Arithmetic Median Definition:

Median is the middle value of the given numbers or distribution in their ascending
order.Median is the average value of the two middle elements when the size of the
distribution is even.

Example 1: To find the median of 4,5,7,2,1 [ODD].

Step 1: Count the total numbers given.
There are 5 elements or numbers in the distribution.

Step 2: Arrange the numbers in ascending order.

1,2,4,5,7

Step 3: The total elements in the distribution (5) is odd.

The middle position can be calculated using the formula. (n+1)/2
So the middle position is (5+1)/2 = 6/2 = 3
The number at 3rd position is = Median = 4.

Example 2: To find the median of 4,5,7,2,1,8 [Even]

Step 1: Count the total numbers given.
There are 6 elements or numbers in the distribution.

Step 2: Arrange the numbers in ascending order.

1,2,4,5,7,8

Step 3: The total elements in the distribution (6) is even.

As the total is even, we have to take average of number at n/2 and (n/2)+1
So the position are n/2= 6/2 = 3 and 4
The number at 3rd and 4th position are 4,5

Step 4: Find the median.

The average is (4+5)/2 = Median = 4.5.

Standard Deviation Definition:

Standard deviation is a statistical measure of spread or variability.The standard
deviation is the root mean square (RMS) deviation of the values from their arithmetic
mean.

Variance Definition:
The square of the standard deviation. A measure of the degree of spread among
a set of values; a measure of the tendency of individual values to vary from the
mean value.
 Formula:

Population
Standard Standard
Deviation Deviation

where Σ = Sum of
X = Individual score
M = Mean of all scores
N = Sample size (Number of scores)

Variance :

Variance = s2

Standard Deviation Method1 Example: To find the Standard deviation of

1,2,3,4,5.

Step 1: Calculate the mean and deviation.

X M (X-M) (X-M)2
1 3 -2 4
2 3 -1 1
3 3 0 0
4 3 1 1
5 3 2 4

Step 2:Find the sum of (X-M)2

4+1+0+1+4 = 10

Step 3:N = 5, the total number of values.Find N-1.

5-1 = 4

Step 4:Now find Standard Deviation using the formula.

√10/√4 = 1.58113
 Standard Deviation Method2 Example: To find the Standard deviation of
1,2,3,4,5.

Step 1:First, square each of the scores.

X X2
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25

Step2: Use the formula

s = square root of[(sum of Xsquared -((sum of X)*(sum of X)/N))/(N-1)]
= square root of[(55-((15)*(15)/5))/(5-1)]
= square root of[(55-(225/5))/4]
= square root of[(55-45)/4]
= square root of[10/4]
= square root of[2.5]
s = 1.58113

Population Standard Deviation Example: To find the Population Standard

deviation of 1,2,3,4,5.

Perform the steps 1 and 2 as seen in above example.

Step 3:Now find the population standard deviation using the formula.
√10/√5 = 1.414

Variance Example: To find the Variance of 1,2,3,4,5.

After finding the standard deviation square the values.

(1.58113)2 = 2.4999

Same for Population standard deviation.

(1.414)2 = 2