Professional Documents
Culture Documents
lnlstration
S H I N G T 0 N 2 5 , D C
_;_i_ii_!_i_i!ii!iii:_!!_!!_iii_!_iii_i_iiii_iii!!i_]i_ii_i_i!_!_ii!!!iiii_i_/i_ii_!]_i_iii_iii_iiii_i_iii!!ii_
¸iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii_iiiiiiiiiii!!_ii!!iii_iiiiii!i!iiiiiii
_!!!_i!_!!ii_i!i!ii!_:i_i_!_ii!i_!i_i_ii_!_!i_i_iiii!_iiii!!ii!ii_ii_!!i_i!_iii!_ii_iii!_ii_ii_!_iiiiii!_iii
i_ii!ii!ii
¸:_
¸¸¸
[_ !iii;i_ i_iii!iii:iiiiiii!!ii_i!illii i_i_iļ¸ii ;_i_i!ili!i!!iiii!i!_i_i_iiilil illii!i!;!iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiii_iiiiiii!ii
iilil_!i!!!_!ilili
i ;i:i iil;i_ili iii!ii!ii:i,lili:iii_ii!ili!
!!iii!i!!ii!iii!ilill
i!!i i iiiiiiii!i:i!i;!i
_,_ii!i_!!ii:_i: __ i_ i_i!!_ i i_?_;_ _i_i_i_ii!_i!ii_i__ _i_ __i_!_i//i;:i_ _;_ __:_:_!i!_i_,ii_ii_i i_ _/_¸¸ i_:_!_:i_i;!? i/¸
_i_i_!!_!i_!!!_!i_!!_ii_!_i_!!!!!_!!!_!!!!_i_!_i!_i!!!!ii!_i_!!!_!ii!_i_!_!_!!_!!_i!
_!!'_i!i
_'_ii_i_i!
_!i!!!!i!_ii_i!i!!_!!ii!!i!i!_!i_i!_!i_!!i!i_!_i_!!_i!!ii!!!!_!i!_!!_!i_!!!!_!i
i_,_ii!_!_!!i!!!i!!_i!!:ii!!_i'_!_i_'i_!_:!!_!!!_i_:_!_
:_!_i!_!i!!!_ii_!i_i!i!!_i_ii!!_iii_i_i_i_!!,,_!!_i!i_ii!!!_i_!i,_
_,i_!i!!_!i!_i!!_ii!_ii!
_'_'_
_i'!iiii,liiiili_ii_i_ii_i!_iiii_!_ii!_!!i%_ii_,_!_iiiii_iii_ili_i_i
_i!]!i_iiiiii_i_i!!
__i)_i_!_i_!i_ii_i_i_i_!ii_i_i_!!!_!_!i!i_!_ii_i_i!!_i_:_ii_i_i_i_!_!_ii_i_!_
i_ ili_!_i_i//i_ii_i_i_ii!
__i_/_!_i_!_,_iii_i!(i!i_ili!_i:_i!_:_,
I _ i_!_ _ ! !_!_ii?i_i!i_iiii!_i_iiiiiii_il/_?_i_!_ii!_i
iiii_i_!_ii!_!!i!ii!_ii!iii_i!i
_ i_i _i_ii_ii_!ii_
i!_i _iii ilii _
FOURTH
_=/ _ _ i _ _.... _ _)_ii_i_! _IW=_:! _==_ _ _.......
S[MiANNUAL
R[PORi
TO
)!iiiii_!i!i!!_!_!!!i!i
;ii_!:_i_i
!i!illi_;i!_i!;i:i!:i!
iili_!]_!=! i ; i_/ _ii!iiii!ii!ii!_i_i
i i!!i:!_!i!_!]i/iiiii) ¸
Jill IB HI il i IIII
FOURTH
$[MIANNIIAIR[PORI
TO
CONGI [S
APRIL 1_1_--T H R O U (3 H
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
IZ January 1 _'"
"2OA
The President
The White House
37, 300 miles of the moon in March 1959, achieved some of its objec-
tives. Despite the setbacks to be expected in any research and devel-
opment program in such a new, fast-b re aking field, the information
transmitted by these satellites and spacecraft has already proven of
far-reaching scientific significance.
NASA has now moved out of its formative stage. Within the
framework of a Long-Range Plan for space exploration, which the
agency prepared and set in motion in 1960, NASA is pursuing a pro-
gram with three principal objectives:
Sincerely,
T. Keith Glennan
Administrator
CONTENTS
PAGE
-i-
PAGE
CHAPTER
3 - MANNED
SPACEFLIGHT ................. 23
- ii -
PAGE
CHAPTER
5 - LUNAR,PLANETARY,
ANDINTERPLANETARY
PROGRAF_
.... 57
CHAPTER
6 - TRACKING
ANDDATAACQUISITION............ 67
- iii -
PAGE
CHAPTER
7 - LAUNCH
VEHICLEPROGRAM
ANDLAUNCH
OPERATIONS
..... 73
- iV -
PAGE
CHAPTER
8 - PROPULSION ANDNUCLEAR ENERGY
APPLICATIONS
FOR
SPACE....................... _7
-- V --
PAGE
Altair ...................... 95
Sounding Rocket Develo_nent ............ 95
Arcon ...................... 95
Iris ....................... 96
Eleven Types Employed or Planned. • ....... 96
Nike-Asp Flights Suspended ............ 97
High-Performance Rocket Engines .......... 97
Upper-Stage Rockets ............... 97
'_ozzleless" Rocket ............... 99
Experimental Rocket Engine With Layered
Construction .................. 99
End-Burning Propellant Charges in Low-Weight
Upper Stages .................. 99
Nozzle Cooled by Liquid Metal ......... 99
Sounding Rocket Combining Several Advanced
Design Features ............... lO0
Very Large Solid-Propellant First-Stage
Engines ..................... lO0
Three Contractors Selected ............ lO0
Steering and Velocity Control Studies ....... lO1
"Steering Package" Concept ............ lO1
Thrust Modulation ................ lO1
High Temperature Nozzle Materials and _nu-
facturing Techniques ............... 1G2
Segmented and Tapered Rocket Construction ..... 102
Electric Propulsion ................. 102
Electric Arc-Jet Engines .............. 102
1-KW Arc-Jet Engine ........ ....... 103
30-KW Arc-Jet Engine ............... 103
Ion Engines .................... 103
Experimental Engine Contract Awarded ....... lO_
Applied Research and Development .......... lO_
Nuclear Energy Applications For Space ........ 105
Nuclear Heat Transfer Rockets ........... 105
NASA-AE C Responsibilities ............ 105
Joint AEC-NASA Nuclear Propulsion Office
Established .................. 106
Applied Research ................. 106
AEC Test Fires Kiwi-A-Prime Reactor ........ 106
Early Step in Project Rover ........... 106
Nuclear Rocket Test Study ............. 107
Two Companies Selected for Contract ....... 107
To Be "Paper" Study Only ............. 107
Three or More Approaches To Be Considered .... 108
Nuclear Electric Power Generating Systems ..... 108
SNAP-8 Development ................ 108
High-Power Reactor Turbogenerator Systems .... 109
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for Lunar
Landing Missions ................. 109
-vi-
PACE
-vii -
PAGE
- viii -
PAGE
- ix -
PAGE
CHAPTER
13 - RESEARCH
CENTER
DIRECTSUPPORT
............ 165
-- X --
PAGE
-xi-
PAGE
CHAPTER
15 - LIFE SCIENCES
PROGRAMS
................ 187
CHAPTER
16 - ORGANIZATIONAL
DEVELOPMENTS
............. 193
CHAPTER
17 - PROCUREmeNT,
CONTRACTS,
ANDGRANTS
.......... 199
- xii -
PAGE
Procurement Plan................. 202
Source Evaluation Board ............. 202
Reliability Program ............... 202
Preparation of Procurement Regulations ....... 203
Small Business.................... 203
Summaryof Awards ................. 203
ProgramManagement ................. 203
CHAPTER
18 - PERSONNEL ...................... 205
- xiii -
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Power Response Curve for Solid State Neutron Probe ..... lgl
- xiv -
PAGE
TABLES
le
NASA Satellite and Probe Launchings, April 1 -
September 30, 1960 ..................
--_V --
Appendices
PAGE
-xvi-
A flood-lit Delta launch vehicle is poised on i t s launch pad p r i o r t o placing
the E c h o I communications satellite into o r b i t .
SECTIONI
PROGRESS
IN NASAAERONAUTICS
AND SPACEPROGRAMS
Chapter 1
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
-1-
The worldwide Mercury Tracking and Ground Instrumenta-
tion Network progressed on schedule toward completion early
in 1961. Formal agreements for all NASA tracking stations
abroad had either been signed or were in final stages of
negotiation by the end of September.
-2-
...April 29 -- Interim or formal agreements for all overseas
Mercury tracking stations were concluded and construction
had started on the sites by June 30.
-3-
-..August 4 -- X-15 No. 1 set a new world speed record of
2, 196 mph -- more than three times the speed of sound (Mach
3.31). NASA pilot Walke_ was at the controls.
-A-
_g
'-d
g
o
f..,.1
,-1
g_
.,<
u .
o
,..-i
o', '>,
<_._ _
_o
0 0
_. "- ._ .
il
_ - _, ._ _
_o
_o_
o'=
o
o=
E-,
u
c,
,.-I
o
o_
c_ E_
b.
,-I _o
o _ .._ _: o
•_= _ I_ "_
_. _. __ o._._o_
_._._
E-,_
_.o_
o w., o
• ii _12_,o
_0.o:o0
-6-
o_ _ -o_
_oO_ °
.o_ ._ _ _ o
o o
o_= ..... _ _._ o_
:o_o_ _._o
o= o
_ _ ._._ _ o _ _
_o
on
o.
<
o_
....
_ _
_ -_
01_0_
_, ._
i
-7-
m
0 _" "
U
i t .
i o_
g oO_O_o _ _o
o_ o_ o_ _-_
_._ > o _ _ _ _
_ _._
_
_ __ _
o _ o o
z _._ .... -_ o _
n_
•__ _ _
._ 0 0 _1_
o_ _ ._
o_=o_0O_
_ o_
.- _ _°_ o
_ oo _'_ e_ o o _
i
M
_o o_
_l_,_ _ _; _ _-_ o =_ _ _._o-_
_ o o o _5o
_ooo_
g
¢_ ,
e_
_o
0 0
o"
u _
• -_ 0 o,_
-8-
SECTIONII
SPACEFLIGHTPROGRAMS
Chapter 2
Satellite Applications
COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES
-9-
to intercontinental ranges. Satellites can provide tremen-
dous bandwidth capacity to meet the fast-growing need for
teleradio communications. Their use would also permit
rapid, voluminous transmission of scientific data to the
electronic computers that are playing more and more signifi-
cant roles in the workings of government, science, and
industry. One industry source estimates that a single
communications satellite, costing about $40 million and
placed in a 22,300-mile equatorial orbit, could accommodate
as mu_h traffic as a $500-million cable system.
Project Echo
- lO -
AMR by a Delta launch vehicle. Injection of the 137._-pound
satellite (containing an additional 30 pounds of subliming
chemicals) into a nearly circular orbit and inflation to its
full diameter were confirmed when word of a sighting was
received from tracking station at Woomera, Australia. Echo's
initial apogee was 1,049 miles and its perigee 9_5 miles.
Its initial orbit period was 118.3 minutes. (For details
of launching, see pp. 77-78).
- ll -
12
Tr_ns-Atlantic Radio Transmission -- On August 18, the
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Holmdel, N.J., announced the
completion of the first trans-Atlantic wireless-code trans-
mission via Echo from Holmdel, N.J., to a station at Issy-
les-Moulineaux, France.
- 13 -
c I+
0 a,
.r(
m
;
a
E
0
a"
c,
c,
rd
a, c
c, 0
.r(
a, c,
s rd
c,
VI
x
P
a, 0
::
c, c,
..
.A
rd
l-4
I+ k
a, O
c,
rd rd
m
4
0
5 'Gu
ws
a
a, a,
s
c,
d
a,
b
rd l-4
d
.r(
a,
b m
c a,
0
6
ld a
U F:
.r(
rd
c
3
E3
E0 rd d
U 0
4
rd a,
c,
c c
a, c0
c m,
.r(
c,
F: 2
0
U
m
c
rd
k
c, c
0
rcc .r(
0 c,
rd
I+ c,
rd m
h
rd k
k rd
c, a
k rd
0 k
a h
U k
.I+
0
c, c,
ld rd
E
a,
h
0
P
rd
4
effect on it to be readily observed. The daily change in
the satellite's near point, or perigee, increasing daily,
will be doubled in a matter of weeks. Then, however, the
rate will decrease and the sunlight pressure will eventually
change direction, because of the changed relation of the
sun, the earth, and the Echo orbit. This will raise the
perigee and lower the apogee to a more nearly circular
orbit.
- 15 -
dust. About four days after launch, Echo's path took it
repeatedly through the annual Perseid meteor shower, a
trail of cosmic debris that appears to radiate from the
direction of the constellation Perseus. This litter (now
in orbit around the sun) was left behind by Comet 1862 III.
Other artificial satellites have been bombarded by space
debris. The Soviet Union's Sputnik I passed through a
similar shower in mid-October 1957, and was apparently hit
but not damaged. Echo I is much more vulnerable to punc-
ture than any of its predecessors because it is composed of
thin plastic film.
Participation in Project
- 16 -
Telephone Laboratories under contract to NASA, and the Naval
Research Laboratory. Lincoln Laboratory of MIT is assisting
in tracking and evaluating the results of experiments.
Goddard Space Flight Center is responsible for tracking
Echo I and for furnishing antenna pointing directions.
Many volunteer organizations, institutions, and foreign
governments are taking part in the communication experi-
ments and are exchanging information related to NASA com-
munications satellite programs.
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES
TIROS I
- 17 -
Data Analysis -- The U.S. Weather Bureau and other
cooperating meteorological groups will be analyzing TIROS I
data for months to come. Already these data have made im'
portant contributions to meteorological research. For
example, TIROS transmitted pictures of cyclonic storms, or
vortices, whose spiral bands were more than 1,OO0 miles in
diameter. The frequency and extent of highly organized
cloud systems associated with these vortices were by no
mea-ns fully realized before TIROS.
- 18 -
its two television cameras. Similar to TIROS I in most
respects, the second satellite will be spin-stabilized, but
will have a magnetic dipole control device installed to
permit limited ground control of the spin axis. In the
TIROS I experiment, the spin-axis did not remain constant,
as had been expected. It is hoped that sufficient ground
control of the spin-axis can be _^_*___ to increase _v..v
length of time during which the cameras are oriented
toward the earth.
- 19 -
Nimbus Satellite Development
- 20 -
Chapter 3
Manned Space Flight
- 23 -
P_CED4tNG . PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED
Suborbital and Orbital Flight Plans
- 2A -
Technicians prepare the M e r c u r y capsule for the beach abort t e s t a t
Wallops Station, V a . , on May 9, 1960.
The capsule-escape tower combination showed good aero-
dynamic stability; no tumbling occurred even though the
thrust axis had been deliberately misaligned one-half inch
from the center of gravity to move the capsule off to the
side away from the launch vehicle.
- 26 -
was originally anticipated. As a result, the capsule
structure has been strengthened to withstand the pressures
resulting from the opening of the drogue parachute. The
capsule escape tower structure has been strengthened and
the electrical conduits have been modified to provide
extra protection against heat. Methods of increasing
cabin pressure are being examined to prevent excessive
stresses resulting from an abort maneuver.
- 27 -
M
c
.d
c,
ra
Q)
c,
k
0
%
k
Q)
P
E
rd
e
a,
a
5
c,
.r(
c,
4
cd
c
rd
0
c,
c
.d
a
Q)
k
e,
9
0
I-i
ra
.d
Q)
d
5
I
Il
a
rd
u
x
k
2
k
E
4
28
In June and August, the astronauts practiced escape
from the capsule at sea off Pensacola, Fla. Escape proce-
dures involve removing the restraining harness, unshackling
two oxygen hoses, disconnecting helmet radio leads, remov-
ing pins from the instrument panel to push it aside, and
opening the pressure hatch at the top of the capsule. The
astronaut must then eject an empty parachute can and pull
himself upward through the 16- by 32-inch opening as the
capsule bobs up and down on the waves.
- 29 -
Provisions were made in the centrifuge gondola circuit
to simulate a failure of the Mercury capsule's automatic
stabilization and control system, allowing the astronaut to
practice taking over manned control as he will be able to
do in actual flight.
In October, a McDonnell-built "Environmental Systems
Control Trainer" was delivered to the Navy Aircrew Equip-
ment Laboratory in Philadelphia, Pa. The astronauts are
scheduled to start exercises with the trainer in January.
The trainer consists of a capsule body with only the envi-
ronmental control system installed.
- 30 -
31
In preparing the network, NASA has concentrated on
reliability and the speediest possible data processing and
transmission system. The spacing of the network stations
is such that the cpasule will be in nearly continuous
radio contact with the ground.
RECOVERY SUPPORT
- 32 -
called an escape or abort system, is provided. This must
carry the capsule to safety, should the Atlas malfunction
while on the launch pad or during the early phases of
ascent. Depending on where and under what conditions the
emergency occurs, the abort system may be energized auto-
matically or by ground control, or by the astronaut himself.
- 33 -
awarded to McDonnell on February 6, 1959.) Launch vehicles
for preliminary flight tests and orbital flights were
negotiated directly by NASA.
Range network specifications were established by the
Space Task Group and the Langley Research Center. (The
Western Electric Co. was selected as network contractor
on July 13, 1959.) Capsule recovery will be a joint NASA-
Department of Defense effort.
NASA is making maximum use of its own research facili-
ties and those of contractors for various phases of Project
Mercury. For example, wind tunnels at NASA's Langley,
Lewis, Ames, and Marshall Centers, at the USAF facility,
Tullahoma, Tenn., and at the McDonnell plant, St. Louis,
Mo., are being employed to obtain data for several differ-
ent capsule escape and launch vehicle configurations.
- 34 -
Chapter 4
ScientificSatellites and SoundingRockets
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
- 35 -
functioned well and the telemetered data were of excellent
quality. Detailed analyses of the instrumental findings are
under way. The information must be correlated with vehicle-
trajectory data before firm conclusions can be drawn on how
the composition of the atmosphere varies with altitude. The
experiment was performed by Goddard Space Flight Center.
- 36 -
Aerobee Ionosphere Investigations
SBE Launchinss
- 37 -
At 11:35 a.m., EDT, September 19, NASA launched the
first NERV experiment from Point Arguello, Calif. An un-
guided, four-stage Argo D-8 sounding rocket fired an 83.6-
pound capsule to an altitude of 1,260 miles. The bell-shaped
capsule, 16 inches long and 19 inches in diameter, arced
south over the Pacific, and parachuted to a landing in the
ocean about 1,300 miles from Point Arguello at 12:03 p.m.,
EDT. A recovery ship retrieved it at 2:26 p.m., EDT. NASA
utilized PMR so that NERV could be fired south to coincide
with the magnetic lines of force that govern movement of
particles in the Great Radiation Region. This was NASA's
first launching from PMR and the first flight of the Argo D-8.
- 38 -
r
I
39
The nuclear emulsion method provides detailed data
on the number, charge, mass, velocity, and direction of
charged particles over a given geographic area. _ For the
first time, the radiation that will be encountered can be
measured precisely and thus minimum shielding for manned
spacecraft can be determined.
Nike-Asp Delays
- AO -
Until the recent trouble, the Nike-Asp configuration had
established a record of only one explosive failure out of
every nine rockets fired. Approximately 52 Nike-Asps have
been launched since 1957.
-41-
PROGRESS ON SCHEDULED SATELLITES
GEOPHYSICAL SATELLITES
Micrometeoroid Satellite
-A3-
Detectors for a prototype payload are being tested
and evaluated at NASA research centers, as are satellite
components. At the end of September, the payload was about
to undergo tests in a Langley high-altitude simulator where
various extreme conditions in space can be approximated.
Development of the telemetry system is on schedule and
arrangements for data handling are in process.
-44-
measure vehicle potential._ The payload will also include
micrometeoroid detectors and a solar sensor to determine
the satellite's orientation.
- A5 -
network includes stations of the University of Illinois;
Stanford University; Pennsylvania State University; and the
Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau
of Standards, Boulder, Colo.
- _6 -
Fixed Frequency Topside Sounder
- _7 -
State University is developing special radio facilities
for the ground station. Goddard is building the payload
instrumentation. The airborne transmitter prototype, and
prototype equipment for the ground station, are undergoing
evaluation tests. As the report period ended, construction
of flight payloads to be tested in Javelin sounding rockets
was about 90 percent completed. After these tests, the
flight payload will be constructed.
- A8 -
Ten different energetic particle-detecting systems and
a magnetometer will make up the main part of the scientific
instrumentation. A photocell optical sensing system will
be used to furnish knowledge of the satellite's orientation.
The orbit will encompass as large a region of space surround-
ing the earth as the capability of the vehicle will permit --
a perigee of approximately 150 miles and an apogee of about
40,O00 miles. A Thor-Delta launch vehicle will be used.
m_ yl by
Center. Experiments will be contributed by the State
University of Iowa, the
University of New Hampshire, Ames
Research Center, and Goddard. Antenna development has been
undertaken by New Mexico State University. Goddard is
responsible for data acquisition and reduction.
- _9 -
For early and comparatively light and simple payloads,
this procedure was dictated by the variety of launching
vehicles employed and by the embryonic state of space
science and technology. During the next few years, however,
use of the Atlas-Agena B and Thor-Agena B launching vehicles
will make far larger satellites possible. To custom-design
the heavy and complex scientific satellites that these
launch vehicles will make possible would be prohibitive
both in expense and in lead times. Moreover, to take full
advantage of rapid advances in the space sciences, there
is urgent need to reduce lead time for incorporating im-
proved and new instruments into payload structures.
- 50 -
PRINCIPAL ASTRONOMICAL PROJECTS
- 51 -
Orbitin_ Astronomical Observatory
- 52 -
A rncde! of the 0 r b i t i n g Astronomical O b s e r v a t o r y with s o l a r vanes e x -
tended.
53
Goddard Space Flight Center is managing the project.
The prototype spacecraft and stabilization and pointing
equipment have been constructed by Ball Brothers Research
Corporation, Boulder, Colo., in close coordination with
Goddard and with Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., the contractor
responsible for spacecraft and launch vehicle work.
RECENT PROGRESS IN
- 54 -
Scientific Data from Echo I_
- 55 -
Chapter 5
Lunar, Planetary, and Interplanetary Programs
PROGRESS IN PLANNING
- 57 -
More Advanced Spacecraft Being Designed
LUNAR PROGRAM
Atlas-Able V
Ran_er
- 58 -
packaging, electronics, etc., have been investigated at the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory and at Aeronutronic facilities.
- 59 -
weighing from I00 to 300 pounds. Study contracts, each
amounting to about $125,000, were let in July to four con-
tractors: the Hughes Aircraft Co., North American Aviation,
and Space Technology Laboratories, of Los Angeles, Calif.;
and the McDonnell Aircraft Corp., St. Louis, Mo. The Jet
Propulsion Laboratory is providing design requirements to
the contractors as studies progress. Surveyor hardware
development and fabrication should begin early in 1961. A
series of short-term (four to five months) study contracts
toward the development of scientific experiments for soft
landing missions have been let as listed below:
Armour Research Foundation, III. Institute of Tech-
nology, Chicago, III.; $50,502; Lunar Drill Study
- 60 -
Lunar Orbiters Based on Surveyor -- A step beyond Sur-
veyor will be the adaptation of its soft-landing system to
lunar orbiting missions. The orbiters will be interspersed
with soft-landers to provide low-altitude mapping and to
determine mass distribution, magnetic fields, radiation, and
other lunar characteristics better obtained by orbiting the
body than by landing. Because a long period of development
is involved, NASA let study contracts in August for the in-
struments of the vlsual-observation subsystem for the or-
biters, as follows:
Prospector
PLANETARY MISSIONS
Long-Term Objectives
-61-
2) guidance and communications, and 3) capsules for
entering the atmosphere and landing.
Magnetometer Probe
- 64 -
0
!
I1)
I
,6--t
0
Z
L_
0
t_
Q)
u
I1)
U
Z
Z
LU 0
i--
Z Z
.I[
L*J Z 0
),¢ 0
m
LL. _ 0
0
Z 0
0 X
u _
Z
u _
,_,-I
65
Mars Mission Objectives
- 66 -
Chapter 6
Trackingand Data Acquisition
MINITRACK NETWORK
Construct ion
- 67 -
0_I
,,,-I 0
•l.a .,-I
-!
.,-I
o o
_I0
4-) o
e_
,e4
,el
_o
Ill
4.._ 4._
oo 4._
,r-i 0_0
,,,-4,.,-I
O_
4._
II1
0 I_ e.-I
r_
68
Control Center Moved
- 69 -
Conversion of Tracking Frequencies
Construction
- 70 -
Pasadena, Calif., which directs the Deep Space tracking net-
work, has published requirements for a large antenna (In the
250-foot class) that would increase the Goldstone station's
range l0 to 20 times. This publication was distributed to
firms interested in submitting proposals for a feasibility
study contract.
OPTICAL TRACKING
SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES
-71-
c
C
2
k
a,
3
a
c,
C
rd c
.d
M
a,
s
m
.d
c,
h
a,
d
d
+-'
9
0
h
M
d
2rd
LI
c,
ik c
C
k
a,
3
a
d
rd
V
.r(
cz
x
c,
72
SECTIONIII
LAUNCHVEHICLEPROGRAMS
Chapter 7
Launch Vehicles and LaunchOperations
Scout
-73-
more powerful class is Atlas-Agena B. With Atlas (360,000-
pound thrust at lift-off, 80,000-pound thrust in sustainer
stage), the Agena B will launch ?50-pound probes to the moon
-- including hard-landing payloads on its surface -- and
5,000-pound earth satellites. The first Atlas-Agena B is
scheduled for launch in mid-1981.
Atlas-Centaur
Saturn
Nova
- 7_ -
Under this approach, a number of F-I engines will be used in
the first stage and hydrogen_oxygen stages will be mounted
on the giant first stage. In these vehicles, the propulsion
system is based on existing engines in which a fuel is mixed
with an oxidizer and burned in a combustion chamber. The
resulting hlgh-temperature gas is accelerated through a Jet
nozzle to propel the vehicle.
- 75 -
A prototype Scout launch vehicle produces billows of s m o k e and f l a m e s a s
it r i s e s f r o m Wallops Station, V a . , on July 1.
76
propellant vehicle. Operation of the first three stages was
satisfactory; however, ignition of the fourth stage was pre-
vented when the vehicle appeared to veer off course. Inves-
tigation indicated that faulty operation of the ground radar
gave incorrect track information and that the vehicle had
actually been on course. The third and fourth stages, lock-
ed together, reached an altitude of 860 miles before landing
in the Atlantic Ocean 1,500 miles from Wallops.
- 77 -
d
o _,
c_
0
u
o_.._
eL
t13
78
The planned orbit was 1,036 miles plus or minus 115
miles. The attained orbit had an apogee of 1,04g miles and
a perigee of g45 miles, well within desired limits. Over-
all vehicle performance was considered excellent.
- 79 -
reliability in the operational vehicles to follow. The
first flight test is still scheduled for the second quarter
of 1961 but the first operational flights have been moved
from 1962 to 1963 because of the increased number of test
flights.
- 80 -
Marshall Develops Saturn First Stage
- 81 -
Will Simulate Launch Model -- Second-serles static
tests of the Saturn prototype first stage will begin late
in 1960, several months behind the schedule proposed at the
end of the first series of tests. The delay was caused by
NASA's decision to simulate the first flight model as closely
as possible by employing: l) on-board pressurization; 2)
flight-type engines instead of research and development
engines; and 3) flight instrumentation. The development
schedule calls for a flight test late in 1961 with the SA-1
vehicle, which will carry dummy upper stages.
- 82 -
Park, Calif., to develop a second stage engine for the pro-
Jected C-2 version of the Saturn launch vehicle. The con-
tract specified that this liquid-hydrogen second stage
develop 200,000 pounds of thrust. The contract also calls
for preliminary flight-rating tests to be completed in 30
months and for engine flight qualification to be completed
in 45 months. Clustered, these engines (designated J-2)
will increase the payload for a spacecraft to nearly three
times that of the C-1.
-83-
Saturn First Stage Transportation: The size of the
Saturn first stage (22 feet in diameter) precludes overland
shipping from its assembly point at Huntsville, Ala., to
Cape Canaveral, either by rail or highway because of bridge
clearances, etc. A water route was selected via the Tennes-
see, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic
Ocean, Indian and Banana Rivers, requiring about 25 days
transit time. In addition, special loadlng and handling
facilities at both ends of the llne were required, as well
as a special barge, dredging of canals, and raising of a
bridge in Florida. The barge is being constructed by Todd
Shipbuilding Co., of Houston, Texas, and will be delivered
to Huntsville in November 1960. A loading dock on the
Tennessee River has been completed. The unloading dock at
Cape Canaveral and the dredging of the canal in the Banana
River is under contract to the Duval Engineering Co. Raising
of the Florida bridge over the Banana River was funded and
accomplished by the State of Florida.
- 8A -
Creation of the new directorate, which became operative
on July l, 1960, should increase reliability In launching and
testing and should facilitate standardization of facilities
and ground support equipment.
LOD Responsibilities
- 85 -
Another launch facility will be constructed at PMR.
A Navy-funded blockhouse, now under procurement, will be
used. NASA will fund the launch pad, launcher, service
tower, and ground support equipment. Construction will
start in mid-1961.
- 86 -
Chapter 8
Propulsionand Nuclear EnergyApplicationsfor Space
- 87 -
A total of 126 H-1 engines will be procured for test
ing various changes in the design and for use in Saturn
vehicles. The contractor is the Rocketdyne Division of
North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif.
- 88 -
separate gas generator system for driving the turbopumps.
Instead, the turbopumps are driven by hydrogen taken di-
rectly from the nozzle cooling jacket. The hydrogen ab-
sorbs enough heat from the propellant passing through the
nozzle to develop the power that drives the turbine.
- 89 -
The uprated engine will be used: i) in a cluster of
four for the second stage (designated S-IV) of the Saturn
C-l; 2) in a cluster of two in the second stage of later
Centaur vehicles; and 3) in the third stage (designated
S-V) of the Saturn C-1.
- 90 -
short-duration (3 secondsor less) static tests of uncooled
thrust chambers. In early runs at Rocketdyne's Santa Su-
sana, Calif., facility, a number of injectors (the devices
that feed the propellant into the thrust chamber) did not
operate satisfactorily, and test hardware was damaged. As
a result, a number of new designs or modifications were
built and tested, two of which operated very satisfactorily
at the limited thrust levels obtainable on the Santa Susana
test stands.
- 91 -
A i/iO-scale model (150,000 pounds of thrust) has been
built using Inconel-X (stainless steel) tubes, assembled
with a furnace brazing process.
- 92 -
increase reliability -- but perhaps even more important --
it would permit engines to be matched more accurately for
use in clusters.
SOLID-PROPELLANT ROCKETS
- 93 -
first stages in launch vehicles. The agency is continuing
programs in all areas of solid propulsion technology, to
improve smaller-engine performance, reliability and versa-
tility.
- 96 -
Altair_ -- The fourth stage of Scout, Altair (named
for a star of the first magnitude in the constellation
Aquila, or Eagle) is six feet long, 18 inches in diameter,
and weighs about 500 pounds. Used extensively in satellite
and other space research applications, this smallest of the
four Scout rockets is spin-stabilized and has a 3,000-pound
thrust. The efficiency of plastic chamber construction is
indicated by the fact that both the Antares and Altair
rockets are more than 90 percent propellant by weight.
- 95-
its design altitude of 70 miles. In the flight tests, it
rose no higher than 52 miles because of unanticipated air-
drag effects upon the structure.
Two Arcon rockets have been stored for six months at
120°F. at Dahlgren Navy Proving Ground, Va. This is equiv-
alent to two years of storage at room temperature. The
heat accelerates aging and is a relatively quick way to
assgss storage life. One rocket has been removed and stud-
ied for evidence of deterioration, and is being readied for
static testing. The second Arcon will be removed and stud-
ied after it has been subjected to a full year of heat
storage.
Three more Arcon vehicles are available for flight
test, but a specific schedule has not been set.
- 96 -
Rocket Payload Weight Design Vertical Altitude
(ibs.) (miles)
Aerobee lO0 70 80
Aerobee 150 150 150
and 150A
Aerobee 300 50 3OO
.......,-
_ Argo _.-__ 50 OUU
In use
• _ In development
•_ Contemplated
•_ Firings suspended
- 97 -
after good results were obtained with the third experi-
mental engine during the period; two previous engines had
failed soon after ignition.
- 99 -
6) Sounding Rocket Combining Several Advanced Design
Features -- new contract for $129,963 let in August 1960,
to Altantic Research Corp., Springfield, Va. About six
inches in diameter and weighing about 200 pounds, the new
rocket design could increase performance by about 40 per-
cent over that of present rockets of similar design. De-
sign work has been completed and components are on order.
- lOO -
Steering and Velocity Control Studies
- 101 -
High Temperature Nozzle Materials and Manufacturing
Techniques
ELECTRIC PROPULSION
- 102 -
electric arc and heated to several thousand degrees F. The
heated propellant then expands as a gas and is ejected
through a rocket nozzle to produce a very low thrust -- a
fraction of a pound -- but one of very high jet velocity,
and hence, of great efficiency in space where gravitational
forces are weak.
Ion Engines
- iQ3 -
of tungsten), which strips an electron from each atom,
creating a positively charged "ion". Ions are collected,
focused, and accelerated in a stream, much as electron
beams are shot by the "gun" in a television picture tube.
Then the ions are recombined with electrons so that the jet
is neutrally charged as it is emitted from the engine. No
nozzle is required.
- 104 -
NUCLEAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR SPACE
- 105 -
Joint AEC-NASA Nuclear Propulsion Office Established
-- To facilitate Joint effort on the nuclear rocket, in
September 1960, John A. McCone, Chairman of the AEC, and
Dr. T. Keith Glennan, Administrator of NASA, announced the
establishment of the joint AEC-NASA Nuclear Propulsion
Office (NP0). The new office is consolidating work pre-
viously carried out by organizations in each agency. The
office, headed by Mr. Harold B. Finger, who has been Chief,
Nuclear Propulsion at NASA, is staffed by employees drawn
from both agencies. It is located at the AEC Headquarters,
Germantown, Md.
- 1o6 ,-
reactor designed as an early step_ in the Rover program
underwent a test run to demonstrate the feasibility of nu-
clear rocket propulsion. The barrel-shaped device was
brought for a few minutes to full power. Hydrogen gas,
heated to thousands of degrees as it flowed through the re-
actor, was discharged to the atmosphere through a nozzle.
Another reactor in the series is scheduled for test later
this year._
• _ The run was made on October 19, shortly after this re-
port period ended.
- 107 -
Three or More Approaches To Be Considered -- Approaches
to the problem of flight testing a nuclear rocket system
will include -- but are not necessarily limited to -- the
following: i) a ground launch of the nuclear rocket; 2) a
second-stage nuclear rocket, on top of a conventional chem-
ically fueled first stage, tested over a short ballistic
trajectory; and 3) an "orbital start" stage in which a nu-
clear rocket stage would be lifted into earth by a two-
stage Saturn vehicle, after which the nuclear stage would be
started and tested under conditions simulating those of a
long-range mission.
- 108 -
On May 9, 1960, Aerojet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif.,
began development work under NASA contract to build the
power conversion system for SNAP-8 and to integrate the
reactor into an operational system. The Atomics Interna-
tion Division of North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga
Park, Calif., is building the SNAP-8 reactor, under con-
tract with AEC.
- lO9 -
15-Watt Unit Being Considered -- The device under tent-
ative consideration will have a design power output of 15
watts. The power source contemplated is the radioisotope
curium-242, an alpha emitter. It is considered promising
because: l) it is a solid, and is thus easier to handle and
to protect against the hazards of radioactive contamination
than, for example, polonium 210, which is a gas; and 2) it
has a fairly long life (its "half-life," or the period of
time required to exhaust half its power, is 162 days).
Enough curium-242 to produce 15 watts of electrical power
will cost about $60,000.
- llO -
SECTIONIV
COOPERATION
AND AGREEMENTS
WITH OTHERNATIONS
Chapter 9
International Programs
SATELLITE APPLICATIONS
-lll -
International Cooperation in Second TIROS Experiment
Argentina
Australia
Canada
- 112 -
instrumented and fabricated by the Canadian Defence Research
Board. The satellite will be instrumented to gather data on
the portion of the ionosphere extending above the region of
maximum electron density -- that is, at altitudes higher than
180 miles.
Chile
United Kingdom
- 113 -
DISSEMINATION OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION
- llA -
INTERNATIONAL ORGAN IZATIONS
- 115 -
SECTIONV
ADVANCEDRESEARCH
PROGRAMS
- 117 -
directing fan discharge downward. The aircraft flies forward
by directing part of the discharge to the rear by means of
controllable louvers.
In the "power off" tests, air from the wind tunnel was
blown into the inlets and exhausted through the exit nozzles.
Then "power on" operation was simulated by injecting into
the internal ductlng system the Jet exhaust materials pro-
duced when the propellant (a 90 percent mixture of hydrogen
peroxide) is burned. The hot Jet exhaust simulated the noz-
zle flow characteristics of a turbofan engine. The nozzles
were canted or tilted downward 1.5 degrees to simulate high-
speed cruising conditions.
- ll9 -
120
air inlet, or opening through which oxygen is introduced to
the engine, becomes critical at hypersonic speeds*.
More than five times the speed of sound (which varies with
altitude and temperature, ranging from about 760 mph at
sea level to about 650 mph in the stratosphere).
*** Blunt shapes that are not streamlined reduce the local
heat transfer to exposed surfaces.
- 121 -
correlated as closely as possible with effects that will be
encountered during actual operation at high temperatures.*
A number of basic conclusions have been drawn from
these studies. For example, a plpe-like, or duct-llke,
three-dimenslonal inlet, in which the air is compressed
internally as it passes through, appears to hold special
promise for hypersonic applications. It may be designed
to _ake maximum advantage of radiation cooling, to produce
efficient performance, and at the same time to keep outer-
surface drag to a minimum. The structure can be made short
and compact through use of simple, circular ducts. Models
of this type will be tested experimentally in wind tunnels.
- 122 -
Aerodynamic flow p a t t e r n s outlined as a r e s u l t of t e s t s a t Flight R e -
s e a r c h C e n t e r E d w a r d s , Calif. : Induced t r a n s i t i o n (upper); N a t u r a l
.
t r a n s i tion (lowe r )
123
c,r:r,-..-.
d , A
2 !
> ( *,:*:. PAC2 :3
(SI- i Lz;;t 6XiL:m
terminal fairings may improve performance at near-sonic speeds
without causing much performance loss at the supersonic speeds
for which the engines are designed.
- 12& -
wave through the stream of air to strike the model at a con-
trolled angle. Special fast-response pressure cells, designed
by NASA scientists, are mounted on the model to measure the
resulting aerodynamic loads.
- 125 -
transport aircraft has long been a subject of NASA study.
Langley Research Center, in cooperation with the U.S.
Weather Bureau, is using an instrumented Air Force Jet-
propelled airplane to fly into storm centers and take
detailed turbulence measurements. This activity is called
the "National Severe Local Storm Research Project."
AERONAUTICAL STRUCTURES
Hi_h-Temperature Structures
- 126 -
Data obtained took into account the thermal conductivity
of the panels in relation to geometric factors (size, thick-
ness, shape, etc.), the properties of the construction mate-
rials used, and the surface temperatures. At very high sur-
face temperatures, much more heat is transferred through the
panel than would be expected from the conducting properties
of the metal. Experimental checks on these calculations have
been made with small test specimens. Larger panels will be
stages of design.
- 127 -
Chapter 11
ResearchPrimarily SupportingSpaceActivities
ASTRONAUTICS RESEARCH
- 129 -
A method of calculating the lateral range of entry
vehicles capable of generating lift (that is, having lifting
bodies or wing-like aerodynamic structures similar in pur-
pose, if not in size, to those of conventional aircraft) and
of banking to execute a turn has been developed at Ames.
Factors that must be taken into account are the speed and
angle of entry, and the amount of lift the wing or airfoil
produces in comparison with the amount of drag (called
"lift-to-drag" ratio). The lateral movement and landing
point can then be calculated for various angles of bank.
Calculations indicate that bank angle of 45 degrees will
yield the maximum in lateral range for satellite vehicles
entering the earth's atmosphere. Higher bank angles would
greatly increase the aerodynamic heating and cause the craft
to decelerate too rapidly.
- 130 -
r
131
Aerodynamic Heatin_ of Returnin_ Spacecraft --Several
other studies at both Langley and Ames on aerodynamic heat-
ing are devoted specifically to problems that would be
encountered by a manned spacecraft returning to earth from
the vicinity of the moon or a planet. The vehicle would
enter the atmosphere at a speed much greater than that of a
satellite orbiting the earth.
- 132 -
newly developed by the Space Technology Laboratories, pre-
dicted pressure distribution which agreed well with the
measurements recorded in flight. Also, a new method of
prediqting heat transfer, based on a recently published
theory (called the Vaglio-Laurin theory) showed similarly
good agreement.
- 133 -
and hydrogen-fluorine -- which promise to carry much larger
payloads than can be lifted with propellants now employed.
Hydrogen-fluorine has the highest energy content of any
stable chemical combination. However, they impose difficult
operational problems because they have very low boiling
temperatures (hydrogen boils at -#23°F) and because fluorine
is extremely corrosive and toxic.
Several NASA projects are developing design criteria
for efficient, lightweight, reliable components for hydrogen-
oxygen and hydrogen-fluorine rocket systems. At Lewis Re-
search Center, experiments with hydrogen-oxygen thrust
chambers have provided extensive data on wall-cooling, pro-
pellant injector performance, and combustion stability over
a wide range of operating conditions. Information from
these experiments, which are still going on, will be uti-
lized in Saturn upper-stage hydrogen-oxygen rocket engines
(See Chapter 8, "Propulsion and Nuclear Energy Applications
for Space," pp. 87"90).
- 13/+ -
of combustion, and how they change. During the report
period, experiments with burning spray in a rocket combustor
yielded data on characteristics during all phases of burn-
ing. This constitutes a major step toward design of rocket
combustors that will have predetermined performance for
engines of various sizes.
Hypergolicare ande_S_rab_e
propellants typ at ....g_ i _ro_e_s
e p -_lHyp_r_o_c
eou y w e e
ingredients are brought in contact. These include "storable"
propellants which can be kept in vehicle tanks without
evaporating, instantly ready for firing. Results from re-
search on reaction processes of such materials indicate
that maximum heat output -- and hence, maximum power -- can
be obtained only when mixing takes place at a certain criti-
cal rate. The work is being extended to systems having a
higher total energy content, to learn if this behavior is
general.
- 135 -
baffle combination are represented by a "mathematical
model" -- formulae or equations that can be fed into a
computing machine. Two "models" are being used. In one,
the sloshing fuel is treated as a pendulum. In the other,
a weight oscillating on a spring represents the sloshing
fuel. Small-scale experiments are checking the accuracy
of both models. Incomplete results indicate that both are
useable representations of fuel oscillation.
Nuclea r Propulsion_
- 136 -
about 800 pounds of thrust may be produced for each pound
of hydrogen flowing per second (specific impulse of 800).
In a gaseous reactor, this may be increased more than three
fold, to about 2,500.
- 137 -
rv,
0
I.--
J,i
t
IJ_ x\
I.iJ
rv, \ "'\ _ .\\
I \ ,,\ ::,&._
rv,
0
I-- _J
rv,
r'_
0
0
..J
Z
<
,,%
138
shows excellent ability to follow rapid variations in power,
it may be useful not only for checking out research reactors,
but may also be applied to nuclear rocket reactors and to
stationary reactors used to generate electrical power.
Electric Propulsion_
- 139 -
0
u
.r.(
L_.__
(D
(..;
,_.-4
"U
r/l
.i.-_
>
.J
(1) .,-I
"cJ
0 0
de
0 _
o_
Z _
OF PO0_ QUALITY
0
"l:J
..4
- IL_% -
For space flight within the solar system, specific im-
pulses of about i,O00 seconds are desired. This should be
adequate for such missions as raising earth satellites from
low to high-altitude orbits. For deep space and other ad-
vanced missions, higher specific impulses will be required.
- 142 -
These and other serious problems with cesium propel-
lant have dictated development of mercury as an ion source.
Ions are generated by bombarding mercury vapor with mag-
netically constrained electrons. Power efficiencies well
above 60 percent have been measured at a specific impulse
as low as 5,500 seconds. Propellant utilization of about
80.percent has been demonstrated.
- IA3 -
rockets are of interest. A 3-kw electric arc rockets was
successfully operated at 0.05 pounds thrust and 500 seconds
specific impulse. Further tests will be made at higher
thrust levels and with a specific impulse up to the design
requirement of 1,O00 seconds. A much larger engine (30-kw)
is being fabricated_. Utilizing an electrical resistance-
heated heat exchanger, the engine is designed to produce
one pound of thrust and 1,O00 seconds of specific impulse.
- iAA -
oxidation at high temperatures. The oxides of the refrac-
tory metals at their proposed use temperatures, however, are
unstable and volatilize {turn to gases). When this occurs,
new metal is continually exposed to further oxidation. One
possible way of handling this problem is to apply a coating
to the metal.
- IA5 -
Fati6ue Characteristics of Metals -- An important
method of judging the resistance of structural materials
to fatigue is the rate at which cracks occur and propagate.
Practically all information on this subject deals with
cracking under repeated, steady pressures or stresses.
Recent tests at Langley of aluminum-alloy sheet specimens
have shown that an appreciable delay in crack propagation
is encountered, and is followed by a resumption at a lower
rate when the stress amplitude is reduced. Photographs of
surface of fractures are also being studied in the hope of
deducing the kinds of loads or stresses that caused the
fractures. Results of these studies should contribute to
understanding of fatigue and to better methods for assessing
it in the design stages. The work is being continued on
high-strength steels of the types used in launch vehicle
tanks and in the structures of advanced vehicles.
- l&6 -
were stronger (in ratio of density to strength) and tougher
at room temperatures than any of the best heat-treated steels
now available. They also stood up well at very low (cryogenic)
temperatures.
- 147 -
heated so that the liquid metal in the bottom section boils.
The metal vapor rises to the top of the loop where it cools,
condenses to a liquid, and flows back down the walls of the
loop to the bottom where it is brought to a boil again.
Thus, on a small scale, the effects of corrosion of liquid
metal fluids on refractory metals can be evaluated o_er
long periods of time and under varying temperatures.
- 14S -
(4,800OF) and aluminized (5,600OF) propellants._ Of these
materials, tungsten resisted erosion best. The program will
be expanded to study nozzle materials, using recently devel-
oped propellants which can achieve temperatures as high as
6,300°F.
- i_9 -
suitable fabric materials; detailed studies of elastomers,_
with emphasis on effects of temperature, vacuum, and ultra-
violet radiation; studies to determine the best methods of
folding materials; and structural design and analysis to
determine favorable torus configurations or shapes and ac-
complish preliminary design of attachments, seams, and feed-
throughs for lines, cables, etc.
- 150 -
the load without breaking. Studies at Langley have shown
that the more filaments are broken, the higher the stress is
concentrated in the adjacent filaments. However, the ratio
between the dynamic and static stress concentration is
virtually independent of the number of broken filaments, the
maximum dynamic stress being about 20 percent higher than
the static stress.
- 151 -
method of estimating fluctuating pressures on the basis of
the more easily measured steady pressures is also being
sought.
- 152 -
positive and negative electrical charges that exist in all
matter. A barrier is then imposed between the energetic
charges to separate them and provide useable electricity.
The term "direct conversion" is used because electricity is
generated directly without the need for first producing
heat energy to boil a working fluid as is the case in a
conventional generating system.
- 153 -
primarily through improved fabrication techniques. The
conversion efficiency of the sun's rays by photovoltaic
action of silicon is very close to the expected theoretical
value. To achieve gains in power to weight, it will be
necessary to produce thin, flexible crystalline films of
silicon, rather than the bulky "sliced" cells in use today.
Experimental films of silicon have been produced and are
undergoing preliminary testing.
- 15A -
Chapter 12
Special ResearchProjects
_
_'_,__ _ __
__ __m
__ _
_,_ _ _
_,e ro__lm_ powered
X-15 experimental airplane and the Dyna-Soar manned orbital
glider -- in which NASA and the Department. of Defense are
cooperating -- take theory learned in the laboratory and, by
incorporating it into flying aircraft, convert abstract data
Into reality. Experimental, ultra-hlgh, ultra-swift aircraft
such as these and their predecessors are important for two
reasons: they test validity Of theory and furnish practical
and realistic means of finding out if theoretical studies
have overlooked important factors.
- 155 -
attained the record speed, as Walker said, "for Just the snap
of a finger." The previous world record (2,094 mph) was set
on September 27, 1956, by Air Force Capt. Milburn G. Apt, who
was killed when his X-2 aircraft ( a forerunner* of the X-15)
went out of control and crashed.
- 156 -
In making these measurements, structural-temperature
and aerodynamic-heat-transfer data are obtained from thermo-
couple and surface-pressure measuring devices. In addition,
special paints that indicate temperature are used for quali-
tative information in support of the measured data. The
paints have been valuable in indicating particular areas
subjected to greater heat than the rest of the airplane. As
expected, no critical or flight-llmitinT temperatures were
Tests With New Engine -- X-15 No. 2 was being fitted with
the final, much more powerful (57,000-pound-thrust) XLR-99
engine. Test flights with the new unit by pilots White and
Walker were delayed when the engine was removed to replace a
corroded hydrogen peroxide tank. Initial powered flights
will use only about half the engine's rated potential•
The XLR -99 engine had been tested many times before, but
additional ground tests were required after the engine was
mated to the aircraft, to determine a variety of factors such
as vibration levels, the ability of the pilot to stop and
- 157 -
restart the engine, and the rocket's automatic shutdown sys-
tem (the engine is equipped with detectors, or sensors, that
cut off the power in case of excessive heat or vibration).
- 158 -
feet and higher. However, an evaluation of the flight tech-
niques used, augmented by wind-tunnel and theoretical studies,
indicate no severe problems are to be expected. The control
characteristics of the X-15 with the "damper system" (auto-
matic equipment that prevents excessive oscillations or over-
response to control) have generally been rated very good by
the test pilots. Wind-tunnel and theoretical predictions
have in general been substantiated by the flight tests. A
flxed-base simulator, programmed on the basis of wind tunnel
data, has proved an invaluable tool for planning flights and
training pilots.
- 159 -
miles per hour. The results indicate that the highest forces
and strains on the main gear (skids located well back on the
airplane, behind its center of gravity) occur when the nose-
_ear touches down. It was also found that the strain on the
landing gear is affected more by the airplane's attitude or
angle than by the sinking speed or rate of descent at the
time of touchdown. The high drag of the main-gear skids has
been found to give more than adequate directional stability.
- 160 -
Studies in Progress -- To aid in selecting a final con-
figuration that will meet these requirements, NASA is carry-
ing out extensive investigations over the anticipated speed
range. Studies are in progress on the effects of changes in
geometry on stability and control and aerodynamic heating --
for example, the diameter of the leading edge of wings, the
amount of sweep (angling back of the wing in relation to the
body), the dihedral angle (a tilting upward or downward of
- 161 -
vertical fin, the body, wing camber*, and elevon** geometry
will be investigated. Over the speed range from Mach .6 to
Mach 3.5 (high subsonic to supersonic speeds), the stability
and control characteristics of the launch vehicle glider
combination and the glider alone are being investigated at
the Ames Unitary Plan wind tunnels. Tests in this facility
are under way.
- 162 -
Air Vehicle Systems Support -- FRC effort in the area
of air vehicle systems development has consisted of moni-
toring and evaluating the launch vehicle, glider, and sub-
systems designs. The Center expresses concurrence with con-
tractor concepts and proposals, or recommends alternate
approaches to the Dyna-Soar Weapons Systems Project Office,
which is charged with technical direction of the program.
FRC has devoted considerable effort to establishing flight-
test and flight research data requirements and to specify-
ing and developing concepts for the necessary specialized
instrumentation and data system for the glider.
- 163 -
Air Vehicle Systems Development
- 16_ -
Chapter 13
ResearchCenterDirect Support
Project Scout
- 165 -
work is 90 percent complete, and on schedule. Fabrication
of components for the third and fourth vehicles has begun
and is also on schedule.
Project Centaur
- 166 -
During the "over the top" portion of the curve, there are
short periods of weightlessness. The experiments should
help clarify areas of uncertainty and aid in obtaining
greater vehicle reliability.
- 167 -
been measured, depending on the propellant mixture ration
in the engines and the shape of the model. Effects of
other variables are also being investigated.
- 168 -
Project Echo_
Project Nimbus
Project Mercury
- 169 -
2) The Posigrade Rockets, which separate the capsule from
the launch vehicle when orbital altitude is reached. 3)
The Retrograde Rockets, which slow the capsule when it is
time to start the descent from orbit.
- 170 -
Project Trailblazer
Micrometeoroid Satellite
- 171 -
This payload is scheduled to be launched early in 1961
on Scout No. _. Design work is essentially complete_
telemetering development is on schedule; beryllium-copper
pressure cells are being fabricated; and satellite compo-
nents are being tested in the recently installed high-
vacuum facility at Langley.
- 172 -
Chapter 14
Constructionand Equipment°
- 173 -
.
encounter during entry into the atmosphere at moderate speed
-- including the gyrations of the spacecraft and deceleration
forces of 6 or 7g. Estimated total cost is $990,000. The
simulator is illustrated on page 174.
- 175 -
FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER, EDWARDS, CALIF.
- 176 -
in Building No. 2, the Research Projects Laboratory. Con-
struction of Building No. 1 and No. 2 was completed during
the period. Cost is about $3,250,000, exclusive of research
equipment.
- 177 -
Support Facilities
- 178 -
26-Inch Transonic Pressure Tunnel
Improvements in _L_u11_
19-foot pressure tunnel include
newly installed power supply equipment, test section, and
freon handling equipment. The range of operating speeds and
temperatures has been increased, permitting extensive study
of the dynamics of spacecraft and aircraft. Estimated cost
is $9,615,474.
Other Projects
- 179 -
An addition to the Materials and Structures Building has
been erected to house a zero-power reactor, construction of
which is progressing. Estimated cost of the structure and
reactor is $605,000. The reactor, a full-scale replica of
the core, reflector, and test facilities of the powerful
Plum Brook reactor, operates at low power (usually less than
one watt) and at room temperature. It cannot be used as a
heat source. It will be employed as a source of neutrons to
study reactor physics such as nuclear shielding, the basic
properties of neutron sources, the effects of reactivity,
stresses imposed upon materials by nuclear propulsion, and
related problems.
- 180 -
liquid-helium system with a pumping capacity of about 26.5
gallons per hour which makes it useful for experiments
requiring a low-temperature and low-density environment.
The facility will be employed for aerodynamic research and
testing ion and plasma engines.
Contemplated Construction
- 181 -
test processes and equipment for power generation and energy
conversion. Estimated costs are $&,050,000 and $5,050,000,
respectively.
Transportation Facilities
- 182 -
Other Projects
Launching Facilities
Communications
Other Projects
- 183 -
complete as the period ended. Design of an assembly shop
for Scout and other launch vehicles has been started. Esti-
mated cost of the shop, which will be erected on Wallops
Island, is $250,000.
- 18A -
Centaur Launch Facilities
- 185 -
SECTIONVI
NASA LIFESCIENCESACTIVITIES
Chapter 15
Life SciencesPrograms
ORGANIZATION PROGRESS
- 187 -
Fli_ht Medicine and Biology: Biomedical Flight Experiments
- 188 -
Foreign Scientists to Participate
Biosciences Conferences
- 190 -
Space Biology
- 189 -
m
usw
<z
o_
zz
Z m
O
I--.
.C o _
_g
I-- o
ttt <
mira o ¢
Z
mm
1 I-mK_
o_<_
°_._
I z _" m
z _ _ ...... zz_-
oZ oKi. •
,.- ,_
_
_ _--_'.":
zZ_.
z
o
m o_m i
o I
! ". 7
Z Io._.o01
0 I_'l°°
f,o_.l z_j
-za w
W m
o: : :
_J
<I
Z
I:.,-r
_-
.
o
-m
°1@ I
0
m
IB _ z
• u
z_uz_
m
t:J
L'J
SECTIONVII
MANAGEMENTACTIVITIES
auspices of the Office of Life Science Programs. The purpose
of th_s meeting was to establish goals, important areas of
inquiry, and program priorities for llfe sciences flight
experiments. The group recommended emphasis on the following:
(1) detection and study of extraterrestrial llfe, (2) studies
of the effects of space environments on living organisms, and
(3) biological system studies, particularly those related to
performance. The necessity of adequate control studies and
experiments in earthbound laboratories was stressed.
- 191 -
Chapter 16
Organizational Development
Expansion of Functions
ADMINISTRATION OF
- 19_ -
NUCLEAR PROPULSION COORDINATION OFFICE ESTABLISHED
- 195 -
Chapter 17
Procurement,Contracts,and Grants
Procurement Placement
_ percent)was
million placed
(8 percent), through negotiation.
constituting amendments,Approximately
purchases
not exceeding $2,500, and purchases under General Services
Administration contracts, was not categorized as to whether
advertised or negotiated.
P_r_1-_'_ PAG_
";="_'u_'_-_ BLANK ROT RLMED - 199 -
As shown in Table 2, below, 77 percent of the dollar
awards to business was for research and development. Virtu-
ally all of these awards were negotiated. However, with
respect to construction awards, which accounted for 15 per-
cent of the total to business, 51 percent of the dollar
value was advertised and 49 percent negotiated. Awards for
supply items amounted to eight percent of the total awards
to business. Of these, 35 percent was advertised and 65
percent negotiated. Thus, of the total awards for construc-
tion and supply, 46 percent of the dollar value was placed
through advertising and 54 percent through negotiation.
TABLE 2
Construction 21.3 15 51 49
Supply 10.4 8 35 65
- 200 -
NASA buys through the Department of Defense items for which
the military departments can most economically contract.
For example, NASA has allocated funds to the Air Force to
procure Agena B rockets for use as upper stages of Atlas-
Agena and Thor-Agena launch vehicles. The Air Force has
employed Agena rockets in its Discoverer and MIDAS satellite
programs. NASA has also transferred funds to the Air Force
to construct test stands at Edwards AFB, Calif., for the F-1
project, development of a 1.5-million-po1__n_d tb__ust rocket
engine.
About $70 million (88 percent) of funds placed with or
through other @gencies was for research and development.
Approximately $10 million (12 percent) was for construction
and supply, in almost equal shares.
- 201 -
RESEARCH GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT
- 202 -
competing contractors to show in their proposals how it
will be accomplished. NASA may employ a reliability con-
tractor as consultant during proposal review and as monitor
during equipment development.
SMALL BUSINESS
Summary of Awards
Program Management
- 203 -
procedures for executing small business policies set forth
in the National Aeronautics and Space Act and the Small
Business Act. During a series of meetings at NASA field
centers, representatives of the two agencies drafted compre-
hensive small business procedures for NASA procurement pro-
grams. The procedures cover such areas as screening pro-
posed procurement actions for small business participation,
small business subcontracting programs under NASA contracts,
maintenance of records, and consolidation of reports cover-
ing small business participation in NASA procurement.
Final procedures will be issued soon.
- 20A -
Chapter 18
Personnel
- 205 -
TABLE 3
Distribution of NASA Personnel_
- 206 -
Eo
oo
P'Z
W_
-_Lu
_z LI.
W_
_0
_H
- 2O7-
In addition, 120 applications already in the labor force
were employed, making an aggregate total of 321 scientists
hired. This was about one-third of NASA hirings in all fields
which totaled 997. (The figures do not include the Marshall
Space Flight Center.)
YOUTH PROGRAM
- 2O8-
under the Administrator and Deputy Administrator, succeeding
Richard F. Horner who resigned to become senior vice presi-
dent (technical) of Northrop, Inc., Beverly Hills, Calif.
- 209 -
Council stauistics showed there were only two disabling
injuries at the Flight Research Center in 1958, none in 1959,
and none in 1960 to the date of the award. As of September
30, 1960, Edwards personnel had worked 1,647,281 man hours
without disabling injury.
- 210 -
Chapter 19
Financial Management
TABLE 4
- 211 -
Table _, Fiscal Year 1961 Program
TABLE 5
c.o_._°'_'_,_n
.....................
......
.......
".......
•.. :iii"":.2
..............
" ' ..
:'::....:
_,,.,o_.ooo"_'_'_°
Total Research & Development ................
- 212 -
Fable 6, Financial Status as of September 30, 1960
TABLE 6
- 213 -
Chapter 20
Other Activities
SCOPE OF CHAPTER
- 23.5 -
Protection of NASA Inventions
- 216 -
Review of Paten t Applications
Contributions Awards
- 217 -
LONG RANGE STUDIES
- 218 -
INFORMATION AND EDUCATION
Technical Information
Publications
- 219 -
the nation's space program; and Selling to NASA, a revision
of a booklet widely distributed to industry. NASA also pub-
lished and distributed unclassified portions of the NASA-
Industry Conferences (see Chapter 17, Procurement_ Contracts,
and Grants, pp. 20A).
Motion Pictures
- 220 -
Exhibits
- 221 -
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
- 223 -
APPENDIX B
MEMBERSHIP OF THE
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE COUNCIL
(April l, 1960 through September 30, 1960)
Acting Secretary
David Z. Beckler
Co-Chairmen
Dro nezo_ro
vv _.1_ _ __m. F. _r_
_oza,
_1_ uir_cou_
v_* _ _ _.L .... u±
_ u_fense
1"_ _ Research and
Engineering
Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator, NASA
Member s-at-large
- 227 -
_z,i_ _
Space Fli£ht Ground Environment Panel
Aeronautics Panel
Secretariat
NASA MEMBERS
NASA ALTERNATES
DOD ALTERNATES
_,_._3ERSHIP OF
NASA COMMITTEE ON LONG RANGE STUDIES
(April i, 1960 through September 30, 1960)
- 231 -
APPENDIXF
MEMBERSHIP OF
NASA INVENTIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS BOARD
MEMBERSHIP OF
NASA ADVISORY COMMITrEE
ON SPACE MEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
/'^_41 1 1 OKN ÷_...._,,,-,_ q,=.',-,+,=.rn'k,_',-. "_N "10_N_
- 235 -
APPENDIX H
MEMBERSHIP OF
NASA ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SPACE BIOLOGY
(April i, 1960 through September 30, 1960)
',':._:_CF'.Di_,IG
PAGE BLJ_N_ NOT RL_.ED
- 237 -
APPENDIX I
MEMBERSHIP OF
NASA ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON FLIGHT MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
(April l, 1960 through September 30, 1960)
- 239 -
APPENDIX J
F_CEC_.D.I,_'G
PAGE BLANK NOT RLMEi)
- 2L1 -
SPACE SCIENCES STEERING COMMITTEE*
SUBCOMMITTEES*
Aeronomy
- 2%2 -
Astronomy
Bioscience
- 2_3 -
Members $. J. Gerathewohl
G. J. Jacobs
Jack Posner
G. D. Smith
Dr. C. S. Pittendrigh
Department of Biology
Princeton University
Princeton, N. J.
Dr. Ernest C. Pollard
College of Chemistry and Physics
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pa.
Ionospheric Physics
- 2A& -
Secretary Frederick C. Gracely
Dr. E. R. Schmerling
Ionosphere Research Laboratory
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pa.
Lunar Sciences
- 245 -
Members Phillis Buwalda
Manfred Elmer
Albert R. Hibbs
Gordon MacDonald
Leslie H. Meredith
Ernst Stuhlinger
Dr. H. H. Hess
Department of Geology
Princeton University
Princeton, N. J.
- 2A6 -
Particles and Fields
Joseph C. Cain
Frank B. McDonald
William McDonald
Marchia Neugebauer
- 2A7 -
Planetary and Interplanetary Sciences
Dr. J. W. Chamberlain
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
University of Arizona
Tucson, Ariz.
- 2_8 -
8 O
8
O
O ',D
O',
I1)
c_l eq
,-I
NI
0 ¢) -i._
',.0
O_
r-4 8_o O 0
r_
o_-_
o'h d
Io1-1
I-4
Q) _3
_.._ ._¢
0
_ o,--I I> o
.¢'4
_ -i--_
0 _) 0
t_ °r-I o
o 0
e_,, Q) ._ 0,_
r.O 0 _0
0 o
•_ .,_
o_.
I.-I _o_
r--4 E._ _
_ O 0 _,_ o_ m _
.r-I h_O N N
O _
O
b--t
r..) t_ I-'t _,-.t -I._
•r-.i E-_O _ O _
O o H • O
_-_
O
£--_ r--t _ _o_
I--t
O O •_ _ _._
.r-I o_ o.o'_
N'_
I-I
H %
_<_H _'_
% _r_ M m 0'_ I---t o
X
i--i
c_ O
Z
O
IIl
ul
- 2/,9 -
O O
L_ 8
0
00
,-4 ,-4
o
_0
,-4 ,-4 ¢q c_z
bO
_o_ g ._I
o
E_
o
o
H g g d
I
I J:t
0 o
m
_ o .o
m o •_ -el
O O
.° _ _ _,o
o
o
o
o_
.rl .el
ID o
_o o_
m
O
O O ._
I.-I I,--t
H
_._ _ <_o mo_ •,_ o
L_ o
o
ID
0
0 s::z, t-.-I o o
-p
0 _ _
o_ °r-t r--I
_'+ o .rt
E+ O-_ O
E-+.H -_ H
m_ _ "_ o
mo .r't
0
N_.
e_m i1)
-o
o
o
o_
!i+
o
O o
o I I
.p o',
g g g
ul
- 250 -
0 0 ,,0 0 0
0 0 ,.0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0r_
-..T
c_
o_1 ,-_ a)
NI
•,-I .,-I
•,-I ® o
0
ID ffl
o _
u In,
0 I _n o
(3)
o_ •,-I _ _
0
m (D e,_.t ID
o_ °
•_ _-i._ 0._
o_ ,o (1)
0
.,-I
(D
_o'_ _ -_,_
0 0 _
_-_ ®_ >0
_b
_ _'_ o
0 0 o_ _ . _ o_..
o 0
[-t o %
"_ _,_
0
0 e-
o
v
o_
NI
r-4
0 0 @ m 0
!
0 -4"
Z _0
0",
0 "_ _ '
rn
- 251-
O O O O O O
,,(i) c_ 8 8 8 8
O G
,-4 r_ O c_
C_
c_ cr_ c_ o,!
c'_ H ,.-4
o O
o_ •Ho
r-q.P ,-4
{.)
E_ o L0 4
J
r-q o
_4 4 #= £ 4
"H o
O..P
r'4 0 o
P,
ID
_ _ o
O o o
O o o C_ _ H
•H _I
o
m • _ o o
% .r"l -_
O o_
N ,-4.O .p f.., a _ a.r'l
ia H
.el O _
•_ I>
F.q r-t
O • I_ _ a.r'l 1,9
ID
-el
(..)
o m._ o_ •,--4
_
P-I
..p
f,.)
v ",JC) O
I I
o_ P_ _ _ oTM o
c0
8 ii_; "_..'_ l;;i_ _" li_ l_i
- 2.52-
8 O
8
O u-x
o'_
O
O
O
O
O o_ O O
o_
r-I
c_ c_
c% _ r-t
o_1
o
co ,._ .H ,-_
o o _ o
-H
d _d
O o_
0 o I1) _ o
_ O r-40"_
p:o o_ _
E-_ .H o
r_ • .O_ r-I
o_
.H _r. o_
O
O
"H
4-_ m bOO _o_ _
<_.H o
-H
4o O S_.- N°_g
O_--i
r-4 r'-t
_,_'_ O3,H
,.O
•
t--t .H _
g ,-el co
m D-_
r_
O
O _
r.Q r-..t O r---t _ o
o
_o_ m_ _._
O-H %
0 bO
o % I1) _o_ _
_'_
m __
_._ _z_ 1_-_ _-_E_ O
ik:_!
4o
o_
O o",
O O
- _53 -
O O
O
O :g
O
,,0
,--t ,-t
o o
_0
o_ r-I t_
d
Ii)
o I1)
,-4
O .r't
o
.r-I
0 ,.Q
I1)
4
I
I
_._t
0
•,-I ,--I
r/l
H I--t
H
0 ¢) _ .r-_,_:_ H _ O
O _-_ O °r"t
I'--I I---I [--_ "0 O
hO
B _'_
0 _ O
r_._ ._o O_o O
.,._ ,_._°'_:_ °,q
,.c:
© O
•_ o
H
C_ ©
m m
__o°._
e,.-I H
_z,_
4 _
o_
I I
0 O r'-4
I
r_
- 25Z_-
0 0
0 0
0 0
c_
r-J
,--I
.H
H _3
O3
•el _
O
-H
0_-_
O
m co
o
H
O 8
0
0 o
o oo 0
_°o_
_ _
O
H
.H
O co
H
N._
O
O m
_'_ H
•oo N _o V3_-4
I "5' _... a)
O',
- 255 -
_0
5'
0
o_ 8 O
O
0 O
0 d
0_ _0 Ox e-I
fa@
c_ ',.0 c,i
r-t
I/)
Q) 0] 0
.r.I I0
¢D
,--I
.,-4 .,<
I/)
II1
o_
_3
vJ
,-I o
0
_-_ 0
o_
o o (1)
0 _ ._
0
o
O 0
o_
-,-.I
0 ¢)
4_
¢) '_
m _ m
,,_(D
_o
E--, .._
• r-t _
H_0_ Q).._
._1 _-4 _
0
_o'_ _
_ 0
_>_._-_-_ o o 0"11
0_-I
_ 0 °_
d °
_ o
r_ o _ _._
r--t
o if% ',4:)
.,<
- 256 -
O
o.8o.
o.
o o
0
O_
_- _O rH
,--4
r-_
Q) .el
o "0
0
'U
-H ,4
o
O
g
03
I O
O
03
b_ o._ o._
_o o_ °_ 4O tO
tO .,-I 0 to
_ _o_ o
_o_ ._
_4oO
0 _
-H tO
4o O •,-I ,_ O
0 0
_._ 09_ r_
_'___
E-_
_
E_ O
_ 0)
_.
_°_o o _o
_ __ __ _o _ __o _°
03 _
4o
40
4o 0 o
0 0
O
o
,o
°_ _ O', O
4_
,,(3",
- 257 -
-0
8
0
8 0
8 §
8 0 8 0
o_ 0
C_ -.¢ C_ --I"
C_ O_ r.-t
a)
0 ID
cO
t)
a)
°_ *f-
Ig
o
I
0 _o O
o) O
CD
0 _._
0 .H 0 0 co
o
"_
•4-) 0
•_ __ e+.t. o
O_4
.N
O ID
O O O O,-I O 0
I--t 0 _., H
O-H
I-I
o_
H --_
_o
H
_:_o _'_ °_
O
O
o
il
O O
I
O
O
t/l
- 258-
0 -_ O O O
_0
c_ 0
0
Lr_
O_ 8 O
_0
O
O
c_
0 O _
_ r-4
o o
o,i o_
,-4 _ r-i
"_, _
ffl o
.el
o
,-_ .O
0 _ m
0
0 t_ ,-+
O
i/1
.rl
O)
o •
•_ 0.1 N o o% _o _o
_o_
H o % o ul
_o_ _o _o m m_
E_
_:_
_ C::_-_.P
_o_o _
i_ H _O o _._
0 0 m.._
O O N._
0 _ H _
_._
_, _o
_ _
HO E-_H
® _,.,
0 e_ _
°° O
o
I
O_
O_
- 259-
O O 0 0 0
8 8 0
0 O 8
d .g
8 c_
0
c_
.o O
(N c_ CO cq
r-4
O _-_
ID
@ ID 0
• I'-I .r = rj
o
• ,-I I_ o_ _3
H _4
ID
O
I O
0 ID
bl
o
0 ID _.,
O
-H
-M O
0 _ ffl
-r-I t-I m
rid -H
.rl o I_1 r.._ _-t o
O _O
o
-M _,_ N._ _-_ ®
ID
H %
H H O
H
O 0"1 '_ r--t
0
:_o_ _u'x O
N_ k-_ O I:1::I_-_ O o
o_ O
0 0 xo <0
0
-f t_-
I
f_
- 260 -
0 0 0 0
O0 0 _o 0
0 O0 CO c_
o_
t-4 c_
C_
,-4 O_ C_
_)
L,I r-_
°! Q)
0
0.4-_
o 0
+_ O
o
g)
°_ ,_
Q) .4._ ID
o o_
_'_0 _O
_°_ _ o H _ °._
_o-r-t o
o_ -_ ° _._ _
o
_-_ H
o _
_._o o_
o_ _o_ _._ _ _o.el
H
O o,/I
o
O.rl _
O
m:_ N_N I--t
r-_
O
_° o
O
O
O_ ff
_
IZv IZ _
- 261 -
et
,-t
t-t
_o_
o,rl
_,_o o ,r..I
o
•,-I Q) a)
_o _ ,r.I
0 ®
.,-I
-_
o_
0 _°o_
._ H
12)
_o _
0
_oO_ ,r..I
"_ _,,_ _
_o_
._
N_o _
- 262-
8_
o_
o o o
o_=
_ °_
® _..,
J _8_
r_ .z::
,-I
X • 0 4) 0
@
c_
2:
r,.1
- 263-
Lt%
C_
§ _g
O_ C"- 8
r4 r-t
O) 0
0 r,.) 0 0
CO 0
0 .el
H
-.-I 0 0
0 J
0 0 Q)
0 •4o 0 H
• 0
0 E-_ _-_
0 0 %
4) • _P
03 mE-_
Q) 03 o3 0'1 0
a)
0 1
r,-, o 0 I
o c -_ _-,
•rlO 0_I_
_) _) _) _ 0 .,o -r-I
_0 .._ ._
bO_ -0
• "r'_ • *r-_
•_,g _ .==
0
_.r_ O_ @
_ _, o__'-'
,,_0", _ I 0
.,o o_ _0 0_o _0
® _o_ •'_ 0
O
5_
r't
0", I I I I
r-I
0 I
0
ffl
]
- 264-
0,1
o _ _ o o
8 _0 OL_ O_
0
IP
_ 0
o o o
rj f_
il
_] _ o
_o o_
o ._ _° o
P, _J
| _
_?_ •
o_ I
L_I
t_
o
b_
,_._ ®
g_
__ ID
c_
u_
Cq
! I
t .-4
0 II)
_ o
@
_0 ._
ffl
o
_ o
!1
- 265 -
! '
@ @
_) 0 il) 0
- 266 -
O0
o',
_0
o4
I ,r_ r_ _ •
_0 -I_ I _ I I I ,._ _,-_
• _ 0 o_ ,c_ @ m
_ ,_o_ _o _
o_
10
bO 0 e_
- 26'/ -
0
o _ o
•1-1 4)
•_ _.,_
o _ OLD.,
- 268-
§ § o,_ = §
_0
",,o
r-i " .,
c_ o', _.1
¢,-
4.}
o
"_ I o
®<',_ o _
.._ O
<_. ° k: ¢,-.i
¢,.) 4-_ O O _ O
,-t o
.M r,..,
G3 .r.I
_o_ rn ..<
,-4
v v
,---I
_0 •
_o_ _ _._ oM
.rt
_,M •
•'< I:::1 _ _
, ,_,,_
•M ¢8 ¢d
¢0 0_
¢.} ¢.)
I @-M m _ 4-_ O
o_._
m 0 '- -,-,o .,-,., , ._ t ® ®'_
co o _.,
G) _'_ _
,M
¢H
t_
r..,
"_o_
0 I
0 -i'1
0 o
o
,r4
r,,,3
- 269 -
_ .I ..P
o_ _
o 00_
•,-4 "--*',--4
+3 O_
®_--t
o I I _ I I I I _']
8
I I I I I
r_
bO
.H
,--4
r,_
- 270-
o"
0
Lr_
o
{3
8)
4o
-H
I
40
I _ I o
•__ _"_._._
o .N _ C_t
"_._
4O _ 4O
•_'_2 ®_
_ _ _ o_E .
o.C P_
rD
I
D--
o',
I
u3
2'71 -
,-I _ o
0 o
0 _ _
o'_ o
0 8
Lrx
-.I" ¢_ ,--i ¢_
I
, _ O_
0 o
•H
•._
I_0
"0
0
,-I o
.rl
oo .o o
-t-i
o
o %
° _ _. 0 _
o
0 o _o o
0 • .H
• r-i 0 ,,0_
_:_o _) _ _o
_o 0 I I
co
o
o_--I 0
,-I
rt
o o
E-_
o
o
oft -I_
[o
,.-t
04O
00_
- 272 -
8 t_
0
o"
0
I
o
.._
*d
o
-_ o
o rH
o o o
.,.-I
@
_o
.o, _i
_'_ __
o _+_
O.
o®_
o
0 •
-r"l
0 o
gT_.
o®g_
_o
_ _'_
I I
! 4 I
I
0 I I
o3
°_
•,_ 0
._ _
o _
- 273 -
,,o
c_ O",
c_
J
c_
(2)
.U"_ .q
0
",.o
L"- .g
o O o o
J .H
Q) @
oH
r._
@ @
_D o r._
r,.3 E-_
I
@
r_ ¢3
r..3
H D., •
r-_ ,O*_I I_
r,3
r_
r._ ®:;:I I.-4
=I
o
o , _ o_
c) ° O
oH
r,O
•H _ ° ._° _
r.r3 _o ._, ® .+3
_)
I r._ o _ _) r.Q
I
H
I...4
E-i
E-_
",,O r,..) c_
',,O r-"l
I
D'-
I !
D,-
I =,
ffl o'_
r._
(:3
r,..3
D.,
,H
• 0
o
•_i = "_
_)
ffl
- 2_/4 -
0
c_
_0 _ _ _ _ o8
o_ _- " o_ c_ o_ M
_ _ M
o
_o
r-I
o 0
o
i-i
o E
0
,_1 _ _ _ _o o
°° ?
I:1 -r_
° o)
r-I
_J
r-t 0
_ _ o
r-t
0 ._ g •® _® ° ._
m _
l
0
o
.g
!1
cO
- 275 -
@
•_ 0
or,.)
_._
@r.3
._'_,
o._ 0o o _ _ ._ _ o
_t °
O
"_ _) 0 _)
',,0
_O _O
r,r3 r_
¢3
o=._
*_ _) 0 0
r-t
2'/6 -
L_
o 8
e. c_ o
_ o
0 bO ._ o
or'l
_ o_1 ®
_ 0
U
o
'0
G)
, , _._o
o_ o_ _ o_ o o
_o._ _
•M --J 0 0 ._-I U
_._-_ _ o
_,-_ _ _._
•M N
o
t_ _-M _ •
,t-I
_°_ •_o__
_°° }_
C_/ .-d" ",0
C_I I I I ? ? ?
_0 _0 _0
cO cO cO
..COO
- 277-
_: _ o
m
!
Q)
° o
¢_
iliii -
- 278.-