first time in the United
States? 但是同樣的文章中不要過多使用義大利字體做強調。
2. 用於出版品名稱上 – New York Times、Newsweek、Titanic (movie)
3. 外國語言出現在英文用句中時 – The first four phonics in Chinese are bo,
po, mo, fo.
4. 用於表公式時 – E = mc2

IV. 常會混淆的單字有那些
Accept 接受 Except 除..外 Advice 建議 (名) Advise 建議 (動)
Affect 影響 (動) Effect 影響 (名) Already 已經 All ready 全 ok 了
Altogether (完全) All together (一起) Amoral 與道德無關 Immoral 不道德的
Angel 天使 Angle 角度 Assistance 幫助 Assistant 助理
Breath 氣息 Breathe 呼吸 Capital 首都 Capitol 國會大廈
Clothes 衣物 Cloth 衣料或布塊 Complement 補充 Compliment 讚美
Conscience 良心 Conscious 清醒的 Council 議會 Counsel 商討
Diary 日記 Dairy 奶製品 Decent 還不錯的 Descent 下降的
Dissent 異議 Desert 沙漠 Dessert 甜點
Discreet 謹慎小心的 Discrete 分離的 Dyeing 染髮的 Dying 死亡中的
Elicit 引出 Illicit 不正當的 Emigrate 移民(出去) Immigrate 移民(進入)
Envelop 包住 Envelope 信封 Fair 公平的 Fare 費用
Fine 好或罰款 Find 找出 Formerly 先前的 Formally 正式的
Human 人(類) Humane 有人性的 Later 而後 Latter 後者
Lessen 減少 Lesson 課程 Miner 礦工 Minor 弱小
Peace 和平 Piece 一片 Personal 個人的 Personnel 人事
Plain 坦白的 Plane 飛機 Principle 原則 Principal 校長
Raise 提出/養育 Rise 升高 Stationary 固定的 Stationery 文具
Marital 婚姻的 Martial 戰爭的 Believe 相信 Belief 信仰

V. 連接詞或連接片語 Conjunctions 用法介紹 – 用以連接字、片語、或子句

除了名詞,動詞及形容詞, 另一個重要環結就是連接詞及連接詞片語, 它是英文
作文寫作的美化大師.
 1. 對等連接詞 (Coordinating Conjunctions) – 用於連接 2 個對等的名詞、片語
或子句，例: and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet
z
Michael and John
z
We have pride but money.
z
You can give me a hand, or you can ask someone to help me with this
work.
z She was late for work today, for she got a cold yesterday.
2. 關係連接詞 (Correlative Conjunctions) – 用於連接 2 個對等且相關的字、片
語或子句，例: both… and, either… or, neither…nor, not only…but also,
whether…or
z Neither you nor I can do this job alone.
z Jane not only got married last month, but she also got pregnant
immediately.
3. 附屬連接詞 (Subordinating Conjunctions) – 用以連接及串聯附屬子句及獨
立子句，例: If I were you, I wouldn’t give up on her. 下表是更多的附屬連接
詞或片語:
After If Though (Although)
Inasmuch as Till (Until) As if (As though)
In case Unless Lest
As soon as When (Whenever) Now that
Because Since Once
Where(Wherever) So that Whether
Even though While How
Than Why No matter how
Provided that Before

4. 連接副詞 (Conjunctive Adverbs): 多用於連接兩個獨立但又有關係的獨立

(見下表)句子 – However, instead (這些連接副詞前必須有分號來連結兩個
句子)
z She wanted to buy a new car; however, she didn’t have enough money.
z She didn’t go to work; instead, she went shopping.

Also However Next

Anyhow Incidentally Otherwise
Anyway Indeed Similarly
Besides Instead Still
Consequently Likewise Then
Finally Meanwhile Therefore
Furthermore Moreover Thus
Hence Nevertheless

5. 語氣轉換片語 Transition phrases – 為增加文章的變化度，此類型的片語多

用於轉換語氣句子前 (請見下列更多語氣轉換片語)
z Betty needs to study for her tomorrow test. On the other hand, she
doesn’t want to miss her favorite TV program tonight.
z Jessica stayed up all night studying. As a result, she overslept and
missed her test this morning.

After all By the way In fact

As a result Even so In other words
At any rate For example (For instance) On the contrary
At the same time In addition On the other hand

VI. 動詞及介係詞
相信大家都很熟悉動詞的規則及不規則動詞，故在此就不再說明。但介係
詞對外國人而言是一個頭大的問題，所以在這就再說明一下介係詞及介係
詞片語的用法。

大家都知道介係詞是用以表示某物或某人與某物或某人或某地或某時間
關係的用詞，例如 He was born in February. 生於二月, He went into the car.
他進入車裡了, The ball is on the table. 球在桌上, She usually goes to
movies with her friends. 她通常跟她的朋友去看電影.

上述皆是單一介係詞(in, on, with 等等)，但是亦有更多的介係詞片語(見下

表)，用法也是一樣，但整個介係詞片語+名詞乃是用以形容或解釋後面的
主要句子。

According to By way of (By means of) In spite of

Along with Due to Instead of
Apart from Except for On account of
Because of As for In addition to
Out of As regards In case of
In front of As to In lieu of
With regard to With respect to By reason of
In regard to With the exception of
z Because of the rain, we cancelled today gathering.
 z As to my points of view, I would say the result is not promising.

除上述的介係詞片語外，國外更常運用的是所謂的片語動詞 (phrasal verbs)，有

時其後面無需接任何名詞，它除了表示動作外，另外尚可表達其動作的方向或是
另表其它的意思 (見下表)

Add up 有道理 Open up 打開 Burn out 燒光殆盡

Come around 恢復意識 Come along 有進步 Hear me out 聽我說清楚
Go ahead 往前繼續 Get by 情況尚可 Get on 繼續或有進展
Pull over 將車停到旁邊 Listen up 聽我說 Shut up 閉嘴
Miss out 沒有機會 Make over 徹底改變 Watch out 小心

VII. 其它
英文作文(短篇文章)有五大基本句型, 而英文寫作(正式文章寫作)有四大類基本
句型, 在此先介紹前五大基本句型, 至於後者則會在另一本書:英文作文及寫作
導航指引再加以詳細介紹.

五大基本句型:
(1) 主詞 + 動詞(不及物動詞或be動詞) - I am.
We cried.
(2) 主詞 + 動詞 + 補語(主詞補語-名詞或形容詞或介系詞片語) – She is a good
student. You look pale. The book is on the table.
(3) 主詞 + 動詞 + 直接受詞 (名詞或動名詞或不定詞片語) – I am playing
baseball. She hate eating meat. You like to do your homework after mid-night.
(4) 主詞 + 動詞(授與動詞) + 間接受格 + 直接受格 (或是直接受格 + 介系詞 +
間接受格) – I lent my sister some money. She bought a Christmas gift for her
parents. (授與動詞: give, send, mail. Make, buy, cook, ask等)
(5) 主詞 + 動詞(think, believe, find, keep call, want, leave, consider, regard等) +
受格 + 補語 (受詞補語) – I find this job time-consuming. Can you leave me
alone? She regards this problem serious.

最後, 當您到國外遊學時，您的英文寫作老師批改學生作業的方式會視學生程度
而有所不同，對於進階學生作業的批改，老師就不會一一訂正錯誤，但是會在有
錯誤的地方提醒學生錯誤的方向，故下表則是老師批改時會有的錯誤提醒代號:

問題所在 錯誤提醒代號 例子
一致性(agreement) agr He go to work at 9:00 in the morning.
大寫(capital letters) cap The united kingdom
句子不完整 Frag Where she found the key.
(sentence fragment)
文法錯誤 gr It’s the bigger car in this area.
小寫(lower case) lc I don’t like Peanut Butter.
標點符號錯誤 p Where did you find the key.
(punctuation error)
多數(plural) pl She bought the grocery on her way home.
拼字錯誤(spelling) sp Did you have any stationary?
時態錯誤(wrong t I see her the other day.
tense)
用字錯誤(wrong ww My sister used to rise rice and wheat.
word)

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 英文作文及寫作導航指引

Chapter I – 英文寫作基本文法概要 Basic Grammar Guidelines

„ 確定句子是否完整 Sentence completeness?

„ 探討英文寫作上的錯誤 Common English writing mistakes

„ 定冠詞的用法 Articles

„ 標點符號的運用 Punctuations

Chapter II – 如何強化你的英文單句 How to Strengthen Your

Sentence?
„ 將單字有意義化 Transform vocabulary into meaningful
phrases
„ 強化你的單句 Sentence structures
‹ 四種基本的英文句型認識 Four basic English sentence structures
‹ 五種句子多樣化的方法 Five different ways to diversify your
sentence structure

Chapter III – 英文段落寫作概述 Paragraph Writing Introduction

„ 何謂 “段落” - What is a paragraph?

„ 如何形成主旨句 – How to form a topic sentence?

„ 如何承接主旨句 – Supporting idea sentences

Chapter IV – 英文短文寫作介紹 English Composition Writing

„ 腦力激盪的練習 Brainstorming practices

„ 英文寫作四大類型 Four Major English Writing Models

‹ 敘述性寫作 Narrative Writing
‹ 描繪性寫作 Descriptive Writing
‹ 說明性寫作 Expository Writing
‹ 引導性寫作 Persuasive Writing

Chapter V – 正式英文寫作概述 A Brief Introduction to English

Essay Writing
„ 確定文章的大方向 – Locate overall writing directions

„ 如何寫作頭段段落 – How to start an introductory

paragraph
„ 如何寫作中段段落 – How to build it up with body

paragraphs
„ 如何寫作尾段段落 – How to give it an end as a concluding

paragraph

Chapter VI – 常混淆的英文單字及片語介紹 A Brief Introduction to

Some Problem Words and Phrases

Appendix – Connectors 銜接詞的介紹