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1. CONSTRUCTIVE SCHEME
d’ ≤ 3,00 m
2. CALCULUS SCHEME
* Case study:
Nominal Factor Factored
Loads Load of Load
[KN/m2] Safety [KN/m2]
Permanent Ö Roof weight: ….……………….. 0.15 1.35 0.203
Loads (corrugated sheet)
(P) Ö Purlin weight: ……………..…... 0.15 1.35 0.203
(dead loads) Ö Technological load: …………… 0.10 1.35 0.135
Ö Snow (CR 1-1-3-2005):
Variable
s0,k = 2,50 kN/m2
Loads
Ce = 0.80 for full exposure. 1.90 1.50 2.85
(V)
Ct = 1.00.
(environmental
µ1 = 0.80
loads)
µ2 = 0.95
where:
V1 is the dominant variable action
ψ0,i = 0.70 (factor of simultaneity)
* Case study:
The horizontal distributed load on the roof is:
U.L.S. ⇒ Qc = 1,35 (0,15 x 1/cos α + 0,15 + 0,10) + 1,50 × ( 1.90 ) = 3.391 [KN/m2]
S.L.S. ⇒ Qn = 0,15 x 1/cos α + 0,15 + 0,10 + 1.90 = 2.301 [KN/m2]
Determine the vertical distributed load acting on the current purlin (d = 2,40 m):
a) U.L.S. : qc = Qc × d = 3.391 × 2.40 = 8.14 kN/m
b) S.L.S. : qn = Qn × d = 2.301 × 2.40 = 5.53 KN/m
The vertical load on the purlin must be decomposed into normal (qw) and parallel (qf)
components; the parallel component (in the roof plane) qf is carried by the roof deck if this is
made of corrugated steel. Consequently the purlin needs to be designed for the normal
component (perpendicular to the roof plane) qw only.
* Case study:
- the parallel component:
qfc = qc × sinα = 8.14 × sin5.71° = 0.81 KN/ml
qfn = qn × sinα = 5.53 × sin5.71° = 0.55 KN/ml
- the normal component (carried by the purlin):
qwc = qc × cosα = 8.14 × cos5.71° = 8.10 KN/ml
qwn = qn × cosα = 5.53 × cos5.71° = 5.50 KN/ml
4. CALCULUS OF BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE (in elastic range)
- for Serviceability Limit States verification (only nominal bending moment diagram):
5. CROSS-SECTION SIZING
5.1. SIZING FOR DEFLECTION CHECKING
Calculus of the Inecd (moment of inertia with respect to x-x axis) necessary to satisfy the
deflection checking (using nominal loads) is realised to set the minimum value of this
geometrical characteristic of the section.
M ×m 1 t
Theoretically: factual = ∫ dx = F(M, m) ≤ fallowable =
EI EI 200
900
(For t = 9,00 m: fallowable = = 4,50 cm)
200
1
Inecd = F(M, m); Ix ≥ Inecd
E ⋅ f al
In practical engineering, we are using tables with coefficients for deflection calculus:
t2
factual = ×∑α×M;
10 Ix
t ⇒ [m]
Input all data in shown units Ix ⇒ [cm4] and results: factual ⇒ [cm]
M ⇒ [KNm]
α ⇒ from tables
d t2
Inec = × ∑ α × M ; Ix ≥ Inecd
10 f al
Inecd is computed for the first (terminal) span and for the current span. For the example
discussed earlier, we obtain:
92 5,50 × 92 0 + 46, 78 92
Inecd,1 = ×[49.6 × - 59.52 × ]= ×1369,93 = 2466 cm4
10 × 4,50 8 2 10 × 4,50
92 5,50 × 92 35,19 + 35,19 92
Inecd,2 = ×[49.6 × -59.52 × ]= ×667,6 = 1202 cm4
10 × 4,50 8 2 10 × 4,50
Steps:
M*
W* =
R
* Case study:
2 ⋅ 0,8t ⋅ 51,18 + 2 ⋅ 0, 4t ⋅ 68,89 + 2 ⋅ 0, 6t ⋅ 21, 65 + 4 ⋅ 0, 4t ⋅ 51,83 + 3 ⋅ 0, 6t ⋅ 30,18
M* = =
7t
= 42,90 kNm
Wnec
hw ≈ 1.15 ×
tw
Wi
Af ≈ - 0.16 × hw × tw = net area for one flange
hw
Mi
where: Wi =
R
- propose: tf = ( 1.50…2.50 ) × tw ;
Af
- calculate: bf = ≥ 60 mm
tf
- round up result 10 to 10 mm;
13 OL52
b'
-check if: ≤ 14 OL44 if not change tf .
tf
15 OL37
* Case study:
1. Propose tf = 6 mm
2. Compute the strength modulus:
- first span and current supports: W1 = 51,83 x 106 /260 = 199346,2 mm3
- first support: W2 = 68,89 x 106 /260 = 264961,6 mm3
- current spans: W3 = 30,18 x 106 /260 = 116076,9 mm3
3. Compute the flange areas:
Af1 =199346,2/270-0,16x3x270 = 608,7 mm
Af2 =264961,6/270-0,16x3x270 = 851,7 mm
Af3 =116076,9/270-0,16x3x270 = 300,3 mm
Af 1
bf1 = = 608,7/6 = 101,5 mm bf1 = 110 mm
tf
Af 2
bf2 = = 851,7/6 = 141,9 mm bf2 = 150 mm
tf
Af 3
bf3 = = 300,3/6 = 50,1 mm bf3 = 60 mm
tf
4) Optimize the material consumption (if possible)
-check if: b ∈ ( 1/3…1/5 );
hw
Ai ≈ (0.50…0.40) × A .
M
σ= × ymax ≤ R
Ix
T
τ = ≤ Rf
t w × hw
M
σ∗ = × y∗
Ix
σe = (σ ) * 2
+ 3 ×τ 2 ≤ 1.1 R
2 2
⎛σ* ⎞ ⎛ τ ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ 1
⎝ σ cr ⎠ ⎝ σ cr ⎠
where:
σ∗ = compression stress in extreme web fiber, induced by the average bending moment in the
web panel; [N/mm2]
τ = shear stress in the web panel, induced by the average shear force in the web panel;
[N/mm2]
σcr , τcr = plate buckling design stresses;
2
⎛t ⎞
σcr = 7000 × ⎜⎜ w ⎟⎟ × 103 [N/mm2] ;
⎝ hw ⎠
2
950 ⎛t ⎞
τcr = ( 1250 + ) × ⎜⎜ w ⎟⎟ × 103
[N/mm2] ;
α2 ⎝ hw ⎠
max(a, hw )
α= (usually α = a / hw);
min(a, hw )
a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners; if there are no transverse stiffeners, then
2
⎛t ⎞
a→∞ ⇒ τcr = 1250 × ⎜⎜ w ⎟⎟ × 103 [N/mm2] ;
⎝ hw ⎠
t2 t
factual = × ∑ α × M ≤ fallowable = ;
10 Ix 200
Input t ⇒ [m] ;
Ix ⇒ [cm4] ; ⇒ factual in [cm] ;
M ⇒ [KNm] ;
(α ⇒ from tables)
It is necessary to design two (erection) splices (connections which provide the purlin
continuity): on the second support and on the current one.
- Design stress is: M10, (M20) which is resolved in a couple of forces
M
H= ; h = hw + 2 tf (lever arm = overall depth of the beam)
h
H
- Cover plates sizing: Ac.p.nec =
R
- propose: bc.p.t = b – 20 ;
nec
A c.p.
- calculate : tc.p.t = t
b c.p.
(round off to a plate thickness which is manufactured)
t ct . p. × bct . p. × R
- weld length : lw = + 2 aw (round off 5 to 5)
2 × a w × Rshear
w
- propose : tc.p.b = tf ;
Acnec
bc.p.b
. p.
- calculate : = , round off 10 to 10;
t cb. p.
t cb. p. × bcb. p. × R
- weld length: lw = + 2 aw (round off 5 to 5)
2 × a w × Rshear
w
- verify if: lw ≤ 60 × aw .
M 68,89
* Case study: H= = = 262,94 kN
h 0, 262
H 262,94 ⋅103
Ac.p.nec = = = 834,8 mm2
R 315
a) top cover plate: bc.p.t = b – 20 = 130 – 20 = 110 mm
nec
A c.p. 834,8
tc.p.t = t
= = 7,6 mm tc.p.t = 8 mm
b c.p. 110
H 262,94 ⋅103
- check for strength: σ = = = 298,8 N/mm2 ≤ R = 315 N/mm2
t c. p. × bc. p.
t t
110 ⋅ 8
H 262,94 ⋅103
- check for strength: σ= = = 313 N/mm2 ≤ R = 315 N/mm2
tcb. p. × bcb. p. 140 ⋅ 6
1. STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION
Loads are the same as fo the purlins, excpt for Permanent Loads, which must take into
account the truss weight as well. The nominal truss weight is assumed to be in between
0.10…0.15 KN/m2. The factor of safety for the truss weight is n = 1.35.
Load Combinations:
a) Ultimate Limit States (U.L.S.) : ⎯qc = ∑ ni × Pi + ∑ ni × Ci + ng × ∑ ni × Vi [KN/m2]
b) Serviceability Limit States (S.L.S.) : ⎯qn = ∑ Pi + ∑ Ci + ng × ∑ Vi [KN/m2]
M3
∑ M3 = 0 ⇒ B24 = ;
l33'
B
∑ Mi = 0
M4
∑ M4 = 0 ⇒ T35 = ;
l 44 '
Qc
R− − Q c − Q c − T35 × sin α
D34 = 2
sin γ
M2
T01 = T13 = ;
l 22 '
-Qc + T01 × sinα - T13 × sinα + M12 = 0
M12 = Qc
The sign “?” will be replaced by each student with the force values resulted from calculation.
4. DESIGN OF THE TRUSS MEMBERS
N
Areq = ⇒ from the tables with rolled angles, select angle: L…x…x…
R
to fulfill Aact = 2 A1L ≥ Areq
- extract also from tables the values for: e; rx = ix; ry = iy; r1 = i1
N
5.2. Check for resistance σ= ≤ R = 220 N/mm2
Aactual
5.3. Check for slenderness λmax = max (λx , λy ) ≤ λallowable = 400
l ly
λx = x ; λy = ;
rx ry
- bottom chord :
lx = li = distance between two joints
ly = L1 = distance between two latteral braced joints (between the diagonal links).
- diagonal members in tension:
lx = 0.80 li
ly = li
li = distance between the two joints of the member (length of the bar).
N
Areq = ⇒ from the tables with rolled angles, select angle: L…x…x…
ϕ×R
to fulfill Aact = 2 A1L ≈ Areq
- extract also from tables the values for: e ; rx = ix; ry = iy; r1 = i1
N
6.2. Check for buckling ≤R
ϕ min × Aact
ϕ min = min (ϕ x , ϕ y )
lbx
λx = → curve C → ϕ x
rx
lby
λy = → curve B → ϕ y
ry
a2 ≤ 0.70 × tg
⇒ a2
a2 ≤ 0.70 × tL
rounding off 5 to 5.
e
×N
l2 = b + 2 × a2
2 × a1 × Rshear
w
- verify if : l1 ≥ 40 mm l2 ≥ 40 mm
l1 ≥ 15 a1 l2 ≥ 15 a2
l1 ≥ b l2 ≥ b
l1 ≤ 60 a1 l2 ≤ 60 a2
TRANSVERSE FRAME ANALISYS
1. STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
- See the transverse section (cross-section of the building).
ε r = 1.00 is the Equivalency Factor between effective structure and statically indeterminate
structure to the first degree.
LOAD COMBINATIONS
a) ∑ ni × Pi + ∑ ni × Ci + ng × ∑ ni × Vi (Vi = snow, wind; ng = 0.90)
b) ∑ Pi + ∑ Ci + γ e × Snow + Seism γ e =0.30.
1. Permanent (P) :
Aaff = t × L / 2
2. Cvasipermanent (C) :
3. Snow (Z) :
Z c = γ F × p z × Aaff . [KN]
Z n = γ e × p z × Aaff . [KN]
4. Wind (W) :
This frame is indeterminate to the first degree; it is a sidesway frame (joint translation is
possible).
Calculation of bending moment distribution
3 3
R = W c + W ' c + × p wc × h + × p ' cw × h
8 8
h2
M '1 = p wc ×
8
h2
M ' 2 = p' cw × M 1 = M '1 + M ' and M 2 = M ' 2 + M '
8
R
M '= × h
2
S
M = ×h [KNm]
2
Results of calculation:
After finishing all the calculations, the results will be centralized in the following table for
both sections 1 –1 and 2 – 2 of the column.
1. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
(Fig. 32)
2. CALCULUS SCHEME
The bracing (of the longitudinal frame) prevents sway in the longitudinal plane of the
hall, or members connecting stanchions to a braced bay;
3. LOADING
N=…
M=…
T=…
For (maximum) values of axial compression , bending moment and shear force , see frame
analysis.
4. CROSS-SECTION SIZING
N M
σ= + ≤R
A W
N M
σ* = + × y*
A W
⇒σe = (σ )
* 2
+ 3 × τ 2 ≤ 1.10 × R
T
τ= ≤ Rf
hw × t w
5.2. Overall buckling check
N cx × M x
+ ≤R
ϕ min × A ⎛ N ⎞
ϕ g × W x × ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ N Ex ⎠
- for web:
hw 20 × k 3
tw
≤ 100 ×
[
σ × 2 −ψ + ψ 2 + 4 × β 2 ]
N M
σ =− − × y*
A Ix
σ −σ ' k3
⇒ψ = → table 35 STAS → k 3 ; β = 0.07 × τ ×
σ σ
N M
σ ' = − + × y* σ , σ ' with their signs;
A Ix
T
τ=
hw × t w
π × d02
An ≈ , is the net area of the bolt in the threaded zone;
4
d 0 ≈ 0.89 × d ;
N M
σb = + ≤ Rb ⇒ b, l
b×l b×l2
6
2
l
M1 = σ b ×
2
l2
→ table → β
l1
2
M 2 = β ×σ b × l
6 × M max
t≥ rounded off to 20, 25, 30.
ROL37
ROOF BRACING DESIGN
(Fig. 39)
1. LOADING:
p wc , f = γ F × p w, f [KN/ m 2 ]
- Tmax is the maximum compression force in the top chord of the truss (factored load);
- “n” is the number of joints to be laterally restrained (we consider it equal to the
number of central loaded joints – in a simplifying assumption: n = 3);
S1 = 0
- for three trusses: 3× S [KN]
S 2 = S3 =
3
H 1 = W1 p + W1 f [KN]
H 2 = W2p + W2f + S 2 [KN]
H 3 = W 3 p + W3 f + S 3 [KN]
H 1 = W1s + W1 f [KN]
H 2 = W2s + W2f + S 2 [KN]
H 3 = W3s + W3 f + S 3 [KN]
p wc = γ F × p w [KN/ m 2 ]
A1pressure
, aff = A1suction
, aff
A2pressure
, aff = A2suction
, aff
A3pressure
, aff = A3suction
, aff
- Cross-section sizing: propose a section and verify it; repeat this operation until the
verifications for buckling and slenderness are satisfied.
N
Check for buckling: 0.95 × R ≤ ≤R
ϕ min × A
ϕ min = min (ϕ x , ϕ y )
lbx
λx = → A → ϕx
rx
⇒ min (ϕ x , ϕ y )
l by
λy = → A →ϕy
ry
N
Check for buckling: 0.95 × R ≤ ≤R
ϕ min × A
ϕ min = min (ϕ x , ϕ y )
0.50 × l d
λx = → A →ϕx
rx
⇒ min (ϕ x , ϕ y )
0.70 × l d
λy = → A →ϕy
ry
Steel grade Plate thickness Tensile, Compression Shear Stress (Rf) Yield Stress
[mm] Stress (R), [N/mm2] [N/mm2] [N/mm2]
OL 52 t ≤ 16 315 360
t > 16 300 350
OL 44 t ≤ 16 260 290
t > 16 250 280
OL 37 t ≤ 16 220 240
t > 16 210 230