NETWORK AND CONTROL CONSIDERATION

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 03

2. Network Organization 03

3. Routers 05

4. Centralized switching 07

5. Switching Systems 08

6. Switches 09

7. Network Protocols 11

8. Conclusion 14

INTRODUCTION

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1. Networks may be categorized according to networks emerged because of computer
and communication technologies. The networks based on geographical area characterized by
the area.
2. Routers distribute digital information that is contained within a data packet. Each data
packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and
destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one
network type to another.
3. A centralized switching system defined simply as a switch network design that
requires all calls, regardless of the origination and destination endpoints.
4. The purpose of a telecommunication switching system is to provide the means to pass
information from any terminal device to any other terminal device selected by the originator.
5. In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,
interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
6. A protocol is a standard by which communication takes place between network
devices.

NETWORK ORGANIZATION

7. The different types of network are Personal Area Network (PAN), Local Area
Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), and Global Area Network (GAN).

Personal Area Network

8. PAN is a computer network organized around an individual person. Personal area
networks typically involve a mobile computer, a cell phone and/or a handheld computing
device such as a PDA. You can use these networks to transfer files including email and
calendar appointments, digital photos and music.
9. Personal area networks can be constructed with cables or wirelessly. USB and Wire
technologies often link together a wired PAN while wireless PANs typically use Bluetooth or
sometimes infrared connections. Bluetooth PANs are also called piconets.

10. Personal area networks generally cover a range of less than 10 meters (about 30 feet).

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Local Area Network
11. LAN supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to
each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing
resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to
other LANs, and to the Internet or other WAN.
12. Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such
as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN
hardware options also exist.
13. Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area network.
For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet
Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.

Campus Area Network

14. CAN is a computer network interconnecting a few local area networks (LANs) within
a university campus or corporate campus. Campus area network may link a variety of campus
buildings including departments, the university library and student halls of residence. A
campus area network is larger than a local area network but smaller than a metropolitan area
network (MAN) or wide area network (WAN). CAN can also stand for corporate area
network.

Metropolitan Area Network

15. MAN is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic
area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller
than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term is applied to the
interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then also offer
efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the interconnection of
several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter usage is also
sometimes referred to as a campus network.

16. Examples of metropolitan area networks of various sizes can be found in the
metropolitan areas of London, England; Lodz, Poland; and Geneva, Switzerland. Large
universities also sometimes use the term to describe their networks. A recent trend is the
installation of wireless MANs.

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Wide Area Network
17. WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs
often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area
networks (MANs).
18. The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet,
like VPN-based extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate
or research networks that utilize leased lines.
19. WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment
than do LANs. Key technologies often found in WANs include SONET, Frame Relay,
and ATM.

Global Area Network

20. GAN is network that is composed of different interconnected computer networks and
covers an unlimited geographical area.

ROUTERS

21. In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a device or, in some
cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which
a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two
networks and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current
understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A router is located at
any gateway (where one network meets another), including each point-of-presence on the
Internet. A router is often included as part of a network switch.
22. A router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions
and use this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route
for a given packet. Typically, a packet may travel through a number of network points with
routers before arriving at its destination. Routing is a function associated with the Network
layer (layer 3) in the standard model of network programming, the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3 switch is a switch that can perform routing functions.
An edge router is a router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
network. A brouter is a network bridge combined with a router.

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23. For home and business computer users who have high-speed Internet connections
such as cable, satellite, or DSL, a router can act as a hardware firewall. This is true even if the
home or business has only one computer. Many engineers believe that the use of a router
provides better protection against hacking than a software firewall, because no computer
Internet Protocol address are directly exposed to the Internet. This makes port scans (a
technique for exploring weaknesses) essentially impossible. In addition, a router does not
consume computer resources as a software firewall does. Commercially manufactured routers
are easy to install, reasonably priced, and available for hard-wired or wireless networks.

Internal routers
24. A router with all directly connected networks belonging to the same area. Routers
with only backbone interfaces also belong to this category. These routers run a single copy of
the basic routing algorithm.

Area border routers

25. A router that attaches to multiple areas. Area border routers run multiple copies of the
basic algorithm, one copy for each attached area and an additional copy for the backbone.
Area border routers condense the topological information of their attached areas for
distribution to the backbone. The backbone in turn distributes the information to the other
areas.

Backbone routers
26. A router that has an interface to the backbone. This includes all routers that interface
to more than one area. However, backbone routers do not have to be area border routers.
Routers with all interfaces connected to the backbone are considered to be internal routers.

AS boundary routers
27. A router that exchanges routing information with routers belonging to other
Autonomous Systems. Such a router has AS external routes that are advertised throughout the
Autonomous System. The path to each AS boundary router is known by every router in the
AS. This classification is completely independent of the previous classifications: AS
boundary routers may be internal or area border routers, and may or may not participate in
the backbone.

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 CENTRALIZED SWITCHING

Distributed Method
28. A simplest way of structuring the telecommunication switching is the terminal-to
terminal connection. This kind of switching is called distributed switching and applied only
to small telephone system. Each terminal has two kinds of switches, one to make required
link and other to connect a link to receive a call.

Centralized Model
29. The distributed system cannot be extending to large terminal cases and the increased
geographical separation of terminals. A simple centralized system, which reduces the average
length of transmission link.
30. Introducing more local centers instead of one national center switching machine can
further reduce the transmission cost. Two local centers are connecting by links called trunk.
A trunk in telephone system is a communication path that contains shared circuits that are
using to interconnect central offices.

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31. The increase in the number of switching centers lower the total transmission costs, the
total switching cost tend to increase for two reasons.
1. The local centers become more complex because they must be able to decide
on a suitable routing to another center.
2. Economy of scale is lost with an increased number of local centers because of
additional numbers.

Hierarchical system
32. Central offices may be interconnecting by direct trunk groups or by intermediate
office known as a tandem, toll or gateway office. The process of centralizing switching
centers can occur at several levels leading to the hierarchical network. Mesh connection are
using when there are relatively high traffic levels between offices such as in metropolitan
network.

SWITCHING SYSTEMS

33. The switching centers receives the control signals, messages or conversations and
forwards to the required destination, after necessary modification (link amplifications) if
necessary. A switching system is a collection of switching elements arranged and controlled
in such a way as to setup a communication path between any two distant points. A switching
center of a telephone network comprising a switching network and its control and support
equipment is calling a central office. In computer communication, the switching technique
used knows as packet switching or message switch (store and forward switching). In
telephone network, the switching method is calling circuit switching. Some practical
switching system is systematic, cross-barred relay system, digital switching systems, and
electronic switching system.

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 SWITCHES

34. A switch is a device for making, breaking, or changing connections in an electric

circuit under the conditions of a load for which it is rated. Switches can be found in most
electronic equipment, and are widespread in the art of case modification and computer
customization. All switches consist of an operator, contacts and a switch mechanism. The
operator actuates switch operation.
35. The contacts are made of low-resistance metal and are used to make or break the
electrical circuit. The switch mechanism is linked to the operator and opens/closes the
contacts. The function of the switch is designated by the terms pole, throw and break. Pole
indicates how many circuits a switch is capable of controlling. Throw refers to how many
conductors or paths that a switch is able to control. Break is a term that refers to the breaking
or opening of a circuit. The term "position" indicates how many stops a switch will make
between its extreme settings.

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Switches may be classified in several different ways:

1. According to number of poles

Two of the most common types of electrical switches are single-pole and
double-pole switches. The simplest type of electrical switch is a single-pole (SP)
switch. SP switches have two points, called contacts, that connect to make a circuit
and separate to break the circuit. Double-pole (DP) switches, in comparison, have two
"on" positions and one "off" position. For example, the fan button on kitchen range
hoods has a high-off-low configuration where the two "on" positions provide different
voltages.

2. According to number of closed positions (Single-throw, double-throw)

Although the circuit configuration possibilities for electronic switches are
virtually endless, typical circuits include single-throw, double-throw without center
off, double-throw with center off and double-throw momentary action with center off.
The single-throw switch is the most basic circuit with only two positions: on and off.
Double-throw switches without an off position in the center are referred to as ON-ON
switches. These manual electric switches are commonly used in selector applications.
Double-throw electric switches with a center off position are three-position switches
with two independent ON switches, an example of which is the HI-OFF-LOW
settings of a kitchen range hood exhaust fan. Three-position double-throw electric
switches with momentary action use a spring loading action. As long as pressure is
applied to the actuator, the position will be maintained, making these electronic
switches operator dependent.

3. Type of contact: Knife blade, butt-contact, mercury

4. According to number of breaks: Single or double

5. According to method of insulation: air-break, oil immersed

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6. According to method of operation: Operating Force (Manual, Magnetic, and
Motor), Mechanism (Lever, dial, drum,
snap).
7. According to speed of operation (slow-break, slow-make, quick-break, quick-
make).
The two most basic switch devices, of which other mechanisms are simply
variations, are the slow-make, slow-break (AC base) and the quick-make, quick-break
(AC/DC base) mechanisms. The first device is a teeter-totter or see saw design. It is
spring-loaded, requiring a very positive force to close the contacts. The slowness of a
slow-make, slow-break device provides a slight time delay. This delay allows the AC
current wave to nearly instantaneously cycle to zero before the spark is
extinguished. Toggle switches, slide buttons, rocker switches or pushbutton switches
can operate the mechanism.

8. According to enclosure: open, enclosed.

9. According to protection provided to circuits or equipment

10. Type of service: power switches, wiring switches, control switches, instrumental
switches

NETWORK PROTOCOLS

36. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and any other network
communication model, provides only a conceptual framework for communication between
computers, but the model itself does not provide specific methods of communication. Actual
communication defined by various communication protocols. In the context of data
communication, a protocol is a formal set of rules, conventions and data structure that
governs how computers and other network devices exchange information over a network. In
other words, a protocol is a standard procedure and format that two data communication
devices must understand, accept and use to be able to talk to each other.

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37. Protocol - A Definition: A "protocol" defines a language of rules and conventions for
communication between network devices.

Type of protocol

IP - Internet Protocol
38. The Internet Protocol under lie s most communication on the World Wide Web. IP
supports a variety of higher- level application protocols.

TCP and UDP Protocols

39. TCP (and its cousin UDP) is the standard transport protocols for the web's internet
protocol (IP) traffic.

DNS - Domain Name System

40. DNS technology includes a protocol and distributed data s tore for mapping between
host Names and Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.

FTP - File Transfer Protocol

41. FTP provides a standard system for sending and receiving files over IP networks.

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HTTP Protocol
42. Web browsers and serves use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocol to
communicate.

Electronic Mail Protocols

43. Several network protocols were developing specifically to support electronic mail
over the Internet.

SOAP
44. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) defines a standard way to encode objects
within network packets using XML.

DHCP
45. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) supports automatic address
assignment and improved configuration management of IP networks.

IPv6
46. Internet Protocol version 6IPv6 promise s to relieve the current IP address shortage
and this new version of the protocol may also increase performance and improve
administration capabilities.

PPPoE
47. The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) standard helps access providers
manage their broadband service delivery and it can improve the ease of use for DSL and
cable modem customers.

VoIP
48. VoIP is the ability to make telephone calls and send faxes over IP-based data
networks with a suitable quality of service (QoS) and superior cost/benefit.

Ethernet
49. The Ethernet protocol allows for linear bus, star, or tree topologies. Data can be
transmit over wireless access points, twisted pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cable at a speed of 10
Mbps up to 1000 Mbps.
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 CONCLUSION

50. Network organize is categorized as small networks, medium networks and large
networks. Under these three categories has different type of networks. Those are Personal
Area Network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Campus Area
Network (CAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN),
and Global Area Network (GAN).
51. Router is a some kind of switch but it has an advance method above switches. Switch
is a device, take data and distribute for low frequency. As a an example, main switch is taken
data from 100 kbps but distribute divide 100 kbps to multiple paths. It became slow data
transferring and receiving. Router is device, can take data and divide same as switch but after
divided it has an amplifier for amplify data to previous data receiving rate.
52. Network protocols are standards for computers and other network devices exchange
information over a network. There are so many protocols use in day-to-day life. Those are
Internet Protocol, Ethernet, PPPoE, VoIP, DHCP, IPv6, SOAP, Electronic Mail Protocols
and
HTTP Protocol.

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