Sheena Mae Zamora

BSCS3B

Third Republic (1946-1972)

In April 1946, elections were held. Despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance
won the election, they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force
had been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty
over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.

Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party), having been inaugurated as President as

scheduled, on July 4, 1946 before the granting of independence, strengthened political
and economic ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act,
In Mar., 1947, the Philippines and the United States signed a military assistance pact
(since renewed) which allowed the US to participate equally in the exploitation of the
country's natural resources—and rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99
years (a later agreement reduced the period to 25 years beginning 1967). These bases
would later be used to launch operations in the areas of Korea, China, Vietnam, and
Indonesia.

During the Roxas administration, a general amnesty was granted for those who
had worked together with the Japanese while at the same time the Huks were declared
illegal. His administration ended prematurely when he died of heart attack April 15, 1948
while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga.

Vice President Elpidio Quirino (Liberal Party, henceforth referred to as LP) was
sworn in as President after the death of Roxas in April 1948. He ran for election in
November 1949 against Jose P. Laurel (Nacionalista Party, henceforth referred to as
NP) and won his own four-year term.

During this time, the CIA under the leadership of Lt. Col. Edward G. Lansdale
was engaged in paramilitary and psychological warfare operations with the goal to hold
back the Huk Movement. Among the measures which were undertaken were psyops-
campaigns which demoralized the superstition of many Filipinos and acts of violence by
government soldiers which were disguised as Huks. By 1950, the U.S. had provided the
Philippine military with supplies and equipment worth $200 million dollars.

The huge task of reconstructing the war-torn country was complicated by the
activities in central Luzon of the Communist-dominated Hukbalahap guerrillas (Huks),
who resorted to terror and violence in their efforts to attain land reform and gain political
power. They were finally brought under control (1954) after a dynamic attack introduced
by the minister of national defense, Ramón Magsaysay. By that time Magsaysay was
president of the country, having defeated Quirino in Nov., 1953. His campaign was
massively supported by the CIA, both financially and through practical help in
discrediting his political enemies. He had promised sweeping economic changes, and
he did make progress in land reform, opening new settlements outside crowded Luzon
Island. His death in an airplane crash in Mar., 1957, was a serious blow to national
morale. Vice President Carlos P. García succeeded him and won a full term as
president in the elections of Nov., 1957.

In foreign affairs, the Philippines preserved a firm anti-Communist policy and

joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954. There were difficulties with the
United States over American military installations in the islands, and, in spite of formal
recognition (1956) of full Philippine sovereignty over these bases, tensions increased
until some of the bases were dismantled (1959) and the 99-year lease period was
reduced. The United States rejected Philippine financial claims and projected trade
revisions.

Philippine opposition to García on issues of government corruption and anti-

Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led
by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded
García as president in the 1961 elections. Macapagal’s administration was marked by
efforts to combat the mounting rise that had plagued the republic since its birth; by
attempted alliances with neighboring countries; and by a territorial argument with Britain
over North Borneo (later Sabah), which Macapagal claimed had been leased and not
sold to the British North Borneo Company in 1878.
People that contributed to statistics

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, FRS (1890 - 1962) was an English statistician, evolutionary
biologist, and geneticist. Richard Dawkins described him as "The greatest of Darwin's successors", and
the historian of statistics Anders Hald said "Fisher was a genius who almost single-handedly created
the foundations for modern statistical science".His contributions to experimental design, analysis of
variance, and likelihood based methods have led some to call him "The Father of Statistics".

Statistics and the theory of probabilities have developed together. The list of contributers are very
long. I have included in this summary a number of links, some provide the names and achievements
of recent statisticians. The development of statistics in terms of new theory and application continues
today at a vigorous pace, in part due to the growth of electronic computation and communications.
Statistics developed both within mathematical and scientific fields. Early development of statistics
were done by Pierre de Fermet (1601-1665), Abraham DeMoivre (1667-1754), Roger Cotes (1682-
1716), Rev. Thomas Bayes (1702-1761).
Later advances in probability and statistics were made by Carl Gauss (1777-1855), Adolphe Quetet
(1796-1874) and Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827).
The formal recognition of statistics as independent discipline, and deserving of an independent
department at an university was a major advance in statistics. The Department of Statistics was
founded by Carl Pearson, in 1911 at University College London.
Some of the statisticians well recognized for their contributions in the 20th century are Jerzy Neyman,
R.A Fisher, G.E.P. Box, C.P. Rao, J. Tukey and W. Deming.
Probability theory developed along with statistics. Pascal, Bernoulli and Markov are earlier
mathematicians in the development of probability theory.

Founders of statistics
John Graunt (English, 1620–1674)
Pioneer of demography who produced the first life table[1]
Thomas Bayes (English, 1702–1761)
Developed the interpretation of probability now known as Bayes theorem[2]
Pierre-Simon Laplace (French, 1749—1827)
Co-invented Bayesian statistics. Invented exponential families (Laplace
transform), conjugate prior distributions, asymptotic analysis of estimators (including
negligibility of regular priors). Usedmaximum-likelihood and posterior-mode estimation and
considered (robust) loss functions
William Playfair (Scottish, 1759–1823)
Pioneer of statistical graphics
Carl Friedrich Gauss (German, 1777–1855)
Invented least squares estimation methods (with Legendre). Used loss
functions and maximum-likelihood estimation
Adolphe Quetelet (Belgian, 1796–1874)
Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the social sciences
Florence Nightingale (English, 1820–1910)
Applied statistical analysis to health problems, contributing to the establishment of
epidemiology and public health practice. Developed statistical graphics especially for
mobilizing public opinion. First female member of the Royal Statistical Society.
Francis Galton (English, 1822–1911)
Invented the concepts of standard deviation, correlation, regression[3][4]
Thorvald N. Thiele (Danish, 1838–1910)
Introduced cumulants and the term "likelihood". Introduced a Kalman filter in time-series
Charles S. Peirce (United States, 1839–1914)
Formulated modern statistics in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877—1878) and "A
Theory of Probable Inference" (1883). With a repeated measures design,
introduced blinded, controlled randomized experiments (before Fisher). Invented optimal
design for experiments on gravity, in which he "corrected the means". Used logistic
regression, correlation, smoothing, and improved the treatment of outliers. Introduced terms
"confidence" and "likelihood" (before Neyman and Fisher). While largely a frequentist,
Peirce's possible world semantics introduced the "propensity" theory of probability. See the
historical books of Stephen Stigler