WIRELESS

RECHARGING

SANTHOSH KUMAR V

ENROLL 159/05

B-TECH FOURTH YEAR,

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

SRINAGAR
 WIRELESS RECHARGING
ABSTRACT
“NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF
INVENTIONS”…
A problem that’s hindering the freedom and
productivity of true mobility in our lives is our
need to carry and use bulky chargers, power
adapters and cords for all the mobile electronic
devices we use, such as cell phones, laptop
computers, portable music players and many
others. What if there were a single charging
solution that would make all these chargers and
adapters redundant, that could charge all our
devices simultaneously, and would be as simple
as placing a mobile device down on a desk!!
This necessity has led to the innovative invention
of a ”WIRELESS RECHARGING SYSTEM”
Instead of each device needing its own charger, it
is possible to recharge phones and cameras by
placing them on a plastic pad the size of a mouse
mat. A dense array of coils buried in the pad will
transmit energy to the gadget to charge its
batteries. And it will be possible to charge as
many gadgets as can fit on the pad at once.
This next-generation solution wirelessly
charges any device - ranging from
PDAs and mobile phones to personal
music players, imaging devices etc and
is dedicated to revolutionizing electric
power delivery to mobile devices
through safe, sleek, wire-free means.
1.INTRODUCTION
The tangle of cables and plugs needed
to recharge today's electronic gadgets
could soon be a thing of the past. No
messy wires, no tangled cord, no
multiple plugs!
Imagine a world where all your
portable devices can be charged and
powered simply by placing them on a
flat pad. New wireless technology lets
people recharge notebooks, cell
phones and other devices by setting
them on a pad instead of plugging
them in or dealing with a docking
station.
This next generation solution is based
around technology that uses inductive
coupling as a means of power transfer -
which means you don't need any wires,
connectors or contacts between the
pad and the device. The pads use
electromagnetic induction to charge
devices.
2.COMPONENTS
The wireless recharging solution has
two parts:
 placed
anywhere on
the Pad in a
safe and totally
contact less
fashion and multiple devices can be
charged simultaneously on a single
pad.

2.1.Receiver Module

A sub-millimeter thin module that can

be customized to about any size, shape
or curve of a device is fixed inside the
device and makes no visible impact to
product appearance. Designed for use
in PDAs, mobile phones, personal
music players and portable gaming
devices, as well as a host of other
consumer electronic products, it
This pad conforms to worldwide safety
enables immediate, safe and contact
standards and regulations.
less recharging for the first
implementation of a truly wireless
mobile lifestyle.

2.2.Recharging Pad

This Pad is a thin (less than 6mm)

universal wireless charging platform
that plugs into any electrical outlet and
can be built into any surface with no
possibility of shock or discharge.

The base can deliver over 240W, is

safe from spills and does not emit
radiation or cause radio interference.

The base station is plugged into an AC

adapter and can deliver up to 30V DC
to an individual device. It's also
completely safe, and if any charge
were delivered to a person, it would be
at the level of a low-voltage battery, 3.WORKING
virtually imperceptible to humans and
certainly not harmful. The final base The components work with the help of
units will be waterproof and protected a chipset. The chipset basically has 2
from electrostatic charges. kinds of chips and enables "Wire-Free"
electric power transfer.
Any device fitted with the module
instantly begins to recharge when
One chip, the tiny Adapter
Controller, goes inside the mobile
device and the other, the Contact
Controller, gets built into the power
base station.
These power bases, which come in a
wide variety of shapes, sizes and
colors, are each covered in an array of
gold-plated contacts. The retrofitted
mobile devices also have a pair of
contacts.
The adapter chip inside the handheld
device will, when placed on a base
station, receive a very small electrical
signal and message from the base
controller chip that will power up the
adapter chip. The base controller chip
will sense for polarity. If there is none
(say you place your hand on the base)
then it does nothing. If it does find
polarity and a signal from the adapter
chip, it will then read information about
the voltage level necessary to run the
mobile device and begin charging and
powering it.
Because of the array of contacts—from
dozens to hundreds, depending on
base size—there's no need to place the
device in a special spot or position on
the base. In fact, the bases accept
multiple devices, charging and
powering them all at once. Thus, there
is no need for alignment of receiving
module and charging base.
4.BASIC PRINCIPLE
Researchers have known that wires
don’t always need to be in contact for
electric power to get transferred.
This wireless recharging technology
can work on two principles:
i.resonance ii.electro magnetic
induction
4.1.Resonance
It is a phenomenon that causes an
object to vibrate when energy of a
certain frequency is applied.
When you have two resonant objects of
the same frequency, they tend to
couple very strongly.
Resonance can be seen in musical
instruments. For example, when you
play a tune on one, then another
instrument with the same acoustic
resonance will pick up that tune, it will
visibly vibrate.
Instead of using acoustic vibrations,
this system exploits the resonance of
electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic radiation includes
radio waves, infrared and X-rays.
The technology is based on a method
that uses an electromagnetic field to
couple the power source to the gadget
to be charged. Energy is transferred to
the gadget because its antenna
resonates at the same frequency as
the transmitter, while other objects in
the room do not absorb energy
because they do not resonate at this
frequency. The researchers call this
process non-radiative energy transfer.
In addition, the transmitter would
reabsorb much of the energy that is
not absorbed by the gadget.

Thus, a simple copper antenna
designed to have long-lived resonance
could transfer energy to a laptop or a
mobile phone with its own antenna
resonating at the same frequency.
Gadget and power source each employ
the same resonant structure, which is
an antenna for exchanging energy. The
researchers investigated two types of
resonant structures – a disk of
dielectric material and a loop of wire
bisected by capacitive plates. The
simulations suggested that the loop
would be a better choice under real-
world conditions because less energy
would be absorbed by nearby objects
including humans. Calculations
suggested that energy transfer
efficiencies of 15% or greater could be
achieved, which the researchers claim
is large enough for practical
applications.
working with
resonance
1) Power from mains to antenna,
which is made of copper
2) Antenna resonates at a frequency
of 6.4MHz, emitting electromagnetic
waves
3) 'Tails' of energy from antenna
'tunnel' up to 5m (16.4ft)
4) Electricity picked up by laptop's
antenna, which must also be
resonating at 6.4MHz. Energy used to
re-charge device.
5) Energy not transferred to laptop re-
absorbed by source antenna.
People/other objects not affected as
not resonating at 6.4MHz
4.2.Electromagnetic induction
Electric motors and power transformers
contain coils that transmit energy to
each other by the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction. English
scientist Michael Faraday, who found
out that a changing magnetic field
induces a current in a nearby circuit,
discovered this phenomenon.
One way to operate the system is to
use electromagnetic induction to send
recharging electricity to the battery.
Contact less electricity delivery is
made through a pad that has a coil for
transmission, and a reception coil
inside the rechargeable device. So, a
current running in an emitting coil
induces another current in the
receiving coil; the two coils are in close
proximity, but they do not touch. Thus,
current flows through the receiving coil
and charges up the rechargeable
battery.
In addition to the coil there’s also a
regulator, which adjusts the amount of
power being supplied to the device so
the battery charges correctly. By fitting
the regulator into each device, a
number of gadgets with different
power requirements can be charged
simultaneously.
Electromagnetic induction is a
technology that is currently employed
in a wide range of applications.
Applications, which currently use
induction for power transfer, include
powering electric vehicles, recharging
electric toothbrushes and powering
smart-tags.
5.FEATURES
This technology has developed a new
way of powering devices based on
wireless power:
5.1.Features of the system
 It eliminates the need for a
different charger for every gadget.
 You can charge more than one
device at a time
 The whole process becomes easy
and hassle-free
 No need for alignment of receiving
module and charging base
 Thin, flexible, customizable power
receiver.
5.2.Features of the pad
 Generates inductive field to
power any module-enabled
device placed on the pad.
 Uniform performance across
charging surface.
 the system is perfectly safe
and will not even wipe credit
cards if you accidentally put
one on the pad.
 Sizes can vary from one-
device to many-devices
 Stand-alone and integrated
versions demonstrated
Generally, the pad is provided with a
cord to be connected to the ac mains if
there is a possibility. Else, it can be
alternatively operated with the help 12
V batteries.
Such a version is called a stand-alone
or an integrated version, as it is
capable to handle the recharging
operation even without an external
power supply and is provided with the
option of using batteries instead. In this
case, the technology becomes
completely wireless where power from
ac mains is not required.
It gives us freedom to charge our cell
phones, MP3 players, PDAs or any
other such hand held devices
whenever and wherever we desire,
even in the absence of electricity,
provided that the gadgets are module-
enabled and we have the required
battery power with us…. Is it not
amazing!??
5.3.Features of module
 Receives power from the Pad
charging base
 Versatile implementation.
Virtually any area/shape -
customized to device
 Flexible. Accommodates a
range of curvatures
 Efficient
 Straight-forward integration

6.ADVANTAGES
Present mode of recharging
multiple devices.
Wireless power for gadgets…
 The best advantage is saying
goodbye to having several different
chargers for all your handheld gadgets
like your mobile phone or MP3 player
and make use of the technology that
can charge all of them at once, without
having to plug any of them into the
mains. The system is based around a
small flat mat that plugs into the main
electricity supply and a special module
inside a gadget.
 The cost to add wireless recharging
technology to phones or MP3 players is
very low and very affordable. The
technology will only add 25 cents to
the cost of a device and the module
itself is less than a millimeter thick.
 Contact less, efficient, wire-
free power enabling total user
convenience, this user friendly
technology can power-up multiple
devices anywhere on the pad.
 Fast and safe charging rates --
Using this technology does not
compromise recharging times --
devices are powered at the same rate
as with conventional wired adapters,
regardless of the number of devices on
the pad. This is also a great solution for
users with multiple devices and too few
outlets -- one Pad in one outlet can
recharge several devices at once,
eliminating the clutter of congested
outlets.
 Low-cost technology with
minimal to zero impact on device
packaging or internal circuitry – The
Module is very thin (sub-millimeter)
and can be easily integrated inside a
device's casing, thus overcoming the
need for an arrangement to be
connected to the external power
supply.
 Pads can be used anywhere --
The Pad is very low profile (less than
6MM thick) and can be easily
integrated anywhere a consumer
needs to recharge a device, in virtually
any shape or size -- coffee shops, cars,
airport lounges , hotels, the desktop or
anywhere you need.
 The system could hold added
benefits for businesses such as mobile
phone manufacturers by helping them
cut costs, as they don’t have to provide
a charger in every box.
7.COST
 Bases (pads) would cost consumers
between $100 and $150. The smaller
pad will cost between $30 and $40.
Adding the chips to notebooks should
cost manufacturers less than $5, with
the figure dropping to $2 for cell
phones.
Ultimately the technology has been
designed for the mass consumer
market, so in the future it will be
possible to price it as a mass-consumer
price.
8.PROBLEMS
 Properly equipped televisions,
lamps and many more devices could
be powered by large-sized pads.
 A home of the future would have a
transmitter in every room, ensuring
that all portable electronics devices are
charged.
 Other household gadgets such as
robotic vacuum cleaners could run off
the power source with the help of
resonant antennas.
 In addition to consumer electronics,
wireless energy could find industrial
applications, for example powering
freely roaming robots within a factory
pavilion.

The technology faces a chicken-and-egg

situation in getting the pads widely
deployed — with no compatible devices,
who is going to use the pads?
It’s probably the biggest problem facing
the manufacturers today.
Cell phone makers feel that if the
infrastructure is there they would like to
put the technology in the handset, but the
infrastructure is not yet available as the
pad manufacturers are waiting for at least
some compatible devices to come into the
market.

Demonstration of wireless
8.FUTURE OF THE TECHNOLOGY recharger…

 In addition to Pads for the home, 9.CONCLUSION

research is underway about building
pads into cars, and into furniture in
rooms so that the gadgets can be
simply placed on the chip-enabled part
of the car or the table for immediate
recharging.
The concept of wireless recharging
bears a lot of significance to those who
own many handheld, portable
electronic gadgets as multiple gadgets
can be recharged at the same time.

This means that the power consumed

is less, number of power plug points
required reduces and the process
becomes hassle-free. One need not
carry around numerous adapters and
rechargers…carrying one pad serves
the purpose.

Recharging pad connected to

ac mains.

Battery-operated pads can be used for

portable recharging.

One day we would like to see these

pads becoming part of our everyday
environments- being incorporated in
desks, coffee tables, cars... so that
wherever we go, we can keep our
gadgets powered up.
Developed with the goal of freeing
consumers from 'the last wire' in their
array of electronic devices, this
solution represents the culmination of
years of research to create an intuitive,
safe and innovative solution for
universal wireless recharging.

This really is best-of-breed technology

and finally unleashes the potential for a
truly wireless world.