Ninth Semiannual Report To Congress 1 Jan. - 30 Jun. 1963

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Ninth
sEM’IA N N uAI-
REPORT TO
JANUARY 1 -
JUNE 30.1963
/ CONGRESS
OTS PRICE
XEROX $ -
HICROFlW $
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PROJECT
MERCURY
lklinLh
SEMIANNUAL
REPORT TO
CONGRESS
JANUARY I - JUNE 30, 1963
NATIONAL AERONAUTICSAND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.00
JvLr 1, 1964.
To the CoNGPmss OF THE UNITED STATES:
Pursuant to the provisions of the National Aeronautics and Space

Act of 1958, as amended, I transmit herewith a report of the projects
and progress of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
for the period of January 1, 1963, through June 30, 1963.
This report covers six months of significant and encouraging ac-
tivity in the national space program. The breadth of performance
promises subsequent periods of even greater accomplishment in meet-
ing the challenge of space.
THE WHITE HOUSE.

JUNZ 1O, 1964.
The PRZSmZNT,
The Wh_,te House.
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: This Ninth Semiannual Report (January 1-June 30,
1963) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is submitted to you
for transmittal to the Congress in accordance with section 206(a) of the National
Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958.
The events recorded herein are evidence of continuing progress in the national
space program and of concrete accomplishments on the way to our national goal
of space leadership.
The many achievements of the period are described in detail in the body of
this report, but it is appropriate here to mention just a few: One of the most
significant was the 22-orbit flight of Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., on May 15-
16, which concluded Project Mercury with a perfect record of manned space
flight. This was the climax to a program which accomplished all the objectives
originally laid out for it when it was initiated in 1958.
In June, NASA launched TIROS VII--the seventh consecutive successful
launch in this meteorological satellite series. TIROS VII detected and warned
of the formation of Hurricane Flora before any conventional detection devices.
Also during this period the Relay communications satellite, launched in De-
cember 1962, was used for a nmnber of highly successful communications ex-
periments. During them, it transmitted signals between the United States
and South America, between the United States and Europe, and between Europe
and South America. European viewers saw telecasts of the final Project
Mercury manned space flight by means of Relay transmissions.
In addition to these events, NASA continued to advance all its programs on
many levels of accomplishment.
In manned space systems, the Gemini program moved forward. Assembly and
testing of two-man spacecraft and launch vehicle No. 1 proceeded according to
a schedule calling for unmanned launchings in 1964. Work on launch control,
tracking, and recovery equipment and on spacecraft subsystems advanced. In
addition, the production design of the spacecraft structure was completed, and
development and qualification testing of all major subsystems continued. The
modified Titan I_ ICBM which is to be used to launch the Gemini spacecraft was
under development by the Air Force, and the vertical test facility for integration
and checkout of major subsystems of the launch vehicle was activated. Sup-
porting work ranged from studies of rendezvous technique to establishment of
the design of the prototype spacecraft.
In the Apollo program--with its objective of a manned expedition to the moon
and return--progress continued as _he command and service modules reached the
boilerplate production stage, and fabrication of components for the first manned
spacecraft was started. Tests of the structural effects of landing on land
and water were conducted. The launch escape system solid propellan_ motors
were static tested, and structural testing of the launch escape tower was started.
iv
ADMINISTRATOR'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL V
Work began on the design, development, Itnd fabrication of the lunar excursion
module (LEM). A tentative landing gear design was selected, and it was de-
cided that the internal volume would be about 300 cubic feet.
Development work on larger engines and the more powerful launch vehicles
needed for the overall Apollo program advanced significantly. Major effort was
devoted to the RL-10 A-3, the H-l, the J-2, and the F-1 engines.
One of the large problems encountered in engine development has been com-
bustion instability. During this period, emphasis was placed on solving this prob-
lem: special instrumentation and new test techniques were developed, two possi-
ble causes of the combustion instability were identified, and corrective methods
were investigated with good results.
Significant progress was made in development of the large launch vehicles
which will be needed for our long-range space missions. This group includes
the stages of Saturn I (Blocks I and II), Saturn I-B, Saturn V, as well as the
many associated facilities.
Looking to the time when the Nation will have the need to undertake more
advanced programs, NASA contined development work on the M-l, a 1.5-million-
pound-thrust, liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen engine. Also under develolmmnt is
a second advanced system, a high-energy engine using fluorine and hydrogen.
It was also in this time that the joint NASA/Air Force National Large Solid
Booster Program was initiated and its scope defined. Hardware development
work, which began in June, was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of 260-
inch-diameter solid-fuel motors developing 3 million pounds of thrust ; test mo-
tors with double that thrust ; develop and static fire segmented 156-inch-diameter
motors that will deliver 1 to 3 million pounds of thrust; and analyze all the
problem areas to be encountered when these motors are used in future launch
vehicles.
During the first half of 1963, NASA continued to increase steadily its knowledge
of the earth's environment, of relationships between the earth and the sun, of
the planets, and of outer space. This expanded knowledge came from a wealth
of data in geophysics and astronomy provided by geophysical satellites, deep
space probes, geoprobes, and sounding rockets. One of the achievements of the
period was the discovery by Explorer XVII, orbited in April, of a belt of neutral
helium 160 miles from the earth. Other accomplishments included Mariner II's
transmitting data 53.9 million miles through space, the launching of 35 sounding
rockets which carried on investigations of the earth's atmosphere at various
heights, and the testing of a model of .the Surveyor Lander, a spacecraft to soft-
land on the moon and later serve as an observation station and research
laboratory.
NASA's biosciences programs also made progress in collecting information
essential to successful manned space flights. Work continued on the biological
effects of weightlessness, of high-energy cosmic radiation, and other outer space
stresses on living organisms. A program was established to develop biosatellites
to subject living organisms to the various stresses and effects of space from 3 to
30 days. Meanwhile, such studies were being conducted in simulated space
environments.
Significant advances were made in the operational and research and develop-
merit aspects of NASA's satellite applications program. The seventh TIROS
meteorological satellite was orbited, and TIROS V completed 10½ months of
operation after having supplied over 58,000 pictures of the earth's cloud cover.
NASA also launched Telstar II for the American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
VI ADMINISTRATOR'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Early in the period, the first Synco_ synchronous altitude active communica-
tions satellite was placed in the planned orbit, but became silent and contact was
lost. (Syncom II was launched on July 26, successfully maneuvered into posi-
tion, and operated as a communications relay station. )
An important improvement for present and future satellite systems--the
Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) subsystem--was checked out during this
period. The APT subsystem uses relatively simple and inexpensive ground
equipment which will receive pictures somewhat larger than the TIROS photo-
graphs and of equal quality. The system is to be tested on the next TIROS.
The Relay satellite launched just before the end of the previous report period
successfully completed its assigned mission, transmitting messages and TV
signals between the United States and other nations. Relay and Telstar have
now shown that active repeater communications satellites can be used as signal
relay stations
Research on passive communications satellites continued as Echo I completed
its third year in orbit and preparations were made for the launching of Echo II.
Also, the United States and the Soviet Union reached an agreement to use
Echo II for limited joint communications experiments.
NASA's comprehensive advanced research and technology program encom-
passes basic research, engineering research, and subsystems research. These
are long-term efforts which look toward future missions and seek to anticipate
and solve the many basic problems involved in manned space flight. Although
much of this long-range research does not reach the public eye, it is nonetheless
basic to the success of NASA's missions. Other equally vital investigations are
more likely to receive public notice. One example of this type of research is in
the area of aeronautics, where work with the X-15 is conducted.
Eleven X-15 flights took place during this period. Their purpose was to
acquire research data on aerodynamics and structural heating, structural dy-
namics, supersonic and hypersonic aerodynamics, and stability and control.
They were also to acquire data on the biomedical aspects of manned maneuver-
able hypersonic vehicles. All these flights required speeds above Mach 4---
about 2,800 miles per hour--to achieve mission requirements. Seven of the
flights called for speeds above Mach 5 (about 3,500 miles per hour). Four of
the flights were above 200,000 feet. The speeds and altitudes were carefully
chosen to produce the desired research data on problems of flight control, re-
entry, and landing. Other aeronautical research programs included work on
the supersonic transport and V/STOL aircraft. Results will be applicable to
the national commercial supersonic transport program, and the F-111 super-
sonic fighter development. Research on the technology of high-lift devices for
fixed and variable sweep wings indicated that takeoff and landing speeds of the
supersonic vehicles can be held approximately as l_)w as those of present sub-
sonic jet transports. This would make it possible _'or present airports to be
used for the supersonic transport. NASA research on the supersonic transport
progressed to the point where contracts were awarded for feasibility studies
_)f four concepts.
Significant progress was made in the studies of alloys to be used in the
construction of the supersonic transport. Of six studied, titanium alloys seem
most promising, but continuing research on this metal is required.
In addition to these studies, NASA continued extensive research on advanced
propulsion and space power generation systems using chemical energy. Prog-
ress was made on engines using liquid, solid and hybrid liquid-solid propel-
ADMINISTRATOR'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL VII
lants; on rocket engines that use air or planetary atmosphere for thrust aug-
mentation ; and vn engines that use solar energy to heat the fluid propellant.
Because nuclear energy now seems to be the most promising power source
for space vehicles making long deep space voyages, NASA continued to make
technological advances in research and development of nuclear electric power,
nuclear electric propulsion, and nuclear rockets.
SNAP-8 (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power)--a joint AEC/NASA project
for the design and development of a 35-kilowatt nuclear electrical generating
system--is one example of this nuclear effort. This type of system would be
used to provide auxiliary power for such advanced space missions as manned
or unmanned deep space probes, a lunar station, advanced operational communi-
cations satellites, and space laboratories. Progress during this period was made
in assurance of reliability through design improvements. The electrical generat-
ing system was defined, space startup procedure was established, and reactor
checkout and power experiments were begun.
Other advances included research on ion engine concepts, arc jet engines,
and the supporting research needed to solve basic development problems, develop
instrumentation, and enhance knowledge of the basic technology. And the KIWI,
NERVA, and RIFT projects continued under development.
NASA's programs require a wide variety of highly coordinated supporting
activities. One such essential activity is the group of tracking and data acquisi-
tion networks. These were expanded and improved through the addition of
equipment and the construction of new facilities. Operationally, the networks
supported the Project Mercury flight of May 15-16 as well as 20 satellite launches.
NASA further expanded its international programs to promote cooperation
among nations in the peaceful uses of space. By the end of the period, 64 political
jurisdictions were or had been associated with the United States in space
activities for the benefit of all nations. Also within this time, the United States
and the Soviet Union made a bilateral agreement providing for coordinated
launchings of geomagnetic and weather satellites and data exchanges. The
agreement also called for limited experiments with the Echo II communications
satellite when it is placed in orbit.
The period also saw the agency expand its educational programs and improve
its methods of disseminating scientific and technical information. The sustain-
ing university program, which is designed to assure greater university par-
ticipation in the Nation's space effort, continued. And the Agency's sponsored
research programs sought further to expand knowledge and broaden research
capabilities.
Tho many complex and expanded programs of the Agency relied increasingly
on the nontechnical activities concerned with directing, managing, and financing
our national space effort. Such activities included the recruiting of com-
petent personnel for technical and nontechnical functions, the continuing im-
provement of the organization of the Agency for better direction and more
effective management, the effort to manage finances efficiently and economically,
and finally the development of procurement techniques and plans to adequately
support all the programs of the Agency.
NASA's many closely interrelated functions are all essential to the success
of its mission as well as to the success of the Nation's effort in space. The
culmination of Project Mercury during this period is but one indication of
how far the United States has come since the beginning of the NASA space
effort 5 years ago. What we have learned from this project and the activities
VIII ADMINISTRATOR'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
related to it lay the groundwork for the same kind of achievement in our
future programs. We can all be proud of our accomplishments and sure that
we will move steadily forward toward our national goal of space leadership.
Just as the boundaries of space are limitless, so are the possibilities of man's
conquest of space limited only by his ambition, his will, and his faith.
Respectfully yours,
JAMES E. WEBB, Administrator.

i¸
Contents
Page
PROJECT MERCURY IN REVIEW ...................................... 3
ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS ............................... 17
CHAPTER 1--MANNED SPACE FLIGHT ........................... 17

The Mercury Program ................................. 17
The Gemini Program .................................. 21
The Gemini Spacecraft ............................. 21
The Gemini Launch Vehicle (Titan II) ............... 23
The Gemini Target Vehicle (Agena D) ............... 23
Gemini Support Systems ........................... 24
The Apollo Program ................................... 26
Apollo Spacecraft .................................. 27
Command and Service Module Development ...... 28
Major Spacecraft Subsystem Development ....... 29
Launch Escape System ..................... 29
Service Propulsion System .................. 31
Reaction Control System ................... 31
Communication System .................... 32
Spacecraft Onboard Instrumentation ......... 32
Fuel Cells ................................ 32
Environmental Control System .............. 32
Earth Landing System ..................... 32
Stabilization and Control System ............ 32
Lunar Excursion Module ....................... 32
Guidance and Navigation ...................... 33
Little Joe II .................................. 34
Apollo Propulsion and Launch Vehicles ............... 36
Engine Development ........................... 36
The RL-10 A-3 Engines ................... 36
The H-1 Engine .......................... 37
The J-2 Engine ........................... 37
The F-1 Engine ........................... 37
Launch Vehicle Development ........................... 42
Saturn I .......................................... 42
The Saturn I First Stage (S-I) .................. 45
The Saturn I Second Stage (S-IV) ............... 45
Saturn I-B ....................................... 45
The Saturn I-B First Stage (S-IB) .............. 47
The Saturn I-B Second Stage (S--IVB) ........... 47
IX
X CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1--MANNED SPACE FLIGHT---Continued

Launch Vehicle Development--Continued Pagl
The Saturn V ..................................... 48
The Saturn V First Stage (S-IC) ................ 48
The Saturn V Second Stage (S-II)............... 50
The Saturn V Third Stage (S-IVB) .............. 52
The Saturn V Instrument Unit .................. 52
Saturn Facilities
................................... 53
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala .... 53
Michoud, La .................................. 53
MississippiTest Facility....................... 53
Launch Operations Center, Fla.................. 53
Manned Space Flight Support .......................... 54
Space Medicine ................................... 55
Integration,Checkout, and ReliabilityProgram ....... 55
Integration................................... 55
Reliability.................................... 55
Checkout ..................................... 55
Flight Operations.................................. 57
Advanced Engine Development ..................... 57
The M-1 Engine .............................. 56
Large Solid Propellant Motors .................. 58
CHAPTER 2--SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE .......... 59
Geophysics and Astronomy ............................. 59
Geophysical Satellites.............................. 60
Sounding Rockets ................................. 60
EarlierSpacecraft Supply New Data ................. 61
Lunar and Planetary Programs .......................... 62
Surveyor Lander .................................. 63
Mariner and Pioneer............................... 63
Voyager .......................................... 64
Bioscience Programs ................................... 65
Laboratory-Produced LifelikeCells.................. 66
High Altitude Infrared Studies...................... 66
Upper Atmosphere Microbes ........................ 68
Detecting ExtraterrestrialLife...................... 69
Biosatellitesin Space Environmental Biology......... 70
Ground-Based Studies of Outer Space Stresses........ 70
Effectsof Exposure to Manmade Atmospheres ........ 71
Life Support Systems for Spacecraft................. 72
Simulated Planetary Environments .................. 72
Behavioral Biology................................ 73
Medium Launch Vehicles............................... 74
The Scout ........................................ 74
The Delta ........................................ 75
The Thor-Agena/Atlas-Agena Program ............... 76
NASA/Air Force Management Relationship....... 76
Agena Program Management Transfer........... 76
Agena Vehicle Improvement Program ............ 76
Communications Satellite(Echo A-12) ........... 76
Lunar Launch (Ranger) ............................ 76
The Atlas-Centaur ................................. 77
CONTENTS XI
Page
CHAPTER 3--APPLICATIONS PROGRAM .......................... 78
Meteorological Systems_ ................................ 78
TIROS_ .......................................... 79
Nimbus .......................................... 79
Advanced SatelliteSystems_ ........................ 81
Sounding Rockets ................................. 82
Communications Systems .............................. 83
Active Communications Satellites.................... 83
Relay ........................................ 84
Telstar_...................................... 84
Syncom ...................................... 85
Advanced Synchronous Altitude Satellite Studies__ 85
Passive Communications Satellites ................... 86
Future Applications Satellites ........................... 87
Navigation ....................................... 87
Data Collection by Satellite ......................... 87
CHAPTSR 4--ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ....... 89.
Aeronautical Research ................................ 89
Aircraft Aerodynamics ............................. 89
Air-Breathing Propulsion ........................... 90
Supersonic Commercial Air Transport ................ 90
Hypersonic Aircraft_ ............................... 91
X-15 Research Airplane Program ................... 92
V/STOL (Vertical and Short Takeoff and Landing)
Aircraft ........................................ 92
Space Vehicle Systems (Supporting Research and Tech-
nology) ............................................. 93
Aerothermodynamics and Related Problems .......... 93
Lifting Reentry ............................... 93
Vehicle Heating and Heat Transfer .............. 93
Environmental Effects ............................. 96
High Energy Radiation Effects and Shielding ..... 96
Meteoroid Environment and Impact Hazard ...... 96
Propulsion and Power Generation ....................... 97
Liquid Propulsion Systems ......................... 98
Launch Vehicle Engines ........................ 98
Advanced Liquid Propellants and Supporting Tech-
nology ..................................... 99
Solid Propulsion Systems .......................... 99
Research on Propellants ........................ 100
Combustion Ignition and Fluid Dynamics ........ 100
Motor Development ........................... 100
Subsystems and Components .................... 100
Space Power Technology ........................... 100
Solar Cells .................................... 100
Thermionic Power Converters ....................... 101
Multikilowatt Solar Power System ............... 101
Batteries for Space Applications ................. 102
Advanced Fuel Cells ............................ 102
XII CONTENTS
CHAFr_B 4---ADVANC]_D Rl_SEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Con. PaD

Electronics and Control ................................. 103
Control and Stabilization ........................... 103
Guidance Sensor Research ........................... 103
Instrumentation and Data Processing ................. 104
Instrumentation ............................... 104
Data Processing ............................... 104
Communications and Tracking ....................... 105
Supporting Studies ...................................... 105
Electrophysics ..................................... 105
Applied Mathematics ............................... 106
Radiation Properties............................... 106
Two-Phase Flow ................................... 106
Rocket Nozzle Heat Transfer........................ 106
Fluid Mechanics ................................... 106
Plasma Diagnostics................................. 107
Low Density ...................................... 107
Thermal Radiation Stabilization..................... 107
Stress-ruptureTesting.............................. 108
Biotechnology and Human Research ...................... 108
CHAPTZR 5---NUCLEAR SYSTEMS AND SPACE POWER GENERA-
TION .............................................. 110
Nuclear ElectricPower ................................. 110
Technology Research ............................... 1 I0
The SNAP-8 Development Project................... 112
Nuclear ElectricPropulsion ............................. 113
ElectricEngine Projects............................ 114
Large Ion Engines.............................. 114
Contact Ion Engine ........................ 114
Electron Bombardment Ion Engines .......... 115
Large Arc Jet Engines .......................... 115
Small Arc, Ion, and ResistojetEngines ........... 115
Supporting Research and Technology Program ......... 116
Electrothermal ................................. 116
Electrostatic
................................... 116
Electromagnetic ............................... 116
Nuclear Rocket Program ............................... 117
KIWI Tests ....................................... 117
NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applica-
tion) ........................................... 118
Advanced Research and Technology .................. 119
The Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS) .... 120
Reactor/n-Flight Test (RIFT) Project ............... 120
CHAPTER 6---TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION ............... 122
Manned Space Flight Network .......................... 122
Satellite Network ...................................... 125
Deep Space Network ................................... 126
CONTENTS XIII
Pags
CHAPTER 7--INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS ...................... 129
Cooperative Projects ................................... 129

Argentina ......................................... 129
Australia ......................................... 130
Brazil ............................................ 130
Canada ........................................... 130
France ........................................... 130
India ............................................. 131
Italy .......................................... 131
Japan ............................................ 132
New Zealand ...................................... 133
Norway-Denmark .................................. 133
Pakistan .......................................... 133
Scandinavia ....................................... 133
Sweden ............................................ 133
United Kingdom ................................... 134
U.S.S.R .................................... 134
European Regional Groups .......................... 136
Operations Support .................................... 136
Australia ......................................... 136
Bermuda (U.K.) ................................... 136
Canton Island (Joint U.S.-U.K. Jursidiction) .......... 136
Italy ............................................. 137
Mexico ........................................... 137
Nigeria ........................................... 137
Spain ............................................. 137
Support for MA-9 Flight ........................... 137
Cooperation Through Other International Organizations .... 137
Personnel Exchanges, Education, and Training ............ 138
CHAPTER 8---INFORMATIONAL AND SPONSORED RESEARCH
PROGRAMS ....................................... 139
Educational Programs and Services ...................... 139
Curriculum Materials .............................. 139
Teacher Education ................................. 140
Youth Activities ................................... 140
Spacemobiles ...................................... 141
Educational Publications ............................ 141
Reprints ...................................... 142
Publications Being Prepared .................... 142
NASA Facts .................................. 142
Aerospace Leaflets ............................. 142
Historical Program ................................. 143
Motion Pictures .................................... 143
Film Depository Services ........................ 144
Educational Television and Radio .................... 145
Exhibits .......................................... 147
USIA-Sponsored NASA Exhibits Abroad .......... 148
NASA Exhibits in the United States ............. 148
NASA Artists' Cooperation Program ................. 149
Scientific and Technical Information ...................... 149
Abstract-Index Journals .............................. 149
Scientific and Technical Publications ................. 150
Computer Tapes ................................... 151
Microforms--a Government Standard ................ 151
XIV CONTENTS
CHAPTER 8--INFORMATIONAL AND SPONSORED RESEARCH

PROGRAMS--Continued
Scientific and Technical Information--Continued PsgJ
Library Collections of NASA Reports ................. 151
LiteratureSearch Service............................ 151
Foreign Exchange Program .......................... 151
Advanced Information Handling Technique ........... 152
Requests for Information Services.................... 152
University Programs .................................... 152
Sustaining University Program ....................... 152
Training...................................... 153
Facilities
...................................... 153
Research ...................................... 154
Sponsored Research Program ............................ 154
Grants and Research Contracts ...................... 155
CHAPTER 9_-PERSONNEL, MANAGEMENT, AND PROCUREMENT
FUNCTIONS ....................................... 156
Personnel............................................. 156
Employee Development ............................. 156
Personnel Program Evaluation ....................... 156
Action To Prevent Conflictof Interest................ 157
Study of Recently Hired Engineers and Scientists....... 157
Personnel Summary Statement ....................... 158
NASA Awards and Honors ........................... 159
Key Personnel Changes During Period .................... 159
Appointments ..................................... 159
Reassignments ...................................... 160
Resignations and Other Terminations .................. 161
Contributions Awards .............................. 161
Patent Rights Waived .............................. 162
Technology Utilization Program ......................... 162
Organizational Improvements ............................ 163
Technology Utilization and Policy Planning Office
Established ...................................... 165
Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry Affairs_ _ _ 165
Management Information Systems Division Established_ 165
Division of Transportation and Logistics Established___ 166
Regional Inspection Office Established ............... 166
NASA Center and Program Director Responsibilities
Clarified ........................................ 166
Project Planning System Revised ................... 166
Patent Waiving Process Expedited .................. 167
Financial Management ................................. 167
Procurement Management ............................. 167
Contracts Awarded to Private Industry .............. 168
Division of Procurement Awards ................ 168
Competitive Bidding ........................... 169
Types of Contracts ............................ 169
SmMl Business Participation.................... 170
Geographical Distributionof Contracts .......... 170
Other Government Agencies Aid Procurement .... 170
Major Contract Awards ........................ 171
Major Contractors ............................. 172
Incentive Contracts ................................ 172
CONTENTS XV
CHAPTER 9--PERSONNEL, MANAGI_M]_NT, AND PROCUR]_MENT

FUNCTIONS-=Oontinued
Procurement Management--Continued Page
Improved Control of Letter Contracts ............... 173
Uniform Cost Principles for Government-Wide Use ..... 174
Relocation Expense ................................ 174
Equipment Support ............................... 174
Facilities Contracting .............................. 174
Limited Contracting With GE & Bell System Com-
panies .......................................... 175
Transportation Studies ................................. 175
Appendixes
A--Memberships of Congressional Committee on Aeronautics and Space

(January 1-June 30, 1963) .................................... 177
B--Membership of the National Aeronautics and Space Council (January
1-June 30, 1963) ............................................ 178
C--Official Mailing Addresses for Field Installations ................... 179
D--NASA International Activities Summary (Cumulative to June 30,
1963) ...................................................... 180
E--NASA-Sponsored Educational Projeets ........................... 182
F--Teehnical Publications ......................................... 184
G--Inventions and Contributions Board, NASA (as of June 30, 1963) ..... 186
H--Patentable Inventions Recognized by the Agency's Inventions and
Contributions Board (January 1-June 30, 1963) .................. 187
I--Patent Waivers Granted and Denied by NASA Upon Recommenda-
tion of the Agency's Inventions and Contributions Board (January
1-June 30, 1963) ............................................ 190
J--Patent Waivers Granted and DeDied by NASA Upon Recommendation
of the Agency's Inventions and Contributions Board Since Its
Establishment Through June 30, 1963 .......................... 191
K--Research Grants and Contracts (January 1 through June 30, 1963)__ 193
Illustrations
The Faith 7 spacecraft ............................................. 18

Faith 7 spacecraft on the deck of the aircraft carrier Kearsarge .......... 19
The new helmet used by Astronaut Cooper ........................... 20
The Gemini spacecraft ............................................. 22
A rendezvous training system ........ : .............................. 24
Launch complex 19 at the Atlantic Missile Range ..................... 25
The three modules of the Apollo spacecraft ........................... 27
Phases of the Apollo mission ........................................ 28
Impact testing of a boilerplate command module ...................... 30
The launch escape system .......................................... 31
Parachute drop test of boilerplate command module ................... 33
Artist's conception of lunar exploration module approaching a landing on
the moon ....................................................... 34
Little Joe II launch vehicle on its launcher ............................ 35
Engines for manned flight .......................................... 36
An RL-10 A-3 engine .............................................. 38
An H-1 engine .................................................... 39
A J-2 engine ...................................................... 40
The F-1 engine ................................................... 41
XVI CO_E_S
Page
The Saturn family of launch vehicles ................................. 43

Fourth Saturn test ................................................. 44
Artists' concept of the S-I stage .................................... 46
Cutaway of S-IV stage shows tanks and six RL--10 A-3 engines ......... 47
Cutaway of S-IVB showing installation of J-2 engine .................. 48
Cutaway of Saturn V shows individual stages and payload ............. 49
Cutaway of the S-IC stage ......................................... 49
An apex gore bulge die forming tool ................................. 50
Welding segments (apex and base) to form a complete gore ............. 51
The meridian welder ............................................... 52
Artists' concept of the instrumentation unit .......................... 54
The M-1 engine ................................................... 57
Geophysical satellite Explorer XVII ................................. 61
Inside the Explorer XVII spacecraft ................................. 62
Surveyor Lander .................................................. 64
Mariner II microwave temperature study of Venusian atmosphere and
surface ......................................................... 65
Laboratory produces microspheres simulating living cells ............... 66
Balloon analyzes infrared range of wave lengths from Mars ............. 67
Martian explorers--36-inch telescope and infrared spectrometer ......... 68
Laboratory model of extraterrestrial life detector ...................... 69
Study of gravity's effects on growing plants .......................... 71
Centrifuge to study effects of weightlessness on mice ................... 73
Rotating chamber measures responses of animals to gravity ............. 74
Apparatus determines effects of restricted and free movement on develop-
ment of normal visual perception in the cat ........................ 75
Global coverage of Nimbus and TIROS compared ..................... 80
TIROS tests Automatic Picture Transmission System ................. 81
Large meteorological sounding rocket experiments ..................... 82
Small meteorological sounding rocket experiments ..................... ' 83
Syneom launch sequence ........................................... 86
Wingless M-2 research vehicle undergoes flight test .................... 94
NASA test pilot Milton Thompson and the M-2 spacecraft ............ 95
Computer operations at Goddard Space Flight Center .................. 123
Display console of the Mercury Space Flight Network station at Bermuda_ _ 124
The 85-foot parabolic antenna of the Deep Space Network Station,
Johannesburg, South Africa ....................................... 126
Model of the 210-foot parabolic antenna ......... .................... 127
International Sounding Rocket Facility at the geomagnetic equator
(INCOSPAR) ................................................... 131
San Marco prototype payload tested at Goddard Space Flight Center___ 132
Test model of Ariel II (S-52) ....................................... 135
NASA television program "Space Science Sixty-three"_ ................ 146
Video-tape recording of inservice training program for teachers ......... 147
Organization chart ................................................. 164
Tables
Summary of the TIROS project through June 30, 1963 ................ 80

Distribution of personnel by geographical location .................... 158
Status of appropriations as of June 30, 1963 .......................... 168
NASA budget estimates fiscal year 1964 (in thousands) ................ 169
73s-348 0 - 64 - 2
Sketches reproduced on pp. 1 to 13 wero made by nationally
recognized artists under NASA's artists' cooperation program.
(See ch. 8, p. 149, for details.)
During this period,the NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdminis-
tration successfullycompletedthe Nation'sfirst mannedspaceflight
effort. ProjectMercuryculminatedin the 34-hour,22-orbitflight
of Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., in his spacecraft Faith 7. The
mission was accomplished about 4 years and 8 months after the
program was established. In this time, six manned space flights
were conducted--with complete pilot safety and without change in
the basic Mercury concepts
Specific studies conducted before and during 1958 indicated that
manned space flight was feasible. On October 7 of that year, a na-
tional manned space flight project (named Mercury at a later date)
was initiated. Within the project's lifetime, both NASA and its
industrial contractors learned much about man's capabilities in the
space environment and in earthbound activities.
At the time of the go-ahead, in 1958, the project's objectives were
(1) to place a manned spacecraft in orbital flight around the earth;
(2) to investigate man's performance capabilities and his ability to
function in the environment of space; and (3) to safely recover both
the man and the spacecraft. Basic guidelines to be followed included
using existing technology and off-the-shelf equipment, following the
simplest and most reliable approach to system design, using an existing
launch vehicle to place the spacecraft into orbit, and conducting a
progressive and logical test program.
Spacecraft requirements included a reliable launch-escape system,
manual controls, a retrorocket system for spacecraft braking, a zero-
lift body design, and a capability for water landing. Involved in
the flight-test program were four basic types of launch vehicles--the
Little Joe, the Mercury-Redstone, the Mercury-Jupiter, and the
Mercury-Atlas.
In January 1959, shortly after initiation of Project Mercury, NASA
began selection of the first astronauts. In April, the seven men chosen
for the project reported to the Space Task Group, Langley, Va., and
began a 2-year group training program which consisted of five maior
areas: (1) basic astronautical science instruction, (2) systems training,
(3) spacecraft control training, (4) environmental familiarization,
and (5) egress and survival training.
In April 1961, when the Mercury manned flight program actually
began, a special preflight preparation program was conducted for
each astronaut and his backup designated for the flight. The remain-
Lug five astronauts took part in development and operational activi-
ties; they also did limited training to maintain proficiency. The
specific preflight preparation programs involved (1) integrating the
pilot with the spacecraft, (2) systems training, (3) development and
practice of the specific mission flight plan, (4) training with flight
controllers, and (5) medical and physical preparation.
8
4 NASA NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
PROJECT MERCURY IN REVIEW _
The seven astronauts selected for manned space flight were: Alan
B. Shepard, Jr., a Navy commander; Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, an
Air Force major; John H. Glenn, Jr., a Marine lieutenant colonel;
M. Scott Carpenter, a Navy lieutenant commander; Walter M. Schirra,
Jr., a Navy commander; L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., an Air Force major;
and Donald K. "Deke" Slayton, an Air Force major. (Of these seven,
Slayton was the only one not to make a flight aboard a Mercury
spacecraft.)
The Project Mercury flight-test plan developed in 1959 called for a
total of 27 flight tests. During the project's lifetime, seven of the
original tests were eliminated while others were modified or added.
In all, 24 flight tests were accomplished. Following is a brief review
of those tests and flights:
Little Joe 1, August 21, 1959: This test was canceled when a faulty
wiring circuit prematurely actuated the escape system and carried the
spacecraft out over the water. The main chute did not deploy and
the spacecraft was destroyed at impact.
Big Joe 1, September 9, 1959 : This flight to investigate reentry prob-
lems used a boilerplate spacecraft on an Atlas launch vehicle. It ac-
complished all technical objectives and the spacecraft was recovered.
Because of this success a second scheduled similar mission (Big Joe 2)
was canceled.
Little Joe 6, October 4, 1959 : Conducted at Wallops Island, Va., this
test checked booster performance. Eight solid propellant rockets were
used to develop 250,000 pounds of thrust at liftoff. The mission vali-
dated the aerodynamic and structural integrity of the booster and the
use of the command destruction system.
Little Joe l-A, November 4, 1959 : This test, also at Wallops Island,
executed a planned abort under high aerodynamic load conditions.
The boilerplate spacecraft was recovered.
Little Joe _, December 4, 1959 : This test at Wallops Island to check
high-altitude performance of the escape system carried a rhesus mon-
key, Sam, as test subject. All test objectives were met and both the
spacecraft and passenger were recovered.
Little Joe 1-tl, January 21, 1960: Another test at Wallops Island
evaluated the escape system under high aerodynamic load. Another
rhesus monkey, Miss Sam, was the test subject. The spacecraft and
occupant were successfully recovered.
Beavh Abort Test, May 9, 1960 : McDonnell's first production space-
craft and its escape system were tested in an off-the-pad evaluation
of the escape rocket system at Wallops Island. The test was successful
and the spacecraft was recovered.
Mercury-Atlas I (MA-1), July 29, 1960: This was the first Atlas-
boosted flight, and was aimed at qualifying the capsule under maxi-
mum airloads and afterbody heating rate during reentry conditions.

The capsule contained no escape systems and no test subject. The shot
was unsuccessful because of booster system malfunction.
Little Joe 5, November 8, 1960: Another of the series of tests at
Wallops Island with a specific purpose of checking the spacecraft in
an abort simulating the most severe conditions of an Atlas launch. Be-
cause of premature firing of the escape rocket, the spacecraft did not
separate from the booster and was lost.
Mercury-Redstane I (MR-l), December 19, 1960 : This was a capsule
qualification test under normal ballistic flight conditions. Objective
was achieved. After a 16-minute flight at speeds up to 4,300 m.p.h.,
the capsule was recovered by a helicopter from the Atlantic Ocean off
Grand Bahama Island. The capsule traveled 240 miles, reached an
altitude of 135 miles, and landed within 8 miles of the programed im-
pact area, with all systems performing satisfactorily.
PROJECT MERCURY IN REVIEW 7
Mercury-Rex]stone II (MR-B), January 31, 1961: This flight from

the Atlantic Missile Range shot a Mercury capsule containing chim-
panzee named "Ham" to 157 miles altitude and 418 miles downrange.
Capsule with life-support equipment functioned well, but flight was
42 miles higher and 125 miles further than programed. "Ham" was
recovered in good health.
Mercua.y-Atlas II (MA-_), February 21, 1961: This was an Atlas-
boosted shot to shut down the Atlas prematurely and simulate an
abort; the capsule was to enter the atmosphere steeply, encountering
maximum airloads and heating rates. Powered flight was normal;
after separation the capsule coasted to an altitude of 107 miles where
its automatic stabilization and control system oriented it for a steep
entry. The capsule landed 1,425 miles downrange in the Atlantic about
18 minutes after liftoff, attaining a maximum velocity of 12,850 m.p.h.
Maximum reentry deceleration was 16 g's. The capsule performed
well under the severe entry temperatures.
Little Joe 5A, March 18, 1961 : This was a repeat test of the unsuc-
cessful Little Joe 5 test. Prematur_ firing of the escape rocket before
spacecraft release precluded the accomplishment of most of the test
objectives. The spacecraft did not sustain any structural damage and
was refurbished for the L_ttle Joe 5B test.
Mervury-Red_tone Booster Development, March 24, 1961 : This was
a successful booster development test. The boilerplate spacecraft was
the one previously used on Little Joe 1B which provided the proper
configuration and weight. All test objectives were met.
Mercury-Atlas III (MA-3), April 25, 1961: This was an Atlas-
boosted shot attempting to orbit the capsule with a mechanical astro-
naut-simulator on a one-orbit flight. The flight would have tested
the capsule systems and the worldwide communications, tracking, and
recovery networks. The flight was aborted because of a faulty pro-
gramer in the Atlas booster. Forty seconds after liftoff the range
safety officer sent a command sigual cutting off fuel to the booster and
starting the capsule abort sequence. After an automatic delay of 3
seconds, the booster was destroyed. The abort maneuver, which took
place at 14,000 feet, proceeded normally. The capsule coasted to a
maximum altitude of 24,000 feet and landed 600 feet offshore. It was
not damaged, and all systems functioned satisfactorily.
Little Joe 5B, April 28, 1961 : This was the third test of the escape
system under maximum exit dynamic pressure conditions. The test
objectives were met and the spacecraft recovered.
Memury-Redstone III (MR-3), l_ay 5, 1961 : This, the first manned
suborbital flight in Project Mercury, was successfully carried out. At
9:34 a.m., e.s.t, a 78,000-pound-thrust Redstone lifted off from Pad 5 at
Cape Kennedy carrying Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr, in the Free-
NASA NINTH SEM/ANN'UAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
dom 7 spacecraft. The 2,700-pound capsule landed 302 miles down-

range in the Atlantic Ocean 15 minutes 22 seconds later, after reaching
a peak altitude of 116½ miles and a top velocity of 5,180 m.p.h. Astro-
naut Shepard underwent 5 minutes 4 seconds of weightlessness, and
maximum reentry forces of 11 g's. He carried out all his tasks as
assigned and suffered no adverse physiological effects from his flight.
Theob_ectives of this flight were to familiarize man with brief space
flight, including liftoff, powered flight, weightlessness, reentry and
landing; to evaluate man's ability to perform useful functions; and
to study physiological reaction in space flight. The flight also pro-
vided the first test of Mercury systems with an astronaut aboard.
Mercury-Redstone IV (MR-4), July 21, 1961 : The second success-
ful manned suborbital flight in Project Mercury was achieved with
astronaut Virgil I. Grissom as pilot of the spacecraft Liberty Bell 7.
Objectives of the flight were to confirm data obtained during the first
suborbital flight and to further test the Mercury capsule and its life-
support and telemetry systems. The MR-4 flight began with liftoff
from Cape Kennedy at 7:20 a.m., e.s.t. The capsule reached an alti-
tude of 118 miles and traveled 303 miles down the Atlantic Missile
Range, landing in the planned recovery area at 7:35. In the course
of the trip, Grissom experienced 5 minutes of weightlessness. He
visually confirmed such flight sequences as booster separation, jettison
of retrorocket, and drogue and main parachute openings. Grissom
successfully maintained attitude control with the manual control sys-
tems. He also manually triggered ignition of the retrorockets from
the capsule and exercised manual capsule-attitude control during the
22-second rocket firing which slowed the capsule for'reentry. During
descent and atmospheric entry, the capsule underwent a maximum
deceleration force of 11 g's. Grissom withstood the g forces without
difficulty, making several voice communications during this period.
Before the helicopter could hook onto the capsule, the escape hatch
was separated from the side of the capsule by a premature firing of its
explosive bolts. After swimming away from the sinking capsule,
Grissom was rescued by a second helicopter 4 minutes later. All
efforts to rescue the capsule failed, and it sank in water too deep for
salvage operations.
Mercury-Atlas IV (MA-_), September 13, 1961: This was an un-
manned single-orbit flight. The capsule made one complete trip
around the earth, was brought back, and landed in the Atlantic about
160 miles east of Bermuda. The capsule contained a mechanical de-
vice to simulate human respiration, voice tapes to communicate with
the tracking stations, and a fully operational automatic attitude con-
trol system. The flight was highly successful, qualifying the life-
PROJECT MERCURY IN REVIEW
support systems, the worldwide Mercury tracking network, and the

spacecraft controls for manned flight.
Mercury-Atlas V (MA-5), November 29, 1961: This was a three-
orbit flight to simulate the conditions of manned space flight as closely
as possible by sending a chimpanzee into orbit in a Mercury capsule.
Preparations for the flight followed precisely the routine set for a
manned flight. The launching took place at 10:07 a.m. During the
first orbit, all spacecraft systems functioned properly, and Enos, the
chimpanzee, carried out his four main tasks. His tasks involved a
series of lever-pulling exercises designed to indicate any effects of
weightlessness and the stresses of space flight. During the second
orbit, the capsule's roll control system began to malfunction; als% the
capsule's cooling system was not functioning properly. Consequently,

Mercury Control Center decided to terminate the mission after the
first two orbits. The capsule made a normal reentry and the landing
occurred at about 1:28 p.m. in the planned recovery area. Enos suf-
fered no ill effects from the flight.
Mercury-Atlas Ready far Manned Flight: The test objectives of
the MA-5 flight were substantially accomplished. A detailed study
of the spacecraft, booster, and tracking network operation indicated
that the Mercury-Atlas system was ready for manned orbital flight.
The mechanical problems that developed during the second orbit
would have been corrected if a human astronaut had been aboard. At
the conclusion of the successful MA-5 flight, NASA announced that
Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., had been selected as pilot for the first
manned orbital Mercury flight.
Mercury-Atlas VI (MA-6), February 20, 1962: This was the first
manned orbital flight of Project Mercury. The major objectives were
to investigate man's capabilities in the space environment and to test
both spacecraft and supporting systems. The flight met all tests ob-
jectives and was therefore completely successful. Liftoff, launch, and
insertion into orbit were perfect. The apogee of orbit was about 141
miles; perigee was about 86. The actual sequence, flight, and tracking
times were all within seconds of those planned. During the flight,
Astronaut Glenn, in the Friendship 7 capsule, experienced weightless-
ness for 4.6 hours with no adverse effect on his performance. He made
visual and photographic observations of the earth, clouds, horizon,
and stars. The flight accomplished three full orbits before the space-
craft landed in the planned recovery area, 700 miles southeast of Cape
Kennedy, at 2:43 p.m., e.s.t. The capsule landed 5 miles from the
destroyer U.S.S. Noa and and was quickly recovered from the water in
good condition.
Mercury-Atla_ VII (MA-7), May 9_4, 1962: This was the second
orbital flight of Project Mercury and was piloted by Astronaut
M. Scott Carpenter in the Aurora 7 spacecraft. The objective of this
flight was to continue the evaluation of man's capabilities in the space
environment. The flight was successful. Liftoff took place at 7:45
a.m., e.s.t., from Cape Kennedy. The entire power phase of flight was
normal, and all systems functioned perfectly. Apogee and perigee
of the orbit were about 145 and 86 miles, respectively. After three full
orbits, the spacecraft landed at 12:31 p.m., e.s.t., 250 miles downrange
of the planned recovery area. Astronaut Carpenter was sighted by
a searchplane about 1 hour after impact. Three hours after he landed,
helicopters from the U.S.S. Intrepid picked him up. The spacecraft
was recovered by the destroyer U.S.S. Pierce, approximately 6 hours
after impact.
Mercury-Atlas VIII (MA-8), October 3, 1962: The third orbital

flight in Project Mercury was that of Astronaut Walter M. Shirra, Jr.,
in the Sigma 7 spacecraft. The major objective of the flight was to
evaluate the performance of the manned spacecraft system in a six-
orbit mission. The MA-8 was a successful flight. Liftoff occurred at
approximately 7:15 a.m, e.s.t. Both the launch and the insertion into
orbit were perfect. Apogee and perigee of orbit were 174.6 and 99.36
miles, respectively. The flight accomplished nearly six full orbits,
and landed in the planned recovery area near Midway Island in the
Pacific Ocean at 4:28 p.m., e.s.t. During the flight, Schirra experi-
enced about 81/_ hours of weightlessness. He carried out extended
periods of drifting flight, checked out the spacecraft control system
periodically, took photographs of terrestrial features, performed vis-
ual yaw-alignment experiments, and ate and drank during the mission.
Retrofire occurred on time. The spacecraft landed about 4 miles from
the aircraft carrier Kearsarge. The carrier picked up the spacecraft,
with the pilot still in it, 40 minutes after landing. This 9-hour-and-
13-minute test of man's capabilities in space environment and the engi-
neering concepts of the spacecraft and supporting systems was
completely successful. Because this was such a successful flight, it pro-
vided the added experience needed for the next flight in the Mercury-
Atlas series---the "One-Day Mission."
Mercury-Atlas IX (MA-9), May 15-16, 1963: The fourth manned
orbital flight in Project Mercury was that of Astronaut L. Gordon
Cooper, Jr., in the Faith 7 spacecraft. The flight was an extension
of Project Mercury, and a "One-Day Mission" spacecraft (modified
Mercury) was used. The major objective of the MA-9 mission was
to evaluate the effects of weightlessness and extended orbital flight
on man. The flight was highly successful, and all test objectives were
met. The mission covered 22 orbits and the total flight time was 34
hours 20 minutes 10 seconds. The launch system performed in an
excellent manner and the spacecraft was inserted into a nearly perfect
orbit. Liftoff occurred at approximately 8:04 a.m., e.s.t., and the
spacecraft landed in the planned recovery area in the Pacific" Ocean
near Midway Island at 6:24 p.m., e.s.t., on the following day. The
spacecraft systems performed as planned until the 18th orbit when
difficulties developed in the automatic control system. Astronaut
Cooper manually controlled his spacecraft throughout the remainder
of the mission and accomplished a successful manual retrofire. His
general state of health was good upon recovery, and the weight loss
of 7 pounds was attributed to temporary dehydration. He slept for
about 71/_ hours during the mission.
Several scientific and engineering experiments were conducted dur-
ing the flight. Among these were: aeromedical studies, radiation
measurements, photographic studies, two visibility experiments-
observance of a flashing beacon ejected from the spacecraft and of a
high intensity light on the ground, temperature measurements of the
spacecraft, and communicationsexperiments including a television sys.
tem. The astronaut’s control of the spacecraft during retrofire and
reantry was excellent as evidenced by a landing within 4 miles of the
predicted landing point in the Pacific. The aircraft carrier U.S.S.
Kearsarge retrieved the spacecraft with the pilot still inside, approxi-
mately 35 minutes after landing. The pilot emergedon board the
carrier in excellent condition.
What did the United States gain from Project Mercury, and what
have we learned that will benefit our other manned programs, Gemini
and Apollo 8
The United States learned how to design, build, and test spacecraft ;
how to adapt launch vehicles for safe and reliable manned flight;
how to operate a worldwide network of radio and radar to track the
I
spacecraft and remain in communication with the pilot; how to re-

cover spacecraft from the ocean; how to select and train astronauts;
and how to develop and operate life-support systems, pressure suits,
and biomedical instrumentation systems.
In addition, we learned how to manage and integrate an enormous
industry-Government team; we obtained valuable experience in sys-
tems engineering; we gained important scientific knowledge; we ob-
tained valuable medical data on the astronauts during flight; and we
made the tecl_ological advances necessary for further space progress.
Perhaps the most important achievement was the now proved fact
that man can contribute materially to the exploration of space by
making scientific observations in space, performing and assessing
scientific experiments, functioning as a primary system of the space-
craft, and coping with the unexpected in a space mission. He can
do all of this with no lasting deleterious effects from high accelerations.
and decelerations and long periods of zero gravity. From Project
Mercury experience, we can now confidently proceed with plans for
man to assume the role of explorer in space just as he has been an
explorer on earth.
The objectives of Project Mercury_ as laid out in 1958, were to take
the first step in the manned exploration of space, to determine man_s
capabilities in space, and to develop the foundation for the technology
of manned space flight. These objectives have been more than met.
CHAPTER 1
Manned Space Flight
NASA made substantial progress in all aspects of the Nation's

manned space flight program in its continuing drive to conduct a suc-
cessful manned lunar landing mission during this decade. The
agency completed the first phase of the program, Project Mercury;
advanced with the development and fabrication of the Project Gemini
spacecraft and associated supporting equipment; confirmed major
design work and activity schedules for Project Apollo; and continued
working on manned space flight support programs.
The Mercury Program
The Mercury program reached its objective during this reporting

period with the accomplishment of the "One-Day Mission." On
May 15, a modified Mercury spacecraft was launched from Cape
Kennedy, with Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper aboard. Thirty-four
hours and twenty minutes later, after 22.9 orbits, the spacecraft--
Faith 7--splashed down in the Pacific Ocean (fig. 1-1).
The major objective of this mission (MA-9) was to evaluate the
effects of extended weightlessness and orbital flight on a mail's physi-
cal condition and his ability to do useful work. Other objectives
concerned systems tests, astronomical observations, and evaluation
of the tracking and data acquisition network. The mission was suc-
cessful and all test objectives were met.
Liftoff occurred at 8:04 a.m., e.s.t., on May 15; the launch system
performed as expected and the spacecraft was inserted into a near-
perfect orbit. It landed in the planned recovery area in the Pacific
Ocean, near Midway Island, at 6:24 p.m., e.s.t., on the following day.
The spacecraft systems performed as planned until the 18th orbit,
when the automatic spacecraft attitude control system failed. The
failure was caused by moisture in the amplifier calibrator, a device
which converts electrical signals of various spacecraft systems into
commands that activate the hydrogen peroxide thrusters. (Steps
were taken to prevent a repetition of this difficulty in future pro-
grams.) The astronaut manually controlled his craft throughout the
remainder of the mission and accomplished the manual retrofire.
17
733-348 0--64-_3
Figure 1-1. The Faith 7 spacecraft.

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT 19
During both the normal and the fully manned phases of the mission,
the astronaut performed his tasks in an outstanding manner. Upon
recovery, he was in a good state of health; a loss of 7 pounds was
attributsd to temporary dehydration. During the mission, he slept
for about 7% hours.
I n executing the manual retrofire, the astronaut received the aid
of a voice countdown from Astronaut .John Glenn who was aboard
the tracking ship Coastal Sentry Quebec, near the coast of Japan.
Cooper’s control of the spacecraft orientation during the retrofire and
reentry was excellent; Faith 7 landed within 4 miles of the predicted
landing point in the Pacific.
The aircraft carrier U.S.S. Keursurge retrieved the spacecraft ap-
proximately 35 minutes after landing. The astronaut remained in-
side the spacecraft until it was aboard the carrier. Figure 1-2 shows
Faith 7 aboard the aircraft carrier.
Several scientific and engineering experiments were conducted
during the flight. Among these were the following: two visibility
-*.” ._j
Figure 1-2. Faith 7 spacecraft on the deck of the aircraft carrier Keanage.
experiments-observation of a flashing beacon ejected from the space-

craft and a high intensity light on the ground; communications ex-
periments, including a television system ; temperature measurements
of the spacecraft; radiation measurements; and aeromedical and
photographic studies.
The MA-9 flight also saw the use of a new helmet (fig. 1-3), one
using a mechanical rather than a pneumatic seal between the faceplate
Figure 1-3. The new helrnot used by Astronaut Cooper.

and the helmet proper. The positive seal provides greater reliability
and elilninates the need to carry an air bottle and the associated
hardware.
Preliminary reports on the postflight physiological status of Astro-
naut Cooper and on the functioning of biomedical equipment during
the MA-9 flight were generally satisfactory. Dehydration of the
astronaut occurred when part of the drinking water became contami-
nated with condensate, but the dehydration was corrected within 24
hours after landing.
After analysis of data from this Mercury flight, NASA determined
that another flight of this type would not be necessary. Therefore,
the agency reoriented certain of its activities and increased concentra-
tion on the Gemini and Apollo programs.
The Gemini Program
The Gemini program will provide a two-man spacecraft system to

conduct long-duration flights and to develop new techniques, including
rendezvous in space. Besides enabling NASA astronauts to obtain
increased operational proficiency, Gemini will expand manned space
flight technology in such areas as the docking (joining) of two space-
craft following rendezvous, maneuvering after docking, astronaut
activity outside of a spacecraft in orbit, and training for flight and
ground crews. In so doing, Gemini will provide much valuable ex-
perience and training for Apollo and other manned space flight pro-
grams that may be undertaken in the future.
The Gemini program is managed by the NASA Manned Spacecraft
Center, Houston, Tex. The launch vehicle for Gemini is a modified
form of the Titan II ICBM, provided by the U.S. Air Force. The
Agena target vehicle for rendezvous experiments and its Atlas launch
vehicle are also provided by the Air Force.
The Gemini Spacecraft
In establishing criteria and designs for the Gemini spacecraft,

NASA drew heavily on Mercury technology. However, new sub-
systems are being introduced for extended flight and for vehicle
maneuvering in space. Also, NASA and its contractors made im-
provements based on the Mercury experience; for instance, the
Gemini spacecraft, shown in Figure 1-4, was designed to allow quick
access to subsystems, thus providing for checkout, repair, and replace-
ment of these subsystems easily and promptly.
22 NASA N"TH SEMJANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 1-4. The Gemini spacecraft.
I n December of 1961, NASA contracted for development and pro-

duction of 12 spacecraft. During ths 6 months of this reporting
period, efforts continued on the assembly and development testing of
the spacecraft and its subsystems; also work went forward on the
preparation of launch, mission control, tracking, and recovery equip-
ment. Assembly and test of spacecraft and launch vehicle No. 1pro-
ceeded according to plans under which unmanned launchings would
begin in 1964.
Also during the period, other significant milestones were attained.
The production design of the spacecraft structure was completed, and
three static articles, used for testing in various spacecraft design areas,
were delivered. All of the boilerplate spacecraft were constructed and
put to use in various test programs; these include parachute tests,
ejection seat tests, and life-support systems.
Development and qualification testing of all major subsystems con-
tinued. The retrorockets underwent a series of successful firings in
a wind tunnel a t the Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development
Center, Tullahoma, Tenn. Their performance exceeded specification
requirements for thrust and duration. The spacecraft digital com-
puter was operated with all of the programed commands which will
be used during an actual flight; these development tests were success-
fully completed.
In addition, the inertial measuring unit vibration tests were suc-

cessfully completed. These were prequalification tests, conducted to
determine the soundness of the basic design. The rocket nozzles used
for maneuvering in space were test fired; a final nozzle configuration
was approved and the design was frozen so that production could
proceed to meet the projected flight schedule. The environmental
control system was undergoing a series of tests in high-altitude
environmental chambers, also to verify design soundness.
Other subsystems that were tested during the period included the
horizon sensors, the spacecraft parachute, and the ejection seats.
The structure assemblies for spacecraft Nos. 1 and 2 were almost
completed; also, the compatibility test unit, in which all spacecraft
subsystems and equipment are installed for functional checkout, was
finished a_d subassemblies were being installed.
The Gemini Launch Vehicle (Titan II)
A modified version of the Titan II ICBM is to be used to launch

the Gemini spacecraft. In cooperation with NASA, the Air Force
continued to make progress in developing the man-rated version
and in assuring the required level of reliability. Fifteen such vehicles
will be required for the project.
During the period, the vertical test facility for integration and
checkout of major subsystems of the launch vehicle was activated and
the first vehicle was in the checkout process. Steps were taken to
make sure that critical components, such as the malfunction detection
system, were to be flight tested on Air Force Titan II ICBM's during
the second half of the year. A Titan II/Gemini Improvement Pro-
gram was undertaken by the Air Force, with participation of NASA ;
the purpose of the program is to correct certain deficiencies discovered
during flight tests and to raise the reliability level to that required
for manned space flight.
The Gemini Target Vehicle (AgenQ D)
The Agena D will serve as the target vehicle for Gemini rendevous
and docking missions. In support of Project Gemini, the Air Force
moved to procure the required vehicles and to definitize areas for
the Agena modification program. During the report period, devel-
opment proceeded on a multiple restart propulsion system, a pro-
gramer system, telemetry, a command receiver, and other subsystems
peculiar to Gemini in the specially configured Agena D target vehicle.
In addition, production designs of the primary propulsion system,
the secondary propulsion system, and the command receiver were
completed. The development test unit of the primary propulsion

system was completed and underwent tests at Arnold Engineering
Development Center.
Gemini Support Systems
NASA continued its efforts to provide for supporting equipment

and activities not in the mainstream of Gemini spacecraft develop-
ment. These include rendezvous technique studies, development of
extravehicular life-support systems, and bioinstrumentation. Design
of the prototype space suit for Gemini was established. The agency
also took steps to plan trajectories, determine recovery procedures,
and train flight controllers and ground crews.
Training systems, such as the one illustrated in figure 1-5, were be-
ing designed and developed. The first Gemini systems trainer was
delivered to the Manned Spacecraft Center (Houston, Tex.) for use
by the astronauts. Detailed designs were completed for the Gemini
docking (rendezvous) trainer and the flight simulators.
Figure 1-5. A rendezvous training system.

MANNED SPACE F L I G H T 25
During the first 6 months of the year, the astronauts attended classes
and familiarization courses. These included 171 hours of instruction
in the basic sciences and tours of major Gemini contractor facilities.
The pressure suit development program was redirected to facilitate
fabrication and procurement of the suits. Three prototype models
of the new suit were received during the reporting period. I n another
activity, NASA initiated a contract to provide personal hygiene equip-
ment for the Gemini flights. This equipment is to include a spring-
wound or turbine-driven shaver and oral and body hygiene agents.
Launch Pad 19 at the Atlantic Missile Range was modified to accept
the Gemini launch vehicle, and installation of aerospace ground equip-
ment was underway (&. 1-6).
NASA also began modifying the Mercury Control Center at Cape
Kennedy to support initial nonrendezvous missions of Project Gemini.
On later flights, the integrated mission control center at Houston will
be in operation and the Cape Kennedy Center mill continue in service
as one of the stations on the worldwide network. The construction of
necessary additions was completed, and steps were taken to begin
changing the instrumentation and display/control system. The
I Figure 1-6. Launch complex 19 at the Atlantic Missile Range.

changes were being kept to a minimum because of the limited number

of future flights to be controlled from this center.
NASA continued planning the 12 missions of Project Gemini. The
purpose of the first launch, an unmanned orbital flight scheduled for
1964, will be to obtain data on the structural integrity of the space
vehicle during launch and to qualify the launch guidance system.
When the objectives of the unmanned phase of the flight program have
been attained, manned flights of increasing duration will be under-
taken. Rendezvous missions will constitute a third phase of the
Gemini program.
The Apollo Program
The objectives of the Apollo program are to begin the manned explo-
ration of the moon and to return the explorers to earth during this
decade, and to clearly establish U.S. preeminence in space. This pro-
gram is the greatest scientific and technical endeavor ever attempted.
By the end of the reporting period, almost 200,000 persons were work-
ing on the program. More than 90 percent of the work is contracted
to private industry.
The overall program is managed by the Office of Manned Space
Flight at Headquarters. Three field centers are responsible for major
aspects of the project: Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville,
Ala., for launch vehicles and propulsion; the Manned Spacecraft
Center at Houston for spacecraft, crew training, and flight operations;
and the Launch Operations Center at Merritt Island, Fla., for the
final checkout and launching of the boosters and spacecraft.
During the report period, the Apollo spacecraft program progressed
significantly in the development of the command and service modules,
major spacecraft subsystems, initiation of lunar excursion module
(LEM) design work, guidance and navigation, and work on support
facilities.
NASA also continued to place heavy emphasis on the development
of the very powerful engines and launch vehicles required in Apollo.
To place a spacecraft weighing 90,000 pounds on a trajectory to the
moon requires a tremendous amount of power. The Saturn V launch
vehicle, for example, will generate enough power to place 80 Mercury
space capsules in orbit.
Construction of the fabrication, testing, and launching facilities
required for Project Apollo also continued at a rapid rate.
Before the actual flights to the moon, however, there will be a
number of unmanned and manned earth orbital missions, using the
Saturn I and Saturn I-B boosters. The Saturn I will be employed for
unmanned flights of test versions of the command and service modules.
MANNED SPACE F'LIGRT 27
Following these flights, when the more advanced Saturn I-B becomes
available, NASA will launch into earth orbit all three modules of the
Apollo spacecraft. On these flights, scheduled to begin in 1966,
astronauts will be able to develop the operational techniques of
deployment and docking of the lunar excursion module.
Apollo Spacecraft
The spacecraft, to be manned by three astronauts, consists of three

elements: the command, service, and lunar excursion modules, as
shown in figure 1-7. The total spacecraft is designed for flight between
the earth and a lunar orbit of 60 to 100 miles altitude. The Lunar
Excursion Module (LEM) , manned by two of the astronauts, is de-
signed to be detached from the rest of the spacecraft and to be flown
between lunar orbit and the lunar surface. The LEM will be equipped
to achieve a rendezvous with the orbiting command-and-servicemodule
configuration in lunar orbit, to permit the two lunar explorers to
rejoin the third astronaut in the command module for the return
to earth. Figure 1-8 illustrates these functions of the Apollo
spacecraft.
Figure 1-7. The three modules of the Apollo spacecraft.

LUNAR ARRIVAL RETURN TO EARTH
SerAWAT_ON
_% eosmo_ • _ VUI*_ AmOUNO
\
A_OttO S_AC|CeAF_ ¢O_M_ANO MODUtl _ /
FOI _lv taro
_. tUNAI olin
LUNAR EXCUn SION
LUNAR DEPARTURE J
M_IN Oee[OYeAIACHme_
Figure 1-8. Phases of the Apollo mission.
Command and Service Module Development
NASA has signed formal contracts for the design, development_

test_ and manufacture of the command and service modules_ and for
integration of all modules including the LEM into a complete
spacecraft.
Command and service module development during this period
passed from the preliminary design stage into that of production of
boilerplate command and service modules for ground and flight tests.
Also, much of the detailed design of early manned flight spacecraft
was completed_ and detailed fabrication of components for the first
manned spacecraft was initiated.
In addition_ the production of three boilerplate test spacecraft was
completed_ making a total of seven completed to date.
Two major command module boilerplates and a modified C-133
aircraft were delivered_ allowing development testing of the para-
chutes and the earth landing system. A command and service module
boilerplate was also delivered to NASA for dynamic testing. At the
Manned Spacecraft Center_ tests to determine the vibration frequency
of the spacecraft panels were completed. The boilerplate command
and service module assembly was then delivered to the Marshall Space
Flight Center where mating with a launch vehicle for dynamic tests
MANNED SPACE FLIGI-IT 29
was begun. These tests are to determine the structural integrity of

the spacecraft during the initial phases of the liftoff of the launch
vehicle.
The command module boilerplate was completed for the first full-
scale pad abort firing at the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR),
White Sands, N. Mex. This test is to verify the design concept of the
crew safety abort system in the event of a fire or other mishap on
the launch pad. Boilerplate spacecraft of this type will also be
used to verify the launch escape system in conjunction with the para-
chute earth landing system during its tests at WSMR.
Successful tests, an example of which is shown in figure 1-9, were
continued on two previously delivered command module boilerplates.
These were being conducted to determine the structural loading effects
caused by impact on land and water, and verify whether the impacting
conditions are within tolerable limits for the astronauts.
Production was completed of all development and design control
mockups of the Apollo command and service modules. These mockups
are used in developing the actual Apollo spacecraft arrangements and
subsystem layouts and in effecting design and configuration control.
Major Spacecraft Subsystem Development
NASA continued to achieve major accomplishments in the design,

development, and qualification testing of command and service module
subsystems.
Launch Escape System.--Successful static firings were repeatedly
obtained on all three of the solid-propellent motors of the launch
escape system, which consists of a framework structure linking the
motors to the apex of the command module. This system, shown in
figure 1-10, will provide a means for the astronauts to escape. The
launch escape motors, when fired, will lift the command module clear
of the Saturn booster. Another rocket motor will then separate the
escape tower from the command module so that the command module
can deploy its parachute system for a safe descent. A third small
rocket motor on the escape tower will control the pitch orientation
of the tower and command module assembly during the initial launch
escape boost period.
Qualification test firing of the motors was well underway as a result
of successful research and development testing. High-altitude per-
formance tests of the tower jettison motor were completed at the
Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC).
Final design of the launch escape tower for early manned flights
was released and structural testing was initiated. The ground de-
velopment effort in this area was highly successful.
30
..
NASA "TH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
-* -I., t 1
Figure 1-9. Impact testing of a boilerplate command module.

MANNED SPACE FLIGht 31
CONE OR 'Q' BALL
THICK INCONEL SHEET
WER JETTISON MOTOR .160 WALL

THICKNESS 4130 STEEL SHEET
.113 THICK
301 COR RES STEEL
\ ELECTRICAL HARNESS
XL
DIA FITTfNGS
PITCH CONTROL MOTOR-
S 2.50X.O50 WALL
THICKNESS 6AL 4V
TI TUBE
WALL
399 THICKNESS 6AL 4V
LAUNCH ESCAPE MOTOR TI TUBE
.219 WALL THICKNESS
ESCAPE
4335 STEEL SHEE1
TOWER (WELDED
STRUCTURE)
STRUCTURAL SKIRT
.140 THICK 6AL 4V TI
RIVETED & BOLTED STRUCTURE
LAUNCH ESCAPE MOTOR

J
THRUST ALIGNMENT FITTIN(
/
Sl
119
POWER SYSTEMS A
INSTRUMENTATION WIRE HAl
COMMAND MODULE ATTACH FITTINGS-
XLO
Figure 1-10. The launch escape system.
Service Propu]zion System.--On the service module propulsion sys-

tem, results of tests identified potential problem areas; this informa-
tion was used in designing the system's main engine to be used for
midcourse corrections to and from the moon and for lunar orbit entry
and exit. Tests with subscale hardware under simulated space con-
ditions were completed in February at the AEDC Test Facility. Re-
sults of these tests were used in designing the full-scale engine, and
testing began at AEDC later in the report period.
Subcontracts for development of major components of both the
propellant feed and the tank pressurization systems of the service
module were awarded, and a heavy-well prototype system was under
cold flow test at the contractor's facility. Two simulated, nonfirable
engines were delivered for use in developing the engine installation
and arrangement of associated hardware.
Reaction Control System.--Satisfactory performance was demon-
strated of a prototype version of the service module reaction control
system, used for attitude control of the spacecraft during all phases of
the mission except reentry. Development of the tanks and valving
to feed propellants to the service module reaction control motors was
well underway.
Satisfactory progress was achieved in the development of the com-
mand module reaction control engine, used for orientation control
during reentry ; development of the feed system also continued satis-
factorily. Tests of the command module reaction control system in a

simulated operational environment demonstrated that requirements
could be met. The system was repeatedly operated for periods longer
than the time expected on a mission.
Com_v/nication Syste_rb.--Procurement specifications were released
for the design and development of the spacecraft communication sys-
tem. The capability for communicating with and tracking both the
command module and the LEM simultaneously from earth was added
to the system.
Spacecraft Onboard Instrumentation.--Instrumentation require-
ments for boilerplate and early prototype flight spacecraft were de-
veloped and procurement specifications were released for most of the
sensors in the instrumentation. All research and development instru-
mentation for the first three boiler-plate spacecraft was delivered to
the contractor as Government-furnished equipment. The data storage
system was modified to permit an increased telemetry data transmission
rate and to permit rapid playback of data in earth orbit and during
lunar operations, thus expediting the flow of information between the
spacecraft and the ground.
Fuel Cells.--Long-term endurance was successfully demonstrated
for the development version of the fuel cells; these cells are electro-
chemical devices using hydrogen and oxygen as reactants to supply
electrical power.
Environmental Control System.--Successful checkouts in an alti-
tude chamber were accomplished with the oxygen supply and tem-
perature control elements of the environmental control system; this
system maintains the astronauts' atmosphere through control of the
oxygen supply, temperature, and humidity.
Earth Laz_g System.--During this period, design of the para-
chute and event sequencer systems of the Apollo earth landing system
was completed, two-chute cluster drops and drogne chute tests were
completed, and maj or prequalification drop tests of the three-parachute
cluster were successfully conducted. Parachute drop tests, using
Apollo command module boilerplates, were initiated during this period
(fig. 1-11). All of these tests were successful.
Stabilization and Control System.--The design of the Apollo com-
mand module stabilization and control system was completed, and
design verification testing of the system was initiated. Deliveries of
these systems were scheduled to begin in the near future.
lunar Excursion Module
In December of 1962, the prime contractor began work on the design,

development, and fabrication of the lunar excursion module, or LEM.
MANNED SPACE F J J G H T 33
Also, subcontractors were selected during the report period for the
LEM ascent and descent engines, for the reaction control systems, and
for the environmental control system.
Design work on the LEM produced two significant decisions. For
the LEM landing gear, a design consisting of four deployable legs
was tentatively selected, pending information on the lunar surface
to be obtained by unmanned spacecraft. The other decision provided
for an internal volume of about 300 cubic feet. (Fig. 1-12 shows the
LEM as it might appear as it approaches a landing on the surface
of the moon.) The structure for a LEM mockup was completed and
crew provision installations were being made.
Guidance and Navigation
NASA negotiated a contract to provide the primary navigation and

guidance systems for the LEM, as well as for the command and service
modules of Apollo.
The guidance and navigation systems for Project Apollo must
enable the astronauts to navigate for the lunar landing, for the LEM
LI (*
Figure 1-1 1. Parachute drop test of boilerplate command module.
733348 0--64----4
34 NASA N I N T H SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
rendezvous with the command module in lunar orbit, and for the
return to a landing on earth. Control will be in the hands of the
astronauts.
Little Joe II
NASA plans to use Little Joe I1 flight vehicles for tests to be con-
ducted to qualify the launch escape system and to verify the structural
integrity of the h a 1 flight type spacecraft.
I n February, NASA contracted for delivery of four Little Joe I1
flight vehicles, two launchers, and associated ground service equip-
ment. Negotiations were completed in June for two additional Little
Joe I1 vehicles, making a total of six to be used in supporting Project
Apollo. Also, the necessary action was taken to procure the rocket
motors for the Little Joe I1 launch vehicles.
These vehicles and equipment are to be flown at the White Sands
Missile Range (WSMR) during the latter part of 1963 and through
1965. A t WSMR, the launch pad, launcher, and service tower were
completed and were ready for assembly of the first Little Joe I1vehicle.
Figure 1-13 shows a Little Joe I1 launch vehicle with its launcher,
as it will be set up at WSMR.
Figure 1-1 2. Artist’s conception of lunar exploration module approaching a landing

on the moon.
MANlED SPACE FLIGHT 35
Figure 1-1 3. Little Joe II launch vehicle on its launcher.

36 NASA NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT T O CONGRESS
. Apollo Propulsion and Launch Vehicles

NASA continued to make significant progress in its efforts to
develop the larger engines and the more powerful launch vehicles
needed for the overall Apollo program.
Engine Development
Major effort was devoted during the first half of 1963 to the develop-
ment of engines primarily intended for the Saturn-class launch vehi-
cles. These are the R L l O A 3 , the H-1, the 5-2 and the F-1. Figure
1-14, “Engines for manned flight,” shows the family of engines being
worked on and indicates their relative sizes in terms of thrust.
The RL-IO A-3 Engines.-Development and testing of the R L l O
8-3 engine (fig. 1-15), a liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen engine de-
veloping 15,000 pounds of thrust, brought it to a high state of per-
formance and reliability. The RL-10 engine, in clusters of six, is used
in the S-IT second stage of the Saturn I launch vehicle. Two R L l O
engines power the upper stage of the Centaur launch vehicle. I n more
E N G I N E S F O R MANNED F L I G H I
1,500,000
1,200,000
THRUST,
POUNDS
200,000
188,000
15, 000
A-3 H-1 5-2 F-1

OXYOEN. OXYOEN- OXYOEN- OXYOEN-
HYDROOEN KEROSENE HYDROGEN KEROSENE
Figure 1-14. Engines for manned flight.

_-_D SFAC_.r_iatrr 37
than 4,000 tests, over 500,000 seconds of firing time were accumulated
and no major development problems were encountered.
Between January and June, 37 production engines were delivered,
making a total of 60 such deliveries.
Because this engine may have uses other than those currently planned
in the Saturn I and Centaur launch vehicles, development work was.
continued in connection with low-thrust capability for coasting appli-
cations and with specific impulse improvements for greater payload
capability. Also, steps were taken to demonstrate the feasibility of
throttling the engine from 10 percent to 100 percent of its rated thrust.
The H-1 Engine. The H-1 engine, illustrated in figure 1-16, has a
thrust rating of 188,000 pounds; NASA is developing and producing
it to be used in clusters of eight for the Saturn I and I-B launch vehi-
cles. Its propellant combination is oxygen and kerosene.
During this report period, a stainless-steel thrust chamber design
was under evaluation. Two stainless-steel thrust chambers accumu-
lated over 3,000 seconds of successful operation. If success continues,
it is anticipated that stainless steel will be substituted for nickel alloy
as the thrust chamber material in order to provide greater resistance
to the development of seeping leak cracks.
The J-_ Engine.--The J-2 engine, pictured in figure 1-17, is expected
to have a thrust rating of 200,000 pounds; like the RL-10, it uses
liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen as its propellant. Its thrust is 13 times
as great. It is intended for use in the second stage of the Saturn I-B
launch vehicle and in the second and third stages of the Saturn V
launch vehicle.
Progress in the J-2 program during the period was reflected in the
increased number of engines available for testing and in the increased
engine test time. The planned engine test rate of 32 per month was
significantly exceeded. In some instances, there were as many as 37
tests; in others, as many as 52. Many full duration tests were run ; on
two occasions, three such tests were conducted on a single engine dur-
ing one day. One engine accumulated 4,770 seconds of running time
without major component failure.
In January, two engine test stands were activated, bringing to three
the number available.
Simplified versions of the J-2 (referred to as Block II versions)
were placed in the test program and performed satisfactorily. The
Block II version is close to that specified for the Preflight Rating
Test (PFRT).
The F-1 Engine.--The F-l, which uses the same oxygen-kerosene
propellant combination as the H-l, is the largest engine NASA is
developing for this kind of fuel (fig. 1-18). In its operational con-
Figure 1-1 5. An RL-I 0 A-3 engine.

111
I
Figure 1-16. An H-i engine.
figuration, it will produce 1.5 million pounds of thrust-the equivalent

of all eight H-1 engines of the Saturn I.
Notable progress was made toward solving the major problem of
combustion instability, mentioned in the Eighth Semiannual Report.
A contractor task group of 170 specialists was assigned to devote full
time to the solution of this difficulty. At the same time, NASA
created an ad hoc body of specialists to evaluate results of the task
group studies and to recommend courses of action. Members of
this body were drawn from the various NASA laboratories and from
university centers.
To obtain data for the study, it was necessary to acquire special
instrumentation and develop new tests techniques. The effects of
changes on the stability characteristics of an engine such as the F-1
were assessed by exploding a charge inside the normally operating
combustion chamber, thereby setting up artificial pressure oscillations.
The resistance of the engine system to instability then was measured
by its ability to suppress these oscillations and return to normal
operation.
Considerable attention was devoted to the design of the injector,
a devics similar in concept to a shower nozzle, which mixes the kero-
Figure 1-1 7. A J-2engine.

.I.... ...",--
~~
Figure 1-1 8. The F-1 engine.

sene and oxygen in the combustion chamber. It was found that

certain injector-engine combinations tended to go unstable spontane-
ously, while other combinations operated in a reliable and completely
satisfactory manner.
Two different injector configurations were released for possible use
during the running of the Preflight Rating Test. An engine equipped
with one of these injectors completed more than 30 test runs for a
total duration of approximately 3,000 seconds. Most of these tests
were at the rated thrust and duration of the F-1 ; 1.5 million pounds
for 150 seconds.
In another area of the combustion instability investigation, instru-
ments revealed that pressure oscillations within the dome--a hemi-
sphere-shaped component into which liquid oxygen flows for passage
into the iniector---could be transmitted to the gases in the thrust cham-
ber. Steps were taken to redesign the dome for smoother oxygen
flow and to install baffles that would reduce flow oscillations.
Although the combustion instability work diverted some personnel
and facilities from other standard engine development activities, work
on the F-1 continued at a steady pace. Production of the F-1 engines
for stage use proceeded on schedule ; and the construction of three test
stands at Edwards Air Force Base continued satisfactorily. These
stands, being constructed to meet test requirements for deliverable
engines, are expected to become operational during 1964.
Launch Vehicle Development
Significant progress was achieved in the development of the large

launch vehicles which will be needed to accomplish the Nation's long-
range space missions. This progress was accomplished in the stages
of Saturn I (Blocks I and II), the Saturn I-B, the Saturn V, and the
many associated facilities. Figure 1-19 shows the individual con-
figurations, the stages, payload capabilities, and the planned applica-
tions of the three vehicles.
Saturn I
The Saturn I, first member of this vehicle family, is being developed

in steps referred to as the Block I and Block II configurations. The
Block I consists of a live first stage (S-I) with a cluster of eight H-1
engines, a dummy second stage (S-IV), and a dummy payload. The
Block II consists of an improved version of the same first stage and
a live second stage.
MANNED SPACE FLIG" 43
3 so
m300
VEI
i2SO
v ~20a
.1sc
.lo(
. Sf
Figure 1-19. The Saturn family of launch vehicles.
Prior to this reporting period, NASA had successfully conducted

three Saturn I tests (Block I). On March 28, 1963, the fourth and
final complete test firing of this series (live first stage, dummy second)
was conducted (fig. 1-20). During this flight, one of the engines was
shut down to test the ability of the propulsion system to operate on
the remaining seven.
This shutdown occurred at launch, plus 100 seconds. The experi-
ment presented no problems to the propulsion system ; the remaining
seven engines operated for a slightly longer time to use the total
propellant load as planned. Normally, all engines run for approxi-
mately 150 seconds.
Starting with the fifth Saturn test (SA-5), NASA will use live
second stages (Block 11). The scale model configurations of the fifth
and sixth vehicles (SA-5, SA-6) underwent aerodynamic testing in
January. Also, preparations were made to conduct the SA-5 full-
scale Saturn flight test. During this flight-test phase, called Block 11,
NASA will use the 20,000-pound payload capability of the vehicle to
carry an Apollo boilerplate payload and a micrometeoroid experi-
mental payload into earth orbit.
Figure 1-10. Fourth Saturn test.

MANNED SPACE FLIG_ 45
The Saturn I First Stage (S-I) .--The first stage of Saturn consists
of eight clustered propellant tanks _nd an equal number of H-1 en-
gines; total thrust of the stage is 1.5 million pounds.
In March of this year, the static test of the fifth S-I stage was con-
ducted (fig. 1-21). During the same month, dynamic tests were also
conducted to determine the characteristics of the stage in flight. The
vehicle used for this particular test was then shipped to the Launch
Operations Center (LOC) for checkout of the Launch Complex 37
(LC-37) facilities.
The sixth S-I stage was static tested in June. Five additional
stages were being assembled; these include three being built by the
contractor at the Government-owned Michoud (La.) plant.
The SatuTw I Second Stage (S-IV).--The S-IV stage of Saturn I
makes use of six liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen RL-10 A-3 engines;
total stage thrust is 90,000 pounds. Figure 1-22 shows a cutaway of
the S-IV stage.
Thirteen six-engine clusters of the RL-10 (in the battleship 1
version of the S-IV stage of the Saturn I launch vehicle) were suc-
cessfully test fired several times. Ten such tests ran for the full dura-
tion expected under operating conditions with only minor engine
deficiencies; these were readily corrected. Following the successful
completion of the battleship tests, work was accelerated on the prepa-
ration of the S-IV stage to be used in the fifth flight test.
The live second stage for the launch was completed on the con-
tractor's production line and was shipped for acceptance static firing
to Sacramento, Calif.
Twenty-five hot firings of the S-IV battleship version confirmed the
propulsion design. One nonflying version of the stage was sent to the
Launch Operations Center for launch facility checkout, while another
was sent to Marshall Space Flight Center for dynamic (heavy vibra-
tion) tests. Other tests investigated the structural integrity of the
flight stage design.
The second flight version of this stage, to be used in the sixth Saturn
I test, underwent production acceptance testing; and, at the close of
the period, five other similar versions were in various phases of
assembly.
Saturn I- B
The Saturn I-B is being developed as a two-stage launch vehicle,

using a modified S-I (designated S-IB) first stage and a more pow-
x A test un4t with heavy tankage, used for tests requiring a margin o2 safety beyond
that available with flight weight units.
lllr
Ad L ~
Figure 1-91. Artist’s concept of the S-1 stage.

Figure 1-29. Cutaway of S-IV stage shows tanks and six RL-10 A-3 engines.
erful second stage (the S-IVB). This launch vehicle is expected to

have a payload capability in low earth orbit of 16 tons. The Saturn
I-B is scheduled to fly for the first time in late 1966. It will be used
for earth-orbital flights of the three-man Apollo spacecraft.
The Saturn 1-23 First Stage (S-ZB) .-During the period, dehi-
tions of stage redesign and specifications were developed for the S-IB
stage. This stage is built like the S-I with clustered engines and
clustered tanks. The modification and partial redesign will reduce its
weight by about 15,000 pounds.
During the period, NASA approved a modified procurement plan
for obtaining S-I stages from the contractor. The plan calls for 12
S-IB stages in addition to 8 S-1's for the Saturn I. NASA is to
establish the design criteria, and the contractor is to do the engineering
redesign and stage production.
The Saturn Z-B Second Stage (S-ZVB).-This stage will use a
single liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen 5-2 engine, having a thrust of
200,000 pounds. The S-IVB will also be the third stage of the Saturn
V. Figure 1-23 shows a cutaway of this stage.
Construction continued, at the Sacramento Test Operations site, on

two test stands, the blockhouse, and the propellant gas storage and
transfer system for the S-IVB stage.
The Saturn V
The Saturn V, shown in figure 1-24, is the largest and most pow-
erful launch vehicle in the Saturn family. Comprised of three stages,
the Saturn V will be used as the vehicle to launch the three-man
Apollo spacecraft for the ultimate lunar landing mission. The
stages of this vehicle are the S-IC (first), the S-I1 (second), and the
S-IVB (third).
The Saturn V First Stage (S-IC) .-The S-IC is to be 33 feet in
diameter and 138 feet high; at liftoff, it will weight about 4.6 million
pounds. The booster will be powered by a cluster of five 1.5-million-
pound thrust F-1 engines for a total thrust of 7.5 million pounds.
Figure 1-25 is a cutaway of the S-IC, showing the clustered F-1
engines.
Figure 1-23. Cutaway of S-IVB showing installation of J-2 engine.

MANNED SPACE FLIGBT 49
Figure 1-24. Cutaway of Saturn V shows individual stages and payload.
Figure 1-25. Cutaway of the S I C stage.

7 - u
A long-term definitive contract for the S-IC became effective the

first day of this reporting period. Under this contract, XASA is
to obtain nine flight stages, a facility checkout stage, a stage test and
checkout station, and a major portion of the tooling and components
to be used in building certain test units and stages at Marshall Space
Flight Center (MSFC) .
Because of the size and complexity of the S-IC, new tools were
designed and built. Figure 1-26 shows one such item-an apex gore
bulge die-forming tool. Figure 1-27 shows the welding of two gore
segments to form a complete gore. (Eight gores, a center piece, and
a large component called the Y-ring make up a complete fuel tank
bulkhead.)
In-house, NASA will assemble at MSFC the static firing stage, the
structural test stage, the dynamic test stage, the first flight stage, the
test fuel tank, and other structural and mechanical components.
Components for the fuel test tank were received during the period
and both assembly operations and tests were being performed.
TiLe Saturn V Xecolnd Stage (S-ZZ) .-This stage will use a cluster
of five liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen 5-2 engine which will give
it a total thrust of 1 million pounds. When fully loaded, the stage
will weigh slightly over 1 million pounds; it is to be 82 feet long.
Figure 1-26. A n apex gore bulge die-forming tool.

Figure 1-27. Welding two gore segments (apex and base) to form a complete gore.
Through its contractor, NASA was engaged during the period in

designing the stage, procuring test equipment and specialized tooling
for assembly, procuring components to support the test program,
procuring long leadtime hardware, and initiating fabrication of
ground test articles.
At Seal Beach, Calif., the site was prepared for the S-I1 stage
h a 1 assembly facilities; the bulkhead fabrication building was virtu-
ally completed ; construction of the finial assembly and hydrostatic
facility was well underway; and the support services building was
nearing completion.
A t Santa Susana, Calif., work continued on the construction of
the battleship test stand and the all-system test vehicle test stand for
the S-I1 stage. These gtiands will be able to test battleship and
flight-weight systems. Also, construction of a test stand superstruc-
ture was completed, and installation of equipment and instrumen-
tation is on schedule.
Because of the size of the S-11, its transportation poses a problem.
To seek a satisfactory solution, NASA conducted a special test by
transporting a simullated S-I1 (road gage) from Seal Beach to Port
Hueneme, Calif., using a Navy ship. This simulated loading, sea
52 NASA "TR SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
transport, and unloading demonstrated the feasibility of this means

of transportation.
The Saturn V Third Stage (S-ZVB).-This third stage of the
Saturn V is similar to the one previously mentioned as the second
stage of the Saturn I-B; it will use a single liquid hydrogen-liquid
oxygen 5-2 engine and will have 200,000 pounds of thrust.
During the period, major emphasis was placed on the battleship
program of the stage. A subcontractor was selected to fabricate
the battleship tanks and install them in the static test stand at the
Sacramento test site. The fabrication was completed and erection
iiito the test stand was started.
I n March, NASA instituted a wind tunnel test program to verify
the design of the auxiliary propulsion system and other protuber-
ances of the S-IVB. Also, full-scale mockups were completed.
Tool design land fabrication for the stage were proceeding on
schedule. One such tool completed during the period is the meridian
welder. This piece of equipment, illustrated in Figure 1-28, makes
it easier to provide the smooth welds that are essential. Fabrication
of dome segments and of the common bulkheads used in this stage
was underway.
The Saturn V Znstmmnt Unit.-The instrument unit to be used
with Saturn V is to be a modified and improved version of the equip-
ment developed in the Saturn I program. It is to contain a common
Figure 1-28. The meridian welder.

_'¢N_D SPAC_ ,_ian_r 53
guidance and stabilization system for all stages of the vehicle. (It will
also be used with Saturn I-B.) The unit is to be 260 inches in diameter
and 36 inches high; the weight should be around 3_00 pounds.
During the period, initial design of the unit was nearly completed;
als% practically all items for it were being designed, developed, and
fabricated. Figure 1-29 shows an artist's concept of the unit.
Saturn Facilities
During the period, NASA moved ahead with the design, develop-
ment_ and construction of the facilities needed for making_ supporting,
testing, and launching the Saturn family of vehicles. Sigu_ficant
achievements were as follows:
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsv_lle_ A/c_.--Construction of
the hydrostatic test facility was about 80 percent complete. Work con-
tinued on the S-IC static test stand (the stand will rise about 400 feet
above the ground when finished). Construction of the west area test
complex and of the F-1 engine test stand moved ahead.
Michoud, La.--The foundation of the vertical assembly and hydro-
static test facility was finished and work on the superstructure was
underway. Modifications to the S-I and S-IC stage fabrication areas
were on schedule. Contracts were awarded for site preparation and
steelwork on the new engineering building. At nearby Slidell, La.,
modifications to the computer facility were completed.
Mississippi T,:st Facility.--At this site_ NASA progressed with the
design of necessary facilities and with the necessary clearing, excavat-
ing_ dredging_ access road building, and perimeter fencing. Construc-
tion is currently underway on the foundations for the Saturn V
first-stage and second-stage test stands_ the office and administration
building_ the telephone building_ the emergency service building_ the
warehouse_ a construction dock_ and other required facilities. In
addition_ a railroad spur into MTF was finished_ at no cost to the
Government.
Launch Operations Center, Fla.--Launch Complex No. 34 was being
modified to provide the capability for servicing live upper stages (pre-
viously used for live first-stage_ dummy second-stage launchings).
Construction of Launch Complex 37B was completed. Design and
construction of Launch Complex 39 (mobile concept) was underway;
designs of the Vertical Assembly Building_ the Crawler-Transporter_
and the Launcher-Umbilical Towers were also essentially completed.
Construction of the industrial area on Merritt Island to support
manned space flight launch operations was underway. The Orsino-
Banana River Causeway was completed and the roadway on it was
under construction.
54 NASA NINTH SEh5WNWA.L REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 1-29. Artist’s concept of the instrumentation unit.
M a n n e d Space Flight Support

To provide support for the overall manned space flight effort, NASA
continued work in the areas of space medicine ; integration, checkout,
and reliability ; flight operations; and advanced engine development.
_D SPACE _iatrr 55
Space Medicine
The second phase of impact tolerance studies for Apollo--to deter-

mine human tolerance limits to angular impact--was initiated. These
studies are to investigate the effects of impact in lateral and oblique
directions; they include such force factors as sink rate (rate of descent)
of approximately 25 ft./sec._ variable windspeeds, undetermined land
contour, and the possibility of uncontrolled_ 360 ° variable approach to
landing.
During the period, NASA also developed a taped simulation of
medical emergency and other posible inflight medical problems. This
provides a means of training station medical monitors. A pool of
25 new medical monitors was trained by NASA_ and 15 experienced
monitors joined this new group for a 2-day MA-9 (Cooper flight)
briefing at Houston.
Other accomplishments within the space medicine area, not directly
related to a specific project_ included development of a computer tech-
nique for design and evaluation of environmental control systems, and
qualification of a net couch for possible use in spacecraft.
Integration, Checkout, and Reliability Program
NASA continued to obtain technical services and engineering as-

sistance through contract on its across-the-board programs to insure
overall integration_ reliability, and checkout for all elements (launch
vehicle_ spacecraft, and ground operational support systems) essential
to the manned lunar landing in the Apollo project. The work was
conducted at the contractor's Daytona Beach_ Fla., facilities and at
three NASA centers--Manned Spacecraft Center_ Marshall Space
Flight Center_ and Launch Operations Center.
Integration.--The integration aspect seeks to insure compatibility
of the Apollo spacecraft, the Saturn V launch vehicle, and the ground
operational support system with each other. Integration within each
of the system elements--spacecraft_ etc.--is the responsibility of the
cognizant NASA center. Interfaces between the system elements are
the responsibility of the Program Office in Washington.
Reliability.--Reliability covers the developing of means of assessing
the reliability and safety levels which are being achieved. It encom-
passes all program phases from the planning, design development,
testing_ and prelaunch phases, through flight and recovery. It also
includes pyramiding the individual NASA field center reliability pro-
grams into the overall program.
Gheekout.--Checkout encompasses systems engineering of the In-
tegrated Launch Control and Checkout System at Cape Kennedy_
and the development and establishment of checkout requirements and

standards throughout the manned flight program. This aspect covers
the whole of the preflight testing program_ verification of the oper-
ational flight readiness of the Apollo space vehicl% inflight checkout_
and lunar takeoff checkout.
In the report period_ the contractor gathered information on the
current work at the several centers and on similar work conducted
in other programs throughout the country. A preliminary draft of
a descriptive specification of the integrated launch control and check-
out system and a preliminary draft of a reliability program plan
were developed and were being coordinated within NASA. Several
technical review boards were established to assure coordination of the
activities and efforts of Project Apollo participants. Four of the
most important of these boards are the Checkout Design Review
Board_ the Reliability Assessment Review Board_ the Integration Re-
view Board, and the Apollo Engineering Documentation Board.
Flight Operations
Conceptual studies were completed for the integrated mission con-

trol center at the Manned Spacecraft Center; this is to be the opera-
tional ground command and control point of the manned space flight
network for the Gemini rendezvous mission_ for Project Apollo_ and
for future manned space flight programs. A contractor was selected
to design the center. At the end of the period_ the design was about
two-thirds complete. Procurement specifications were prepared for
nearly all of the critical items of the display and control_ simulation_
communications_ and digital command subsystems.
Work proceeded separately on another subsystem of the center_
the real-time computer complex. In January_ an interim domputing
facility was placed in operation. Two IBM 7094 computers and a
Univac 490 communications processor were put into operation at
this facility. All equipment is to be moved into the new integrated
mission control center facility when the building becomes available
in 1964.
Also at the Manned Spacecraft Center, progress continued on the
construction of nine other laboratory and administrative facilities_
including the auditorium, project management building_ flight crew
operations building, technical services office_ central data offic% systems
evaluation laboratory (completed)_ systems evaluation office, elec-
trical substation_ and central heating and cooling plant.
MANNED SPACE iFLIGHT 57
Advanced Engine Development
Work on the M-1, an advanced liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen en-

gine, continued. Under an agreement between NASA and the Depart-
ment of Defense, work also moved forward on large solid propellant
motors.
The M-1 Engine

The M-1 engine (fig. 1-30) is being developed as a 1.5-million-
pound thrust liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen engine for use with post-
Saturn-class launch vehicles. Since rocket engine development
precedes and sets the pace for launch vehicle design and development,
the M-1 represents the first phase of this Nation's effort to develop a
vehicle with a significant space capability beyond that of the Saturn V.
Testing was underway for some major components of the M-1, the
development of which began in 1962. At the end of 1962 the engine
was redesigned t o incorporate the best and latest technological im-
provements. The thrust was uprated from 1.2 million to 1.5 million
C-.
Figure 1-30. The M-1 engine.

pounds. Major changes included more efficient fuel pumps and a cooler
operating, higher performing thrust chamber.
In the development of major engine components_ the first thrust
chamber injector was virtually completed and significant progress was
made toward completing one of the thrust chamber and gas generator
test stands. Four gas generator assemblies were completed and two
of them were fired (one in May_ one in June). The design and devel-
opment work of the turbopump assembly components was advanced.
The construction of M-1 facilities reached 15 percent completion on
an overall basis.
Large Solid Propellant Motors
In the National Large Solid Motor Program, hardware develop-

ment work began under four contracts placed by the Air Force Space
Systems Division (AFSSD). NASA and AFSSD reached final
agreements in January on the program scope and on motor specifica-
tion details. NASA took part in the Source Selection Board proceed-
ings which were completed in March. In June_ contract negotiations
were completed and work began.
The work under these four contracts was designed to accomplish the
following: (1) demonstrate the feasibility of 260-inch-diameter_ 70-
foot-long motors that would develop 3 million pounds of thrust; (2)
test motors twice as long with double the thrust ; (3) develop and static
fire four segmented 156-inch-diameter motors that would deliver 1
to 3 million pounds of thrust; and (4) analyze all the problem areas
that would be encountered when these very large motors are used in
future launch vehicles.
CHAPTER 2
Scientific Investigations in Space
The wealth of data in geophysics and astronomy provided by

geophysical satellites, deep space probes, geoprobes_ and sounding
rockets helped pave the way_ during the first 6 months of 1963_ for
NASA's gradual transition from the use of small custom-made
artificial satellites to the larger orbiting scientific observatories.
(Smaller satellites will continue to be launched to meet special needs.)
During the reporting period, the geophysical satellite Explorer
XVII, orbited in-April_ discovered a belt of neutral helium 160 miles
from the earth. Mariner II set a record for long-distance communi-
cation by transmitting data 53.9 million miles through space. And a
proof-test model of Surveyor Lander was assembled and tested. This
craft is designed to soft-land on the moon and later serve as a lunar
observatory and research laboratory.
Geophysics and Astronomy
By the first half of 1963_ a new and clearer picture of the earth's
atmosphere and its environment began to emerge based on 5TASA_s
extensive scientific investigations in space.
The structure of the atmosphere at all altitudes was reasonably
firmly established, as was the full extent of the ionosphere beginning
at the lower altitude of 40 miles. Existence of trapped energetic
particles--electrons and protons--at distances of 1,000 to 20,000 miles
in the Van Allen radiation region (unsuspected itself until 1958) was
established.
A haze of cosmic dust was found and determined to be primarily a
terrestrial cloud. Also discovered were certain important relation-
ships between the density and temperature of the earth's atmosphere
and solar radiation.
Relationships of geophysical phenomena to solar phenomena were
steadily becoming clearer. So also was the dependence of the ozone
layer (at an altitude of between 10 to 30 miles) and of the ionosphere
upon the absorption of solar radiation.
The Agency continued its exploration of outer space to better under-
stand this new concept of the earth and the area surrounding it and
5g
6O NASA NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
beyond_ as it made additional studies of energetic particles coming

from the sun and from outside the solar system.
Geophysical Satellites
The 17th in the Explorer series of geophysical satellites (S-6),

launched on April 2 to study the physics and chemistry of neutral
gases that make up the earth's atmosphere, detected neutral helium
as low as 160 miles above the globe at the spacecraft's perigee.
Explorer XVII, a 410-pound stainless steel sphere 35 inches in
diameter, marked an important development in the study of the
atmosphere. Earlier spacecraft were generally equipped to measure
electrically-charged ions and electrons in the atmospher% but Ex-
plorer XVII was able to examine the atmosphere's neutral atoms and
molecules.
The stainless steel shell of the satellite (only 2%000 of an inch
thick) is vacuum-tight so that the spacecraft cannot contaminate the
region of the atmosphere which it is examining--a region ranging
from 160 miles to 570 miles.
This Explorer (figs. 2-1 and 2-2) carries four gages to measure
the neutral atmosphere's density, two electrostatic probes to measure
electron temperature and density, and two double-focusing mass spec-
trometers to determine the composition of the neutral atmosphere.
In a flawless performance the satellite continued to supply invalua-
ble data through the end of this report period.
Sounding Rockets
NASA also launched a wide variety of instrumented sounding rock-

ets during the first 6 months of 1963. Of these 35 successful launches
one rocket was used to study the neutral molecules of gases in the
earth's atmosphere at night; another to measure atmospheric tem-
peratures during an overhead pass of Explorer XVII.
Thirteen other rockets released sodium vapor in investigations of
atmospheric motions in the ionosphere about 100 miles above the earth.
Of these 13 ]aunchings, 11 were made in May from Italy, Pakistan,
northern Canada, Wallops Island_ Va, and Cape Kennedy, Fla., to
obtain worldwide synoptic data on atmospheric motions.
During the same period nine experiments were carried out in the
ionosphere using sounding rockets. Among these studies was one of
very low radio frequencies (VLF). An astronomical experiment was
made to carry out X-ray mapping of the sky and another to obtain
ultraviolet spectra of nebulae.
SC!J.E"IC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE 61
Figure 2-1. Geophysical satellite Explorer XVII.
One experiment measured energetic particles (or cosmic rays) using

a sounding rocket as a test vehicle. The results of this experiment
showed the need for modification of future advanced instruments of
the type aboard the rocket to assure their maximum effectiveness when
carried on an Orbiting Geophysical Observatory.
Earlier Spacecraft Supply New Data
Sounding rockets, by direct sampling of high noctilucent (bright

nighttime) clouds, found meteoric dust particles coated with ice in
polar regions about 50 miles above the earth.
Calculations of satellite drag in the upper atmosphere a t satellite
altitudes continued to determine atmospheric density. Such calcula-
tions established that the density and even the composition of the
upper atmosphere varies annually and semiannually during periods
of both low and intense solar activity.
MASS SPECTROMETER
MASS SPECTROMETER BREAKOFF
ELECTRONICS
PRESSURIZATION MASS SPECTROMETER

VALVE
EARTH ASPECT SENSOR NUTATION DAMPER DOME
PROGRAMMER
BATTERY BOX
BATTERY BOX
NUTATION
NUTATION DAMPER MISCELLANEOUS
RELEASE MECt-tCU_'SM ELECTRONICS
REDHEAD MOUNT
REDHEAD PRESSURE
ELECTRON
GAGE
PROBE
REDHEAD PRESSURE
MAss S_CTRO_-TER GAGE BREAKOFF
EMISSION REGULATOR
" MASS SPECTROMETER
EMISSION REGULATOR
BATTERY
RESISTANCE
BAYARD- ALPERT// /× ELECTRONICS
PRESSURE GAGE Y / BATTERY

BOX /';' BOX
ELECTRON / // SWITCH
TEMPERATURE PROBE
TELEMETRY
ELECTRONICS
__ELECTRONICS
SCALE R F ANT]_I_tA
(4) i I
I 3 6 9 12
Figure 2-2. Inside the Explorer XVII spacecraft.
The Canadian-built geophysical satellite Alouette--launched by

NASA in September 1962---revealed that effective radio frequency
reflecting surfaces in the upper ionosphere in the polar regions are
extremely rough. Alouette also observed that the temperatures 300
miles above the earth vary greatly and increase with latitude--reach-
ing 2,200 ° F. a¢ 45 ° N. latitude.
Lunar and Planetary Programs
Ranger VI--most recent in a series of unmanned spacecraft de-

signed to collect data on the moon and cislunar space--was scheduled
for launching from Cape Kennedy late in 1963.
The fifth Ranger, launched in October 1962, failed to land a surviv-
able instrument package on the moon and went into orbit about the
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE 63
sun instead. This failure led to a review of the entire Ranger pro-
gram by a board of inquiry made up of experts from NASA and
industry. (See Chapter 8, Eighth Semiannual Report.)
Detailed exploratory tests and a comprehensive design review of
the spacecraft were completed_ resulting in improvements which
promise greater success with future Rangers. During the course of
these tests Ranger VI made 13 simulated 66-hour lunar flights in a
large vacuum chamber where the performance of the subsystems was
carefully monitored. Results were very encouraging.
Senior scientists and engineers in the design reviews examined each
subsystem in detail and made certain modifications to increase the
spacecraft's reliability. These included strengthening the structure,
changing over to Mariner R-type solar panels, adding extra batteries,
and improving the TV system to permit pictures over a larger range
of lunar lighting conditions.
Surveyor lander •
During this reporting period NASA made substantial progress in

developing Surveyor Lander, a spacecraft being designed to soft-land
on the moon and later serve as an observation station and research
laboratory to study the physical and chemical properties of the lunar
surface.
Among significant advances were: Assembly and initial testing
of the proof-test model of the spacecraft, tethered tests of the vernier
rocket engines and autopilot control system in hovering, and thermal
vacuum tests of the craft's temperature control system, as well as
investigations of the ability of this control system to operate under a
wide range of environmental conditions.
In addition, many drop tests were performed to demonstrate the
spacecraft's ability to land safely at various speeds and on different
surfaces.
Mariner and Pioneer
Through January 3, 1963, the Agency maintained contact with

Mariner II, the spacecraft that flew within 21,648 miles of Venus on
December 14, 1962. The spacecraft set a record for long-distance
communication by transmitting information 53.9 million miles to the
earth before contact with it was lost on January 3. In its 4-month
lifetime it sent back 90 million scientific data points.
Preliminary reports from data supplied by this Venus fly-by indi-
cated a temperature of 800 ° F. on the planet's surface and a -30 ° F.
Figure 2-3. Surveyor Lander.
temperature within its clouds. Venus had no detectable magnetic

fields along the path of the spacecraft. Neither were regions of
trapped particles nor radiation belts observed. I n addition, the
mass of Venus was determined to be 0.815 that of the earth.
An advanced Mariner-type spacecraft was being readied for a
Martian fly-by late in 1964. It will be launched on a trajectory to
the vicinity of Mars by the Atlas-Agena booster and will seek out data
on the surface and atmospheric conditions of the planet and investi-
gate the interplanetary space environment.
NASA also selected a contractor to build the Pioneer spacecraft
designed to provide data on a region of interplanetary space and
determine how solar activity affects this region. The 115-poundcraft
will carry about 20 pounds of instruments to measure solar plasma,
magnetic fields, energetic particles, and other phenomena of inter-
planetary media. Pioneer’s first flight is scheduled for 1965 during
the International Quiet Sun Year.
Voyager
Results of overall system studies of Voy+ger indicated that com-
bined orbiter-lander missions to Mars and Venus were feasible and de-
Figure 2-4. Mariner II microwave temperature study ofVenusian atmosphere and surface.
sirable, particularly if the spacecraft should be of the 6,000-pound

class.
A design concept for Voyager--emphasizing Martian exploration-
is expected to be ready by the end of 1963. The first launching of the
spacecraft by a Saturn-class vehicle is tentatively scheduled for the
latter part of this decade.
Bioscience Programs
After a detailed study of the Nation’s space program the National
Academy of Sciences, through its Space Science Board, concluded
that investigations of extraterrestrial life should be assigned top
priority in NASA’s exploration of space. The Academy also recom-
mended increased research into the biological effects of zero gravity
and of the removal from the effects of the earth’s rotation-both
stresses unique to the space environment.
Responding to these recommendations, NASA’s space biology pro-
gram was expanded during this report period and substantial progress
.was made in several fields.
733-348-
66 NASA "TH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Laboratory-Produced Life1ik e Cells

I n research related to studies of extraterrrestrial life and the
development of life-detection devices, significant advances were made
in studies of the laboratory synthesis of primitive lifelike organisms.
Eighteen synthesized amino acids (organic compounds making up
living matter) were used to make a proteinlike material which formed
microspheres with cell walls and nuclei. The microspheres have
reproduced by division (see fig. 2-5).
Figure 2-5. Laboratory produces microspheres simulating living cells.
These biologically important organic compounds were produced

in a simulated primitive earth's atmosphere through the actions of
electric and radiation energy.
High Altitude Infrared Studies

A March 1flight of a helium-filled balloon to an altitude of 77,000
feet supplied more accurate data on the carbon dioxide contcnt of
Mars and indicated that the planet's atmosphere contained traces of
water vapor (essential to all living matter).
The balloon (fig. 2-6) carried a 36-inch telescope and an infrared
spectromebr to analyze the infrared range of wave lengths from Mars
for clues to possible existence of life.
Figure 2-6. Balloon analyzes infrared range of wave lengths from Man.
Instruments aboard the balloon (fig. 2-7) were the largest and the
heaviest purely scientific payload ever to leave the surface of the earth.
Figure 2-7. Martian explorers-36-inch telescope and infrared spectrometer.
Upper Atmosphere Microbes

I n May the third in a series of six balloon flights to determine the
nature and number of microorganisms in earth’s upper atmosphere
detected very few of these life forms in that region. A special fluo-
rescent test material confirmed the existence of the numerous pig-
mented organisms observed at 60,000 feet in the October 1962 flight.
At that time, it was suspected that the organisms might have been
washed from the balloon’s surface into the sampling instruments;
the present flight indicated that the atmosphere is the s o m of the
organisms.
Three additional balloon flights were scheduled to be made this
year.
Detecting Extraterrestrial Life
During the first 6 months of 1963 noteworthy progress was made in
developing two of the more promising devices to search for life on
other planets and in interplanetary space.
One, the radioisotope biochemical probe (Gulliver) to detect growth
and metabolism of microorganisms on Mars, was designed to work
efficiently even though it might not land right side up on the Martian
surface. The instrument (described in detail in the Eighth Semi-
annual Report) was also being modified so that it will be able to detect
photosynthetic organismson the planet.
The second instrument was a device to detect living matter through
the unique ability of all life forms to rotate polarized light (fig. 2-8).
Figure 2-8. Laboratory model of extraterrestrial life detector.

Biosatellites in Space Environmental Biology
NASA, through its Ames Research Center, has established a pro-

gram to insure systematic studies of the biological effects of weight-
lessness, removal of the effects of earth's rotation, high energy cosmic
radiation, and other outer space stresses on various living organisms
in orbiting biosatellites.
University, industrial, and Government scientists have proposed
about 150 biological experiments for these laboratories in space.
Recommended experiments include investigations of space environ-
mental effects on primates, small mammals, invertebrate animals, eggs,
cell cultures, plants, fungi, and bacteria. The investigations will
cover studies of the effects of the space environment on physiological
functions, behavior', growth, development, biorhythms, survival, and
reproduction of the test life forms.
The Space Science Steering Committee reviewed and screened the
proposed studies and was selecting the most promising experiments to
be carried aboard the biosatellites. Thor-type boosters, with specially
designed recoverable spacecraft containing suitable life support sys-
tems, will be used in the 3- to 30-day circular near-equatorial orbits
of these satellites. Until the orbiting biological laboratories are avail-
able to scientists, experiments on the effects of outer space stresses are
largely limited to studies of life forms in simulated space
environments.
Ground-based Studies of Outer Space Stresses
Loss of calcium in the bones of men and of pigtail monkeys caused

by weightlessness and immobilization was being studied at Texas
Woman's University under the terms of a NASA grant. Tests in-
cluded the use of bone X-ray densi¢ometer scanning beams and bio-
chemical investigations of calcium, phosphorus, and steroids in food,
excreta, urine, and blood.
In related experiments (cooperative studies with the Agency's
Manned Spacecraft Center) significant calcium loss in the skeleton,
after a 3-day bed rest, was observed in men volunteers of the Texas
Institute for Rehabilitation and Research. Accordingly, bioscientists
recommended that X-rays of the bones of astronauts in the Gemini
and Apollo lunar exploration programs be taken before and after
flights of 3 days or longer to determine the possibility of similar cal-
cium losses as a result of their exposure to the space environment.
The effects of gravity on growing plants was also being studied by
using an apparatus (fig. 2-9) which alters these effects by distributing
gravitational pull from every direction.
Figure 9-9. Study of gravity's effects on growing plants.
Physiologists and psychologists in NASA-supported research a t the

Naval School of Aviation Medicine and a t Oak Ridge National L a b
oratory were studying the effects of magnetic fields-in some instances
equal to those that may exist on the moon-on human volunteers and
on squirrel monkeys. I n the Oak Ridge experiments, the squirrel
monkeys exposed to a high magnetic field of 5,000 gauss showed no
observable change of behavior. At the Naval School, additional tests
mere carried out to reconfirm results of previous experiments in which
human subjects were exposed to low magnetic fields.
Effects of Exposure to Manmade Atmospheres

An astronaut's capacity to do strenuous work in a space suit while
exposed to the stresses of the space environment and his rate of re-
covery from these exertions were being studied for NASA by experi-
menters at Indiana University. The purpose of this basic research
on the physiology of exercise-especially under stress and at rates be-
yond the capacity of the body to supply oxygen-is to help gauge the
physical fitnessof astronauts to perform effectively in spacecraft.
In related experiments bioscientists at Ohio State University

studied the effects on young rats of 100 percent oxygen at reduced pres-
sure (equal to an altitude of 33,000 feet) with no nitrogen. Pre-
liminary results of these tests indicated that in 27 days there was no
difference in growth rate, oxygen consumption_ food and water intake,
or behavior in these rats and the control ra_s in normal air. In 6 days,
at 21 percent oxygen, 79 percent helium, and normal air pressure_
young rats grew at the same rate as the control rats but drank more
water, excreted more urine, and had a higher rate of oxygen consump-
tion than the control rats in normal air.
Experimenters a_ Oklahoma City University studied the effects on
rats of 100 percent oxygen, at a simulated 26_000-foot altitude, for 6
to 8 hours each day for 6 weeks. As compared with rats in normal air,
the 100-percent-oxygen-exposed rats showed an average reduction of
10 percent in total metabolism but no gross change in body weight.
Life Support Systems for Spacecraft

During the report period there was a scientific breakthrough in the
development of a biological ,system capable of producing oxygen_ food,
and water from astronauts' waste products during extended space
flights.
In this system the electrolysis of water (splitting water into hydro-
gen and oxygen by electricity) was used with soil bacteria (Hydro-
genomonas) which combine the hydrogen with the carbon of carbon
dioxide from the astronaut. This method required--on a batch basis--
only 10 percent of the electric power and 20 percent of the volume of
the best algae (Chlore_la) gas exchanger system. A larger scale cyclic
system was also being developed which will use a separate electrolytic
unit with immediate gas separation to assure against explosion. Other
studies were planned to explore the use of these soil bacteria as food
for space explorers.
Investigations also continued on improving the growth of Chlorella
in the algae-type life support system, and in the use of various leafy
plants as generators of oxygen in a manmade atmosphere for space-
craft. In addition_ experiments were underway at Colorado State
University on raising germ-fre_ plants for space use. The absence of
all known organisms resulted in increased growth of beans, decreased
growth of tomatoes, but no change in the growth of corn.
Simulated Planetary Environments
Eighteen species of bacteria, three species of fungi, desert micro-

organisms, a moss, and a lichen .survived in a simulated Martian en-
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIQATIONS IN SPACE 73
vimnment. NASA m n t m t e d for studies on the growth of leafy
plants under similar conditions.
Behavioral Biology
During the report period, bioscientists continued their investiga-
tions into the effects of weightlessness (zero g) on various life forms.
Experiments were underway to determine how changes in gravity
affect the human inner ear which functions to maintain man’s posture
and equilibrium.
Using a fiberglas centrifuge rotating at 77.5 rpm (fig. 2-10)
University of Kentucky investigators observed the behavior of mice
moving about freely in gravity fields varying from 1to 3.2 g’s. I n
related studies at Ames Research Center a rotating chamber (fig. 2-11)
was used to memum the ability of animals to make appropriate re-
sponses in different gravity fields.
Figure 2-10. Centrifuge creates gravity fields to study etTects of weightlessness on mice
This Ames centrifuge, resembling a space station, was designed for

breeding and raising small animals (such as mice) at higher than
earth’s gravitational pull as a basis for planning future spacecraft and
space stations.
. Figure 2-1 1. Rotating chamber measures responses of animals to gravity.
Figure 2-1 2. Apparatus determines effects of restricted and free movement on develop-
ment of normal visual perception in the cat.
SCIENTIFIC I17VESTIGATIONS IN SPACE 75
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology research on cats dem-

onstrated other phenomena closely related to these studies on posture
and equilibrium. In these experiments kittens raised in total dark-
ness were exposed to 'visual patterns (fig. 2-12). One cat, allowed
active movement in the experimental chamber, developed normal
visual perceptions of the patterns. The other, stimulated while his
motion was restricted, showed defective perception. These experi-
ments indicated that altered stimulation during weightlessness might
result in the development of similar perceptual disorders.
MediumLaunchVehicles'
NASA continued to use, uprate, and further develop the medium
launch vehicles employed in support of its scientific probes, satellites,
and umnanned spacecraft. These include the Scout, the Delta, the
Thor-Agena/Atlas-Agena, and the Atlas-Centaur.
The Scout
The four-stage Scout vehicle was used for six launches during the
period, two from Wallops Island and four from the Pacific Missile
Range. From Wallops, NASA successfully accomplished a reentry
experiment for the Atomic Energy Commission and placed a satellite
in orbit for the Air Force. (The other four launches were conducted
by the Department of Defense.)
For some time, NASA has been working to uprate the solid motors
of the Scout. On the last launch from Wallops Island, the uprated
fourth stage motor, X-258, was successfully flight tested. This is the
third of Scout's four solid rocket motors to be uprated.
The production line output of the standard NASA/DOD vehicle
remained on schedule; a fiscal year 1963 contract was signed, calling
for 23 vehicles on a fixed price incentive basis. Also, steps were taken
to provide for uprating the remaining motor (second stage), and a
velocity control program for increased accuracy was initiated.
The Delta
Delta maintained its record of flawless performance by placing four

additional satellites into earth orbit. These were as follows: Feb-
ruary 14, Syncom I; April 2, Explorer XVII ; May 7, Telstar II; and
June 19, TIROS VII. Syncom I was placed in the highest earth
orbit yet achieved and the first at approximately the synchronous
altitude. Delta has been successful in the last 18 of its 19 launches.
z These launch vehicles are used in NASA's space sciences program described above
and in its applicatioas program discussed in the following chapter.
76 I_ASA NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
The Thor-Agena/Atlas-Agena Program
NASA continued to make progress with its Thor-Agena/Atlas-

Agena program. Areas of activity included the NASA/Air Force
management relationship, the Agena program transfer, and the Agena
vehicle improvement program.
NASAAir Force Management Relatlonship.--NASA and the
USAF negotiated a new working agreement for the management of
the Agena launch vehicle program. Under it NASA assumes respon-
sibility for many of those functions originally assigned to the Air
Force. Basic operating changes include NASA direct contracting
for vehicle modifications necessary to meet a specific mission, direct
contracting for launch services at the Atlantic Missile Range, gre_.ter
NASA participation in those boards concerned with vehicle con-
figuration changes, and greater participation in determining the
quality control procedures for the basic vehicles jointly used by NASA
and the Air Force.
Agena Program M.c_na,gem_t Transfer.--The NASA Agena Proj-
ect Office was transferred from the George C. Marshall Space Flight
Center, Huntsville, Ala., to the Lewis Research Center, Cleveland,
Ohio, effective January 28, 1963. This change allows the Marshall
Space Flight Center to devote full effort to the high priority Saturn
launch vehicle development required for the manned lunar effort. It
also places both the Atlas-Centaur and Atlas-Agena projects at the
Lewis Research Center, thereby consolidating NASA Atlas technology
at this center.
Agena Vehiclv Imlrrovement Progra_.--NASA and the USAF
initiated a jointly funded improvement program to increase the pay-
load carrying capability of the Agena vehicle by approximately 100
pounds. Current planning indicates that the first improved Agena
will be ready for flight test during the last quarter of 1963. The
_[ariner and follow-on Ranger missions will require the increased
payload capability of this vehicle.
The Agena D (advanced version of the Agena B) flight test program
was proceeding satisfactorily. NASA scheduled the first flight of this
improved vehicle in mid-1964.
Communications Satellite (Echo A-12).--NASA continued prep-
aration of the Thor/Agena launch vehicles for the communications
satellite mission scheduled for late in 1963. The vehicle was being
modified to incorporate a TV system in a special adapter between the
Agena vehicle and the spacecraft to monitor spacecraft separation,
balloon injection, and balloon inflation.
Lunar Launch (Ranger).--The Agena vehicle assigned to the lunar
exploratory flight (Ranger VI), scheduled for the fourth quarter of
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN" SPACE 77
1963, was removed from storage for processing at the contractor's

plant. Increased emphasis was placed on reliability and the qualifica-
tion of vehicle components--particulary the Atlas guidance system.
The Atlas-Centaur
Atlas-Centaur, this country's first launch vehicle using liquid hydro-

gen as a fuel, will send Surveyor to the moon and the advanced Mariner
to the near planets. It will also be assigned other future satellite and
space probe missions. In addition, the liquid hydrogen technology
being developed "_or Centaur supports development of high energy
upper stages for other launch vehicles, including the Saturn.
During the previous report period, management of the Atlas-Cen-
taur project was transferred to the Lewis Research Center. At Lewis,
the development program was reoriented, additional ground testing
incorporated, and quality assurance and reliability emphasized. The
project pushed forward with a vigorous ground test program in prep-
aration for flight tests.
A new and more reliable direct ascent flight mode was chosen for
early development and operational flights; this mode will increase the
probability of vehicle success in these critical early flights. Also, test
facilities at the Lewis Research Center were being modified for full
scale tests of Atlas-Centaur under simulated flight conditions. A new
combined systems test stand was started to enable operational launch
vehicles and spacecraft to be fully tested as a complete system at the
factory. An extensive test and evaluation program was underway
to improve the accuracy and reliability of the Centaur guidance sys-
tem, and additional test programs were instituted as necessary for
development of a reliable launch vehicle.
CHAPTER 3
Applications Program
The first 6 months of 1963 witnessed the orbiting of the seventh in

the highly successful TIROS series in time to track tropical storms
during the fall of the year. TIROS V completed a record-setting
101/_ months of operation in May when it stopped transmitting after
having supplied over 58,000 pictures of the earth's cloud cover.
Prototype and flight model tests of Nimbus--able to extend the
limited viewing of TIROS to daily global coverage---were scheduled
for the summer of 1963. The spacecraft features an Automatic
Picture Transmission System enabling forecasters in field stations to
receive photographs of local cloud cover when the satellite passes
within 1,700 miles of their stations.
In the conmmnications satellites, Relay transmitted signals between
the United States and Europe, the United States and South America,
and between Europe and South America, and provided European
viewers with telecasts of this country's sixth manned space flight in
May. Telstar II was launched by NASA for the American Tele-
phone and Telegraph Co. in May, and was operating as planned.
Syncom, the Nation's first synchronous altitude active communications
satellite, was orbited in February. (The launch of Syncom IX
followed on July 26.)
During the report period United States negotiations with the
U.S.S.R. led to a bilateral agreement embracing limited joint com-
munications experiments with the passive communications satellite
Echo II.
NASA also continued to explore possible uses of satellites to im-
pro,¢e the navigation of nonmilitary vessels and aircraft, and to col-
lect data from remote sensors at sea, on land, or in the air.
Meteorological Systems
Highlighting NASA's achievements in meteorology during the
report period were the continued efficient performance of the TIROS
satellite system (summarized in the table, p. 80) and advances in
developing the successor to TIROS, the Nimbus spacecraft. The
more sophisticated Nimbus, which will provide 24-hour global cover-
age, was being engineered to assure continuous operation for 6 months
to a year or more.
78
APPLICATIONS PROGRAM 79
TIROS
The launching of TIROS VII by a Delta vehicle on June 19 marked
an unbroken series of seven successful launches of these meteorological
satellites. Sensory systems aboard the spacecraft operated well from
the time of its launch into an orbit with an apogee of 403 miles, perigee
of 386 miles, an inclination of 58 ° , and an orbital period of 97 minutes,
Sensors included two TV cameras to take earth cloud cover pictures,
infrared radiometers to gather nighttime cloud cover data and data
for use in developing horizon scanners for the Nimbus satellite, and
an electron temperature probe.
The original date for orbiting TIROS VII was twice postponed in
view of the continued satisfactory performance of the fifth and sixth
in the TIROS series, and to assure that the latest meteorological satel-
lite would be of maximum use during the 1963 hurricane season. On
April 19 TIROS V became the longest operating of these satellites
as it completed ten months of operation since being launched on June
19, 1962. (The previous record for longevity was held by TIROS II.)
The record-setting TIROS V stopped transmitting on May 5, after
having sent over 58,000 earth cloud cover pictures (about 85 percent
meteorologically usable) in its 4,579 orbits around the earth. The
U.S. Weather Bureau sent 399 storm advisories around the world
based on TIROS V pictures. These included coverage of two hurri-
canes and four typhoons.
TIROS VI, launched September 18, 1962, continued to provide ex-
cellent cloud cover pictures.
The TIROS project is summarized in table I.
Nimbus
Ground tests of the prototype and flight model _imbus meteorolog-

ical satellite were scheduled for the summer of 1963, and the first
launch was scheduled for the first half of 1964. Because Nimbus
will be in a near-polar orbit it will provide complete global coverage
in each 24-hour period. In contrast, TIROS can view only 10 to 25
percent of the earth every day (fig. 3-1). The earth-oriented Nimbus
also has improved sensors and will be able at all times to photograph
the globe vertically rather than from an oblique angle.
In addition, Nimbus will feature an Automatic Picture Transmis-
sion System (APT) to provide a local forecaster in a field station
with photographs of the cloud cover in that area as the satellite passes
within 1,700 miles of the station. Initial tests of the APT system
will be conducted by installing it on a TIROS research and develop-
merit spacecraft scheduled to be launched late in 1963.
80 NASA NINTH SEMIANNUAL R E P O R T T O CONGRESS
TABLE I.-Summarg ofthe TIROSprojeet through June SO, 1965

~ ~~
Orbital Jseable 1
Name, date launched inclina- Useful Hfetbe ,ictures
tion
TIROS I, Apr. 1,1880_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _miles

466 _______ _________
48.40
__. 19,388
m miles.
99.2 mio.
_ miles-
TIROS 11,Nov. 23, lee0_ _ _ _ _ _ _453 ______. _______
48.60~
25,574
387 miles.
98.3 min.
TIROS 111,July 12,1961_ . _ _ _ _ _506_miles _________
_ _ _ _ _ _ .47.80 24,000
461 miles.
100.4 min.
TIROS IV, Feb. 8,1962_ _ _ _ _ _ _525
__ _ __
miles _______ ._ 48.30
___. 23,370
441 miles.
100.4 min.
TIROS V, June 19,1962 604 miles _ _ _ _ _ MI.
_ 10
__. 48,M 7
367 miles.
100.5 min.
442 miles _ _ _ _ _ _58.30
TIROS VI, Sept. 18,1962_____._..._._. __. 60,659
425 miles.
98.7 min.
TIROS VII, June 19,1963 403 miles 58.20 2,603
386 miles.
97.4 min.
I About 80 percent of the frames received from TIROS I through VI were useable pictures.
Figure 3-1. Global coverage of Nimbus and TIROS compared.

Carefully engineered systems and duplicate critical components and
subsystems should assure continuous operation of the developed Nim-
bus spacecraft for 6 months to a year or more. Nimbus was designed
not only to meet the meteorological needs of the present but also to be
flexible enough to adapt to future instrumentation with minimum
.
difliculty
Advanced Satellite Systems

NASA completed its initial ground checkout tests of the Automatic
Picture Transmission System as part of a continuing program of
studies to improve existing concepts and to develop new advanced
satellite systems (fig. 3-2). The operational system, which uses
relatively simple ground equipment costing less than $50,000 a set,
will receive pictures of about the same quality as the TIROS photo-
graphs. However, they will be somewhat larger covering a square
about 1,000 miles on a side. More than 40 of these systems were being
installed in major U.S. and foreign weather stations for use during
the first cooperative test phase.
Following other studies, NASA contracted for the purchase of
seven more TIROS satellites in February and awarded a contract
Figure 3-2. TIROS tests Automatic Picture Transmission System.

733-348 -7
in May for a detailed engineering evaluation to determine whether

TIROS could be modified to increase its cloud cover picture-taking
capability. Three of the new TIROS will be research and develop-
ment spacecraft, two “operational” (funded by the U.S. Weather
Bureau), and the remaining two will be backup satsllites--one
research and development, the other “operational.”
The Agency also arranged for investigations into design charac-
teristics (size, power, sensors, and station keeping) for a synchronous
meteorological satellite.
Sounding Rockets
During the first six months of 1963, NASA used large and small
meteorological sounding rockets (figs. 3-3 and 3 4 ) to measure and
study the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere between 20 and
70 miles above the earth.
‘
Nine large sounding m k e t s of the Nike-Cajun class, with payloads
of grenades, sodium vapor, or pitot-static tubes, were launched from
Wallops Island, Va. and Fort Churchill, Canada, into the upper por-
tion of this 20- through 70-mile range. For 1964, 45 similar experi-
ments were planned from these and other locations.
About 40 small sounding rockets of the Arcas and Loki classes,
carrying chaff, sphere, or parachutes with temperature sensor package
Figure 3-3. Large meteorological sounding rocket experiments.

payloads, were also launched from Wallops Island and provided
atmospheric data for the lower portion of this region. About 100 of
these rockets were scheduled to be launched from Wallops Island in
1964.
- +
e-
Figure 3-4. Small meteorological sounding rocket experiments.

NASA will also loan data acquisition equipment to India and Paki-
, stan and train scientists from the two countries in the use of small
sounding rockets in support of the 1964 International Indian Ocean
Expedition.
Communicat ions Systems

Echo has demonstrated thah a passive communications satellite can
be launched, inflated in space, and used effectively as a communications
reflecting station. Telestar and Relay, in turn, have shown that active
repeater communicationssatellites are feasible as signal relay stations.
Accordingly, the Agency is now directing its efforts toward further
development and refinement of these spacecraft, thereby paving the
way for the earliest possible esttsLblishment of an operational global
- communicationssatellite system.
Active Communications Satellites

NASA orbited two active communications satellites during the first
6 months of 1963-Telstar I1 on May 7 and the first Syncom on Febru-
84 NASA NINTI-I SEMIAN-NUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
ar T 14. The low-altitude active repeater spacecraft Relay---launched

on December 13, 1962--continued to operate satisfactorily. In addi-
tion, a structural model of an advanced synchronous altitude satellite,
with greater communications capacity than Syncom, was built and
successfully tested.
Relay.--By March 22, Relay had successfully performed all of its
experiments and completed its assigned missions. The spacecraft
promises to provide an abundance of data that will contribute sub-
stantially to the establishment of an operational worldwide communi-
cations system.
Since January 3 of this year, Relay has successfully transmitted
signals between the United States and England and France, and
between Italy and Brazil. Among engineering tests in television and
via telephone were transmissions of "brain waves" (electroencephalo-
grams) from England to this country and transmission of the diag-
nosis from the United States to England within the same 15-minute
pass of the satellite. The satellite also provided European viewers
with on-the-spot coverage of the White House ceremony conferring
honorary American citizenship on Sir Winston Churchill in April
and telecast to Europe Astronaut Cooper's Project Mercury orbital
space flight in May.
As noted in the Eighth Semiannual Report (pp. 84-85), it was
evident soon after launching that Relay's power supply voltage was
too low to operate the spacecraft's communications system. An inves-
tigation of this malfunction traced the trouble to a defective transistor
in the voltage regulator-switch of one of the satellite's two communica-
tions systems. The defect caused power to drain from the batteries
until the affected communications system was automatically shutoff.
Thereafter, the batteries recovered power and were almost fully
recharged. On January 3, a second, duplicate communications sys-
tem was successfully turned on and off by normal commands. A
procedure was developed to assure proper functioning of these criti-
cal voltage regulator-switch transistors within acceptable levels
allowing continued operation.
Except for several days (March 11 through 13) when Relay was
turned off due to this power drain, the spacecraft performed
satisfactorily.
Telstar.--NASA launched Telstar II for the American Telephone
& Telegraph Co. on May 7. The spacecraft, which, like Telstar I,
was designed and built by the company, operated as planned during
this report period.
Orbital characteristics of the low-altitude active repeater satellite--
apogee 6,708 miles, perigee 603 miles, inclination 43.7 °, and period
APPLICATIONS PROGRAI_ 85
225 minute_--differed from those of the first Telstar--apogee 3t508

miles, perigee 587 miles t inclination 44.8°t and a 158-minute period.
The almost doubled height of apogee for the new Telstar places it
within "sight" of ground stations for longer periods of time during
each pass t thereby increasing its usefulness as a communications device.
Telstar II is similar in design to Telstar It except that one of its
two command decoders is equipped with transistors in evacuated
rather than gas-filled cases; this feature provides protection against
damaging ionizing radiation.
Telstar It orbited by the Agency on July 10t 1962, for the American
Telephone & Telegraph Co. t ceased functioning after over 4 months
of highly successful operation due to a transistor failure in the com-
mand decoder. Although the spacecraft responded to specially
designed ground commands from engineers and functioned effectively
as a communications relay station in January 1963, it went dead again
by February 21 and remained silent as this period ended. Investiga-
tion of the failure revealed that the spacecraft ceased functioning due
to ionization of gas in the case of one of the transistors of a command
decoder.
Syncom.--NASAts first planned synchronous altitude active com-
munications satellite, Syncom t was launched by a Delta vehicle from
Cape Kennedy on February 14. The launch sequence of the spacecraft
is shown in figure 3-5. (The satellite was described in detail in the
Sixth and Seventh Semiannual Reports.)
Syncom attained an elliptical orbit. During the 5 hours before it
reached apogee t the satellite received from and retransmitted to the
U.S.N.S. Kingsport_ anchored in Lagos Harbor t Nigeria, tone_ tele-
typet voicet and music transmissions. Although the spacecraft's
equipment seemed to be working satisfactorilyt about 20 seconds after
the on-board apogee-kick motor was fired_ telemetry signals abruptly
stopped and the craft remained silent as the report period closed.
Visual sightings from Boyden Station observatory in Bloemfontaint
South Africa t on February 24 t 25t and March 2 determined that
Syncom is in a 23t000-mile-apogee_ 21t240-mile-perigee orbit, with a
33.5 ° inclination and a 23-hour 46-minute period. The satellite thus
closely approached its synchronous orbit--22t300-mile apogeet 33 °
inclination t and 24-hour period but remained inoperative. Analysis
to determine the cause of failure_ although not revealing any specific
cause t led to modification of the remaining Syncom spacecraft to im-
prove their overall reliability. (Syncom II was successfully launched
on July 26, after the close of this reporting period.)
Advanced Synchronous Altitude Satellite S tudies.--During the first
6 months of 1963, a structural model of an advanced synchronous com-
Figure 3-5. Syncorn launch sequence.
munications satellite was built and successfully tested,thus completing

the first phase of the advanced technical developmentof the spacecraft.
I n May, NASA contracted for final design of various components of
the system and completion of developmentof the remaining subsystems
not covered in the first phase.
Passive Communications SatelIites

Based on evaluation of two ballistic launches of test versions of the
Echo I1 advanced passive communications satellite on January 15
and July 13, 1962, NASA began intensive development of controlled
inflation systems for the 135-foot, 500-pound balloon, which is rigid-
ized so that it will not wrinkle as Echo I did. I n June 1963, the Agmcy
conducted static inflation tests to determine how pressure affects the
sphere’s radio-f requency characteristics.
Echo I1 was designed to have improved radicefrequency charac-
teristics over Echo I which has been circling the earth since its
August 12, 1960, launch. The original Echo, although now wrinkled
and no longer an effective communications device, will continue to be
APPLICATIONS PROGRAI_ 87
checked by NASA to determine its radio-frequency reflecting

properties.
For further improvement of passive communications satellites,
NASA sponsored the development of improved lightweight materials
and the measurement of radio-frequency characteristics of balloon
material samples. The Agency also continued theoretical studies in
search of better erection systems. Supporting research and technol-
ogy under NASA sponsorship included studies of station-keeping
systems for passive satellites.
During the report period the United States held discussions with
the Soviet Union leading toward limited joint communications ex-
periments with Echo II. Details of this cooperative agreement are
being worked out by technical specialists of the two countries. (Dis-
cussed in ch. 7, "International Programs.")
Future Applications Satellites
During the report period NASA continued to stu(ly the possibility

of using satellites to improve the navigation of nonmilitary ships
and aircraft, and to gather data from remote locations on earth or
above the earth.
Navigation
The Agency and the Department of Defense signed an agreement

assigning to NASA responsibility for exploring nonmilitary use of
the TRANSIT military navigation satellite system being developed
by the Navy. Plans were made for the first tests of general-purpose
military equipment to be conducted by NASA.
Investigations into navigation requirements completed during the
first 6 months of 1963 indicated no urgent need for a satellite-position-
ing system for nonmilitary vessels other than survey ships and other
special-purpose vessels. The study revealed an urgent need for a
long-distance air navigation system and an integrat_ traffic coordina-
tion system for ships and aircraft that would provide air traffic con-
trol, ship surveillance, emergency assistance, fleet monitoring, and
weather routing functions.
NASA initiated further study to determine the feasibility of these
long-distance air navigation and integrated traffic coordination sys-
tems and to define their hardware and data-handling requirements.
Data Collection by Satellite

NASA also undertook a study to find out how satellites might gather
data from remote sensors within the atmosphere and how the space-
craft might locate moving sensors. Examples are the collection of

meteorological data from constant-level balloons and automatic
weather stations on land, and oceanographic data from floating buoys.
If the study finds these satellite systems to be feasible, additional
investigations will set up desig_ specifications, define components for
such systems, and determine data-handling requirements.
CHAPTER 4
Advanced Research and Technology
NASA continued its comprehensive advanced research and technol-

ogy programs, encompassing basic research, engineering research, and
subsystems research. Major areas of effort include aeronautics, space
vehicle systems, propulsion and power generation, electronic systems,
supporting studies, and biotechnology and human research.
These are primarily long-term efforts, looking toward future mis-
sions, anticipating the problems that will be encountered and seeking
their solution.
Aeronautical Research
In its aeronautical research programs, NASA concentrated on the

hypersonic cruise vehicle, the supersonic transport, and the V/STOL
(Vertical and Short Takeoff and Landing) aircraft. The agency also
conducted studies involving aerodynamics, airbreathing propulsion,
hypersonic aircraft, and the X-15 research airplane.
Aircraft Aerodynamics
Under the stimulus of the U.S. commercial supersonic transport pro-
gram and the F-111 supersonic fighter development, NASA placed
increased emphasis on aerodynamics research. New data from re-
search on drag and stability factors were made available for the design
of advanced prototypes of supersonic configurations. The agency aslo
increased its efforts related to reducing supersonic drag by boundary
layer control. New information stemming from these efforts is ex-
pected to lead to the development of more reliable, efficient, and eco-
nomic aircraft.
In the low-speed flight regime, the technology of high-lift devices

for fixed and variable-sweep-wing concepts was advanced through de-
tailed investigations of supersonic transport configurations in low-
speed wind tunnels. Results from these studies further substantiate
earlier findings that the taffeoff and landing speeds of the higher speed
vehicles can be held as low as or lower than those of the present sub-
sonic jet transports; consequently, existing commercial airports may
be used for supersonic transport operations.
89
90 NASA NINTH SEMXANN_AL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Air-Breathing Propulsion
Research on air-breathing propulsion was concentrated in the super-

sonic and hypersonic regions. In the supersonic area, principal sup-
port was given to the commercial supersonic transport. Engine cycle
analysis, mission analysis, and engine component matching character-
istics were studied extensively. Experimental studies were conducted
on inlets and exhaust nozzles.
In the hypersonic area, NASA continued seeking the data needed to
determine the feasibility of air-breathing propulsion systems for hy-
personic vehicles. This research was closely coordinated with similar
efforts of the USAF. Particular attention was being given to pro-
pulsion system analysis, mission analysis, hypersonic inlets, super-
sonic combustion, az_d the exhaust recombination problem.
Supersonic Commercial Air Transport
In the supersonic transport, research program, NASA's objective is

to develop concepts which will embody the aerodynamic characteris-
tics required for such an aircraft. These characteristics include a ca-
pability to operate reliably over a 15-year lifespan (30,000--50,000
hours), to takeoff and climb at subsonic speeds, to cruise at 2,000 miles
per hour, and to be made of materials that can withstand temperatures
of from 500 ° to 600 ° F.
From research conducted at NASA's Ames and Langley Research
Centers, four configurations have evolved : a triangular wing platform,
a highly swept "arrow" (twisted and cambered wing), and two variable
sweep wings. Research 4uring the period resulted in additional data
on performance and on static and dynamic stability and control.
In addition to wind tunnel studies, ground-based simulator studies
were undertaken. A piloted landing simulator was used to document
the effects of stability, control, and geometric characteristics on touch-
down performance. Rate of descent, displacement, acceleration, and
speed at touchdown were measured in about 500 simulated landings.
From the data analyzed thus far, the rate of descent for the super-
sonic transport would be greater than for a subsonic jet transport.
Another series of simulation studies was conducted to provide pre-
liminary indications of handling problems that may occur in the higher
speed portions of the transport's flight.
In January 1963, NASA awarded contracts for feasibility studies to
two major airframe companies. Of the four supersonic airplane con-
cepts, SCAT (Supersonic Commercial Air Transport)-16 and SCAT-
17 now appear to hold most promise for commercial development.
SCAT-16 incorporates the principle of variable wing sweep to pro-
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 91
vide good flying characteristics at the low speeds needed for landing
and takeoff as well as for efficient supersonic cruise. Distinguishing
features of the SCAT-17 are a long fuselage with a fixed delta wing
mounted well aft and canard control surfaces well forward. The ad-
vantage of this fixed-wing structure is greater simplicity in construc-
tion.
Guidelines set by NASA for evaluation of the four concepts are
aimed at desigu of an aircraft which will be able to carry a payload
of 26,125 pounds, operate from existing airports with 9,500 feet of run-
way, and cruise over a range of 1,150 to 3,700 miles at supersonic speed
and from 250 to 1,150 miles at subsonic speeds.
The aircraft must be able to operate at costs equivalent to or compa-
rable with those of present subsonic jet transports. It must also be
able to comply with applicable civil air regulations and create no more
engine noise than present jetcraft; its sonic boom must not generate
more than 2 pounds per square foot pressure rise on the ground while
the craft is accelerating, and not more than 11/_ during steady cruising
flight.
Studies conducted thus far reveal that the maximum allowable pres-
sure rise due to sonic boom will be a controlling factor in the gross
weight of a supersonic transport design. The results of the studies
suggest an aircraft with a gross weight roughly one-third heavier than
present sonic jets.
Materials studies for construction of the supersonic transport con-
centrated on evaluation of six alloys selected by a special NASA-
sponsored Government-industry committee. Titanium alloys seem
most promising. Despite its advantages, a better engineering under-
standing of titanium as a structural metal is required. And more re-
search must be done to increase airworthiness and operational safety.
In these areas, significant progress was being made.
Hyperson ic Aircraft
NASA and the USAF continued their cooperative research pro-
gram to advance the technology of manned hypersonic air-breathing
aircraft. This research in critical areas of aerodynamics, propulsion,
structures, and materials emphasized tradeoff and optimization
analyses, aerodynamic configuration investigations, and cryogenic-
fueled ramjet studies.
Results point to significant advantages to be had from recoverable
reusable vehicles for orbital or high-speed global transportation.
However, further experiments with major components exposed to true
flight environmental conditions are needed and were being planned.
X-15 Research Airplane Program
Flights with X-15 rocket-powered aircraft provided additional re-

search duta on aerodynamic and structural heating, structural dyna-
mics, supersonic and hypersonic aerodynamics, and stability and
control. They also provided data on the physiological aspects of a
manned, maneuverable hypersonic vehicle.
During the first half of 1963, there were 11 X-15 flights---4 using
the X-15-1 and 7 using the X-15-3. The X-15-2, damaged in a land-
ing accident on November 9, 1962, was not available for flight tests.
All of the 11 flights in the first half of 1963 required speeds greater
than Maeh 4 (about 2,800 miles per hour) to achieve mission require-
ments; 7 of the 11 required speeds greater than Mach 5 (about 3,500
m.p.h.). Four of the flights were above 200,000 feet. These speeds
and altitudes were carefully chosen after extensive study, calculation,
and ground-based simulation to put the aircraft into exactly the right
environment to obtain the desired research data on problems of flight
control, reentry, and landing.
V/STOL (Vertical and Short Takeoff and Landing) Aircraft

During this reporting period, NASA scientists and engineers at
Langley and Ames Research Centers conducted extensive wind tunnel
studies of models of the XC-142 tilt-wing airplane, the triservice
VTOL assault transpor_ prototype now under construction for evalua-
tion. These studies were undertaken to determine the aerodynamic
performance, s_bility, and control characteristics of the configura-
tions; to discover any significant deficiencies; and to indicate possible
means of improving the characteristics for this and for more advanced
tilt-wing aircraft.
One project involved NASA flight tests in France of the Breguet
941 deflected slipstream STOL aircraft. Information from approxi-
mately 12 hours of these tests and of previous French flights on this
aircraft were being analyzed.
Additional flying-quality information on the tilt-wing concept was
obtained from tests of the Vertol VZ-2 "test-bed" aircraft at Langley.
Ames also continued research flight studies of the Ryan deflected-slip-
stream VZ-3 STOL test bed.
More limited but similar studies continued on the other triservice
V/STOL research aircraft--the X-19 tilt-propeller airplane, the Bell
X-22 tilt-ducted-propeller airplane, and on the Army's XV-SA fan-
in-wing aircraft. All are scheduled for flight evaluation within the
next year.
ADVANCED
RESEARCH
ANDTECHNOLOGY 93
Space Vehicle Systems(Supporting Research

and Technology)
The stress of aerodynamic heating on materials and components of
space vehicle systems and the stresses from exposure to the space en-
vironment continued to be studied. The objective of advanced re-
search in these areas is to gain the knowledge that will make possible
the design and development of vehicles suited for future long-term
missions, including interplanetary exploration.
Aerothermodynamics and Related Problems
Research continued on problems of aerodynamic heating, particu-

larly those encountered during reentry and high-speed interplanetary
travel.
Zifting Reentry.--NASA continued its studies of "lifting body"
spacecraft configurations to determine the design characteristics nec-
essary for conventional landing upon return from orbit, from flights
to the moon, or from other planets. One suah study is centered around
the M-2 (figs. 4-1 and 4-2)--a blunt-nosed, half-cone-type wingless
body with a high dorsal fin. (In the M-2, lift results as a consequence
of more pressure on the bottom of the body than on the top. The
blunted nose reduces heat during atmosphere entry ; the dorsal fin aids
in providing stability.) The purpose of this study is to determine
whether the M-2 actually can be landed safely and consistently by a
pilot, and to provide verification of wind tunnel tests and theory.
A full-scale glide vehicle of the M-2 was constructed and was under-
going tests at Edwards, Calif. In the preliminary phase of the test
program, the M-2 was towed by automobile and released at low speed
and low altitudes to determine the adequacy of the control system and
the ability of the pilot to control the craft. This phase of the program
was successfully completed. The second phase of the test program,
scheduled for later in the year, calls for airplane towing of the craft
to higher velocities and altitudes.
NASA was considering expansion of the program to include other
lifting body configurations, but the decision for this must await the
outcome of the tests already planned.
Vehicle Heating and Heat Transfer.--At the high speed associated
with interplanetary travel, the convective and radiative heating, as
well as atmospheric composition, must be considered in determining
the configuration and the heat protection required for entering the
earth's atmosphere or the atmosphere of other planets. Contact be-
tween the air and the vehicle produces convective heat. Radiative
94 NASA NINTH SEMIANNDAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 4-1. Wingless M-2 research vehicle undergoes flight test.

Figure 4-2. NASA test pilot Milton Thompson and the M-9 spacecraft.
heat is a result of radiation from shock-heated air surrounding the

nose of the vehicle.
Studies at Ames showed that radiative heating of a sharply pointed
body is less than that of a blunt body. However, blunt shapes dissi-
pats a large fraction of the convective heat generated by the high entry
velocities.
NASA scientists were studying the radiative heating mechanism
in free flight ranges and wind tunnels in order to better understand
this phenomenon and to develop theoretical methods of predicting
it. Configuration and atmospheric composition studies were also
continuing.
Work continued at Langley on Project Fire; this project is designed
to obtain data on radiative and convective heating at planetary re-
entry speeds-from 37,000 to 45,000 feet per second (approximately
25,000 to 30,000 m.p.h.). It is also expected to provide information
on radio signal “blackout” and materials performance during atmos-
pheric entries. Information will be gathered by telemetry, radar, and
optical tracking.
An Atlas rocket is to be used to carry aloft a velocity package and an
extensively instrumented payload weighing 185 pounds. The payload
will be accelerated to advanced speeds required for the experiment.
96 NAsA NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Environmental Effects
NASA further advanced its research on a variety of long-range

problems: high-energy radiation effects and shielding, the meteoroid
hazard, fluid behavior under zero gravity, high vacuum ¢_echnology,
and thermal radiation and temperature control.
High Energy Radiation Effects and Shielding.--The problems as-
sociated with the flight of vehicles outside the earth's atmosphere are
complicated by the presence of ionizing radiation in space. This
radiation may affect the integrity of structural and electrical com-
ponents or, in the case of manned vehicles, cause irreparable biological
damage to their occupants.
Under contract to NASA, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory con-
tinued studies of the oroblem of secondary radiation production from
protons in shields. The results indicate that such radiation does not
constitute a problem for the Apollo mission. However, further ex-
periments to check these results were proceeding.
Also, a simple technique for evaluating the shielding effectiveness
of a spacecraft was under study. This technique (using a ._amma ray
probe to determine the attenuation of protons) should permit checkout
of shield systems without the use of large high-energy accelerator
facilities. The development of the system and its use on the Apollo
vehicle is anticipated.
In February 1963, NASA awarded a contract for the construction
of a Space Radiation Effects Laboratory in Newport News, 10 miles
from Langley Research Center. When completed_ the facility will
permit studies in a simulated space radiation environment. Knowl-
edge from such studies is necessary for developing methods of Oro-
tecting spacecraft and astronauts from the hazards of radiation. This
facility is expected to cost $12 million; completion is scheduled for
mid-1965.
Meteoroid Environment and Impact Hazard.--Space vehicles, pro-
pellant tanks_ and beat shields must be able to withstand damage from
the impact of meteoroids they will encounter in space exploration. In
an effort to find methods of preventing such damage, NASA was
continuing to study micrometeoroid velocities, penetrating effects, and
other characteristics.
The satellite Explorer XVI (S-55), launched December 16, 1962
(described in NASA's Eighth Semiannual Report to Congress, ch. 3)_
provided useful data on the severity of the meteoroid hazard to space-
craft. The first significant data concerning penetration of thin metal-
lic sheets were obtained by this spacecraft.
To obtain these data, different materials of different thicknesses were
used. During its first 6 months in orbit, the spacecraft recorded at
least 57 penetrations. Materials penetrated were l-rail beryllium-

copper, 2-mil beryllium-copper, 1-mil stainless steel, 2-mil copper, and
3-mil copper. Significantly, there were no penetrations of 5-mil beryl-
lium-copper or 6-mil stainless steel. As the satellite continued to sup-
ply this type of information, design engineers were being enabled to
determine the type and thickness of material for adequate protection.
The agency continued studies of a possible added meteoroid hazard
near the moon from secondary particles produced by impacts on the
lunar surface. Preliminary results of these studies indicate that the
hazard may not be as severe as at first feared. However, further work,
possibly including flight experiments to make direct measurements,
will be required before a quantitative evaluation of the environmerLt
can be obtained.
On May 14, 1963, an Aerobee 150 rocket was used to launch a micro-
meteorite paraglider experiment from the White Sands Missile Range.
The purpose of the experiment was to make penetration measurements
and bring some of the small particles back to earth for laboratory ex-
amination. Because of a malfunction, the experiment did not succeed.
Subsequent improvements were made in this paraglider concept ; plans
were formulated to launch an advanced micrometeorite paraglider
experiment during a meteor shower in late 1963. In addition to ob-
taining new data on micrometeorites, the experiment is expected to
provide new knowledege about paraglider performance.
Development of two large meteoroid satellites, each weighing about
4,000 pounds, was initiated under NASA contra_ in February 1963.
These satellites are to be launched in 1964 by Saturn I vehicles. Be-
cause of their larger collection areas they will provide information on
the penetrating power and distribution of considerably larger meteor-
oids than those encountered in the Explorer XVI experiments.
Once in orbit, each satellite will extend 2 metal wings to expose an
area of more than 2,000 square feet to possible meteoroid impact and
penetration. Thickness of the metal sheets will be greater than that
of those used on the Explorer KVI or about the same thickness as
spacecraft walls. The aluminum skin of these wings will be elec-
trically charged so that penetration by meteoroids will trigger an
electrical pulse which will be recorded and radioed back to earth.
Propulsion and Power Generation

NASA made significant progress in the efforts to develop advanced
propulsion and spacepower generation systems using chemical energy.
Work moved forward on engines that use liquid, solid, and hybrid
liquid-solid propellants; on rocket engines that use air or planetary
733-348 0---64----8
atmosphere for thrust augmentation; and on engines that use solar

energy to heat the fluid propellant.
Efforts ranged from analytical and experimental research to fea-
sibility demonstrations of advanced propulsion systems. Increased
attention was given to studies on the chemistry of the engine propel-
lants, on combustion phenomena, and on the fluid dynamics of
propellants.
In addition, NASA and the Air Force cooperated in studies con-
cerned with the potential of large solid and hybrid rockets for use in
earth takeoff.
For future manned missions, booster thrust requirements may ad-
vance to as much as 20 million pounds. The scaleup from the present
1.5 million pounds of thrust to engines of the 20-million-pound size
would result in an excessively large engine--one over 50 feet high.
To reduce the vehicle to a more manageable size, new engine concepts
are needed.
Liquid Propulsion Systems
NASA's research efforts concerning liquid propulsion systems in-

volve virtually all technical disciplines and features of liquid engines.
While this research is not mission oriented, practical technical develop-
ments stemming from it will be applicable to future missions.
For convenience, program research projects are grouped into the
following categories: launch vehicle engines, and advanced liquid
propellants and supporting technology.
Launch Vehicle Engines.--The concept of high chamber pressure
for launch vehicles offers significant performance advantages for the
future. With higher chamber pressure, engines release more energy
and produce a greater specific impulse without added weight or volume.
For example, at the present stage of technology, a tenfold increase of
the thrust of the F-1 engine would require impractical increases in
size and weight; but a substantial boost in chamber pressure and more
efficient engine cycles would provide the added thrust without any
significant penalty of weight and size. Both are within the realm of
possibility.
Improvements in pump operation are a major means of achieving
greater chamber pressure. In this area NASA developed the technol-
ogy for pump ball bearings approximately 50 percent larger than the
largest in existing rocket engine turbopumps. This advance will help
raise engine pressures to the desired level, contribute to more economi-
cal and efficient production of horsepower, and also will lead to smaller
engine shafts and eliminate certain components.
In another study area, NASA continued seeking solutions to the

problem of temperature rise and high combustion chamber pressure.
With the current state of the art, using regenerative cooling and stain-
less steel engine tubes, chamber pressure for liquid oxygen/kerosene
must not exceed 2,000 p.s.i.; for liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen
(LOX/H2), the limit is 1,750 p.s.i.
Research conducted during the period indicates that if engine tubes
can be made of the new refractory metals now being developed, cham-
ber pressure for liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen can be increased to
5000 p.s.i. ; tubes of this material could withstand the resulting higher
temperatures.
In a related effort, studies of the technique of transpiration were
underway. Transpiration uses an oozing or sweating through tiny
holes in the tube, cooling as perspiration does through the pores of
the human body. Success in ¢ranspiration also would eliminate the
need to limit temperatures for regenerative cooling in large high-
pressure engines.
In the components field, efforts went into thrust chamber construc-
tion and materials, protective coatings for chambers and nozzles, and
studies and tests for new and useful pressurization systems and pres-
surant gas storage. Some of the individual features were joined into
components and tested with excellent results. Novel concepts in vari-
able thrust control were conceived and demonstrated. Some were con-
sidered for development for Project Apollo; they will be investigated
further.
Advaneed Ziquid Propellants and Supporting Technology.--In the
field of advanced liquid propellants and supporting technology NASA
tested the characteristics of a space storable di-borane type of fluid;
investigated the catalytic reactions of certain fuels (including ozone
difluoride) ; sought a catalyst that would decompose hydrazine for
repeated (start-stop) firings; investigated means of gelling hydrogen ;
and studied the feasibility of using liquid fluorine/hydrogen in an
experimental type engine.
Some of the general technology under study involved various engine
components. These included advanced valves, line connectors, seals,
high pressure engine parts, and instrumentation. Also, NASA con-
tinued to investigate in-flight engine monitoring and launch vehicle
thrust augmentation.
Solid Propulsion Systems
During the period, NASA continued its efforts to make available

for future space missions solid propulsion systems of higher perform-
ance than those now available_ The agency's efforts were primarily
100 NASA NINTH SEM/ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
concerned with propellants, combustion ignition, and fluid dynamics,

motor development, and subsystems and components.
Research on Propellants.--NASA research on high energy solid
propellants is largely carried on at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
(JPL) operated by the California Institute of Technology. During
the period, this research was continued with studies of the mechanical
behavior and physical integrity of various new solid propellants.
Combustion Ignition and Fluid Dynamics.--N ASA continued work-
ing with industry and universities in trying to solve combustion prob-
lems and understand ignition processes. A study of hypergolic
ignition (ignition by contact of components without a spark or other
external aid) resulted in a new theory for the ignition rate controlling
mechanism. Other studies showed what is necessary to achieve high
or low burning rates of solids.
Motor Development.--State-of-the-art improvements in solid motors
continued to be made. Concepts for achieving a stop-start capability.
were being investigated under DOD and NASA contracts. In par-
ticular, NASA, was working on the concept of quenching by rapid
pressure drop.
Subsystems and Com.ponvnts.--Work progressed in efforts to de-
velop a hot gas valve for solid propellant motors by which chamber
gas can be bled, on command, from the combustion chamber and in-
jected into the exit cone for thrust vector control by secondary injec-
tion. Demonstration of the feasibility of this concept was completed
during the report period. Also successfully demonstrated was an on-
off propellant gas valve with flightweight capabilities. Continuation
of this program will extend the capabilities of such a valve to provide
control of a highly aluminized gas flow for sonic injection into a
flightweight nozzle exit cone.
Space Power Technology
This program is concerned with the efficient application of chemical

or solar energy for spacecraft power systems. Projects range from
basic research through feasibility demonstrations.
Solar Cells.--Research on the effects of hard radiation on solar cell
life and performance continued during this period. Useful data for
predicting system performance and for improving solar cell design
was accumulated.
The first, phase of an experimental program to develop _ radiation
resistant solar cell based on the "drift field" configuration was com-
pleted. To effect a "drift field," the structure of the solar cell is pat-
terned so that electrons can change from one area to another in
response to radiation exposure, thereby avoiding damaging effects.
Experimental resistant cells_ exposed to proton and electron effects,

showed improvement over conventional solar cells. The second
phase--to develop a commercially feasible process for producing such
resistant cells--was underway.
Research continued on thin film solar cells. Solar cells of regular
or normal structure are about twenty-thousandths of an inch thick.
About 10 percent of all solar energy falling upon such cells is con-
verted into electricity. Thin film cells are one-seventh as thick as
normal solar cells_ The reduction in volume and weight offered by
thin film cells is an important fac_r in space; bat at this stage in de.
velopment theyare not as efficier_t in converting solar energy to elec-
tricity. However, effieiencies for timse devices in areas as large as
4" x 4" are now close to 3 percent; and studies indicate that they can
be brought to a power conversion level of 10 percent. Investigations
of the effects of the space environmer_t on such devices were initiated
under simulated conditions; provisions also were made for the use of
high altitude aircraft to conduct sunlight tests on these devices.
Significant progress was made on the testing and calibration of solar
cells, and on techniques for establishing accep_ble primary standards.
Work was underway to provide a calibration service for secondary
standards.
Thermionic Power Converters
In thermionic power converters research, progress was made in con-

verting heat from solar energy to electricity. Both university and
agency basic research programs yielded fundamental information on
the properties of thermal conversion. Several experimental diodes
tested during this period showed improvements in efficiency and useful
life over previous prototypes. These diodes were tested in the 1.abora-
tory with electron bombardment heating; and, grouped together into
multidiode converters, they were 0_'ted under sunlight conditions.
Studies related to other components of a complete solar thermionic
system also were pursued. Work progressed on the development of a
mirror master for fabricating highly precise ll4-inch diameter mir-
rors. Research also continued on the storage of hea¢ in molten mate-
rials to maintain a supply of energy for operation of solar systems
during shadow (no sunlight) periods.
In other research, NASA discovered that certain ceramic-like mate-
rials were incompatible with refractory metal containers. Studies
were undertaken to investigate the heat transfer and thermal prop-
erties of these materials in an effort to overcome the incompatibility.
Multikilowatt Solar Power _qystem.--Adaptations of the Brayton
gas cycle and the Rankine boiling liquid cycle in multikilowat¢ solar
power systems were compared during this period. Studies showed a

number of advantages of the Brayton gas cycle over the Rankine cycle,
including savings in weight and cost. Evaluation tests of components
were initiated as a preliminary feasibility study.
Work continued on components for the Rankine solar dynamic
power system. The combined shaft unit for this system was operated
for more than 2,500 hours--the longest successful endurance test for
such a unit.
Batteries for Space Applicatitms.--Batteries continue to be impor-
tallt components for space power systems. Progress was made in
improving their reliability, reducing their weight, and advancing their
capability for operating in extreme environments.
A significant achievement was the development of the third electrode
rechargable battery ; this battery shows promise of reducing the weight
of space batteries and simplifying their charge control. The third
electrode can be designed either to recombine the gases from over-
charge to maintain safe internal pressures or to provide an external
signal for termination of a charge.
Studies were initiated on advanced electrochemical couples for very
high energy per pound of weight batteries; also, work continued on
battery packaging techniques. NASA concentrated its efforts on
securing and disseminating more reliable and accurate information on
battery characteristics.
During the period, NASA began the first phase of an extensive gen-
eral space battery program, subjecting over 1,000 cells of several sizes
to a series of acceptance and characteristics tests.
Advanced Fuel Cells.--Studies on fuel cells showed that they have
great promise as l_wer cells and energy storage devices in space.
Therefore, research continued on improved materials, advanced de-
vices, and simplified and more reliable fuel cell systems and their
control.
This research included work on zeolite membranes for use as ion
exchange membrane electrolytes. Experimental zeolite membranes
were fabricated and tested and, even at this early stage of development,
showed characteristics almost as good as those of the best organic ion
exchange membranes now available. For example, these inorganic
membranes function at temperatures higher than those at which or-
ganic membranes decompose. Further development is expected to lead
to smaller, more rugged, longer lived, and generally improved fuel
cells.
Progress also was made on an improved technique for removing
byproduct water produced in hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. This tech-
nique eliminates such devices as blowers and other rotary equipment
necessary in present fuel cells for water extraction, significantly

reducing weight and volume.
In addition_ experiments were started on pulsed operation of fuel
cells. This technique is expected to improve the efficiency and increase
the life of fuel cell systems.
Electronics and Control

This program encompasses research and development in spacecraft
control and stabilization_ guidance sensors_ instrumentation and data
processing_ and communications and tracking. Studies during this
reporting period advanced understanding of basic problems and
contributed to technical improvements.
Control and Stabilization
The analysis of manned and fully automatic flight control systems

was emphasized with efforts divided between increasing the basic un-
derstanding of the behavior of these systems and support of current
space and aeronautical programs.
Analytical and experimental studies were conducted to evolve mathe-
matical tools for the design of adaptiv% optimal_ linear_ and nonlinear
automatic control systems. Studies were also carried on to derive
mathematical formulas or models which describe the performance of
man in a control environment.
Results obtained from current studies will be used to define flight
control system requirements for the Apollo_ Gemini_ Manned Orbital
Laboratory_ Lunar Excursion Modul% Supersonic Transport, TFX_
and various unmanned satellite and interplanetary vehicle&
Guidance Sensor Research
Results of tests on superconductive (cryogenic) suspension of gyro-

scope rotors showed that the rotor will spin within speed tolerances
for well over a year without further power after initial spin-up. Other
efforts to improve cryogenic gyro materials resulted in improved tech-
niques for preparing rotor surfaces to minimize undesired losses.
This research was continuing.
In preliminary tests, electrically suspended (electrostatic) gyros
for space application performed satisfactorily in the laboratory. Cen-
trifuge tests demonstrated that the gyros will survive in the launch
phase environment. Extrapolation to the low g space environment
indicates excellent performance during long-term space flight.
Additional studies resulted in final determination of the basic design
parameters for an optical radar intended to be used as a rendezvous
and docking sensor. The design calls for a high energy light source
104 NASA NINTI-I SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
(xenon flash lamp) as a long-range detection element in conjunction

with a gallium arsenide diode as the tracking element. A prototype
system to evaluate its performance potential was under study.
Instrumentation and Data Processin9
NASA continued its instrumentation and data processing studies

during the period. The instrumentation studies were concerned with
materials evaluation, rocket effects analysis, and momentum measure-
ments. Data processing research was related to automatic ground
control of flight trajectories and operations.
Instrumentation.--To assure adequate control of spacecraft tem-
peratures, it is necessary to understand the optical (emissive and
absorptive) characteristics of exposed coatings and other materials.
Significant advances were made in instruments which measure such
characteristics; these instruments will measure the full range, extend-
ing from the visible to the far infrared portion of the spectrum at
temperatures down to cryogenic levels. Materials permitting better
optical control of temperature now may be selected more easily.
Another problem is that instruments carried aloft by high altitude
sounding rockets are generally affected by disturbances associated with
the rocket itself. A new remote measurement concept which shows
promise of eliminating these effects was being investigated, and a flight
experiment by the Langley Center to validate it was planned.
Ames Research Center was developing a very sensitive device which
measures the minute "push" (momentum) imparted by striking mete-
oroid particles (reported first in NASA's Seventh Semiannual Re-
port). This same instrument was used to measure the impact of
molecular and laser beams.
Data Processing.--The principal advances in NASA aerospace com-
puting systems were in hyper-reliability, memory systems, and mag-
netic logic circuitry. Self-repair was studied, and concepts evolved
which may lead to designs of comparatively inexpensive and nearly
failure-free systems.
Several magnetic film computer memories were designed and were
undergoing evaluation; new kinds of memories were being studied.
One involves using materials in which mechanical stresses and mag-
netic behavior are in_rdependent.
Computers consisting almost solely of magnetically active and
radiation resistant elements were being studied and a complete com-
puter using such devices was nearing completion.
NASA's first automatic ground data processing complex--the Space
Flight Operations Facility--was under intensive development. The
physical plant of this Jet Propulsion Laboratory complex was largely
completed, and work continued to prepare it for operations. When

the system is operational, JPL spacecraft flight trajectories and opera-
tions will be largely under automatic ground control.
Additional semiautomatic central computing complexes were speci-
fied and were to be designed for the Manned Spacecraft Center, the
Launch Operations Center, and possibly for other center_
Communications and Trackin9
Efforts were expanded on the application of laser technology to

space communications, and advances were made in solving a problem
relating to an electromagnetic signal reflected from a satellite. Such
a signal is deflected forward of the transmitter in the direotion of
motion of the spacecraft. If a laser is employed as the transmitter,
it is likely that, because of its narrow beam width, the return signal
may completely miss the receiving antenna. For this mason, the S-66,
Ionosphere Beacon Satellite, patterned to be tracked by lasers_ was
designed so that the reflected beam would spread out sufficiently to
insure reception.
The ground portion of the S-66 laser tracking experiment was com-
pleted during the period, and several aircraft fly-bys were made to
test the equipment. Successful fly-by tests indicated that the laser
tracking of the S-66 should be accomplished on the satellite's ini$ial
passes.
Tentative agreements were reached wi.th France and the United
Kingdom to participate in the laser _racking experiment. This agree-
ment resulted from a technical presentation of NASA's laser com-
munication and tracking program made to the European scientific
community in February.
Supportin 9 Studies
At its centers and through research contracts, NASA continued its
scientific investigations in areas not directly related to a specific field
or program. These investigations included electrophysics, applied
mathematics, radiation properties, two-phase flow_ rocket nozzle heat
transfer, fluid mechanics, plasma diagnostics, low density thermal
radiation stabilization_ and stress rupture testing.
Electrophysics.--Studies in the physics of low energy nuclear inter-
actions showed that nuclear exchanges play an essential role in colli-
sions of particles such as hydrogen and helium at 40 mev (million
electron volts). Further knowledge of such exchanges should provide
an important breakthrough in reducing radiation hazards in space.
At Columbia University, under a NASA grant_ a new excited or
metastable state of the lithium atom was found. Further investiga-
tions of this discovery may lead to practical application in the field of

communication using laser devices.
Applied Mathematics.--Applied mathematics studies were being
used to validate or test certain scientific theories without conducting
actual laboratory experiments: Determining surface and internal wave
propagation in solids; planning a stable space vehicle orbit around
both earth and moon; investigating the flight mechanics problems of
advanced lunar and planetary missions; and providing a mathematical
basis for obtaining more accurate values for certain important scientific
quantities (mean distance from Earth to Sun, the mass of Venus,
Earth-Moon mass ratio, location of Goldstone Station, and spacecraft
control effects).
Radiation Properties.--A continuing study of the thermal radiation
from the shock layer in front of blunt bodies led to an increased under-
standing of the properties of radiation from high temperature air.
Both theoretical calculations and tests were made to determine the
distribution of radiation about bodies and to define the total radiation
ftux incident on vehicles at angle of attack or impact.
These studies established the accuracy of theoretical predictions
concerning thermal radiation effects at various reentry speeds. Based
on theoretical predictions, it appears that reentry speeds from inter-
planetary travel, estimated at from 35,000 m.p.h, to 45,000 m.p.h., will
require a different reentry configuration and angle of impact or entry.
A slender tapering craft may better withstand the thermal radiation
anticipated from reentry at interplanetary speeds. Continued re-
search will extend this knowledge and reduce the hazards of entry into
the atmosphere from interplanetary missions.
Two-Phase Flow.--Studies of two-phase flow (two states of matter
together, such as gas in solids or gas in liquids) continued, with empha-
sis on heat transfer and heating rates. Data from these studies should
help to eliminate pumping difficulties in rockets, particularly when
cryogenic hydrogen is used ; they may also lead to new design concepts.
Roc]cet Nozzle Hec_t Tran_fer.--An experimental and theoretical
program of research on the heat transfer to rocket nozzles was continu-
• ing. The prediction of local heat-transfer rates in rocket nozzles has
been of vital concern because of the extremes in pressure and tempera-
ture that are encountered. From the new data that may be gained_
improved rocket nozzle designs and simplified systems can result;
these would cut down the weight of the vehicle. This reduction in
hardware weight will mean a saving in propellant requirements.
Fluid Mechanics.--If the moon's surface has a dust layer of limited
depth, the retrorocket of a spacecraft landing on the moon probably
will cause erosion and possibly a dust storm. Such effects could inter-
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHI_OLOGY 107
fere with the pilot's visibility, with radar measurements, and with
landing of the vehicle. A study was made to find the parameters of
the rocket exhaust and dust layer which determine the erosion process.
Data from the study may help assure a lunar craft vehicle design that
will permit safe landing and takeoff from the lunar surface if it should
prove to have a dust layer of any depth.
Plasma Diagnosties.--Because of the need to investigate the prop-
erties and the behavior of ionized gases (plasmas)_ NASA developed
two plasma probe techniques. One, the magneprobe, was designed to
give information on the masses and energies of the charged particles
of ion or plasma beams which are contained by a magnetic field. The
other, the total plasma probe, measures total ion flux, one of the most
important parameters for studying plasma flows. Such research may
help make possible development and construction of hypervelocity
wind tunnels for testing advanced vehicles under actual space
conditions.
Low Density.--Under NASA sponsorship, a California Institute of
Technology study showed that a shock wave produced in the low den-
sity air of high altitude has characteristics and structure different
from those of a shock wave produced in the highly dense lower atmos-
phere. To confirm the theoretical results and to study shock waves
experimentally under initial reentry conditions, a low density shock
tube was constructed for the project. Data from the study may affect
vehicle design and contribute to understanding of communications
blackout upon reentry.
Thermal Radiation Stabilization
Since the temperature control of a spacecraft is affected by the ther-

mal radiation characteristics of its surfaces, it is important to use
stable paints or coatings. NASA studied the behavior of six coatings
on the S-16 Orbiting Solar Observatory, and the results were corre-
lated with simulated space environmental tests in the laboratory.
Data from the orbiting satellite indicated that some coatings were
damaged by ultraviolet radiation, but no erosion or sputtering was
detected in over one year of space flight.
This research also showed which types of coatings are stable on
earth satellites; this knowledge will lead to better temperature control
and therefore better operation of spacecraft.
Another research project provided the following data: (1) some
reinforced plastic materials, particularly glass fiber reinforced epoxy,
are much less susceptible to failure from high-speed impact than are
the aluminum alloys tested; (2) filament-wound reinforced plastic
tanks retain structural integrity at cryogenic temperatures; and (3)
the reinforced plastic tanks containing various propellants can be

impacted or penetrated without causing chemical reaction between
the tank wall and the propellant. The findings make these materials
of interest for such structures for space as cryogenic propellant tanks.
Stress-rupture Testing.--NASA developed an apparatus to deter-
mine creep and stress-rupture properties of materials in vacuum or in
inert atmospheres, at temperatures up to 2,600 ° F. This apparatus
was being used to determine the effeots of environment on mechanical
properties of alloys for use in such applications as space powerplants.
Results from creep tests of tungsten in vacuum, for example, indicated
that the apparatus is capable of successfully providing reliable data.
Biotechnology and Human Research

The Human Factors Systems program is designed to develop life
support and protective systems for man's survival in the aerospace
atmosphere and to determine man-machine relationships and inte-
grate them into advanced aerospace systems.
During the report period, the life science programs of Office of
Manned Space Flight, Aerospace Medicine; Office of Space Sciences,
Bioscience programs; and the Office of Advanced Research and Tech-
nology, Biotechnology and Human Research were reviewed to insure
a well integrated and coordinated NASA program effort. A life
sciences subpanel was formed to further assure a well coordinated
NASA-DOD life sciences effort. The first meeting of the subpanel
was scheduled for July 1963.
The NASA Research Advisory Committee on Biotechnology and
Human Research examined the medical, physiological, and psycholog-
ical problems peculiar to the supersonic transport aircraft. Some
problem areas were resolved; others were being studied further.
Efforts continued in fundamental and applied research into man's
functions in relation to aeronautic and space environments. To im-
prove correlation of experimental results, a joint EEG (electroenceph-
alogram) computer analysis and coding system among the Univer-
sity of California, Los Angeles, the University of Maryland, and Henry
Ford Hospital was instituted. An AD (analog to digital) converter
system will be established on which all EEG analog tapes will be sub-
jected to digital conversion for rapid analysis.
Program efforts were expanded in oxygen toxicity, the role of inert
gases in respiration, and basic metabolic studies utilizing capabilities
of Department of Defense laboratories.
Significant progress was made in the areas of advanced integrated
life support systems, display and control for biotechnological systems,
and extravehicular locomotion and protective systems.
During the period, a family of life-support systems for advanced

missions was planned and under development. These life-support
and protective systems include the following : A 1- to 12-hour, one-man
locomotion and protective system, open cycle; a 120 man-day multi-
manned partially regenerative environmental system; a 360 to 720
man-day, multimanned biotechnological physical-chemical regenera-
tive system; and a 1,000-3,000 man-day, multimanned bioregenerative
system. Plans were completed for a 30-day test of a four-man life
support system under NASA contract. The experiment, using human
subjects_ was scheduled to begin during the next report period.
A contract was awarded for the development of an Integrated
Psycho-Physiological Information Acquisition, Processing, and Con-
trol System (PIAPACS). PIAPACS is designed to predict elec-
tronically the performance of an astronaut in all phases of space
missions and to lock him physiologically into the control system.
Coordination was effected on studies for the development of efficient,
reliable protective systems and for the technology to protect man in
both free space outside the vehicle and on planetary surfaces. An
advanced "Hard Suit" for extravehicular operation was being pur-
chased through the Manned Spacecraft Center.
Continuing effort was expended in systems research and analysis of
the total man-machine complex. Advanced biomedical monitoring
equipment was provided for the multiflight simulators at the Ames
Research Center, and for use in aircraft such as the F-100 at the Flight
Research Center. This program will permit the refinement of psy-
chological monitoring for the X-15 program and future aerospace
missions.
Data collection was completed in a study at the University of Mary-
land to determine the human capability for highly organized task
assignments for extended periods of time. Data analyses were
underway.
CHAPTER 5
Nuclear Systems and Space Power Generation
The successful application of nuclear energy as a power source for

space vehicles now appears to hold the key to man's future success in
deep space missions of long duration. Present indications are that
nuclear energy is most likely to satisfy, at reasonable cost, the exten-
sive long-term power requirements of manned voyages to Mars, Venus,
and beyond, of large stations in space, and of comprehensive satellite
communications systems.
Through the combined efforts of NASA and AEC, the United
States is the leader in the development of nuclear energy for power
uses in space. The operation of SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Aux-
iliary Power) batterie_ in the TRANSIT navigation satellite
(launched June 29, 1961) was the first successful application of nu-
clear power for space.
During the period under review, technological advances continued,
with research and development concentrated on nucle_r electric power,
nuclear electric propulsion, and nuclear rockets.
Nuclear Electric Power

The nuclear electric program is concerned w_th applied research and
development of technology for two future mission areas: (1) light-
weight nuclear electric power generators as power sources for electric
rocket engines, (2) advanced nucler electric power generators as
sources of auxiliary power.
The electric rocket application requires very light, high-powered
systems (20 pounds or less per kilowatt; 1,000 kilowatts and more in
power). The auxiliary power application has less stringent weight
requirements; possibly 50 pounds per kilowatt would be satisfactory.
Power requirements are in the tens to hundreds of kilowatts range. A
major goal of both applications is long unattended operating life, on
the order of 1 to 3 years.
Technology Research
Technology research efforts continued on three principal approaches
to energy conversion for use in space: (1) Rankine alkali metal cycle
systems, (2) Brayton cycle inert gas systems, and (3) thermionic direct
conversion systems.
110
NUCLEAR SYSTEMS AND SPACE POWER GENERATION 111
The Rankine system is a closed thermodynamic cycle which converts

heat into mechanical energy by the operation of a fluid in two phases:
liquid and gaseous. Such a system requires a boiler and a condenser.
The familiar boiled water or steam turbine generator system used for
electrical power is a Rankine system; but a water system is too large
and heavy for use as a power source in space.
The Rankine metal cycle systems under development for space ap-
plications permit substantial reductions in weight and size. In these
systems, a nuclear reactor provides heat to boil liquid metal, and the
vapor is used to drive a turbine. The vapor is returned to liquid
form by a radiator condenser which also serves to reject the excess heat.
The Brayton system is also a thermodynamic cycle. It is a single
phase system in which heat is converted into mechanical energy by
means of a gas, and it therefore requires neither a boiler nor a con-
denser. The major components are a compressor, a turbine, a heat
source_ and a heat rejector. In Brayton systems considered for space
applications, the heat source is a nuclear reactor. The increased pres-
sure of the heated gas drives the turbine; the compressor repressurizes
the gas; and a radiator rejects the excess heat. The cooled gas is then
reheated, and the cycle repeats.
Thermionic converters make possible the direct conversion of heat
into electrical energy. The major components are the converter and a
heat rejection device, such as a heat sink_ from which excess heat can
flow off.
Research for space applications of Rankine and Brayton cycle
systems covers many diverse technological areas. These include in-
vestigations of liquid metal thermodynamic properties, liquid and va-
por metal corrosion and experimental testing of such components as
turbines, compressors, pumps, boilers, heat exchangers, radiators, bear-
ings and seals, electric generators, transformers, rectifiers, and switch-
gear.
A nuclear Rankine system for electrical power in space applications
was in the advanced development stage, and Brayton systems were at
the component performance verification stage. Thermionic direct
conversion systems remained in the experimental stage.
During this reporting period, thermionic materials studies included
research on the compatibility of various fuels with emitters at very
high temperatures and corrosion of insulators and electrodes by the
cesium space charge medium. Also_ progress continued in developing
a nuclear Rankine metal cycle system using mercury. This system
is intended for the SNAP-8 project.
Checkout began of a number of recently completed major test fa-
cilities (discussed in NASA's Eighth Semiannual Report), such as
the potassium turbine and radiator facilities. These facilities, located

at both contractor plants and Government centers, were scheduled to
begin experimental testing during the next 6 months.
The following major achievements resulted from research on energy

conversion during this period:
(1) A bearing stability test rig was completed and was being
checked out. This test rig was designed to produce the first adequately
instrumented data on the characteristics of journal bearings operating
at very high speeds, such as those experienced in space travel. These
data, which will make it possible to predict the maximum bearing
speed for stable operation, are vital to design.
(2) Measurements were made of the thermodynamic properties of

liquid and vapor potassium at temperatures up to 1,200 ° F. Proper-
ties measured included pressure-volume-temperature relationships,
physical characteristics of pressure, volume, temperature relationships,
liquid viscosities, specific heats, and thermal and electrical conduc-
tivities.
(3) Over 1,800 hours of data were obtained on boiling sodium

heat transfer at temperatures up to 1,800 ° F. and with vapor qualities
up to 40 percent. Over 3,000 hours of testing were also performed
with boiling potassium at temperatures to 1,800 ° F. and vapor quali-
ties of as much as 95 percent. The data, the first obtained at these
conditions, are important in developing the boiler and condenser
design concept in Rankine-type systems. Such test data help deter-
mine turbine size, length of tubings, and other structural considera-
tions affecting efficiency of operation.
(4) High temperature compatibility tests for thermionic systems

were completed on a large number of refractory alloys in contact
with various uranium carbide fuels. The metals included tungsten,
molybdenum, tantalum, rhenium, iridium, and promising alloys of
each. Only the vapor-deposited tungsten-uranium-carbide combina-
tion performed satisfactorily at 1,800 ° F. Exploratory research re-
lated to thermionic systems progressed, but more information must
precede the design concept stage.
The SNAP-8 Development Project
Progress continued on SNAP-8 (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary

Power). This is the joint NASA-AEC project for the design and
development of a 35-kilowatt nuclear electrical generating system,
capable of startup and continuous operation in space for 10,000 hours.
Its purpose: to provide auxiliary power for such advanced space mis-
sions as manned or unmanned deep space probes, a lunar station,

advanced operational communication satellites, and space laboratories.
NASA and AEC have separate and clearly defined responsibilities
in this project. Research and development of the nuclear reactor are
under the direction of the AEC; NASA is responsible for the design
and construction of the power conversion system for SNAP-8, its
assembly with the reactor for operation, and the flight testing of the
total assembly in an appropriate vehicle.
During this reporting period, the power conversion system was
reviewed and examined. Recent advances in technology and knowl-
edge gained from experiments conducted during the previous period
led to a redesign of the system. The changes assure greater reliability
in operation, reduce development problems, minimize components
interdependence, and widen potential application. A letter contract
for the redesigned system was signed ; redesign of all power conversion
components neared completion, and fabrication was begun. To facili-
tate early ground development of the system, design improvements
were made in a heat exchanger which will simulate the space radiator.
The redesigned SNAP-8 electrical generating system was defined
in detail. Space startup procedure was established; reactor check-
out and power experiments were begun in the SNAP-8 Experimental
Reactor Test Facility; and an expanded supporting program in cor-
rosion and materials was undertaken.
Plans were made to test the redesigned power conversion system
and the nuclear system separately. This procedure makes it possible
to evaluate the performance of each before integration, to identify
and solve problems, and to eliminate defective components in the
initial developmental stages rather than 'after assembly and fabrica-
tion of a total system.
Nuclear Electric Propulsion

Many future deep space missions depend for their success on current
electric engine research. Although high-thrust engine systems are
needed to boost a vehicle free from the earth's gravitational pull, low-
thrust systems are sufficient to carry spacecraft on long-term missions
to other planets from earth orbit. Studies have demonstrated that
electric engines in clusters can provide the required long-lived power
to propel interplanetary craft. Clustered engines will depend upon
nuclear reactors for power, and the highly complex task of developing
such reactors is expected to take about a decade.
NASA's nuclear electric propulsion program includes three projects
and the necessary supporting research and technology for the de-
733-3480---64_9
velopment of different engine concepts: large ion engines of 30 kw.

to 30 mw. power, large arc jet engines of 30 kw. or greater, and small
arc or ion engines of 3 kw. or less.
Another area of research is electromagnetic _r plasma generation
and acceleration for space propulsion; advances in this research con-
tinued_ but did not reach the stage at which an engine development
program is indicated.
Electric Engine Projects

Large Ion Engines
NASA continued to advance research on _he development of two

ion engine concepts: the contact ion engine and the bombardment ion
engine. Tests and analyses of the contact ion engine conducted dur-
ing this period indicated it is most likely to yield the highest overall
engine efficiency for values of specific impulse over 7_000 seconds.
This type of engine is therefore the probable choice for use with
lightweight electric-power-generating systems on interplanetary
missions. The bombardment ion engine offers the highest efficiency
in the intermediate range (4,000 to 7,000 seconds) of specific impulse,
and is likely to be chosen for use with fairly heavy electric-power-
generating systems on early interplanetary missions.
_ont_vt Ion E_g;_e.--Small laboratory and flight modules of the
contact ion engine, producing about 0.002 pound of thrust, were
developed and ground tested under space-simulated conditions. At
Lewis Research Center, a prototype payload was tested in a vacuum
tank, to simulate a complete flight sequence. The failure of ion en-
gine power conditioning equipment indicated a major problem area,
and a program was initiated to de_ermine the nature of the failure
and to solve the problem before flight testing.
Development work on the 0.00'2-pound thrust contact ion engine
module continued. The primary objective was to scale the module
into a 0.01-pound thrust (3 kw.) engine unit. The module successfully
passed a short test run. _Iowever_ development was hindered by
problems arising from an increase in neutral cesium emission into the
electrode system. Efforts were increased to understand the electrical
interaction between electrodes in the presence of neutral cesium and
to develop better ionizing structures.
Plans were made to subject the 0.01 contact engine unit to a 500-
hour test and later to cluster it to attain the next power level plateau
of 30 kw. This step-by-step program_ using a building-block tech-
niqu% will cluster several smaller engines to develop the large engines
(30 kw. to 30 mw.). When the 30-kw. engine is under development_
work will begin on the building of a 30-mw. contact ion engine.
Electron Bombardment Ion Engines.--Development work contin-

ued on the 3-kw. (0.01-pound thrust) electron bombardment ion en-
gine. Plans call for this unit engine module to be flight tested and
then clustered to attain the 30-kw. engine power level. Delivery of
two 3-kw. flight prototype thrustor systems was scheduled for late
this year.
large Arc Jet Engines
The arc jet concept offers performance at specific impulse values

from 800-1_500 seconds. It can be used for control of large satellites
such as a space station. If the specific impulse can be raised to 1_700-
2000 seconds at a 2-megawatt power level, this type of engine can be
used to greatly reduce the cost of cislunar ferrying missions.
Wo_'k continued on a 30-kw, d.c. radiation-cooled arc jet engine
and a 30-kw, three-phase_ a.c. radiation-cooled engine. Laboratory
modules of each, capable of using either ammonia, or hydrogen as a
propellant and producing 1/2-pound thrust, have been tested success-
fully for several hundred hours. A 30-kw., a.c. engine ran for 700
hours in a vacuum tank without apparent electrode erosion_ compo-
nent deterioration, or significant malfunctions. Engine efficiencies of
50 percent were obtained for a specific impulse range of 1,200-1_500
seconds. A 250-kw. arc jet engine was run for a s_ort time with a
specific impulse of 2,200 seconds and a thrustor efficiency (ratio of
beam power output to power in) of 45 percent.
This was a significant advance in the development program for
these 30-kw. engines which will be scaled to attain the next power
level of 250 to 500 kw. This successful short run was part of the
step-by-step large engine development program which has an ultimate
power goal of 5 row. It was the first time that a radiation-cooled
engine performed at this specific impulse under space-simulated
conditions.
Small Arc, Ion, and Resistoiet Engines
This project consists of three engine development programs: (1)

small ion engine of 500 watts to 1 kw, (2) small arc jet of 2 to 5
kw., and (3) resistojet engine of 1 to 3 kw. Development of a small
ion engine flight prototype system for satellite control neared com-
pletion. And development effort continued on the small 2- to 5-kw.
arc jet thrustor for continuous reliable operation for 90 days or more
(these are described in NASA_s Eighth Semiannual Report, p. 122).
The 2-kw. arc jet demonstrated thrustor efficiencies of 35 percent at
1,000 seconds specific impulse for 75 hours of continuous operation.
Hydrogen was used as the propellant without system deterioration.
116 NASA NINTH SEI__IANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
The resistojet engine concept also promises high efficiency per-

formance in the 800-1_000-second impulse range. It could be used
for spiraling out a scientific mapping payload from a near-earth
orbit employing solar-cell power-generating equipment. During this
period_ 10 solicited proposals for manufacture and test of a 1-3-kw.
thrustor were evaluated.
Supporting Research and Technology Program
This program provides additional effort toward the solution of

major problems encountered in the development projects and also
develops essential instrumentation, conducts basic theory research_
and investigates new areas and concepts.
Electrothermal
To provide a basic understanding of the arc process_ research was
undertaken in thermal analysis, arc stability and composition_ and
state of the exhaust gases. Methods of increasing the temperature
of the discharge to increase specific impulse were investigated_ and
materials and construction configuration were studied.
Electrostatic
The ionization process was investigated by interrelating metal-

lurgical techniques and by performance evaluation of t_e ionizers;
new materials and construction methods were sought. Research con-
tinued on the development of instrumentation to measure low g
forces and cesium propellant flows. Design and life testing of com-
ponent parts of the thrustors (accelerating electrodes and electron
cathodes) continued. In addition_ neutralization of the ion beam
was studied experimentally and analytically; ion-surface interactions
were explored; and corrosivity and chemistry of propellants were
investigated to determine handling methods and materials required
for long operation in space. Research was conducted on the concept
of colloidal particle charge-to-mass ratios. This research could lead
to improvements in the thrust-to-area ratio and reduce the size of
electrostatic engines.
Electromagnetic
NASA continued basic investigations of various plasma accelerator
concepts_ including the microwave_ traveling wave_ coaxial pulse (two
types)_ and steady-state Hall current accelerators. The coaxial pulse
concept demonstrated sufficiently high efficiencies to warrant the ini-
tiation of plans for a development program. Capacitators and super-
conducting magnets were under development. Further research was

conducted on methods of increasing plasma conductivities.
NuclearRocketProgram
Nuclear rocket systems appear to be the best source of the high-
energy propulsion needed for interplanetary missions, such as a
manned expedition to Mars. With chemical propulsion, it is estimated
that the payload for a manned trip to Mars and return would take
100 separate launchings for assembly in space. The nuclear rocket
system with its substantially smaller fuel payload should reduce the
number of launches to 10.
The development of nuclear rocket systems is a joint program of
NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). NASA has
primary responsibility for the research and development on nonreactor
components and for integrating the reactor into the engine; the AEC
has primary responsibility for research and development on all re-
actor types and reactor components required for space missions speci-
fied by NASA. The Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO), an
office jointly staffed by NASA and the AEC, coordinates and manages
the Nuclear Rocket Program, except for the RIFT (Reactor In Flight
Test) project, which is the sole responsibility of NASA.
SNPO operates through three extension offices. The Albuquerque
Extension handles liaison with the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory ;
the Cleveland Extension monitors detailed activities relating to the
NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) program;
and the Nevada Extension is responsible for site management and con-
struction activities at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station
(NRDS) in Nevada. (Other details appear in NASA's Eighth Semi-
annual Report.)
KIWI Tests
During the report period, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

(LASL), operated by the University of California under contract to
the AEC, continued work on the KIWI-B4-A reactor. Tests con-
ducted during the previous report period (described in NASA's
Eighth Semiannual Report) resulted in damage to the reactor core.
The KIWI reactor design was analyzed to determine the cause of the
damage and the changes required to prevent such damage in the
future.
Further, a series of cold flow experiments in a KIWI-B4-A type
reactor was conducted at the NRDS, to determine whether vibrations
which occurred during the tests caused the damage. The experiments
involved observation of the flow of gases through a system and under

conditions duplicating the operation of the KIWI-B4-A nuclear reac-
tor, except that _nclear fuel was not used to power the reactor.
Extensive instrumentation in the core measured stress, vibration, and
flow oscillations of the gases during a series of tests run with gaseous
nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen. The tests indicated that the vibra-
tions were a cause of the difficulties in-the KIWI-B4-A power test.
The SNPO established a program of component_ subassembly, and
cold flow experiments in a redesigned reactor to be carried out before
the next "hot," or power, reactor test.
NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application)
The NERVA project for the development of a nuclear engine for

upper stage rocket vehicle application comprises two related engineer-
ing efforts: the nuclear rocket reactor based on the KIWI concept and
the nonnuclear components.
Progress continued in the design and analysis of the engine system.
Particular attention was given to the "hot bleed" cycle of operation
which, by diverting a very small amount of the hydrogen gas from the
thrust nozzle, eliminates the need for a separate system to drive the
turbine. The diversion is achieved by a hot-bleed port in the con-
vergent section of the nozzle. The port is unique in a nuclear engine.
Essentially all the engine components were in the development and
testing stage. These include the turbopump, nozzle and hot, bleed port,
engine control system, engine gimbal (part of steering system by which
engine is swiveled), control valves, tank shutoff valves, and actuators
(the mechanisms that move various controls). Some of these can be
developed by following conventional liquid rocket procedures, but
others require substantial additional development efforts in a nuclear
environment.
Prototypes of typical flow turbopumps were fabricated and tested.
Research efforts were concentrated on a comprehensive testing pro-
gram to verify the performance of the liquid-hydrogen-cooled bearings
under operating conditions. Work on the regeneratively cooled noz-
zle (an aluminum jacket over a stainless-steel brazed tube bundle)
through which cold propellant flows stressed fabrication techniques
and testing.
Using experience derived from the KIWI project, research on the
reactor portion of the NERVA project proceeded. Major effort was
applied to developing a core design with satisfactory core support,
fuel elements, and other internal components capable of withstanding
reactor operation and the flight environment. And a prototype of the
reactor shielding, a closed pack array of tubes cooled by the main

hydrogen stream, was completed.
Advanced Researchand Technology
Several NASA research centers, AEC national laboratories, and

industrial organizations are engaged in advanced research and technol-
ogy for the Nuclear Rocket Program. Their efforts support current
projects, provide advances in technology essential to the development
and operation of future nuclear rocket propulsion systems, and supply
evaluations of advanced concepts.
The Lewis Research Center carried on analyses and tests of non-
nuclear components, engine systems, and reactors, partly in support
of NERVA and partly to develop technology for advanced systems.
Marshall Space Flight Center conducted similar research on nuclear
rocket vehicles from RIFT to advanced stages.
Work at Lewis included assembling nonnuclear components, a
simulated reactor assembly, and all other essential parts of a rocket
engine system and running the system through a variety of tests.
Purpose of the tests : to check out design and determine modifications
required to overcome nuclear rocket construction, fueling, operation,
and control problems.
In addition, Lewis continued studies on individual components.
For example, the turbopump was tested to determine the effects
of radiation environment on its bearing components. The tests were
conducted in the Nuclear Rocket Engine Dynamics and Control Fa-
cility at Lewis' Plumbrook Station. Design, fabrication, and installa-
tion of facilities for cryogenic testing were completed at Plumbrook.
These facilities are important, since they will enable NASA to simu-
late the temperature extremes of the space environment in which nu-
clear reactors will operate, and to test reactor operation under the
stresses of such temperatures.
I,ewis Research Center and the Marshall Space Flight Center con-
tinued mission-oriented studies to determine all possible space appli-
cations of nuclear rocket systems. This research is the basis for
long-range planning of future missions in space for which nuclear
technology will be essential.
Lewis Research Center investigated the potential advantages of
uranium-loaded tungsten-fuel-element reactors for advanced or sec-
ond-generation nuclear rockets. Although tungsten requires more
uranium to assure fission, it offers possible advantages in restart
capability, longer operation, and greater structural integrity.
However, present knowledge indicates that research on graphite re-
actors is more promising because graphite can withstand thermal shock
and requires less uranium to cause fission. Consequently, Lewis con-

tinued tests on liguid hydrogen feed systems and the exhaust nozzle
which provides the pressure conditions for the reactor core. This
work supports Phoebus, the research project of the AEC on advanced
graphite reactors. Lewis and the JPL also went on with studies of
even more advanced concepts, such as cavity reactors, which offer the
l_,ssibility of large increases in specific impulse.
The Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS)

At the NRDS, Nev., development of two major test facility com-
plexes for static testing of reactors and engines continued. Work be-
gan on the definitive design for engine test stand No. 2 and on modifi-
cations to the Air Force Nuclear Aerospace Research Facility, Fort
Worth, Tex., the major facility for radiation effects testing.
In June, a contract was awarded for support service at the NRDS.
The contractor will provide a number of services, including general
housekeeping and certain technical operations.
Reactor In-Flight Test (RIFT) Project

During this reporting period, conceptual design for RIFT was com-
pleted and the systems defined. A_ liquid hydrogen test facility was
activated; it will be used for testing the 9-foot-diameter prototype of
the 33-foot RIFT hydrogen propellant tank. Plans were made for a
comprehensive test program to verify tank material, fabrication and
quality control; to develop cryogenic insulation, bonding, vapor bar-
rier materials, and application techniques; and to investigate purging_
filling, venting, and flow problems.
In addition, over 800 items were tested for physical, chemical, and
electrical effects in radiation, cryogenic, and space environments.
Some cables and connecters proved satisfactory and certain types of
insulation systems were found to be acceptable. Full-scale RIFT
tank panels were subjected to structural tests which indicated that the
panels may not have to be as heavy as originally estimated, making
possible a significant reduction in weight.
An experimental tool program was initiated to develop fa;brication
techniques and tooling criteria. Studies made as a result of one part
of the program revealed a technique for welding sections of the RIFT
propellant tank by moving the welding head instead of the tank. The
same technique can also be applied to other large-scale welding jobs
on space hardware.
The effect of nuclear radiation on the temperature and heat transfer
phenomena within the liquid hydrogen propellant also was studied
as part of a continuing project.
Preliminary design criteria for the RIFT static test facilities at

NRDS were modified and more completely detailed. Negotiations
with the Navy for transfer of a modified hangar at Moffett Field,
Calif., for use as the RIFT fabrication facility moved toward com-
pletion.
CHAPTER 6
Tracking and Data Acquisition
During the first half of 1963, NASA continued to expand and im-
prove its tracking and data acquisition networks through the purchase
of additional equipment and the construction of new facilities. Oper-
ationally, the Manned Space Flight Network supported the Project
Mercury orbital flight of Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., and the
Satellite Network supported 20 satellite launches. These and other
related activities are discussed in detail in the following pages.
Manned Space Flight Network
The Manned Space Flight Network of tracking and data acquisition

stations was established in 1959 to support the Mercury program. It
has the vital task of maintaining communication between the ground
and the manned capsules from liftoff to touchdown; the network
makes it possible for the ground support team to know where the
astronaut is, how he is, and whether the capsule is operating properly
and is on the correct course.
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., has overall technical
responsibility for the operation of the 14 landbased stations, 2 specially
instrumented ships, and a data processing and computing center
(partly sho_m in fig. 6-1) at Goddard. Mission control is the respon-
sibility of the Manned Space Flight Center, Houston, Tex. (Ch. 7
of NASA's Eighth Semiannual Report provides additional details on
the Manned Space Flight Network.)
The network uses C-band (5,000 mc.) and S-band (2,500 mc.) radars
which were selected and located so that failure of either radar system
would not jeopardize the mission. These radars can acquire data for
accurate orbit determination in near real time (almost simultaneously
with the event) from relatively low, rapidly moving spacecraft. Ac-
curate orbital data in near real time is required for any abort decision
and for the injection, reentry, and recovery phases of the mission.
All stations of the network, except White Sands and Eglin Air
Force Base, now have the capability for voice transmission and re-
ception. The astronaut has available UHF and HF transmitters;
he may use either or both for voice communication with the ground
stations during a flight. However, during a portion of reentry and
after parachute deployment, only UHF is used.
122
Figure 6-1. Computer operations at Goddard Space Flight Center.
Network stations, except Eglin and White Sands and the ships,
have display consoles of various types. (Fig. 6-2 shows the Bermuda
tracking station console.) Almost all the stations have capsule com-
municator, aeromedical, and spacecraft system displays. At certain
critical stations, special displays are available for countdown, flight
dynamics, and capsule environment. The displays at the Control
Center at Cape Kennedy include such other capabilities as flight
safety, operations director console, recovery direcbor console, booster
vehicle monitor, orbital position indicator, predicted impact indica-
tor, and field station status indicator. The data from the displays
at the various stations are reported by display observers over com-
munications circuits to the control center and passed on to the com-
putation center at Goddard.
During the period under review, the major event supported by
the Manned Space Flight Network was the 22-orbit MA-9 mission
of Astronaut Cooper on May 15-16. After technical difficulties
with the Bermuda radar had been eliminated, the network’s tracking
and data acquisition performance was excellent throughout the flight.
1% NASA NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 6-2. Display console of the Mercury Space Flight Network station a t Bermuda.
For the first time, television equipment was installed in the capsule,
at the Canary Islands and Cape Kennedy stations, and on the ship
Coastal Sentry. The Canary Islands station and the C m t d Sentry
were equipped with a T V recording system; Cape Kennedy ms
equipped with a recording and reproduction system. However, poor
lighting conditions in the capsule affected the quality of the pictures
received by the ground stations, and the results of this T V transmis-
sion experiment were, therefore, not conclusive. Purther research
was begun on ways to improve picture quality for future manned
flights.
For the MA-9 mission, 'ft third 7094 computer at Goddard was
equipped with real-time computing capability. The additional com-
puter, required because of the length of the mission, made it possible
to alternate computers so that maintenance could be performed with-
out interrupting the required computer support. All three computers
performed satisfactorily.
Two radar tracking ships supported the flight of MA-9. One was
stationed in the Pacific Ocean west of Midway Island, the other in the
Atlantic Ocean between Cape Kennedy and Bermuda. They provided
radar tracking data in real time, maintained voice communication
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION 125
with the astronaut, and acquired telemetry data. The Twin Falls Vic-
tory, located in the Atlantic, successfully tracked on orbits 2, 4, 15, and
16, and the Range Tracker, in the Pacific Ocean, successfully tracked
on orbits 7, 20, and 21. The Range Tracker also tracked on orbit 22
while the capsule was in the "blackout" area during reentry. The
tracking data from this ship, comparable in quality to that acquired
by land-based tracking radars, is the first received from radar track-
ing ships equipped with precision navigational equipment.
NASA continued to procure tracking and data acquisition equip-
ment to support the Gemini program during this period. Major
items included pulse code modulation telemetry systems, a digital data
system for ground-to-spacecraft communication, RF command sys-
tems, and new and modified flight control consoles for both the control
center and the remote sites.
To accommodate this new equipment at the sites, plans were formu-
lated to expand the building facilities and the power system. In
addition, construction was begun on a new station at Camarvon, Aus-
tralia, to replace the two Mercury stations at Muchea and Woomera.
It will support manned space flight missions and the more _phisti-
cared unmanned scientific satellite projects.
Finally, planning was started to develop the tracking and data
acquisition requirements--additional ground support instrumentation,
specially instrumented ships, and three new network stations--for
support of the Apollo lunar missions.
Satellite Network
The Satellite Network (described more fully in ch. 7 of NASA's
Eighth Semiannual Report) supported a total of 20 satellite launches
during this period, including the following new NASA satellites:
Name Date launched
Explorer XV_I ........................................... Apr. 3, 1963
Telstar II ............................................... May 7, 1963
TIROS VII .............................................. June 19, 1963
Three other new satellites were supported by the network :

Dual Tetrahedral ........................................ May 9, 1963
Lofti .................................................... June 15, 1963
Solar Radiation .......................................... June 15, 1963
To fulfill the wide-band requirements of the more advanced satellite

projects such as the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory and Orbiting
Astronomical Observatory, construction continued on the 85-foot
diameter antenna systems at Fairbanks, Alaska; Rosman, N.C., and
southeastern Australia. These high-gain parabolic antennas can re-
ceive data on more than one frequency ,and will be able to acquire
126 NASA “TH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
d a h from satellites wikh either law inclination or highly eccentric

orbits.
To supplement the 85-foot antenna systems, more complex telemetry
and receiver equipment was being procured and installed at several
stations, and three o v e m stations were being equipped with medium
bandwidth 40-foot antenna systems.
Deep Space Network

The Deep Space Network stations (the Johannesburg, South
Africa, station is shown in fig. 6 3 ) were further improved and modi-
fied to meet programed spacecraft requirements. An antenna model
range ww installed at the Goldstone Station to conduot antenna Cali-
bration pattern tests at distances up to 7 miles, and a second test was
established to extend &herange up to 12 miles. This advanced Calibra-
tion and test equipment will make possible h e r resolution of tracking
dah received from spacecraft and probes.
Figure 6-3. The 85-foot parabolic antenna of the Deep Space Network Station, Johan-
nesburg, South Africa.
Several s t e p were taken to maintain the netiwork at a high standard

of performance and to increase flight mission coverage capability. A
10 kw command transmitter system and support equipment w in-
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISFFION 127
stalled at the Woomera Facility, and wide-band equipment was added
to expand the recording capability in the 100 to 1,000 my:radio spec-
trum. A contract was negotiated for a prototype 210-foot parabolic
antenna (shown in fig. 6 4 ) ,to be looated at Goldstone, Calif. It will
provide tracking, telemetry, and command capability over interplane-
tary distances.
Figure 6-4. Model of the 21 0-foot parabolic antenna.
Also during this period, construction was started on a new Sdband

station at Canberra, Australia, and planning was initiated for an S-
band station in Southern Europe. With the S-band capgbility of
these stations, the network will ;be able to transmit and receive data
of much greater bandwidth and reliability to meet the mission require-

ments of projects such as Surveyor and Mariner C.
Several modifications were planned to enable the network to satisfy
anticipated total workload requirements. Plans call for presen_ sta-
tions to be augmented with L- to S-band transmitting and receiving
equipment_ advanced digital encoding systems_ digital data handling
systems_ and special and project-oriented equipment. Plans also in-
cluded compaet_ selfcon_tained mobile telemetry systea_s to cowr in-
jection areas of planetary ,and interplanetary flight projects.
CHAPTER 7
International Programs
By the end of June, 64 political jurisdictions were or had been

associated with this country in exploring the peaceful uses of outer
space for the benefit of all nations.
A bilateral agreement was reached with the Soviet Union on June 8
providing for coordinated U.S.-U.S.S.R. ]aunchings of geomagnetic
and weather satellites and data exchanges, as well as for experiments
with the Echo II communications satellite.
The establishment of contact with the European Launcher Develop-
ment Organization opened additional opportunities for multilateral co-
operation in Europe. NASA also invited European laser specialists
to participate in the laser tracking experiment associated with the
Agency's Ionosphere Beacon Satellite (S-66). (Experiments in
ionospheric research employing this scientific satellite have already
gained the support of over 50 scientists from 18 countries.)
NASA and the U.S. Weather Bureau extended invitations to other
nations to participate in tests of the Automatic Picture Transmission
system (APT), a feature of future meteorological satellites designed
to permit local readout of the spacecrafts' cloud-cover photography.
NASA's international activities during the report period included
bilateral and multilateral cooperative programs (joint projects),
support of the agency's overseas operations, personnel exchanges, and
training programs. These international activities as of June 30 are
summarized in appendix D.
Cooperative Projects
The following list of cooperative projects includes new ones ar-

ranged with Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Norway,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom during the first 6 months of 1963.
Ar9entina
NASA and the Argentine National Commission for Space Research
agreed on March 15 to cooperate in studies of electron density profiles
in the ionosphere 25 to 85 miles above the earth using sounding rockets
launched from the Chamical range in northern Argentina.
129
733--3480---64------10
Australia
On April 12 and May 9 NASA successfully launched Aerobee

150A sounding rockets from Wallops Island carrying Australian-
prepared experiments to measure daily variations in very low fre-
quency radio noise (VLF) in the ionosphere.
Brazil
The Brazilian National Commission for Space Activities, on
March 14, agreed with NASA to a cooperative program of ionospheric
research through studies of satellite radio transmissions received at
three stations spanning the geomagnetic equator in Brazil. A
memorandum of understanding with the Brazilian space commission
provided that the Commission construct, equip, and operate the sta-
tions and that NASA loan necessary scientific equipment unavailable
in Brazil.
Canada
Alouette S-27, the Canadian Topside Sounder Satellite launched

by NASA on September 28, 1962, continued to suoply a substantial
quantity of valuable data on the ionosphere. (The spacecraft, de-
scribed in chap. 3 of NASA's Eighth Semiannual Report to Congress,
was the first satellite completely designed and built by a nation other
than the United States or the U.S.S.R. Its launching was NASA's
first from the Pacific Coast and marked the agency's first use of the
Thor-Agena B vehicle.)
NASA and the Canadian Defense Research Board engaged in
scientific and technical discussions relative to the construction of new
satellites able to extend joint U.S.-Canada ionosuheric studies.
A memorandum of understanding between NASA and the Cana-
dian Department of Transport also provided for cooperation in test-
ing experimental communications satellites.
France
NASA and the French National Center for Space Studies, on
February 18, agreed to a cooperative program for launching French
very low frequency (VLF) experiments on Aerobee sounding rockets
from Wallops Island in 1963, and the launching of a French VLF
satellite if these rocket flights should demonstrate its feasibility.
An experiment sponsored by the French space center to make
photometer airglow measurements was selected for flight on the Polar
Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (POGO).
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 131
India
Participants from India were completing their training a t Goddard
Space Flight Center in a program of NASA-Indian Department of
Atomic Energy sounding rocket studies of upper atmosphere winds
and the equatorial electrojet.
During the report period construction began on the International
Sounding Rocket Range (fig. 7-1) which is on the geomagnetic qua-
tor at Thumba. The facility is expected to be ready for operation
by Novamber.
c +
-
INY U.N. MEMBER
,
FHARED BY USERS
0'
Figure 7-1. International Sounding Rocket Facility a t the geomagnetic equator.
Italy
The atmospheric drag balance mechanism, heart of the Italian San
Marco spacecraft, was tested on a shotput sounding rocket at Wallops
Island on April 20. The test was only partially successful, since the
rocket's despin mechanism failed to operate properly preventing a
true test of the sensitivity of the balance. A backup launch is planned
for late summer.
The principal objective of the joint U.S.-Italim San Marco project
is to determine the local density of the upper atmosphere in the
equatorial plane by launching an Italian satellite into equatorial orbit
from a towable platform (like a Texas tower) in the I n d i a Ocean
off the eQtst COBst Of Africa (w fig. 7-2).
132 NASA NINTR SEMUNWUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 7-2. San Marco prototype payload undergoes tests a t Goddard Space Flight
Center.
Japan
Further experiments with sounding rockets for comparative studies
of Japanese and U.S. data on electron temperature and density in
the ionosphere were postponed pending analysis (of technical difficul-
ties in Aerobee vehicle launchings of these probes from Wallops
Island. Continuing cooperative experiments by NASA and the
Japanese Ministry of Post and Communications are designed to
produce more precise measurements of electron temperature and
density in the ionosphere.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAI_S 133
New Zealand
New Zealand launched on May 23 thefirst of a series of cooperative
sounding rocket experiments from Birdling's Flat on the Canterbury
Plains. The experiment, carried aloft by a NASA-supplied Arcas
rocket, will use a new technique developed in New Zealand to measure
electrical characteristics of the lower ionosphere.
Norway-Denmark
A successful Nike-Cajun launch on April 9 of a joint ionospheric
payload completed the current series of experiments at Wallops
Island under an agreement between NASA and the Norwegian Com-
mittee for Space Research. Investigations of the ionosphere 25 to
85 miles above the earth, with NASA technical assistance and Danish
cooperation, will continue at the Andoya, Norway, range during the
summer of 1963.
Pakistan
A cooperative NASA-Pakistan Upper Atmosphere and Space Re-
search Committee sodium vapor experiment was launched from
Sonmiani Beach, Pakistan, on May 16. The Nike-Cajun rocket per-
formed satisfactorily but_ unlike the successful launches of the pre-
vious year, the payload malfunctioned and bhe sodium vapor was
not released.
The agency also made plans to support the International Indian
Ocean expedition of 1964 by lending radar equipment to Pakistan
and India and by instructing scientists from these countries in the
use of small meteorological sounding rockets.
Scandinavia
In May, the Scandinavian Committee for Satellite Telecommunica-

tion, made up of representatives from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden,
signed a memorandum of understanding providing for cooperation
with NASA in testing experimental communications satellites.
Sweden
NASA and the Swedish Space Committee agreed on 1Yfay 27 to
continue their 1961-62 cooperative investigations of the origin and
nature of noctilucent (high-altitude, bright nighttime) clouds. The
committee, in cooperation with NASA scientists, will launch sound-
ing rocket grenade experiments from the range at Kronogard during
the summer of 1963 in attempts to measure upper atmosphere tem-
perature, winds, pressure, and density during the occurrence of these

noctilucent clouds and to measure changes in the size of cloud
particles.
United Kingdom
Ariel I (S-51)--carrying British instrumentation and launched by
NASA in April 1962 as the first international satellite--continued to
supply useful ionospheric data on an intermittent basis. A second
joint satellite--Ariel II (S-52)--is scheduled for launching early in
1964 (see fig. 7-3). The British also announced the selection of a
contractor for a third Ariel (S-53) to be launched by NASA but built
in the United Kingdom.
NASA and thi_ British National Committee on Space Research
agreed to include an ion mass spectrometer of the type flown on Ariel I
on the S-48 Topside Sounder, a U.S. satellite scheduled for launch
late in 1963.
Two British experiments were selected for flight on the fourth
NASA Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO-D). A third British ex-
periment will serve as backup. An additional British experiment was
selected for the third Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. These
experiments are sponsored by the British National Committee on Space
Research which will develop, build, test, and evaluate the experiments,
follow them through to countdown, and analyze the resulting data.
U.S.S.R.
On June 8, 1962 NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Hugh L. Dryden
and Academician A. A. Blagonravov of the Soviet Academy of
Sciences concluded a bilateral space agreement providing that the
United States and the Soviet Union coordinate launchings of weather
and geomagnetic satellites and exchange resulting data, as well as
experiment with the Echo II passive communications satellite. Fol-
lowing confirmation by the two governments, announcement of this
agreement was made at the United Nations on December 5 (Eighth
Semiannual Report_ chap. 9_ p. 146).
The same principals, together with additional technical specialists,
later worked out an implementing agreement for:
(a) Exchange of weather data received from each country's
experimental meteorological satellites by means of a fulltime data-
transmission link between world weather centers in Washington
and Moscow ; and subsequent coordination of operational meteor-
ological satellite launchings for maximum coverage of worldwide
weather conditions;
Figure 7-3. Test model of Ariel II ( ' 3 2 ) .
(b) Joint experiments in telecommunication by using the U.S.

passive reflector satellite Echo I1;and
( c ) Satellite launchings by each country to measure the earth's
magnetic field. Results will be exchanged to develop a map of
the geomagnetic field as part of the world magnetic survey being
conducted by scientists during the International Year of the
Quiet Sun.
European Regional Groups

NASA continued discussions with representatives of the European
Space Research Organization and the European Launcher Develop-
ment Organization looking toward mutually beneficial cooperation in
the areas of scientific satellites and vehicle technology later this year
or next, when the two new space groups are expected to be ratified by
parliaments.
Operations Support
During this report period, tracking station agreements with Aus-

tralia, Mexico, and Spain were renewed or amended, and negotiations
for other support agreements were initiated. Contingency recovery
arrangements were made with some 80 countries for the fourth Project
Mercury manned orbital flight.
Australia
The Australian intergovernmental tracking agreement was amended

on February 11 to provide for a tracking and data acquisition station
at Carnarvon to support the Eccentric Orbiting Geophysical Observa-
tory (EGO) _the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO), and the
Gemini and Apollo programs. The amended agreement also pro-
vided for a portable data acquisition facility at Darwin for EGO and
a Deep Space Instrumentation Facility near Canberra for lunar and
planetary programs.
In addition, NASA obtained approval of the Australian Govern-
ment to conduct a site survey in southeastern Australia for a wide-
band, high-gain data acquisition facility.
Bermuda (U.K.)
Negotiations were underway with the United Kingdom to modify
the existing tracking station agreement in order to support NASA's
future manned and unmanned satellite programs.
The agency also arranged with the Government of Bermuda to
launch various types of sounding rockets from the island in conjunc-
tion with the Reentry Flight Demonstration (RFD-1) of a dummy
SNAP experiment and two Scout vehicle reentry tests.
Canton Island (Joint U.S.-U.K. Jurisdiction)

A new agreement was being concluded with the United Kingdom
to modify and extend present arrangements for this station in the
central Pacific Ocean to permit the tracking of both manned and un-
manned satellites.
Italy
Clearance was obtained from the Italian Government for a site
survey team to explore locations in Italy as possible sites for a Deep
Space Instrumentation Facility station to support lunar, planetary,
and manned space flight programs.
Mexico
An exchange of diplomatic notes with the Mexican Government
provided for the continued operation of the Guaymas tracking station
until January 31_ 1965.
Nigeria
Through arrangements worked out with the Nigerian Government,
the U.S.N.S. Kingsport was _tationed in Lagos harbor from January
20 through March 14, in connection with the first Syncom satellite.
The ll,000-ton communications ship is expected to operate in and
from Lagos again, starting in July, to track Syncom II and conduct
communications experiments between the United States and Nigeria
via the satellite.
Spain
An agreement was reached with the Spanish Government on June

28 for a 3-year renewal of arrangements for the Grand Canary Island
tracking station. Approval was also obtained to explore possible
locations for a tracking and data acquisition station to provide addi-
tional coverage for the expanding lunar and planetary programs,
and the manned space flight program.
Support for MA-9 Flight

The Department of State and NASA cooperated in arrangements to
expedite the entry of U.S. search and recovery units into the territory
of some 80 countries should the MA-9 spacecraft have landed outside
planned recovery areas during the fourth American manned orbital
flight in May.
Diplomatic clearances, and overflight and landing privileges were
also obtained from certain of these nations so that recovery units
could deploy around the world before this mission.
Cooperation Through Other International Organizations

Continuing its support of the State Department in representing U.S.
interests at international forums on outer space, NASA made avail-
able the Director of the Office of Space Sciences, assisted by other

agency officials, to act as U.S. delegate at the May meeting in Geneva
of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Also, NASA's
General Counsel was an advisor to the U.S. delegate to the Legal Sub-
committee of the U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space during its April-May meeting.
Similarly, through the National Academy of Sciences, NASA con-
tinued to support this country's participation in the work of the
Committee on Space Research of the International Council of Scien-
tific Unions (particularly in preparation for the annual COSPAR
conference) and other international scientific bodies.
Personnel Exchanges, Education, and Training
In this half-year, approximately 1,400 foreign nationals visited

NASA facilities for scientific and technical discussions or general
orientation and tours. Visitors included space program officials from
Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Norway_
Pakistan, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, as well as repre-
sentatives of the European Space Research Organization. NASA
sent about 400 people abroad to participate in international confer-
ences and symposia, to support the agency's international and opera-
tional activities, and to inspect foreign facilities.
Fifteen students from 6 countries studied in the space sciences at
10 American universities in the first regular year of NASA_s inter-
national fellowship program; 6 students from 4 countries completed
their studies. This fellowship program--administered by the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences--will eventually enable 100 foreign
students annually to study at U.S. universities on a shared-cost basis.
During this report period 107 technicians from 7 countries and
the European Space Preparatory Commission, through international
cooperative projects, trained in space technology at Goddard Space
Flight Center, Langley Research Center, and Wallops Station.
CHAPTER 8
Informational and Sponsored Research Programs
During this period, NASA expanded its specialized informational-

educational activities and services, and improved its methods of dis-
seminating scientific and technical information. It also continued the
sustaining university program in order to assure greater university
participation in the nation's space effort. And the Agency sought
to expand knowledge and broaden research capabilities through its
sponsored research programs.
Educational Programsand Services

To help meet the needs of education for the space age, and to serv-
ice the steadily increasing number of requests for space-related in-
structional materials, NASA provided various educational services
during the first 6 months of 1963.
The Agency's Office of Educational Programs and Services provided
educational-informational assistance and cooperation to local, State,
and Federal departments of education, colleges and universities, pro-
fessional and service organizations, youth and youth serving organiza-
tions, and sponsors of adult education programs. In addition, the
Agency assisted in sponsoring or otherwise contributed to teacher
training programs that would help teachers apply space-related in-
formation in their work. Some of these programs involved develop-
ment of space-related courses at the adult, elementary and secondary
levels.
Curriculum Materials
Educational institutions and associations, under contract with

NASA, produced curriculum materials such as course syllabi, units
of work, teachers' handbooks, and bibliographies, film lists, and other
reference works for teachers and students.
Three bibliographies on the general aspects of aerospace develop-
ments for elementaxy, secondaxy, and adult education groups were
compiled for NASA by the National Aerospace Education Council
(Washington, D.C.). These publications, available from the Super-
intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, D.C., 20402 are: Aeronautics and Space Bibliography, Elemen-
tary; Aeronautics and Space Bibliography, Secondary; and Aero-
nautics and _qpace Bibliography, Adult.
139
Other educational projects sponsored by the Agency are outlined

in appendix E.
Teacher Education
NASA gave assistance to inservice teacher education programs in

the space sciences in colleges, universities, and in local and state school
departments; it also assisted in workshops, institutes, seminars, and
symposia dealing with aerospace education. Upon request, the Agency
provided consultant services in planning, organizing, and conducting
space-related courses, and in making presentations for teacher orienta-
tion in the civilian space program.
As of June 30, assistance was programed for 126 teacher education
courses in 36 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia during
the summer of 1963.
Youth Activities
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration participated

in youth programs through cosponsorship and by providing limited
financial support under contracts, and by providing space science
achievement contest awards, as well as by furnishing advisory services
and supplying contest program speakers and judges.
During the report period the Agency provided judges and special
NASA awards in aerodynamics, space vehicles, space flight and pro-
pulsion, space electronics and communication, space life sciences, and
space physical sciences for the 14th Natiofial Science Fair-Interna-
tional. Each winner received a certificate signed by NASA Adminis-
trator James E. Webb and Dr. Watson Davis, director of Science
Service, and a trip with a teacher of his choice to a NASA center.
The Agency also provided more than 200 State and regional science
fairs with judges, certificates of outstanding achievement, and letters
of commendation.
The Headquarters of the Boy Scouts of America was assisted in the
development of a new merit badge in astronautics. Plans were de-
veloped for an awards program for secondary school youth exhibiting
engineering projects in the exposition of the Junior Engineering
Technical Society.
NASA also formulated plans to cosponsor, with the National Science
Teachers Association, a program to bring selected students to Regional
Science Congresses at NASA centers. Students would read papers
at the centers and discuss them with the Agency's scientists. Out-
standing papers would then be selected to be read at a national
congress in Washington, D.C.
INFORMATIONAL AND SPONSORED RESEARCH PROGRA!_S 141
In addition, the Agency contracted for the production of kits of

reading and study material on rocket design, propulsion, and related
fields for the Amateur Rocketeers of America. The society, with
Headquarters in Edinburg, Ind., encourages boys and girls to interest
themselves in the problems of rocket flight, provides instruction in
safety practices and principles, and maintains a rocket range.
Spacemobi[es
From January through June, NASA's traveling space science lec-

ture-demonstration units--commonly called spacemobiles--made 2,829
presentations to audiences totaling 1,454,261 at junior and senior high
schools, colleges, and public events. Among these were audiences who
attended demonstrations given by four spacemobile teams in and
around Chicago during "Chicago Space Month" (April 1-May 11),
those attending 17 spacemobile programs presented for the New
Mexico Academy of Science in a cooperative program with the Na-
tional Science Fair-International, and visitors to spacemobile demon-
strations during Wyoming's Space Week at Riverton, Wyo., in early
May.
In addition to these live audience presentations, 47 major TV shows
were _ven before an estimated 1,600,000 viewers. And spacemobiles
were also used for lectures and demonstrations on the U.S. space pro-
gram in Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, France, Holland, Mexico, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Switzerland, and Venezuela.
Educational Publications
During the first 6 months of 1963 NASA distributed 769,323 copies

of educational publications. The following new titles were issued
during the period: x
• "1, 2, 3 . . . And the Moon !"--an illustrated booklet describ-
ing the missions of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo manned
spacecraft.
"Manned Space Flight Team"--information about the astro-

nauts and their training.
"NASA and the Universities"--proceedings of the general ses-
sions of the NASA-University Conference on the Science and
Technology of Space Exploration, Chicago, IIL, November
1962.
1 Single copies of any NASA publication described in this section are av_iilable upon
request from the Office of Educational Programs and Services, Educational Publications
Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 20546. Re-
quests for larger quantifies will be honored within the limits of applicable Government
regulations.
• "The X-15 Research Airplane"--an illustrated booklet describ-

ing the history, aims, and accomplishments of the X-15 pro-
gram.
• "The Six Orbits of Sigma 7" the story in words and pictures
of the Mercury flight of Astronaut Walter M. Shirra, Jr.
• "Educational Publications"--a folder listing NASA's educa-
tional publications.
Reprints.--Reprints were obtained of "Our Orbiting Observatories,"
an article by NASA Administrator James E. Webb in Grunvnum Hori-
zons; "Gemini Spacecraft," a folder published by McDonnell Aircraft
Corp. ; and "Weather in Space" from the Air ForceSpace Digest.
Publications Being Prepared.--These booklets and folders were in
preparation during the report period :
1. "Space, The New Frontier"--a revision of NASA's basic compre-
hensive exposition of space and space exploration.
9. "X-15, Research at the Edge of Space"--a treatment in depth of
the X-15 program.
3. "The Search for Extraterrestrial Life"---plans for putting instru-
ments on Mars, on the Moon, and on other planets to investigate
the possibilities of life.
4. "Historical Origins of NASA"--a description of the establish-
ment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
5. "International Programs"---a discussion of U.S. (NASA) co-
operation with other nutions.
NASA Facts.Z--The Agency published four new educational-infor-
mational fact sheets, broadside publications for either wall display or
looseleaf notebooks:
• "Alouette--Canada's First Satellite," an experiment designed
to advance knowledge of the ionosphere.
• "Project Relay," NASA's experiment in use of intermediate-
altitude, active-repe_qter communications satellites.
• "Explorer XVI," NASA's satellite designed to provide addi-
tional information about tiny bits of matter speeding through
space.
• "Mariner II Reports," a comprehensive summary of the Mari-
ner II findings relative to the planet Venus and interplanetary
space between earth and Venus.
Aerospace Zeaflets.3--NASA also issued three additional illustrated
leaflets in the series which features official statements by leading
NASA authorities on various aspects of the Nation's space program.
_, a Sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-

ington, D.C., 20402.
INFORMATIONAL
AND SPONSORED RESEARCH PROGRAMS 143
• "A World in Space," by Dr. Homer E. Newell--the impact of

space exploration upon science and technology.
• "The Mission of Man in Space," by Dr. Homer E. Newell--
what man expects to achieve in spa_e exploration, and the
problems to be met in conducting this exploration.
• "Space Communication," by Gerald M. Truszynski--the facili-
ties for communicating with spacecruft, both manned and un-
manned.
Historical Program
In June the House Committee on Science and Astronautics pub-
lished Astronautical and Aeronautical Ever_ts of 1962 4 based on a
chronology of the science and technology of space exploration drafted
monthly by NASA's historical staff.
The Agency prepared a number of special historical reports. These
included a Chronology on Comxn/unications Satellites and a summary
of Major NASA Launch_ngs, 1958-62.
Among the historical publications under preparation during the
report period were:
--"Astronautics and Aeronautics"--1963 : Chronology of Science
and Technology in the Exploration of Space.
--"Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center"--a monograph.
--"Chronology History of Project Mercury"--monograph lead-
ing toward a three-volume history of the project.
--"Historical Origins of Launch Operations Center"--a mono-
graph.
---"An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-62."
Motion Pictures
NASA's films "Friendship 7" and "The Mastery of Space" con-

tinued to receive professional motion picture honors. In addition to
the awards received at film festivals in Monza, Venice, and Trento,
Italy; in Belgium; and at San Francisco, Calif., and Columbus, Ohio
(noted in the Eighth Semiannual Report to Congress), "Friendship 7"
was awarded first prize in the 1962 International Festival of Films for
Television in Rome.
(Requests for "The Mastery of Space" should be directed to Asso-
ciation Films, Inc., 347 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y., 10017, and for
"Friendship 7" to United World Films, Inc., 1445 Park Ave., New
York, N.Y., 10029.)
4 For sale by the Superintendent of Documeats, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, D.C., 20402, price $1 paperbound.
Three motion pictures, in color and sound, were released by the

Agency during the first 6 months of 1963. 5
1. "Ariel--The First International Satellite" (14 min.).

2. "The Highest Honor" (NASA and other U.S. Governmen_
civilian service awards) (12 min.).
3. "Project Apollo--Manned Flight to the Moon" (13 min.).
Motion pictures being produced during the period included:
• "A New Dimension in Space" (28 min.).
• "The Development of the X-15" (30 rain.).
• "The Nature of the Upper Atmosphere" (30 rain.).
• "Communications Satellites" (30 min.).
• "Aerospace Information--National Servant and Asset" (25
rain.).
• "Electric Propulsion" (about 25 min.).
• "John Glenn's Visit to Japan" (30 min.).
• "Launch Vehicles for Space Science Missions" (25 min.).
• "Film on News Media Coverage of a NASA Event" (30 rain.).
• "Historical Origins of NASA" (30 min.).
• "Zero to Infinity" (describes research being carried on at
NASA--60 rain.).
• "America in Space" (review of the first 5 years of NASA--
13_/_ rain.).
Film Depository Services.--From January through June, the Office
of Educational Programs and Services received, stored, and cataloged
10,525 feet of motion picture film, bringing to a total of 4,176,004 feet
the motion picture film in the central depository. This footage covers
spacecraft and launch vehicle development, launchings, astronaut
trMning, and other space activities.
During this period the Agency's central film depository made 162,027
feet of motion picture footage available to requesters--principally to
makers of educational and documentary films, Land to television
producers.
Ten NASA film libraries anal service areas were estwblished
throughout the country to augment the Headquarters film library
service to representatives of educationM, civic, industrial, professional,
youth activity, and governmental organizations, and to commercial
and educational television.
As of June, 2,465 prints of 42 films were in NASA libraries and
tracking facilities throughout the world. During this 6-month period,
5 These films are available to the public without chargo other than return mailing and
insurance costs. Requests should be addressed to the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Office of Educational Programs and Services, Educational Audio-Visual
Branch, Washington, D.C., 20546.
INFORMATIONAL AND SPONSORED RESEARCH PROGRAMS 145
157 films were furnished to spacemobile workshops, conferences,

space science and educational workshops, and scientific festivals.
Audience total figures for the period were 2,715,410 for nonthea_trical
showings and an estimated 11,208,133 TV viewers.
Educational Television and Radio
During the first half of 1963, television and radio were used exten-
sively for NASA instructional and informatioual programs on space
science. More than 100 television stations were supplied audiovisual
production aids in the form of documentary programs, film clips, still
photographs, sound effects, scripts, publications, and background data.
Five half-hour documentary television programs entitled "Space
Science Sixty-three" (fig. 8-1) were produced by the Agency. Filmed
in Washington and on location, these programs illustrated principles
of space science, launching procedures and anticipated benefits of
lunar exploration, scientific and applications satellites, the final Project
Mercury mission, early rocket development, and the testing and
evaluation of satellites. Each program was distributed to the 72 edu-
cational television stations in the United States for telecast to high
school and adult audiences, and was made available to commercial
television stations, educational institutions, and public service groups.
The series will be continued under the title "Space Science Sixty-
four."
Also produced under NASA supervision were:
--Scripts for a series of five half-hour color films on basic space

science for junior high schools and general audiences. These
programs--produced under NASA contract by the National
Educational Television and Radio Center--will be available in
the spring of 1964 for television broadcasting to schools and
homes and for classroom and group showings.
--A video tape of Astronaut John Glenn in a question-and-answer
session with junior and senior high school students.
--A video-tape recording of a classroom (fig. 8-3) showing the
teaching of sp.'tce science to students in the Glens Falls (N.Y.)
Elementary School.
--Several special educational television programs for broadcast
and closed-circuit use. These included telecasts of the NASA
press conference on the Mariner II space probe of Venus; ad-
dresses by John Glenn and Robert White before the annual con-
vention of the American Association of School Administrators
in Atlantic City; dedicatory ceremonies of the Friendship 7
spacecraft at the Smithsonian Institution; a NASA space-
mobile space science demonstration; and closed-circuit trans-
733-348 O--64--11
Figure 8-1 , NASA television program “Space Science Sixty-three.’’

Figure 8-2. Video-tape recording of inservice training program for teachers.
mission and video-tape recording of the NASA Industry Con-

ference. Each broadcast program was made available to the
three national commercial television networks and the educa-
tional television network.
In February, on the first annivemry of Astronaut Glenn’s flight,
NASA arranged a premiere showing of the film “The John Glenn
Story” over the 72 educational television stations throughout the
United States.
The Agency also supervised the production of a series of 13 half-
hour radio programs based on presentations before the Second Na-
tional Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space that were carried
on more than 65 educational and commercial radio stations.
Ex hibits
From January through June the Agency’s exhibits, coupled with
NASA exhibits sponsored by the U.S. Information Agency, presented
to people all over the world evidence of accomplishments in the space
sciences in a free and open society.
The exhibit on the civilian space program of the United States
at the Pans Air Salon, June 6-16, was the largest and most com-
prehensive shown overseas by NASA to date. Opened by President
De Gaulle on June 7, the exhibit was visited by nearly half a million
148 NASA NINTH SEMIANN'UAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
people. Covering 7,800 square feet and planned and built in record
time, it featured Astronaut Walter Schirra's Sigma 7 spacecraft from
his orbital flight of October 3, 1962, and constituted a new design
concept for NASA exhibits.
After conclusion of the Paris Air Salon, the Schirra spacecraft
and selected exhibits were moved to Supreme Headquarters Allied
Powers, Europe (SHAPE), in Paris, to be shown until June 20, dur-
ing the annual "Shapex" conference of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. Upon completion of the NATO showing, the craft
and accompanying explanatory panels were loaned to the Museum de
la Decouverte before being shipped to Toulouse as a feature exhibit
of the air salon there. They are scheduled to be shown at the Inter-
national Boy Scout Jamboree in Marathon, Greece, in August.
A major NASA exhibit, shown for the first time in Lausanne,
Switzerland, in September 1962, was later displayed in Paris and
Stockholm, and was in the Urania House, West Berlin, at the end
of the report period. An estimated 400,000 persons have already seen
this 4,000-square-foot exhibit showing U.S. progress in space.
USIA-Sponsored NASA Ezhlbits A broad.--N AS A, during the first
6 months of 1963, maintained close liaison with the Department of
State and the U.S. Information Agency in planning and scheduling
NASA exhibits overseas.
Among NASA exhibits on loan to USIA were six full-scale Project
Mercury spac_raft, six 1/3-scale Mercury exhibits, eight full-scale
TIROS meteorological spacecraft models, and various small-scale
mod_ls of artificial satellites. USIA-sponsored space exhibits in Bel-
gium, Japan, and Yugoslavia drew almost 2 million visitors.
NASA E_hibts in the United Sta.tes.--Requests for NASA exhibits
to be shown within the continental United States increased to an
average of more than 75 a month. Approximately 200 exhibits, rang-
ing in size from 2,000 to 19,000 square feet, were shown in this country
during the 6-month period, an average of one major NASA exhibit
in a different American city every 22 hours. About 50 other smaller
exhibits also were booked.
The largest domestic exhibit project to date was at the Chicago
Space Month, April 6-May 10--a total of 18,000 square feet of ex-
hibits in seven locations. The Chicago Museum of Science and Indus-
try and the Adler Planetarium retained their portion of the Space
Month exhibits through the summer.
On February 20, NASA furnished exhibits for four different loca-
tions in the United States to commemorate the first, anniversary of
Astronaut John Glenn's flight. The Smithsonian Institution on that
day accepted the Glenn spacecraft for permanent display at, the
National Air Museum in Washington, D.C. In addition, the Agency
planned new exhibits to reflect the transition from Project Mercury

to the extended two-man orbital flights of Gemini and the lunar ex-
ploration of Project Apollo.
NASA Artists' Cooperation Program

Under its Artists' Cooperation Program, the Agency assigned eight
nationally recognized artists to record their impressions of Astronaut
Cooper's Project Mercury orbital flight in _fay. About 60 sketches
were selected for public release from the hundreds of drawings made
by Peter Hurd, Lamar Dodd, Mitchell Jamieson, Robert T. McCall,
Robert Shore_ John W. McCoy II, Paul Calle, and George A.
Weymouth.
From these sketches, the artists will prepare paintings which NASA
will send on display tours throughout the United States. Reproduc-
tions of the works will tour schools and other public institutions in
every part of the country. They will also illustrate NASA publica-
tions and appear in other graphic presentations, as well as in docu-
mentary films. The Agency plans to obtain similar art records of
future NASA activities of major current interest to the public or of
historical significance.
Scientific cnd Technical InFormation

During the first half of 1963, NASA's Office of Scientific and Tech-
nical I.nformation increased its services and improved its methods of
disseminating information to meet the steadily mounting demands of
an expanding aerospace community.
The Agency continued to emphasize accessibility of these services to
its research centers and major contractors; it also placed further em-
phasis on more efficient and economical information handling tech-
niques to meet the needs of industry, government, the universities,
private institutions, and others who support or have direct interest
in NASA research, development, and operation.
Abstract-Index Journals
The Agency's abstract journal Technical Publication._ Announce-
ments ( TPA ) was renamed Scientifw and Technical Aerospace Re- "
ports (STAR) on January 1. Issued on the 8_h and 23d of each
month, the semimonthly journal contains the abstracts and four in-
dividual indexes, which are cumulated quarterly_ semiannually, and
annually. Almost 10_000 copies are distributed twice monthly. 6
6 STAR is also available to the general public on a single-c0py or subscription

basis from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 20402, who will furnish prices on request.
The number of abstracts published in Scientific and Technical Aero-

space Reports increased more rapidly during the first 6 months of
1963 than those carried in TPA for any similar period; there is every
indication that the rate of growth will continue.
The special cooperative arrangement with the American Institute
of Aeronautics & Astronautics became effective on Junuary 1 also.
Under the terms of this agreement (described in the Eighth Semi-
annual Report) the institute's International Aerospace Abstracts jour-
nal (IAA) was realined to dovetail with STAR.
Both journals use the same abstract arrangement and indexing sys-
tem, and both provide cumulative indexes. International Aerospave
Abstracts also appears semimonthly--on the 1st and 15th. To avoid
duplication, IAA concentrates on journal and book literature on an
international basis; STAR covers the world output of technical report
]iterature.
Scientific and Technical Publications
Four hundred technical notes and technical reports were issued dur-
ing this period as compared to 300 for the last half of 1962. Twenty-
one Special Publications * were also released. These included the
Third United States Manned Orbital Flight; Second NASA-Indus-
try Program Plan_ Conference; The Observatory Genera_ian of
Satellites; U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 196_ (in cooperation with the
Air Force and the Weather Bureau); and Selected Welding
Techniques.
State-of-the-art summaries in specific fields of space science were
published as monographs, s Titles included "Geophysics and Astron-
omy in Space Exploration," "Lunar and Planetary Sciences in Space
Exploration," "Celestial Mechanics and Space Flight Analysis,"
"Data Acquisition from Spacecraft," "Control, Guidance, and Navi-
gation of Spacecraft," "Chemical Rocket Propulsion," "Nuclear
Rocket Propulsion," "Power for Spacecraft," "Electric Propulsion for
Spacecraft," "Aerodynamics of Space Vehicles," "Gas Dynamics in
Space Exploration," "Plasma Physics and Magnetohydrodynamics in
Space Exploration," "Laboratory Techniques in Space Environment
Research," "Materials for Space Operations," and "Structures for
Space Operations."
_Avallable from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govermn,ent Printing Office,

Washington D.C., 20402 (See app. F for selected titles.)
s Also available from the Superintendent of Documents.
INFORMATIONAL AND SPONSORED RESEARCH PROGRAIVIS 151
Computer Tapes
NASA's Scientific and Technical Information Facility now sup-

plies the Agency's research centers and major contractors with dupli-
cate magnetic tapes on an automatic distribution basis. These tapes
add immeasurably to the information storage and retrieval capability
of the recipients and allow them to expedite their literature searches
and bibliographic studies. Twelve NASA centers and contractors
currently receive four new, updated magnetic-tape reels twice monthly.
Microforms--a Government Standard
In April, NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission announced

jointly that the AEC had agreed to use the Agency's microform
method of reproducing scientific and technical publications. The
announcement that the 5- by 8-inch microform transparencies would
be used marked a step toward a planned standardization of Govern-
ment-wide microcopying. The system will increase efficiency and
lower costs.
In June, a committee of the Federal Council on Science and Tech-
nology recommended that all Federal agencies adhere to the NASA-
AEC standards to avoid such variations in photographic reproduction
processes as transparent or opaque materials, cards or reels, and dif-
ferent image spacings and magnifications.
Library Collections of NASA Reports

To assure greater public availability of complete collections of
NASA reports, 240 public, university, and special libraries through-
out the United States were receiving either full or specialized collec-
tions of these NASA scientific and technical documents by the end
of June, an increase of 48 since the end of the preceding report period.
Literature Search Service
About 150 special bibliographies were compiled and sent to re-

questers through a literature search service inaugurated d.uring this
reporting period. The bibliographies and searches in this new, rap-
idly expanding service were prepared by using the computer at the
Agency's Scientific and Technical Information Facility.
Foreign Exchange Program

Arrangements were completed for the exchange of scientific and
technical information with 22 additional research organizations
in 14 countries. Such exchange agreements now total 238 in 52
courrtries.
Advanced Information Handling Technique

A pilot program was initiated during the first 6 months of 1963
to match subject content profiles of NASA and other scientific and
technical reports--byproducts of the Agency's documentation sys-
tem-to the needs and interests of NASA scientists and engineers.
Over 500 NASA technical personnel began preparing subject matter
profiles reflecting their specialties, needs, and interests. These sub-
ject matter profiles will be matched with the subject content profiles
by a computer. This process will provide the basis for automatic
distribution of the reports to meet users' specified needs.
Requests for Information Services

From January through June, requests for NASA's scientific and
technical reports increased from 10,000 a month to over 18,000, as a
result of the widespread availability of the Scientific and Techn_al
Aerospace Reports and Inter_ation_ Aerospace Abstracts announce-
ment journals and their indexes.
University Programs
Universities and colleges are the sources of the scientific, techno-
logical, and administrative manpower and of many of the creative
ideas, skills, and techniques essential for the success of the national
space effort. Their participation in the space program and in other
federally sponsored programs of national scope has made these insti-
tutions invaluable communication links between Government and
industrial communities. The extent of their contributions is illus-
trated by the active university grants and research contracts (shown
in appendix K).
Sustaining University Program

NASA's relations with universities and colleges are based on an
awareness and appreciation of their unique capabilities• The expan-
sion and acceleration of the national space effort made it evident that
these capabilities were not being utilized fully. NASA accordingly
sought new means of collaborating with the university community
for mutual benefit. The result was the establishment of the Sustaining
University Program whose three objectives, as described in the Eighth
Seminannual Report, are to increase the supply of scientists and engi-
neers required in space-related science and technology; to assist in
providing university facilities urgently needed for space research;
and to encourage creative multidisciplinary investigations, develop-
ment of new capabilities, and consolidation of research activities.
Tmin_g.--Predoctoral training grants marked the first effort of

the Sustaining University Program to expand the number of scien-
tists and engineers. The grants are made to qualified universities for
the training of graduate students of demonstrated outstanding ability
who are specializing in science and engineering. Each grant provides
tho student recipient annu.al support in the amount of $2,400, plus up
to $1,000 additional. The university receives funds to cover tuition,
laboratory fees, and other training expenses. Student performance
is reviewed annually.
The first 10 grants to 10 universities for the training of 100 students
were made in April 1962. The first group of recipients specialized
in subjects representing a good cross section of the space-related dis-
ciplines. In April 1963, several new 3-year training grants were
awarded to each of the first 10 institutions, and to 78 other universities,
thus enabling nearly 800 students to begin training in September 1963.
The number of training grants awarded varied according to university
and student requirements.
The predoctoral program is the principal training endeavor of the
Sustaining University Program, but other specialized types of uni-
versity training important to the space effort are also supported by
NASA. During this period, for example, plans were completed for
a 6-week Summer Institute in Space Physics to be held for the second
year at Columbia University under the direction of Dr. Robert
Jastrow. Plans also wero made for a Summer Institut_ in Planetary
Physics to be held for the first time this year under the direction of
Dr. Gordon Macdonald at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Facilities.--Research laboratory facilities are vital to a university
both in teaching and developing scientific and technical manpower,
and in providing the environment for creative ideas that may benefit
technological enterprises. Early NASA experience demonstrated that
progress in projects of interest to the Agency was hampered at uni-
versities where facilities were inadequate. For this reason, the facili-
ties grant program was initiated.
Generally, proposals for facilities grants are favorably considered
only for institutions currently conducting substantial research for
NASA and where failure to expand facilities or build new ones will
impede NASA projects. The amount of funding for each facility
varies according to need and research objectives, but the research
use of the facility must support NASA needs and objectives. Among
other things, a facilities grant requires the university to explore
means by which NASA-supported research can be applied to the
business, economic, and social structures of the United States. During
this period, the Sustaining University Program awarded facilities
grants to nine institutions, in addition to the six selected to receive

grants in the preceding year.
A $3 million facilities grant under consideration for construction of
a Center for Space Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technologs_
illustrates the broad scope and long-range planning underlying this
program. Among the space projects planned for the Center are re-
search in nuclear propulsion for interplanetary exploration; a study
of the behavior of materials under the extreme environmental condi-
tions of space; the development of highly specialized probes to improve
space co .mmunication; geophysics, including spectroscopic studies of
matter in outer space such as meteorites; space biology and bio-
astronautics research for sterilization of space craft and life support
and nutrition for manned space flight; and the effects of space re-
search and exploration on national policies, on the economy, and on
foreign policy.
Research.--Under the Sustaining University Program, NASA sup-
ports unsolicited research. The objectives of this support are to pro-
vide funds for research which overlaps or falls outside of the scope of
specific NASA programs and responsibilities; to consolidate related
research projects into an active multidisciplinary structure; and to en-
courage the development and cooperation of research groups at pres-
ently nonparticipating institutions.
During the first half of 1963, 25 grants of this nature were awarded
to as many institutions. This research support under the Sustaining
University Program, although small compared to the sponsored re-
search program, is enlarging and extending the participation of
universities and colleges in the national space pi'ogram.
SponsoredResearchProgram
NASA supports diverse research activities ranging from very spe-
cific projects having immediate program requirements to broad
multidisciplinary undertakings, and from basic and theoretical investi-
gations to technological applications such as instrumentation for
satellite experiments.
Under the Sponsored Research Program, NASA supports research
by nonprofit educational institutions, scientific institutions, industrial
organizations, and other Government agencies. It does not, however,
formally solicit research proposals. Research aims in this program
are basic in character: to expand existing fundamental knowledge and
to broaden the basic structure of research capabilities for the long-
range requirements of the national space program.
The Office of Grants and Research Contracts (OGRC) receives and
insures the proper handling of all unsolicited proposals. Grants and
INFORMATIONAL AND SPONSORED RESEARCH PROGRAIVIS 155
research contracts are issued and administered by the 0GRC to non-

profit scientific and educational institutions whose proposals relate to
and support NASA's mission. The Office initiates policies governing
NASA relationships wi/_h such institutions and provides their contact
with the Administration.
Instructions on the preparation of proposals for NASA-sponsored
research grants or contracts are available in the OGRC Brochure which
may be obtained from NASA's Office of Grants and Research
Contracts, Washington, D.C., 20546.
Grants and Research Contracts
During the period of this report, the Office of Grants and Research
Contracts received 1,547 unsolicited research proposals totaling
approximately $240 million. From t,hese and others previously sub-
mitted, 576 proposals were considered worthy of NASA support, and
negotiations leading to a grant or contract were started.
The Office of Grants and Research Contracts negotiated 433 pro-
posals, distributed as follows :
Number Total value

el awards Millions
Educational and nonprofit scientific insti'tu_ions .......... 379 $44. 3
Idustrial organizations ................................... 7 .4
Other Federal agencies ................................. 47 4. 5
433 49. 2
The remaining 143 proposals, largely from industrial organizations,

were negotiated by other NASA offices.
CHAPTER 9
Personnel, Management, and Procurement Functions
The growing complexity and size of NASA programs placed in-

creasingly heavy burdens on the agency's essential, n_)ntechnical
activities concerned with directing, managing, and financing the
Nation's space effort. The agency continued to seek out and employ
competent, highly motivated individuals necessary for both its techni-
cal and nontechnical functions; to aline its organizational structure
for better direction and more effective management; to manage its
financial affairs in the most efficient and economical manner possible;
and to develop procurement techniques and plans that would
adequately support all of the agency's programs.
Personnel
During the period, NASA focused considerable attention on those

personnel factors affecting employee performance and motivation.
These included training programs, evaluation of personnel manage-
ment practices, conflict of interest studies, and a new employee study.
Also, the agency made awards to outstanding individuals in the
space program and aggressively continued its efforts to recruit the
best available talent to fill vacancies.
Employee Development
To improve the skills of its people and to prepare them for in-
creasingly complex assignments, NASA conducted training progTaans
and seminars geared to meet the agency's specific requirement& More
than 400 employees were in apprentice programs throughout NASA.
In February, 76 people were graduated from such programs con-
ducted at the Langley and Lewis Research Centers. Some 300 NASA
officials completed the executive seminar for program and project
managers; the program was continued, with the training materials
being continuously updated. Other continuing programs included
the advanced graduate study program, the cooperative education
program, the NASA PERT course, and the management intern
program.
PersonnelProgram Evaluation
N_SA instituted a program to evaluate its personnel management
practices and procedures in relation to the agency's own polices as
156
PERSONNEL, MANAGEMENT, AND PROCUREMENT FUNCTIONS 157
well as to statutory and regulatory requirements. Four NASA in-

stallations were visited by headquarters representatives; plans call for
a team of program are_ specialists to visit six installntions per year.
The teams are to study local practices and procedures and, if neces-
sary, suggest corrective courses of action.
Action To Prevent Conflict of Interest

NASA issued its own set of instructions implementing recent con-
flict-of-interest statutes and the late President Kennedy's memoran-
dum on the a,roidance of conflict of interest. In addition_ the agency
initiated a pilot series of conflict-of-interest seminars for GS-14 and
higher level employees and found them to be a valuable management
tool ; it plans to continue offering them.
Study of Recently Hired Engineers and Scientists

NASA sent a detailed questionnaire to each of the 3_710 scientists
and engineers it hired during a 15-month period that ended with
September 1962; the purpose of the questionnaire was to obtain in-
formation which might prove valuable in follow-on recruiting efforts.
Of those queried_ 3_448 returned usable responses. These responses
provided the following data :
a. Except for Alaska, all States and the District of Columbia
were represented; however_ two-thirds of those hired came from
States where aerospace industry was concentrated;
b. NASA's organized recruiting effort prompted the first in-
terest in employment of one-third of the group;
c. The distribution of degrees (B.S., M.A., Ph.D., etc.) was
proportionally the same as that found among scientists and engi-
neers already employed by NASA (over 65 different fields of
degrees were represented) ;
d. Over three-fourths of the group said they were in the upper
half of their class in academic standing;
e. Most of those hired came from industry or government--
very few came from college faculties;
f. About half of those from industry came from NASA's
principal contractors--particularly from those experiencing work
cut backs during the recruiting period (over 285 firms were
represented) ;
g. College recruiting resulted in selections from 220 schools,
predominantly from those near NASA centers or with NASA
co-op training agreements;
h. Two-thirds of those from Government and almost two-thirds
158 NASA NINTH SEI_ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
of those from industry were employed at the same or lower

salaries.
By making use of these results in its recruiting program, NASA
expects to increase the efficiency of its employee selection process.
Personnel Summary Statement

NASA continued its vigorous efforts to recruit necessary scientists,
engineers, and mathematicians. At the beginning of this reporting
period, NASA was employing 9,240 in these categories; at the end
of the period, 10,978 were on board. To meet this increase of 1,738,
a total of 2,036 were hired (new positions plus turnover).
The agency's total manpower complement at the end of the period
was 29,934, reflecting an increase of 4,267 since December 31, 1962.
A detailed breakdown of the total complement is as follows:
a. Scientists and engineers in aerospace technology and in related super-
visory and management positions ................................ 10, 573
b. Engineers, mathematicians, and other technical professionals support-
_g the above group ............................................. 405
v. Scientific and engineering assistants and technicians such as drafts-
men, designers, computer specialists, and i_llustrators .............. 4, 079
d. Professional, administrative, and management positions in legal, pro-
curement, finance, personnel, technical information, education, and
related specialized areas .......................................... 2, 800
e. Olerical and adminlstrv_tive positions ................................ 5,292
f. Skilled trades and crafts employees and related skilled, semiskilled,
and unskilled laborers ............................................ 6, 785
Included in the staff were 90 noncitizen scientists and 238 military

personnel on loan from the armed services. Excluded from this total
were the 4,045 employees of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasa-
dena, Calif., which is operated for NASA under contract with the
California Institute of Technology.
Distribution of personnel by geographical location on December 31,
1962, and June 30, 1963, was as follows:
Organizational Unit December 31 June 80
Ames Research Center ......................................... 1,825 2, 116

Flight Research Center ........................................ 568 616
Goddard Space Flight Center .................................. 2, 858 3, 487
Langley Research Genter ...................................... 4, 007 4, 220
Lewis Research Center ........................................ 4, 118 4, 697
Mars_'ll Space Flight Center .................................. 6, 844 7, 332
Ma_aned Spacecraft Oenter ..................................... 2, 392 3, 345
Wallops Station ............................................... 430 493
Western Operations Office ...................................... 247 308
AEC--NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office ................... 67 96
North Eastern Office ........................................... 10 25
Pacific Launch Operations Office ................................ 14 17
Launch Operations Center ..................................... 604 1,181
Headquarters ................................................ 1.683 2, 001
PERSONNEL,
MANAGEMENT, AND PROCUREMENT FUNCTIONS 159
NASA Awards and Honors
During the period, more than a score of individuals and groups

received NASA awards and honors. The recipients and recognitions
presented were as follows:
Leroy Gordon Cooper (Manned Spacecraft Center) received the
NASA Distinguished Service Medal. The NASA Medal for Out-
standing Leadership was presented to G. Merrit Preston, Kenneth
S. Kleinlumcht, Christopher C. Craft, Maj. Gem Leighton I. Davis,
USAF, all of Manned Spacecraft Center, and Floyd L. Thompson of
Langley Research Center.
At the Flight Research Center, the following men were awarded the
NASA Exceptional Bravery Award for the emergency rescue of a
pilot following an X-15 landing accident: Capt. Paul J. Balfe,.Capt.
Lynn B. Rowe, T. Sgt. Charles L. Manes, A3c. Larry J. Hough, Mr.
Curtis C. Lyons, all of the USAF, and Mr. John A. Gordon of NASA.
The NASA Group Achievement Award went to the Aeronomy Divi-
sion, the Meteorology Division, and the Delta Project Group, all of
Goddard Space Flight Center; the Department of Defense Recovery
Forces; and the Air Force Space Systems Division.
Mr. George M. Low and Edgar M. Cortright of Headquarters re-
ceived the Arthur S. Flemming Award. Robert O. Piland of Manned
Spacecraft Center was the recipient of the Lawrence Sperry Award.
The Sylvanus Albert Reed Award was presented to Walter C. Wil-
liams, also of Manned Spacecraft Center. Eleanor C. Pressley, God-
dard Space Flight Center, received the Federal Women's Award.
William A. Fortenberry, Marshall Space Flight Center, was pre-
sented with the William A. Jump Memorial Foundation Award.
And each of the following was awarded the Fellow of Institute of
Aerospace Sciences: Walter C. Williams, John V. Becker, Langley
Research Center, Paul F. Bikle, Flight Research Center, and Hermann
H. Kurzweg of Headquarters.
Key Personnel Changes During Period

During the period, a number of major personnel appointments,
reassignments, and resignations occurred within the agency. These
changes were as follows :
Appointments
Mr. Julian W. Scheer was appointed as Deputy Assistant Adminis-

trator for Public Affairs, on February 3, 1963. This position was
redesignated, April 26, 1963, as Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Technology Utilization and Policy Planning. Mr. Scheer had served
160 NASA NINTH SEI_ANN-UAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
as a consultant to Dr. Simpson, the Assistant Administrator for

Public Affairs, from November 1963; he came to NASA following
a career in public relations and newspaper work.
On March 3, 1963, Dr. Richard M. Head was appointed Associate
Director for Sciences and Applications, Office of Plans and Program
Evaluation. He came from the position of professor of aeronautics,
U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif. Dr. Head suc-
ceeded Dr. John Hagen who had previously resigned.
Mr. Robert H. Charles was appointed as a Special Assistant to the
Administrator, on June 14, 1963. In this capacity he will be chiefly
concerned with NASA's contracted programs and contractor rela-
tionships. Mr. Charles came to NASA following an extended career
in a number of major industries.
Mr. Robert F. Garbarini was appointed Director, Office of Applica-
tions, on June 27, 1963. He succeeded Mr. Morton J. Stoller (de-
ceased). Mr. Garbarini came from the position of chief engineer,
Air Armament Division, Sperry Gyroscope Co., Great Neck, N.Y.
On June 25, 1963, Mr. Earl D. Hill'burn was designated as Deputy
Associate Administrator, but was not expected to report for duty
until July 12, 1963. He came to NASA from the position of vice-presi-
dent and general manager, Electronic Division, of the Curtiss-Wright
Corp., Wood-Ridge, N.J.
On February 11, 1963, Mr. James C. Elms was appointed as Deputy
Director for Development and Programs at the NASA Manned
Spacecraft Center, Houston, Tex. Mr. Elms came from the position
of general manager of electronics operations, within the Aeronautics
Division of the Ford Motor Co., Newport Beach, Calif.
Reassignments
Mr. Albert F. Siepert was appointed Deputy Director, NASA

Launch Operations Center, Cocoa Beach, Fla., oll April 14, 1963. He
had served as NASA's Director of Administration from October 13,
1958.
Also on April 14, 1963, Mr. John D. Young was appointed Director
of Administration, and Mr. Don D. Cadle was appointed Deputy
Director of Administration. Mr. Cadle had previously served as
Director of Resources Programming within NASA's Office of
Programs.
On February 20, 1963, Mr. George M. Low was named Deputy
Director for Programs, Office of Manned Space Flight. Mr. Low
had served as Director of Spacecraft and Flight Missions (a division
of the Office of Manned Space Flight) from November 1, 1961.
On April 23, 1963, Mr. Walter L. Lingle, who had served as Assist-
PERSONNEL_ MANAGEMENT_ AND PROCUREMENT FUNCTIONS 161
ant Administrator for Management Development since August 1962,

was also made Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry Affairs.
Resignations and Other Terminations
Mr. Thomas F. Dixon resigned from the position of Deputy Asso-

ciate Administrator, on March 1,1963. He had served in that capabity
since November 1, 1961, and had previously served as Director of the
former Office of Launch Vehicle Programs.
On May 31, 1963, Mr. James E. Sloan resigned from the position of
Director of Systems Integration and Checkout, within the Office of
Manned Space Flight. He had served in this capacity since his ap-
pointment in February 1962.
Mr. Charles W. Fricke, who had served as Project Manager, Apollo
Spacecraft, within the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston,
Tex., from February 1962, resigned, April 29, 1963.
Mr. John C. Houbolt, Chief of the Theoretical Mechanics Division,
Langley Research Center, resigned January 25, 1963, following a long
and distinguished career as a research scientist and administrator at
that 'Center.
Mr. Morton J. Stoller, Director, Office of Applications, passed
away on June 13, 1963. Mr. Stoller had served in this capacity from
November 1, 1962. Previously, he had served as Assistant Director
for Satellite and Sounding Rocket Programs within the former Office
of Space Flight Programs. He had been with the NASA and former
NACA from 1939, and had served as Assistant Chief, Instrument Re-
search Division, at the Langley Laboratory from 1947 until his trans-
fer to NASA Headquarters in 1958.
Contributions Awards
NASA's Inventions and Contributions Board evaluates for possible

monetary award the scientific and technical contributions made by any
person (sec. 306, Space Act of 1958). During this period, the Board
received 1,701 communications and evaluated 935 contributions. From
such evaluations, the agency made six awards--four to NASA em-
ployees and two to contractor employees. (Thirteen Space Act awards
of this nature have been made through tZis period.)
In addition, under the Incentive Awards Act of 1954, the Board
made 67 monetary awards for inventions of NASA employees. (See
App. H for list of awards granted, app. G for Membership of the
Inventions and Contributions Board.)
733--348 0----64------12
Patent Rights Waived

The Inventions and Contributions Board also recommended that
the petitions for 19 waivers of patent rights be granted and one denied.
The Administrator approved these recommendations. A list of waiv-
ers granted and denied is included as appendix I. In addition,
appendix J lists all waivers granted and denied by NASA since it
was established.
Technology Utilization Program
NASA established the Office of Industrial Applications in Novem-

ber 1961. Its purpose: To disseminate information about new ideas
and processes resulting from space research and development. The
information, identified and submitted by field center Industrial Ap-
plications Officers and by NASA contractors, is screened and evaluated
at headquarters. It is then made available to industry for possible
application of the innovations to the civilian economy.
During the period, NASA moved to expand the industrial applica-
tions program. The Office of Industrial Applications was redesig-
nated the Office of Technolo_o T Utilization and reassig'ned to the Office
of the Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization and Policy
Planning. Also, the agency contracted with seven industrial research
organizations (Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute,
Arthur D. Little, Inc., Battelle Memorial Institute, Midwest Research
Institute, Southern Research Institute, Southwest Research Institute,
and Stanford Research Institute) to assist in identifying space-related
innovations and in evaluating their industrial potential.
In addition, an Aerospace Research Applications Center was estab-
lished at Indiana University under a NASA contract. In direct co-
operation with 30 industrial concerns, the Center began a pilot study
to determine the most effective methods of transferring space research
information to industry. The Center will use a computer facility for
storage and retrieval of data from the Technology Utilization Pro-
gram and from NASA's overall scientific and technical information
program.
The field centers submitted between 700 and 800 reports on in-house
innovations of potential industrial or other use. The innovations fall
into the following broad areas of possible application: electrical and
electronics (34 percent) ; mechanical and metallurgical (34 percent) ;
materials and chemical (22 percent) ; energy sources and propulsion
(9 percent) ; and life sciences, medical and public health (1 percent).

In another phase of this program, NASA began issuing publica-
tions describing space-related innovations. In May, the first in a
new series of "Applications Notes" appeared. This booklet, Selected
Welding Techniques, describes eight welding ideas developed at Mar-
shall Space Flight Center. An initial printing of 6,000 copies was
e_hausted in 2 weeks, and a second printing was ordered to meet
demand.
NASA also tested short films as a means of spreading information
about specific innovations of potential use to industry. Two 5-minute
films were produced and shown at industrial meetings, at NASA
installations and to other Government agencies.
In another approach to informing industry about new knowledge
resulting from the space program, NASA participated in the Chicago
International Trade Fair (June 19-July 7, 1963). The agency's
space technology exhibit used films, displays, and models to show
NASA innovations having possible commercial applications. For
example, one model of a device developed for tlae Apollo space-
craft to soften the impact of landing on the moon attracted industry.
The device, called a frangible tube energy absorption system, uses
fragmenting tubes made of a special aluminum alloy. Industry in-
terest in the system was based on its possibilities for use as a shock
absorber at the bottom of elevator shafts and for use on helicopters
and airplanes to minimize shock and damage in emergency landings.
The infrared micrometer is another example of the transfer of space
technology to industrial use. Developed from the infrared horizon
sensors used in connection with the stablization of missiles, rockets,
and the Mercury capsules, the infrared diminsional gauge can be used
by the steel industry to measure the diameter of hot steel rods being
processed at 70 miles an hour. This method, which makes highly
accurate measurements every 8 inches, replaces manual measurement
of diameter at 3,000-foot intervals after cooling. It will materially
enhance the high-speed production capability of the steel mills.
Organizational Improvements
To improve the effectiveness of its management and to enhance its

ability to accomplish all requirements of the Nation's space program,
NASA established certain new offices and redesignated others to
broaden their areas of responsibility. Offices affected include Tech-
nology Utilization and Policy Planning, Deputy Associate Adminis-
trator for Industry Affairs, Management Information Systems Divi-
sion, the Division of Transportation and Logistics, and a new Regional
Inspection Office (at Marshall Space Flight Center). In addition,
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NASA Center and Program Director responsibilities were clarified,

the agency's planning system was revised, and the Inventions and
Contributions Board's processing of patent waivers was expedited.
Technology Utilization and Policy Planning OFfice Established

During the period, NASA broadened and reoriented one of its
assistant administrator offices, designating it Assistant Administrator
for Technology Utilization and Policy Planning. The purpose of this
change was to centralize and further emphasize the agency's efforts
to help the Nation's economy make greater use of the scientific and
technological advances stemming from the space program. To achieve
its assigned purpose, this office is expected to develop close working
relationships between NASA and both universities and industries in
applying the results of space efforts to the economy on a regional basis.
In addition to encompassing the technology utilization and industrial
applications activities, this office also temporarily included the public
affairs functions. (A further change to increase the effectiveness of
the public affairs functions was being planned at the close of the
period.)
Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry AFfairs

NASA established a new position, the Deputy Associate Adminis-
trator for Industry Affairs, to provide top level management and
supervision of NASA's increasing procurement activities. The re-
sponsibilities of this position cover the agency's overall relationship
with industry, including development and review of agencywide pro-
curement policies and procedures.
Under this Deputy Associate Administrator, the agency established
an Office of Procurement; to this office were transferred the procure-
ment policy functions formerly located in the Office of Administration.
The new Deputy Associate Administrator's functions also include
direction and coordination of activities of the North Eastern Office at
Cambridge, Mass., and the Western Operations Office at Santa
Monica, Calif. These field installations are primarily engaged in pro-
curement and contract administration matters.
Management Information Systems Division Established

A Division of Management Information Systems was established
in the Office of Administration; its purpose is to integrate the various
systems of information reporting which have been established through-
out the agency during the period of its rapid expansion. The Divi-
sion's activities cover both contractor and field installation reporting.
This Division will plan and direct the design and development of an
ageneywide management information system. Such a system should

eliminate overlapping in reporting; it is also expected to identify and
fill gaps in information now being provided general management.
Division of Transportation and Logistics Established

Because of the increasing complexity of its transportation and
logistics problems, NASA created a Division of Transportation and
Logistics within ,the Office of Administration. This Division is ex-
pected to cope with both the ordinary types of problems and unique
ones involving very large boosters. In ad'dition, the Division is to
concern itself with the transportation facilities required by the ex-
tensive construction program at the lunar launching site.
Regional Inspection Office Established

At Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA established the first of
several planned regional inspection offices. These offices will promptly
and thoroughly investigate allegations of favoritism in the award of
contracts, misuse of inside information, acceptance of gifts or gratui-
ties, or any other unethical or illegal activity. The establishment of
the office at Huntsville, Ale., and of others will permit more rapid
resolution of allegations, at lesser cost.
NASA Center and Program Director Responsibilities ClariFied

A General Management Instruction was issued to define and clarify
the functions and responsibilities of Center Directors; this instruction
also revised the functions of Headquarters Program Directors.
Project Planning System Revised

In March, NASA revised and simplified its project planning and
management system. The revised system requires that only a brief
description of proposed projects be strbmitted to the Associate Ad-
ministrator for approval. The Associate Administrator's approval
of a proposal is indicated by his signature on a Project Approval
Document (this document defines the scope of the approval given,
including assignment of resources and management responsibility).
The Project Approval Document constitutes a contract between the
Associate Administrator .and the responsible Headquarters Program
Director.
A detailed plan for execution of the project is then developed--
primarily by affected field centers. This documen h called the Project
Development Plan, constitutes a contract between the Program Direc-
tor and the participating Center Directors regarding the project's
execution. This plan is required for review by the Associate Admin-
istrator's staff within 90 days after approval of the Project Approval

Documer_t.
Patent Waiving Process Expedited
A management study of the activities of the Inventions and Con-

tributions Board resulted in several improvements in processing
petitions for waivers to U.S. patent rights. Recommendations in-
cluded an increase in the Board's staff, the addition of a full-time
Chairman, and several procedural changes to reduce the required proc-
essing time.
Financial Management
During the 6-month period ending June 30, 1963, the Financial
Management Division issued several important instructions to field
installations which will strengthen the management of resources.
These instructions included guidelines and criteria for recording com-
mitments, obligations, and costs; the policy for establishing equituble
and uniform charges for NASA property and services furnished to
others; and financial control of inventory, fixed assets, and facilities in
the hands of NASA contractors.
The following tables show the financial operations of the Agency
during fiscal year 1963, and the planned program level for fiscal year
1964. Table 1 shows the funds obligated and disbursed during fiscal
year 1963 by program area. The appropriation summary shows the
availability of funds during the year (carryover from prior years plus
the new funds appropriated by the Congress), total obligations in-
curred against this availability, and the unobligated balance as of
June 30, 1963.
Table 2 shows the planned level of effort in the research, develop-
ment, and operation appropriation by program area and the amount
of funds budgeted for the consti,action of facilities.
Procurement hAanagement
NASA continued seeking ways of improving its procurement prac-

tices and contracting procedures. The overall goal is to develop and
employ those practices that will assure a sound and businesslike ap-
proach to achieving the Nation's space missions. Areas of effort in-
volved in this activity include contracts awarded to private business,
incentive contracts, better control of letter contracts, development of
uniform cost principles, relocation costs, equipment support, facilities
contracting, and certain contract limitations where two specific con-
tractors are concerned.
TABLE 1.--Status o[ appropriations as o[ June 30, 1963
[In thousand,s]
Appropriations
Disburse-
Research, development, and operation : Obligations ments
Manned spacecraft systems ......................... $718, 419 $565, 523
Launch vehicle and propulsion systems .............. 741,297 605, 356
Aerospace medicine ................................. 10, 347 4, 629
Integration and checkout ............................ 23, 602 17, 577
Systems engineering ................................ 18, 197 8, 779
Meteorological satellites .............................. 55, 473 41,066
Communication satellites ........................... 37, 444 41, 255
Advanced application satellites ...................... 294 14
Industrial applications ............................. 1, 989 308
Geophysics and astronomy ...................... .____ 152, 495 120, 905
Lunar and planetary exploration .................... 222, 877 183, 852
Bioscience ......................................... 10, 106 6, 521
Launch vehicle development ......................... 102, 995 97, 571
Facility, training and research grants ................ 24, 685 9, 073
Space vehicle systems .............................. 45, 798 29, 445
Electronic systems .................................. 18, 005 9, 414
Human factor systems .............................. 8, 816 4, 216
Nuclear electric systems ............................ 40, 210 25, 659
Nuclear rockets .................................... 68, 721 45, 828
Chemical propulsion ................................ 14, 817 8, 718
Space power ....................................... 10, 335 8, 389
Aeronautics ....................................... 18, 151 6, 329
Tracking and data acquisition ...................... 107, 351 75, 510
Personnel costs ..................................... 246, 575 231, 942
Operations of installations .......................... 179, 584 159, 630
Reimbursable ...................................... 64, 733 49, 946
Total, research, development, and opera¢ion ........ 2, 943, 316 2, 357, 455
Construction of facilities ................................ 573, 512 225, 615
Current Total Unobligated

Appropriation summary availability obligations balan_ce
Research, development, and operation ...... $3, 095, 039 $2, 943, 316 $151, 723
Construction of facilities .................. 969, 320 573, 512 395, 808
Total ............................... 4, 064, 359 3, 516, 828 547, 531
Contracts Awarded to Private Industry

NASA's procurements during the six months ending June 30, 1963,
totalled $1,923.2 million. This is 109 percent more than was awarded
during the corresponding period of fiscal year 1962.
Division of Procurement Awards.--Approximately 75 percent of
the net dollar value was placed directly with business firms; 4 percent
with educational and other nonprofit institutions or organizations;
4 percent with the California Institute of Technology for operation
of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; and 17 percent with or through
other government agencies.
PERSON-NEL, MANAGEMENT, AND PROCUREMENT FUNCTIONS 169
TABLE 2.---NASA budget estimates fiscal year 196_
[In thousan4s]
Appropriation
Research, development, and operation : 1965 estimates

Manned spacecraft systems .................................. $1, 566, 600
Launch vehicle and propulsion systems ....................... 1, 168, 500
Aerospace medicine .......................................... 16, 700
Integration and checkout .................................... 153, 000
Systems engineering ......................................... 37, 000
Meteorological satellites ..................................... 63, 700
Communications satellites .................................... 51, 100
Advanced application satellites .............................. 1, 000
Industrial applications ....................................... 3, 500
Geophysics and astronomy ................................... 194, 400
Lunar and planetary exploration ............................. 322, 600
Bio_ience .................................................. 35, 200
Launch vehicle development ................................. 130, 700
Facility, training, and research grants ........................ 55, 000
Space vehicle systems ....................................... 61, 962
Electronic systems ........................................... 30, 362
Human factor systems ...................................... 18, 200
Nuclear-electric ............................................ 68, 768
Nuclear rockets ............................................. 96, 687
Chemical propulsion ......................................... 22, 497
Space power ................................................ 16, 524
Aeronautics ................................................ 16, 200
Tracking and data acquisition ............................... 231, 500
Personnel costs ............................................. 319, 468
Operation of installations .................................... 240, 832
Total, research, development and operation ................. 4, 912, 000

Construction of facilities ......................................... 800, 000
Total .................................................... 5, 712, 000
About 90 percent of the dollar value of procurement requests placed

by NASA with other government agencies resulted in contracts with
industry awarded by those agencies for NASA. Also, about 83 per-
cent of the funds placed by NASA under the Jet Propulsion Labora-
tory contract resulted in subcontracts or purchases with business firms.
In short, about 94 percent of NASA's procurement dollars was con-
tracted to private industry.
Competitive Bidding.--Approximately 54 percent of the direct
awards was based on competitive procurement, either through formal
advertising or competitive negotiation. Forty-six percent represented
noncompetitive procurements, including renewals of previous awards.
Types of Contracts.--Reflecting the fact that NASA's procurements
are primarily for research and development, 76 perce_t of the awards
to business was placed under cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts. However,
in line with NASA's policy to include incentive provisions in its con-

tracts wherever appropriate, 8 percent of the awards represented
incentive type contracts. Twelve percent of the awards were placed
under firm fixed-price contracts. Remaining 4 percent included other
types of fixed-price and cost reimbursement contracts.
Small Business Partivipation.--Small business firms received 8 per-
cent of the dollar value of NASA's direct awards to business. Exclud-
ing the ten largest awards which were for major systems and hard-
ware requiring resources not generally within the capability of small
business on a prime contract basis, small business received 14 percent
of the total dollar awards to business. With respect to new contracts
of $25,000 and over awarded to business, small business obtained 10
percent of the total dollar awards.
Reports on NASA's subcontracting small business program indi-
cated that approximately 16 percent of NASA's dollar awards to large
business were being subcontracted to small business.
Geographical Distribution o/ Gontracts.--Within the United States,
NASA's prime contract awards were distributed to 47 States and the
District of Columbia.
Other Government Agencies Aid Procurement.--About $331.5 mil-
lion (17 percent) of NASA_s total procurement was placed with or
through other Government agencies, primarily the Department of
Defense. It is NASA policy to avoid duplication of effort and to
use its own and DOD resources most effectively and economically.
Thus, NASA purchases items through DOD which the military de-
partments can buy from industry most economically. For example,
some of the larger contracts were:
(1) Construction of vertical assembly building for Saturn C-5
development--S59.5 million. (Army Engineers.)
(2) Construction of various test and support facilities and
acquisition of land for Project Apollo---S24.4 million. (Army
Engineers.)
(3) Acquisition of land adjacent to Cape Kennedy for the ex-
pansion of Atlantic Missile Range facilities--S25.1 million.
(Army Engineers.)
(4) Design and construction of advanced Saturn second stage
S-IX static test facilities--S15.1 million. (Army Engineers.)
(5) Construction of operations and checkout building for
Manned Spacecraft Center at Merritt Island--S12.5 million.
(Army Engineers.)
(6) Design and engineering services for Mississippi Test Facil-
ity-S10 million. (Army Engineers.)
The principal placements with industry through the Air Force were :
(1) Titan II launch vehicles and equipment for Project

Gemini --$23.9 million. (Air Force.)
(2) Atlas boosters, hardware, and services for the Agena pro-
gram--S10.2 million. (Air Force.)
(3) Research and development and launch services for Agena
B vehicles and Project Gemini--S9.1 million. (Air Force.)
(4) Fabrication and testing of Atlas boosters for Project
Mercury--S7.7 million. (Air Force.)
Major Contract Awards.--Among the major research and develop-

ment aggregate contract awards by NASA during the period were
the following:
(1) North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif. Design,

develop, and test three-man earth to moon and return Apollo
spacecraft. Awarded $165 million; cumulative awards $325 mil-
lion (letter contract).
(2) McDonnell Aircraft Corp., St. Louis, Me. Design and
develop two-man Gemini spacecraft. Awarded $109 million;
cumulative awards $223 million.
(3) The Boeing Co., Huntsville, Ala. Design, develop, and
fabricate the S-IC stage of the Saturn V vehicle and construction
of facilities in support of SIC stage. Awarded $67 million
(new contract).
(4) North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif. Design,
develop, fabricate, and test the S-II stage of the Saturn V vehicle.
Awarded $55 million; cumulative awards $94 million.
(5) Aerojet General Corp., Azusa, Calif. Design, develop, and
produce a nuclear-powered rocket engine (NERVA). Awarded
$55 million ; cumulative awards $112 million.
(6) General Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif. Develop,
fabricate and deliver Centaur vehicles and support equipment.
Awarded $54 million (new letter contract).
(7) Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. Design,
develop, and fabricate Saturn S-IV stage and associated ground
support equipment for the Saturn I vehicle. Awarded $43 mil-
lion ; cumulative awards $136 million.
(8) Chrysler Corp., New Orleans, La. Fabricate, assemble,
checkout, and static test Saturn S-I stage. Provide product im-
provement program and spare parts support. Modify areas of
Michoud plant assigned to contractor. Awarded $40 million;
(9) North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif. De-

velop and fabricate 1,500,000-pound thrust F-1 rocket engine.
Awarded $31 million; cumulative awards $166 million.
(10) Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. Design,
develop, and fabricate the S-IVB stage of the Saturn V vehicle
and associated ground support equipment. Awarded $25 million ;
Major Contractors.--Twenty-five of NASA's largest contractors

are:
AeroJet General Corp. Lear-Siegler, Inc.
*Azusa, Calif. Anaheim, Calif.
Bendix Corp.
Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc.
*Teterboro, N.Y. *Dallas, Tex.
Boeing Co.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
*Seattle, Wash.
*Sunnyvale, Calif.
Brown Engineering Co.
Huntsville, Ala. Mason-Rust
Lexington, Ky.
Chrysler Corp.
*Detroit, Mich. McDonnell Aircraft Corp.
Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc. St. Louis, Me.

*Santa Monica, Calif.
North American Aviation, Inc.
General Dynamics Corp. *Canoga Park, Calif.
*San Diego, Calif.
Philco Corp.
General Electric Co.
*Pale Alto, Calif.
Philadelphia, Pa.
General Motors Corp. Radio Corporation of America
*Indianapolis, Ind. *Princeton, N.J.
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. Republic Aviation Corp.

Bethpage, N.Y. *Farmingdale, N.Y.
Hayes International Corp.

Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.
*Birmingham, Ala. *Redondo Beach, Calif.
Hughes Aircraft Co.
Union Carbide Corp.
*Culver City, Calif.
*Fontana, Calif.
International Business Machines
Corp. United Aircraft Co.
*Rockville, Md. *Windsor Locks, Conn.
*Awards during period involve more than one contractor address.
I ncentive Contracts
Exceptional effort is required to find suitable opportunities in

NASA's type of procurement for the use of cost and performance
incentives in contracts. Often contract performance must commence
before work statements are fully developed, and changes are fre-
quently made throughout the course of a procurement. Such changes
may be generated by NASA, by the contractor, or by other NASA
contractors associated in the same project under complex working

arrangements.
In such circumstances it is difficult to fix cost and performance
targets on the basis of which accurate evaluations can be made. Yet,
recognizing that the cost-plus-fixed-fee type of contract offers the
contractor little incentive to reduce costs, NASA directed maximum
effort toward procurement planning that will afford incentive oppor-
ttmities wherever possible; the agency was also developing suitable
incentive provisions to stimulate contractors to reduce costs, deliver
on schedule, and achieve optimum performance.
To assist NASA personnel in understanding the complexities of
incentive contracting and its proper application in their work, a
formal training course began April 1, 1963. Over 100 procurement
and technical personnel attended a series of 5-day sessions. These
sessions were held at Lewis Research Center, Mal_hall Space Flight
Center, Manned Spacecraft Center, and Williamsburg, Va. (for per-
sonnel from Headquarters, Goddard Space Flight Center, Langley
Research Center, and Wallops Station). The series will be continued
at other locations and repeated at the above locations for additional
personnel.
Improved Control oF Letter Contracts
Letter contracts are appropriate in certain circumstances to author-

ize the contractor to commence work before final agreement is reached
on all terms and conditions of a definitive contract. Issuance of a
letter contract requires prior authorization from NASA Headquarters
when the amount of the definitive contract or modification which
such letter contract precedes is estimated to exceed a certain dollar
value (the amount varies with the different contracting offices). Such
authorizations limit the funds to be committed under the letter con-
tract and the length of time the letter contract may run prior to
definitization (normally, to 50 percent of the estimated total cost and
up to 180 days).
Time extensions and funding increases of letter contracts require
justification and further authorizations from Headquarters, if orig-
inally approved by Headquarters. In addition, the actual commit-
ment of funds by letter contract is reported periodically, along with
other contractual actions, to the procurement statistics office at NASA
Headquarters.
A need existed for mote prompt reporting procedures to provide
Headquarters with monthly up-to-date information on letter con-
tracts, including those not subject to Headquarters authorization.
Such a report, besides indicating the volume of letter contracts, would
show for each letter contract the actual obligation of funds, estimated
final contract amount, date of expiration of letter contract authority,

estimated definitization date, and percentage of completion of total
contract performance.
This new report, entitled "Letter Contract Flash Report: (NASA
Form 837)," was developed and put into use on April 11, 1963. It
brings about closer control of letter contracts, serves as a basis for
management evaluation, including follow-up action, and provides a
means by which the Centers may obtain Headquarters support and
assistance to obtain early definitization of letter contracts. The re-
port should also help attain NASA's policy objective of minimum use
of letter contracts.
Uniform Cost Principles for Government-Wide Use
NASA joined with the Department of Defense, the Atomic

Energy Commi_ion, and the General Services Administration in
forming an ad hoc committee to develop a uniform set of cost prin-
ciples. All agencies of the Government are to use these principles in
determining allowable costs in those contracts in which the treatment
of costs is a major factor in arriving at the ultimate price.
Relocation Expense
In an attempt to control relocation costs incurred by its contractors,

NASA set forth a new policy circular; this circular provides guide-
lines for allowable costs in connection with the essential movement of
personnel.
Equipment Support
During the period, NASA obtained more than $2 million worth of

industrial tooling and ground support equipment from the DOD
either by loan or nonreimbursable transfer; such equipment is for
NASA centers and contractors. Involved were such equipments as
machine tools, electronic integration and checkout gear, and various
types of vehicles. Additionally, the agency helped the field centers
obtain by transfer $7.3 million worth of excess AF Jupiter missile
equipment. This assistance resulted in increased consideration of
those NASA programs that can be served by such redistribution.
Facilities Contracting
In June 1963, NASA's efforts to standardize genersd provisions for

industrial facilities contracts resulted in the issuance of NASA Forms
746, 747, and 748. Form 746 sets forth general provisions for the
Facilities Acquisition Contract," form 747 sets forth general provi-
PERSONNEL_ MANAGEMENT_ AND PROCUREMENT FUNCTIONS 175
sions for the Favilities Use Contract; and form 748 sets forth general
provisions for the Consolidated Facilities Contract (a combination of
746 and 747).
Limited Contracting With GE & Bell System Companies
Both General Electric Co. and Bellcomm, Inc., have contracts with
NASA that require these contractors to have access to certain data and
plans not available to other contractors. To keep GE and Bell Sys-
tem companies (by their corporate relationship to Bellcomm) from
enjoying a competitive advantage, NASA placed certain limitations
on them during the lifetime of these contracts. The restrictions allow
them to continue to compete for many NASA procurements. How-
ever, where the limitations apply, these companies can participate
only when specific exceptions are g,ranted to them.
Transportation Studies
In view of the major construction planned for the Cape Kennedy

complex, NASA made a comprehensive study of the transportation
available in that area. This study showed that existing transporta-
tion facilities could not transport the tremendous tonnages of construc-
tion materials moving to the cape area during the peak construction
years. If all construction materials were to move by the existing
facilities, the number of trucks required in continuous operation would
clog the highways and bridges and would seriously interfere with the
operation of the cape facilities. The study also showed that barge
transportation would be too expensive. A through-rail delivery
system was selected as the most practical and least expensive means
of transportation.
After extensive negotiations, NASA reached an agreement with the
Florida East Coast Railway whereby the raihvay could construct and
finance facilities from the junction of its main line near Titusville,
Fla., to Wilson on Merritt Island. These facilities will cost the rail-
way company about $2.3 million and include approximately 10 miles
of track, a movable bridge, and a marshaling yard on Merritt Island.
NASA is required to construct only the internal rail facilities from

Wilson to the launch pads and other off-loading rail sites on Merritt
Island.
While the railroad initially will meet only NASA requirements,
comparatively minor additions will enable it to support the Air Force
also. There is also a possibility that commercial or civic groups,
such as the Canaveral Port Authority, may eventually use the NASA
trackage by adding spur lines to their loading and unloading facilities.
In another area of effort, NASA st.udied the various means of trans-

porting oversized/overweight items over land , by water, and by air.
These studies indicated that marine services should be the primary
mode of transport for most large launch vehicles, with air transporta-
tion to be used to transport the S-IV stage of Saturn I, Apollo space-
craft, and certain other smaller items. For this air transport, the
Aerospace Lines B-377 (Pregnant Guppy) was flight tested and cer-
tificated by the Federal Aviation Agency for transportation of special-
purpose cargo for NASA.
The U.S. Navy agreed to provide two ships of the landing ship dock
class to support NASA water transportation requirements. In addi-
tion, NASA acquired several million dollars' worth of surplus Army
and Navy barges at no cost. The agency also entered into an agree-
ment with the Military Sea Transportation Service to provide domes-
tic ocean transportation services necessary to support the manned
lunar landing program.
Appendix A
MEMBERSHIPS OF CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ON

AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
(January 1-June 30, 1963)
Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences

CLINTON P. ANDERSON, New Mexico, _ARGARET CHASE SMITII, Maine
Chairma_
CLIFFORD P. CASE, New Jersey
RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia BOURKE B. HICKENLOOPER, Iowa
WARREN G. MAONUSON, Washington CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska
STUART SYMINGTON, Missouri KENNETH B. KEATING, New York
JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi
STEPHEN M. YOUNG, Ohio
THOMAS J. DODD, Connecticut
HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevada
SFESSARD L. HOLLAND, Florida
J. HOWARD EDMONDSON, Oklahoma
House Committee on Science and Astronautics

GEORGE P. MILLER, California, JOSEPH W. MARTIN, Jr., Massachusetts
Chairman JAMES G. FULTON, Pennsylvania
OLIN E. TEAGUE, Texas J. EDGAR CHZNOWETH, Colorado
JOSEPH E. KARTH, Minnesota WILLIAM K. VAI_ PELT, Wisconsin
KEN HECItLER, West Virginia R. WALTER RIEHLMAN, New York
EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, Connecticut CHAmmS A. M0SHER, Ohio
J. EDWARD ROUStI, Indiana RICHARD L. ROUDERUSH, Indiana
THOMAS G. MORRIS, New Mexico ALPHONZO E. BELL, California

BOB CASEY, Texas THOMAS M. BELLY, Washington
WILLIAM J. RANDALL, Missouri DONALD RUMSFELD, Illinois
•JOHN W. DAVIS, Georgia JAMES D. WEAVER, Pennsylvania
WILLIAM F. RYAN, New York EDWARD J. GURNEY, Florida

THOMAS N. DO_VNING, Virginia JOHN W. _VYDLER, _'ew York
JOE D. WAGGONNER, Jr., Louisiana
EDWARD J. PATTEN, New Jersey
RICHARD H. FULTON, Tennessee
DON FUQUA, Florida
NEIL STAEBLER, Michigan
CARL ALBERT, Oklahoma
177
733-348 O--64-------13
Appendix B
Membership of the National Aeronautics and Space Council

(January l_lunc 30, 1968)
LYNDON B.. JOHNSON_ Chairman
Vice President of the United States
DEAN RUSK
Secretary of State
ROBERT S. MCNAMARA
Secretary of Defen_e
JAMES E. W_B, Administrator

National A ero,nauties and Space Administration
GLENN T. SEABORG, Chairman

Atomic Energy Commission
Executive Secretary
EDWARD C. WELSH
178
Appendix C
CurrentOfficial Mailing Addresses for NASA Field Installations
Installation and telephone number Official Address
Ames Research Center; YO 8-9411 ....... Dr. Smith J'. DeFrance, Director_ Moffett Field, Calif.
Flight Research Center; 258-3311 ........ Mr. Paul Bikle, Director .......... Post Office Box 273, Ed*
wards, Calif.
Goddard Space Flight Center; 474-9000__ Dr. H. J. Goett, Director ......... Greenbelt, Md.
Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director ..... 475 Riverside Dr., New
UN 6-3600. York 27, N.Y.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory; SY 0-6811___ Dr. W. H. Pickering, Director .... 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasa-
dena 3, Calif.
$ohn F. Kennedy Space Center; UL 3- Dr. Kurt Debus, Director ......... Cocoa Beach, Fla.
6998.
Lewis Research Center; 433--4000 ......... Dr. Abe Silverstein, Director ...... 21000 Brookpark Rd.,
Cleveland 35, Ohio.
Manned Spacecraft Center; WA 8-2811__ Dr. R. R. Gilruth, Director ....... Houston 1, Tex.
George C. Marshall Space Flight Cen- Dr. Wernher yon Braun, Director_ Huntsville, Ala.
ter; 877-1000.
Michoud Operations; 521-3311 ........... Mr. George Constan, Manager .... Post Office Box 26078, New
Orleans 26, La.
Mississippi Test Operations; 467-5466 .... Mr. William C. Fortune, Mana- Bay St. Louis, Miss.
ger.
North Eastern Office; 491-1500 ........... Mr. F. W. Phillips, Director ...... 30 Memorial Dr., Cam-
bridge 42, Mass.
Pacific Launch Operations Office; RE Mr. William H. Evans, Director._ Post Office. Box 425, Lom-
4-4311. poc, Calif.
Plum Brook Station; MA 5-1123 ........ Mr. Alan D. Johnson, Director_._ Sandusky, Ohio.
Wallops Station; VA 4-3411 .............. Mr. Robert Krieger, Director ..... WallOps Island, Va.
Western Operations Office; EX 3-9641 _.. Mr. R. W. Kamm, Director ...... 150 Pico Blvd., Santa
Monica, Calif.
179
o
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180
APPENDIX D 181
Appendix E
NASA-Sponsored Educational Projects
Book of space science activities for Gorham State Teachers College (Gorham,
teachers and pupils in grades 3 Maine).
through 9.
Syllabus in space science for elemen- Hebron Academy (Hebron, Maine).
tary teachers ; 2 syllabi for teaching
space age mathematics and related
subjects to junior high school teach-
ers and pupils.
Book of space science activities in Inter American University (San German,
Spanish for elementary grades. P.R.).
Aerospace handbook for middle and Lincoln Public Schools (Lincoln, Nebr.).
upper elementary school teachers on
language arts, social studies, science
and arithmetic, and manual arts.
"How to do" series in aerospace ac- Long Beach State College (Long Beach,
tivities for teachers and pupils. Calif.).
Detailed worksheets and working
drawings for industrial arts teach-
ers to use in instructing secondary
school pupils in spacecraft model
building, and descriptions of this
model building for teachers of other
subjects on the elementary and sec-
ondary levels.
Syllabi, with space age subject mat- Maine State Department of Education
ter, for introductory science course (Augusta, Maine).
for inservice elementary school
teachers at Aroostook, Farmington,
Fort Kent, Gorham, and Washing-
ton, Maine State Teachers Colleges
(being conducted in cooperation
with the U.S. Office of Education).
Two series of books on space science- National Science Teachers Association
related subjects---set of 5 in the Vis- (Washington, D.C.)
tas of Science series 1 for teachers
and pupils of secondary schools; an-
1 Books published in the series for secondary schools are Spaceera]t by James J. Hag-
gerty, Jr., and The Challenge o] the Universe, by J. Allen Hynek and Norman Anderson.
Under preparation are: Space Biology, Samuel Moffatt and Joshua Lederberg; Space
Science Serves Man, Hugh Odlshaw and Charles Nelvey; and The Thrust Into Space--
Launch Vehicles, Everett Welmar. (Copies may be ordered from Scholastic Book Services,
33 West 42d St., New York, N.Y., 10036.)
Being written for elementary school teachers are : Problems o] Space Exploration, Arthur
L. Costa; Energy in Waves, Louis T. Cox; Motion o] Matter, Lois E. Dunn; Air, Earth,
and Water, Laurence Hubbell; What Is the World Made 0]? Seymour Trieger; and
Living Things, J. R. Wailes.
182
APPENDIX
E 183
othersetof6 forelementary school
teachers.
Resourcebookandslideswithcom-Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio).
mentary oncareerinformation for
school
counselors attheelementary,
junior,andsenior high school levels_
Three books for educational and vo-
cational guidance of students inter-
ested in careers in the space
sciences---one for each of the ele-
mentary, junior, and senior high
school levels.
Syllabus for space science elective Pratt Institute (Brooklyn, N.Y.).
course for above average junior
high school pupils.
Syllabus for 10-week adult education Rhode Island State Department of Edu-
course serving as an introduction cation (Providence, R.I.).
to the space age.
Book (in English and Spanish) on University of South Florida (Tampa,
space science for secondary school Fla.).
teachers based on proceedings of a
2-week conference of leading North
and Latin American educators.
Syllabus incorporating space science Washington State University (Pullman,
mathematics for teaching mathe- Wash.).
matics to inservice elementary
school teachers (being conducted in
cooperation with the U.S. Office of
Education ).
Junior high school life science unit Wayne State University (Detroit, Mich.).
with space-related materials and
video-tape film to instruct teachers
in its use.
Appendix F
Technical Publications
The following selected Special Publications, issued by NASA's Division of
Scientific and Technical Information, are sold by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, at the prices
listed.
Project Mercury Summary Including Results of the Fourth Manned Orbital
Flight, May 15 and 16, 1963 (NASA SP-_5) .--A review of the planning, prepara-
tion, experiences, and results of the first U.S. manned space flight program, with
particular attention to the results of the final, 34-hour mission of L. Gordon
Cooper. 444 pp., $2.75.
Project Mercury--a Chronology (NASA SP-$OO1).--A listing of major events
in the first U.S. manned space flight program from preliminary discussions of
earth satellite vehicles through Astronaut Cooper's 22-orbit flight, May 1963.
238 pp., $1.50.
Third United States Manned Orbital Space Flight (NASA SP-l$).--Results
of the MA-8 flight by Astronaut Waiter Schirra, October 1962, including
spacecraft and launch-vehicle performance, mission operations, aeromedical
analysis, pilot performance, and pilot's flight report. 120 pp., 70 cents.
Second United States Manned Orbital Space Flight (NASA SP-6).--Results
of the MA-7 flight by Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, May 1962, including
spacecraft and launch vehicle performance, Mercury network performance,
mission operations, space science report, aeromedical studies, pilot performance,
and pilot's flight report. 107 pp., 65 cents.
Results of the Project Mercury Ballistic and Orbital Chimpanzee Flights
(NASA SP-39).--An account of the suborbital and orbital flights conducted
in 1961 with chimpanzees as subjects in preparation for the first U.S. manned
space flights. 71 pp., 45 cents.
Space, Science and Urban Life (NASA SP--37).--Proceedings of a conference,
March 1963, on the applicability of the national space program, and the knowl-
edge resulting from aerospace research, to the problems of urban growth. 254
pp., $1.75.
The Observatory Generation of Satellites (NASA SP-30).--Discussion of
the missions and engineering designs of the Orbiting Geol_hysical Observatories,
the Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory, and the Orbiting Astrom)mical
Observatory. 62 pp., 50 cents.
Ariel I: The First International Satellite (NASA SP-$3).--Project summary
of the satellite launched April 26, 1962, in a cooperative effort by the United
Kingdom and the United States. 76 pp., 70 cents.
U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1965.--Updated tables of atmospheric parameters
to 700 kilometers, incorporating results _)f rocket and satellite research through
mid-1962. 278 pp., in hard covers, $3.50.
Short Glossary of Space Terms (NASA SP-1)--Brief definitions of technical
terms frequently used by space technologists. 57 pp., 25 cents.
Selected Welding Techniques (NASA SP-50O3 ) .--Descriptions and illustrations
of tools and methods developed by NASA, and of potential value to industry,
for welding aluminum sheet and plate. 25 pp., 30 cents.
NASA-Industry Program Plans Conference, 1963 (NASA SP-$9).--Statements
describing NASA's organization, present plans, and possible future projects
184
APPENDIX F 185
presented for the information of industrial management as a partner in the

national space program. 231 pp., $1.25.
Conference on Space-Age Planning (NASA SP-}O).--Proceedings of the gen-
eral sessions of the Third National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space,
May 1963. 301 pp., $2.
Proceedings ol the Second National Conlerence on the Peaceful Uses of Space
(NASA SP-8).--Principal addresses, scientific papers, and panel discussions at
a conference in May 1962. 282 pp., $1.50.
Measurement of Thermal Radiation Properties ol Solids (NASA SP-31).--
Proceedings of a symposium sponsored jointly by NASA, the Air Force, and the
National Bureau of Standards. 587 pp., $3.50.
Proceedings of the NASA-University Conference on the Science and Tech-
nology of Space Exploration, Chicago, Ill., November 1962 (NASA SP-11) :-
Volume 1 : NASA's role in space exploration ; developing special skills for
research in the space sciences; impact of the space program on the univer-
sities; the role of the university in meeting national goals in space
exploration ; radar astronomy ; the sounding rocket as a tool for college and
university research; geophysics and astronomy; lunar and planetary
sciences ; celestial mechanics and space flight analysis ; data acquisition and
processing; control, guidance, and navigation; bioastronautics. 429 pp.,
$2.50.
Volume 2: Chemical rocket propulsion; nuclear propulsion ; power for
spacecraft ; electric propulsion ; aerodynamics ; gas dynamics ; plasma
physics and magnetohydrodynamics ; laboratory techniques ; materials ;
structures. 532 pp., $3.
The scientific papers presented at the conference, grouped by topics, are
also available as separate state-of-the-art summaries :
Geophysics and Astronomy in Space Exploration Gents
(NASA SP-13) ............................................ 35
Lunary and Planetary Sciences in Space Exploration
(NASA SP-14) ............................................ 55
Celestial Mechanics and Space Flight Analysis
(NASA SP-15) ............................................ 35
Data Acquisition from Spacecraft (NASA SP-16) .............. 40
Control, Guidance and Navigation of Spacecraft
(NASA SP-17) ............................................ 40
Chemical Rocket Propulsion (NASA SP-19) ................... 40
Nuclear Rocket Propulsion (NASA SP-20) ..................... 45
Power for Spacecraft (NASA SP-21) .......................... 25
Electric Propulsion for Spacecraft (NASA SP-22) .............. 35
Aerodynamics of Space Vehicles (NASA SP-23) ................ 40
Gas Dynamics in Space Exploration (NASA SP-24) ............ 40
Plasma Physics and Magnetohydrodynamics in Space
Exploration (NASA SP-25) ................................ 50
Laboratory Techniques in Space Environment Research
(NASA SP-26) ............................................ 40
Materials for Space Operations (NASA SP-27) ................ 35
Structures for Space Operations (NASA SP-28) ................ 35
Appendix G
Inventions and Contributions Board, NASA
(As of June 30, 1963)

Chairman ............................... ROBERT E. LIT'rELL
Vice Chairman .......................... PAUL G. DEMBLXNG
Executive Secretary ....................... JAMES A. Hoo'rMAN
Members ................................ J. ALLEN CROCKER
C. GuY FERGUSON
JOHN B. PARKINSON
GERALD D. O'BRIEN
186
Appendix H
Patentable Inventions Recognized by the Agency's Inventions and

ContributionsBoard
(Jan. 1-June 30, 1963)
Awards to NASA Employees Under Provisions of Section 306 of the Space Act
of 1958
Invention Inventor(s) Employer
Flexible wing (kite) ............... Francis Rogallo and Mrs. F. NASA-Langley Research Cen-
Rogallo. ter, none.
Variable sweep-wing configuration_ Win. J. Alford, Jr., Edw. C. Pol- NASA-Langley Research Cen-
hamus, Thos. A. Toll. ter.
Hall-current plasma accelerator .... Robert V. Hess ................... Do.
Multiple Quick disconnector ....... Curt P. Hcrold ................... Formerly at NASA-Marshall
Space Flight Center.
Awards to Employees of NASA's Contractors Under Provisions of the 1958 Space

Act
Invention Inventor(s) Employer
Space communication system ...... Walter K. Victor, Eberhardt Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Rechtln.
Decomposition unit ............... Andrew J. Kublca, Noah S. Davis Food Machinery & Chemical
Corp.
Awards to NASA Employees Under Provisions of the Incentive Awards Act of 1954
NASA-AMES RESEARCH CENTER
Invention Inventor (s)
Universal pilot restraint suit and body support ............................. Hubert C. Vykukal.
Self-contained multlchannel radio frequency oscillator ...................... Gilbert G. Robinson.
Ralph L. Mosslno.
Elcctroforming process ..................................................... John P. Houston.
Robert M. HaefelL
Analog-to-digital conversion system ........................................ Louis Mazer.
Thermoprotectivc device for balances ...................................... Vernon L. Rogallo.
NASA-FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER
Energy management system for glider-type vehicle ......................... Roger L. Winblade.

John P. Smith.
187
Awards to NASA Employees Under Provisions of the Incentive Awards Act of 195_
NASA-GODDARD SPACE PLIGHT CENTER
Invention Inventor(s)
Magnetic recerding tape ................................................... Pleasant T. Cole.

James KUpperain, Jr.
Method and apparatus for satellite orientation determination .............. Elden C. Whipple, Jr.
Ultra-Long moneetable multlvibrator ...................................... Justin C. Schaffert.
John N. Libby.
Method and apparatus for magnetic steering ............................... Raymond H. Wilson, Jr.
Logarithmic converter ..................................................... David H. Schaefer.
Omnidirectional antenna system ........................................... Roland R. Ford.
NASA-LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER
Variable sweep delta-plan aircraft .......................................... John G. Lowry.

Landing arrangement for aerial vehicles .................................... John M. Riebe.
Vernard E. Lockwood.
Reentry vehicle reading edge ............................................... Eugene W. Friedrich.
Radiation direction detector ................................................ Paul R. Spencer.
Seymour Salmirs.
Ernst F. Germann, Jr.
Variable-geometry winged-reontry vehicle .................................. William H. Phillips.
Sandwich panel construction ............................................... Roger A. Anderson.
Robert T. Swann.
Impact simulator .......................................................... George W. Brooks.
Erectable space structures .................................................. Edward L. Hoffman.
Frangible tube enexgy dissipation .......................................... John R. McGehee.
Melvin E. Hathaway.
Edmond J. Zavada.
Plasma accelerator ........................................................ Karlbeinz Thorn.
Joseph Norwood, Jr.
Variable sweep aircraft wing ............................................... Edward C. Polhamus.
Despin weight release ...................................................... Otis J. Parker.
Production of high purity silicon carbide ................................... Noel T. Wakelyn.
Robert Jewen.
Surface roughness detector ................................................. John B. Hall, Jr.
James C. Brady.
Staten B. Price.
Erectable modular space station ........................................... Rene A. Berglund.
NASA-LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
Annular rocket motor ...................................................... James F. Conners.

Rocket engine in_ector ..................................................... Samual Stein
Density measurement ...................................................... Eugene A. Atkisson.
Rocket engine beat exchanger .............................................. John C. Sanders.
Scanning probe actuator ................................................... John C. Fakan.
Amplitude ratio computer and control system .............................. George Vesu.

Kirby W. Hiller.
Phase_hift computer and control system .................................. George Vasu.
Kirby W. Hiller.
Electric propulsion engine testing facility ................................... James H. Chflds.
Warren D. Rayle.
Jack S. Grobman.
Nuclear rocket moto¢ ...................................................... Frank E. Rom.
Armin F. Lietzke.
Robert E. Hyland.
APPENDrX H 189
Awards to NASA Employees Under Provisions of the Incentive Awards Act of 195_
NASA-LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
Invention Inventor(s)
Nuclear rocket motor having gaseous vortex reactor ........................ Frank E. Rom.
Electrothermal rocket ...................................................... John R. Jack.
Wolfgaug E. Moeckel.
Gaseous nuclear rocket engine .............................................. Frank E. Rom.
Variable thrust rocket engine .............................................. Earl W. Conrad.
Stagnation point heat flux meter ........................................... Lloyd N. Krause.
George E. Glawe.
Robert C. Johnson.
Method and apparatus for transferring cryogenic fluids ..................... Paul J. $1rocky.
Nuclear rocket reactor employing natural HfC fuel elements ............... Frank E. Rom.
Radiant heater having formed filaments .................................... Alex Vary.
Two-component valve assembly ............................................ Richard L. Dewltt.
Harold W. Schmidt.
Method of producing porous tungstein ionizers for ion rocket engines ....... Neal T. Saunders.
Bonded solid lubricant coating ............................................. Harold E. Slincy.
Nickel base alloy ........................................................... John C. Freche.
Nickel base alloy ........................................................... John C. Freche.
Thomas J. Riley.
William J. Waters.
Nickel base alloy ........................................................... Inhn C. Freche.
Conical valve plug ......................................................... Harold W. Schmidt.
Rocket engine test facility .................................................. Anthony Fortini
Vearl N. Huff.
NASA-MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
Llferaft..................................................................... Glenn A. Shewmake.

Matthew I. Radnofsky.
Aerochute .................................................................. Alan B. Kehlet.
NASA-MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
Recoverable rocket vehicle ................................................. Hans F. Wuenscher.

Electric-arcspot welding ................................................... William MeCampball.
James C. McCalg.
Electric-arc-driven wind tunnel ............................................ Oscar C. Holderer.
Gravity device ............................................................. Josef Beshm.
Collapsible loop antenna system for spinning space vehicles................ Leonard L. Mitchum I Jr.
Hermann R. Wagner.
Components for printed circuitry .......................................... Yosef B0ehm.
Adolf L. Hermann.
Optical inspection instrument .............................................. Willis O. Groth.
Electric discharge apparatt:s for forming .................................... Robert Sehwinghamer
Relay Binary circuit ....................................................... Roy E. Currle, Jr.
Static inverter ............................................................. Dorrance L. Anderson.
Albert E. Willis.
Carl E. Winkler.
John M. Gould.
Slosh suppressing device and method ....................................... Werner R. Eulitz.
Space vehicle electrical system ............................................. Robert $. Schwinghamer.
Character indicating display device ........................................ Oraydon A. Phlieger, Jr.
Appendix I
Patent Waivers Granted and Denied by NASA Upon Recommendation of

the Agency°s Inventions and Contributions Board
(Jan. 1-June 30, 1963)
Invention Petitioner Action of petition
Specimen holder ........................... North American Phillips Co., Inc_ _ Granted Feb. 15, 1963.
Voltage-controlled variable frequency oscil- Ampex Corp ........................ Granted Feb. 20, 1963.
lator.
Method for turning off silicon controlled Duke University .................... Do.
rectifiers.
Transistorized d.c. to a.c. converter ........ ..... do ............................... Granted Feb. 21, 1963.
D.c. to a.c. parallel inverter ................ ..... do ............................... Do.
Segmented ball valve and flowmeter ....... • North American Aviation, Inc ...... Do.
Electromagnetic radiation energy _wrange- Space Technology Labs., Inc ........ Do.
ment.
Inventions resulting from P.O. for data International Business Machines Denied Feb. 27, 1963.
storage and processing system. Corp.
Modular circuit package ....................... do ............................... Granted March 6, 1963.
A plestie foam reinforcement structure ...... Douglas Aireraft Co., Inc ............ Grunted March 14,1963
An improved hot filament ionization gage.. Geophysics Corp. of America ........ Do.
An ultra-high vacuum cold cathode ioni- _.... do ............................... Do.
gation gage.
Improved simplified full serial memory .... Radiation Instrument Development Do.
Lab., Inc.
Accelerometer ............................. Gulton Industries, Inc .............. Do.
Temperature control paint, white, and Ball BrothersResearch Corp ......... Granted April 12, 1963.
temperatui'e control paint, aluminum.
IH-speed binary-to-declmal converter ...... Radiation Instrument Development Do.
Laboratory, Inc.
Electrodelees discharge lamp apparatus .... Vsrian Associates ................... Do.
Multiphase ciectric system ................ Space Technology Laboratories, Inc_ Granted May 28, 1963.
Electronic chassis .......................... Ampex Corp ........................ Do.
Tape transport ................................. do ............................... Do.
190
Appendix J

the Agency's Inventions and Contributions Board Since its Establishment
Through June 10, 1963.
Inventions under USAF contract taken United Aircraft Corp ............... Granted Aug. 18, 1959.
over by NASA.
Catalyst bed .............................. Bell Aircraft Corp .................. Granted Apr. 14, 1960.
Explosive-proof fused switch ............... McDonnell Aircraft Corp ........... Granted May 5, 1960.
Water separator ........................... Garrett Corp ........................ Granted Nov. 30, 1960.
Prcssure-aetuated bali seal ................. North American Aviation, Ine ...... Granted Feb. 15, 1961.
Cryogenic gyroscope ....................... General Electric Co ................. Granted May 24, 1961.
Propellent tank pressurization system ..... North American Aviation, Inc ...... Denied Sept. 19, 1961.
Self-pumping spike thrust ...................... do .............................. Do.
Accelcrometer ............................ California Institute of Technology.. Granted May 25, 1961.
Ionization-type pressure gage .............. Geophysics Corp. of America ....... Granted June 22,1961.
Molecular gage ................................. do .............................. Do.
Modifed McLeod gage ......................... do .............................. Do.
A cold cathode magnetron-type ionization ..... do .............................. Do.
gage.
Very high intensity area light source ....... Litton Industries Electron Tube Granted Aug. 23, 1961.
Division.
Supercharged regenerative rocket .......... United Aircraft Corp ............... Denied July 26, 1961.
Communication satellites ................. American Telephone & Telegraph Granted July 27, 1961.
Co.
Magnetic core counter ..................... Ampex Computer Products Co ...... Granted Sept. 1, 1961.
Bakable electrical feed through connector__ Geophysics Corp. of America ....... Do.
Portable planetarium ...................... California Institute of Technology.._ Do.
Standoff tool .............................. Space Technology Iaboratories, Inc. Granted Nov. 17, 1961.
Delta encoder ....... _..................... Ball Brothers Research Corp ........ Do.
Horizon sensor ............................ Barnes Engineering Co .............. Denied Mar. 17, 1962.
Bypass valve .............................. United Aircraft Corp ................ Granted July 27, 1962.
Message assembler-router .................. International Business Machines Do.
Corp.
Skipping counter ............................... do ............................... Granted Suly 30, 1962.
Fusion welding of thin-titanium sheets .... McDonnell Aircraft Corp ........... Granted July 27, 1962.
Wedge-immersed thermistor detector ...... Barnes Engineering Co .............. Granted Oct. 22, 1962.
Electron discharge device .................. Westinghouse Electric Corp ......... Do.
Magnetic fiowmeter apparatus ............ Engineering Physics Co ............. Do.
Electrodeless discharge lamp apparatus .... Varian Associates ................... Granted Dee. 3, 1962.
Hinged bellows restraint ................... North American Aviation, Inc ..... Do.
Specimen holder ........................... North American Phillips Co., Inc_- Granted Feb. 15, 1963.
Voltage-controlled variable frequency Ampex Corp ........................ Granted Feb. 20, 1963.
oscillator.
Method for turning oft silicon-controlled Duke University .................... Do.
rectifiers.
Transistorized d.c. to a.c. converter ........ ..... do ............................... Granted Feb. 21, 1963.
D.c. to a.c. parallel inverter ................ ..... do ............................... Do.
Electromagnetic radiation energy arrange- Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. Do.

ment.
Segmented ball valve and flowmeter ...... North American Aviation, Ins ...... Do.
Inventions resulting from P.O. for data International Business Machines Denied Feb. 27, 1963.
storage and processing system. Corp.

Modular circuit package ........................ do ............................... Granted Mar. 6, 1963.
A plastic foam reinforcement structure ..... Douglas Aircraft Co., Ine ........... Granted Mar. 14, 1963.
An improved hot filament ionization gage_. Geophysics Corp. of America ....... Do.
An ultra-high vacuum cold cathode ioniza- . .... do ................... Do.
tion gage.
191

the Agency's Inventions and Contributions Board Since its Establishment
Through June 10, 1963--Continued
Improved simplified full-serial memory .... Radiation Instrument Develop- Granted Mar. 14, 1963.
ment Lab., Inc.
Accelerometer ............................. Gulton Industries, Inc .............. Do.
Temperature control paint, white, and Bali Brothers Research Corp ........ Granted Apr. 12, 1963.
temperature control paint, aluminum.
Hi-speed binary-to-decimal converter ...... Radiation Instrument Develop- Do.
ment Laboratory, Inc.
Electrodeless discharge lamp apparatus .... Varian Associates ................... Do.
Electronic chassis .......................... Ampex Corp ........................ Granted May 28, 1963.
Tape transport ................................. do ............................... Do.
Multiphase electric system ................ Space Technology Laboratories, Inc_ Do.
Appendix K
ResearchGrants and ContractsInitiated FromJan. 1 ThroughJune 30,19631
State and grant or Organization, investigator and purpose Amount

contract number
Alabama:
NsG-381 ......... University of Alabama, RUDOI2 HERMAN .............................. $600,000
Research in the aerospace physical sciences.
NsG (T)-18 ...... Auburn University, W. V. PARKER ..................................... 147, 600
Supporting the training of approximately 10 predoctoral graduate
students in space related science and technology.
NsG(T)-30 ...... University of Alabama, ERIC RODGERS ................................. 192, 000
NASr-151 ....... Southern Research Institute,S. N. (]LARUM ............................ 39, 000
Evaluation and bringing to industrial or commercial fruition,tech-
nological developments resulting from the Nation's space effort.
Alaska:
NsO-201 ........ University of Alaska, CHAPMAN ......................................... 68,780
Conduct a theoretical study of the ring current and geomagnetic fald
phenomena.
NsG-406 ......... University of Alaska .................................................... 59, 921
Experimental studies or auroral phenomena, including eletromag-
netic and particulate fluxes, by means of bslloon- and rocket-borne ex-
periments.
NsG--459 ........ University of Alaska, P. MORRISON .................................... 50,000
An experimental investigation of the adaptive potential of species or
populations of mammals for withstanding environmental stresses.
Arizona:
NsG-161 ......... University of Arizona, GERALD P. KUIPER ............................. 402, 000
Conduct selenodetic and physical studies of the lunar surface.
NsG-399 ........ Arizona State University, C. B. MOORE ................................ 28, 978
Investigate, develop, evaluate, and improve procedures for sam-
piing, characterizing, and classifying meteorite specimens.
NAG--451 ........ Lowell Observatory, _. S. HAIL ........................................ 174, 000
Studies in planetology, including collection and interpretation of
planetary information.
NSO--458 ........ University of Arizona, S. A. HOENIO .................................... 41,138
Continuation of development of chemiaerption detectors for specific
components of planetary atmospheres.
NsG--(T)-32 ..... Arizona State University, IRVING S_OIrr ................................ 79, 200
Supporting the training of approximately 6 predoctoral students in
space-related science and technology.
NsG-(T)-33 ..... University of Arizona, H. D. RHODES ................................... 177, 000
students in space-related science and technology.
NASr-138 ....... University of Arizona, A. M. :I. GEH_RLS ............................... 65, 286
Conduct research to develop and test a protype photepolarlmeter
suitable for use with ballons and space vehicles.
NASr-180 ....... Arizona State University, PETER S_ ................................ 2, 617
Study of existing survey literature in the fields of astrophysical
engineering and biomedical iustrmnention.
R-95 ............ U.S.A.F.-Office of Aerospace Research, GRZ.NINO KORNE .............. 10, 000
Theoretical and experimental studies of hybrid analog-digital com-
puter systems, at the University of Arizona.
1 Contracts have prefix NAS ; grants have prefix NsG ; transfer of funds to Government
agencies have prefix R. Earlier grants and contracts are listed in appendices oz previous
N_SA Semiannual Reports to Congress.
733-348 O--64------14 193


contract number
Arkansas:
NAG-260 ........ University of Arkansas, M. R'. TESTERMAN ............................. $42, 796
Techniques of radio frequency mass spectrometry.
NaG(T)-12 ...... University of Arkansas, W. W. ADEIesON ............................... 144,000
California:
NAG-18 ......... California Institute of Technology, E. E. SECHLER ...................... 93, 943
Investigation of cylindrical and conical shellswith large radius to
thickness ratios.
NAG-30 ......... Stanford University, O.K. GARRIOTT .................................... 94,186
Investigation of ionospheric electron content and long-range radio
propagation.
NAG-40 ......... California Institute of Technology, H. P. LIEPMANN .................... 146,900
Investigation of fluid mechanics of ratifiedgases by extending shock
techniques into the low pressure regime.
NAG-56 ......... California Institute of Technology, H. BROWN .......................... 173, 700
Investigation of the problems of lunar and planetary exploration.
NAG--91 ......... University of California (Santa Barbara), W. C. WALKER ............... 52, 731
Extreme ultraviolet photon absorption in solids.
NAG-170 ........ University of California (Berkeley), NELLO PACE ....................... 19, 825
Conduct experimental research on hemodynamic and related physio-
logic functions in primates.
NAG-172 ........ California Institute of Technology, M. L. WILLIAMS .................... 62, 825
Conduct experimental and theoretical research on failure criteria
forviscoelasticmaterials typical of solid rocket propellants.
NAG-174 ........ Stanford University, R. A. HELLIWELL .................................. 93, 390
Conduct investigation of experimental techniques for measurement
ofvery low frequency electromagnetic phenomena in the ionosphere.
NAG-178 ........ University of Southern California, G. L. WEISSLER ..................... 170, 000
Interactions of vacuum ultraviolet radiation with solid materials.
NAG-237 ........ University of California (Los Angeles), W. F. LIBSY .................... 400,000
Interdisciplinary space-oriented research in the physical, biological,
and engineering sciences.
NAG-249 ......... University of California (Los Angeles), THOMAS A. FARLEY ............ 199, 880
Measurement techniques for the directional spectral intensity of low
energy protons, including the construction of a prototype instrument.
NAG-255 ......... University of California (Berkeley), C. SAOAN ........................ 75, 000
Infrared spectroscopic observations of Mars and/or Venus--a joint
University of California and Princeton effort.
NAG-28,5 ......... City of Hope Medical Center, MILTON WIN_rZ ......................... 323, 642
An experimental investigation of the dietary requirements of man,
particularly astronautics, with emphasis on water-soluble chemically-
defined diets.
NAG-321 ......... University of California (San Diego), J. R. ARNOLD ..................... 102, 331
Research on meteorites and cosmic rays.
NAG-331 ......... Stanford University, A. L. SCHAWLOW ................................. 419,135
Spectroscopic studies In infrared and optical quantum electronics.
NAG-343 ......... University of Southern California, R. SI_BA ............................ 35,996
Glass transition phenomena.
NAG-347 ......... California Institute of Technology, ISAAC R. ]_APLAN ................... 7,145
An Investigation of the Biochemistry of meteorites, with emphasis
on the hydrocarbon and sulfur constituents.
NAG-348 ......... University of California (Berkeley), PENZIEN & HORONZEFF ............ 20,700
Effect of runway unevenness on the dynamic response of supersonic
transports.
NAG-354 ......... University of California (Berkeley), ZAD_K, DESOER & THOMASIAN ..... 57,942
Advanced Theoretical and Experimental Studies in Automatic
Control and Information Systems.
NAG-357 ......... University of California (San Diego), O. BURRRIDGE ................... 16,584
Theoretical research in astrophysics.
APPENDIX K 195

contract number
California--Con.
NsG-377 ......... Stanford University, V. R. ESHI_MAN ................................. $246,620
Theoretical experimental radio and radar studies of lunar end plane-
tary ionespheres, atmesphere_, and surfaces, the sun, and the inter-
planetary medium.
NsG-378 ......... Stanford University, W. M. FXIRnANK ................................. 35, O00
Gravitational and resonance experiments on very low-energy free
electrons and pc_trons.
NsO-380_ ........ American Mount Everest Expedition 1963, W. E. SIRI .................. 11,327
Studies of erythroporiesis and adrenoeortical function in man at
high altitudes.
NsG-387 ......... University of California (Berkeley), ]T.INSEY ANDERSON ................ 130, 0C0
Theoretical and experimental investigations of hlgh-energy solar
flare radiation and of trapped radiation, including balloon-born and/or
sounding rocket tests of prototype detectors.
NsG_402 ......... University of California (Davis), W. L. CHAI_ .......................... 48, 744
A clinical evaluation of chemically defined diets suitable for space
flight missions.
NsG-423 ......... University of California (Los Angeles) .................................. 102,000
Theoretical and experimental studies of optimum structural design
for space structures.
NsG-426 ......... California Institute of Technology, ROBERT LEIGHTON .................. 880, COO
Space-related research in selected fields of physics and astronomy,
including cosmic rays, interplanetary magnetic fields, solar
physics, theoretical astrophysics, planetary spectroscopy, and
infrared astronomy.
NsG-427 ......... University of California (Los Angeles), F. R. SHxI_Y and W. J. 6O,0OO
]_NAPP.
Analytical and experimental investigation of ceramic materials for
use as s_'uctural elements.
NsG-429 ......... University of California (Berkeley), G. I. F. MAcDoNALD .............. 25, 660
Conduct a summer institute in planetary physics.
NsG-433 ......... University of Southern California, J. P. H]_NRY end J. P. MEEHAN ...... 104, 074
An experimental investigation of the role of experiences in the
etiology of animal and human physiological and behavioral
responses to situational stress in later life.
NsG-452 ......... University of California (Berkeley), H. MARK .......................... 36,140
Theoretical and experimental evaluation of inelastic neutron scatter-
ing and other neutron, induced reactions for remote surface analysis.
NsG-4-57 ......... Pasadena Foundation for Medical Research, C. M. PO_ZRAT ........... 13, 500
A symposium on cytogenetics of veils in culture, including radiation
studies.
NsG--481 ......... University of California (Los Angeles), J. S. MALKUS ................... 20, C00
Study of tropical cloud structure and patterning for meteorological
and weather satellite data interpretation.
NsG-(T)-4 ...... University of California (Los Angeles), WILX_RD LmBV ................. 128, 700
Supporting the training of approximately 20 graduate students in
N'sG-(T)-37 ..... California Institute of Technology, F. BOHNENBLUST ................... 268, 900
NsG-(T)-75 ..... University of Southern California, MrLTON C. ]O_OETZZL ............... 152, 400
Supporting the training of approximately 8 predeotoral graduate
NsG-(T)-76 ..... Stanford University, ALBI_RT ]_. BOWKER .............................. 230, 800
Supporting the training of approximately 12 predocteral graduate
NASr-21(02) ..... Rand Corporation ...................................................... 374, 703
Conduct (a) studies of operational factors and economic potential of
passive spherical communication satellite systems, etc.; conduct
(b) studies of operational factors and economic potential of 24-hour
active communication satellite systems, etc.

contract number
California--Con.
NASr-21 (04) ..... Rand Corporation, G. F. SCHILLING .................................... $86, 110
Conduct studies to derive a consistent set of fundamental constants
and prepare preliminary tables of the values of constants and of
parameters of the solar systems, etc.
NASr-21 (08) ..... Rand Corporation ...................................................... 441,000
Conduct a study program to assist in defining an integrated check-
out system for manned mission complexes, using established
program plans and information.
NASr-49(04) ..... Stanford Research Institute, R. J. P. LYON ............................. 47, 025
Conduct an evaluation of infrared spectrophotometry for use in the
compositional analysis of lunar and planetary soils.
NASr-49(10) ..... Stanford Research Institute, R. F. MARACA ............................. 49, 140
Assist in the NASA Industrial Applications Program with the basic
objective of evaluating and bringing to industrial or commercial fruition
technological developments resulting from the Nation's space effort.
NASr--49(11) ..... Stanford Research Institute, L. F. NEY .................................. 27, 850
Studies on the hiil reaction activity of soluble chloroplast extracts.
NASr-49(12) ..... Stanford Research Institute, T. H. COLLIS .............................. 17, 252
Survey of requirements for geophysical data collection by satellites.
NASr-49(13) ..... Stanford Research Institute, T. L. SMITH ............................... 43, 974
Mechanical properties of crosslinked polymethylmcthaerylate poly-
mers under simulated space environmental conditions.
NASr-49(14) .... Stanford Research Institute, D. L. CMAMHERLA]N ....................... 29,166
For experimental studies of possible mechanisms of bonding between
glass and polymeric materials, including investigation of the formation
of silicon-halogen bonds that might serve as precursors to silicon-
carbon bonds.
NASr-49(15) ..... Stanford Research Institute, NEV]N K. HIESTER ........................ 57, 869
Feasibility of simulating thermal environments for meaningful evalu-
ation of ablating materials.
NASr-91 ........ Norair (Division of Northrop Corp.), R. G. LINnBER0 .................. 15, 474
Conduct biological and physiological studies of perognathus (pocket
mice) to determine their usefulness as experimental animals for research
in space.
NASr-136 ....... Stanford University, O. K. GARRIOTT ................................... 186, 500
Conduct research to obtain information about the electron content
in the ionosphere and its variation.
Colorado:
NsG-143 ......... University of Denver, THOMAS REHM ................................... 34, 313
Conduct research on the nucleate boiling process for heat transfer in
a very weak gravitational field, at subsaturation liquid temperatures.
NsG-207 ......... University of Denver, JOHN G. WELLES ................................ 33, 000
Identification of tangible economic nonspace byproducts of space
research and development efforts, including current applications of
past research and potential future applications of current research;
evaluation of byproduct identification techniques; and study of infor-
mation flow from space research to commercial application.
NsG-365 ......... University of Denver, DONALD T. KLODT ............................... 58, 688
Theoretical studies on the relationship between the thermionie work
function of re/factory metal intermetallic compounds and their elec-
tronic and crystal structures.
NsG-392 ......... University of Denver, N. C. Ua'rERBACE ................................ 72, 000
A study of atomic and molecular collision phenomena by high veloc-
ity atomic and molecular beams.
NsG-404 ......... University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, GORDON NEWHIRK_ 20, 000
Investigation of observational means of examining the solar corona,
including design studies of a solar coronagraph.
NsG--474 ......... University of Colorado, WILLIAM H. MIERNYg .......................... 117, 562
Socioeconomic analysis of the effects of the expansion of space and
space*related activities on local communities.
APPENDIX K 197

contract number
Colorado--Con.
1_sG-(T)-45 ..... Colorado State University, ANDREW F. CLARK ......................... $91,800
NsG-(T)-46 ..... University of Colorado, ROBERT P. BORWDEN .......................... 176, 000
NsG-(T)-49 ..... University of Denver, ALFRED C. NELSON .............................. 100,S00
Supporting the training of approximately 6 predoctorsl graduate
NASr-147 ....... Colorado State University, W. E. MAR[._Tr ............................. 59, 061
Investigation of the temperature and spectral emissivity character-
istics of cloud tops and of the earth's surface.
R-18 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, F. E. ROACH ....................... 1, 009
Support of Univ. of Hawaii-Univ. of Colorado research on zodiacal 78, 000
light and airglow.
C onnecticut:
NsG-1 ........... Yale University, V. W. HUGHES ........................................ 60,O00
Investigation of molecular beam frequency standards and atomic
collision eross-sections.
NsG-138 ......... Yale University, R. C. BARKER ......................................... 29, 484
Research on low-power low-speed data storage and processing tech-
niques.
NsO-374 ......... Yale University, R. (]ALAMBOS AND E. HIGGINS ........................ 211,534
Electrophysiological studies of the brain, including improvement of
experimental techniques and methodology.
NsG--400 ......... Yale University, S. P. CLARK, JR ....................................... 16, 000
Theoretical investigation of thermal gradient and heat flow associated
with earth's crust and lunur sur face by analysis of geometric models, and
study of temperature distribution near bodies of crystallizing mogma_.
NsG--407 ......... Yale University, J. N. DOUGLAS AND H. J. SMITH ....................... 83, 825
Investigation of the polarization characteristics of jupiter's deca-
metric radiations and their potential application s_ a probe of the
media between the earth and Jupiter.
R-24 ............ U.S. Navy-Naval Medical Research Laboratory, KARL E. SCHAEFER_ _. 40,000
Research on the diurnal periodicity of physiological functions and of
performance level; including studies of the effects of removing, or of
changing the period or the phase of, environmental time indicators.
NsG-(T)-34 ..... Yale University, JOHN P. MILLER ...................................... 205, 500
Supporting the training of approximately I0 predocters] graduate
NsG-(T)--47 ..... University of Connecticut, N. L. WHEt"tEN ............................. 106, 900
Delaware:
NAG-356 ........ University of Delawere, J. HARTNE_ ...................................
Mass transfer cooling in nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas streams.
NsG-(T)-29 ..... University of Delaware, JAMES C. KAKAVAS ............................
Supporting the training of approximately 6 predoetoral graduate
District of Colum-
bia:
NsO-35 ......... Society of Photographic Engineers and Scientists ........................ 36, 874
Conduct volunteer photographic tracking program.
NsG-102 ......... Smitl_onian Institution, MONROIg FRERMAN ........................... 100, 0O0
Support of the Science Information Exchange.

NAG-125 ........ Catholic University, J. H. BALTRAKONIS___: ............................ 54, 939
Dynamics of solid propellant rocket motors.

NsG-362 ........ Georgetown University, FRANCIS HBYDEN .............................. 98, 769
Spectroscopic study of solar and planetary atmospheres.
198 NASANINTHSEMIANNUAL
REPORT
TO CONGRESS
State andgrant or Organization, investigator and purpose Amount

contract number
District of Colum-
bia-Continued
NsG-388 ........ Georgetown University, STANLEY A. ZIEMNOWICZ ....................... $65,020
An investigation of the dynamics of cerebral circulation by continu-
ons rheoencephalographlc monitoring.
NsG-411 ........ Catholic University, C. C. CHANG ...................................... 6, 850
partial support of a symposium on plasma space sciences.
NsG-417 ........ Catholic University, C. C. CHANG ...................................... 60,000
Interaction of a solar plasma stream and the geomagnetic field.
NsG-425 ........ George Washington University, ARTHUR E. BURNS ..................... 300, 000
Statistical and analytical investigations of the relation between Gov-
ernment financed research and development and resultant inventions.
NsG-428 ........ Georgetown University, WILLIAM J. THALER ........................... 97, 875
Theoretical and experimental studies of radiation absorptance and
emittance characteristics and their control, for potential space vehicle
surface materials.
NsG-485 ........ George Washington University, C. W. SHtLLING ........................ 63, 440
Studies in scientific communication research using space-related
biology as the subject area.
NsG-(T)-39 ..... Catholic University, JA_ES P. O'CONNOR .............................. 165, 900
NsG-(T)-51 ..... George Washington University, ARTHUR E. BURNS ..................... 109, 800
NASr-10 ........ Resources Research Inc., GILBBRT V. LBVIN ............................ 221,034
Research on radiolsotopie methods for detecting the presence and
monitoring the metabolic radiolsotopic activity of microorganisms
on an extraterrestrial body, and design and build a prototype of the
detection and monitoring apparatus.
NASr-62 ........ National Academy of Sciences .......................................... 350, 000
Conduct the administration of the NASA International University
Program.
NASr-170 ....... National Science Teachers Association, R. H. CARLETON ................ 43, 400
The conduct of a program of national and regional youth activities
in science.
NASr-190 ....... Science Service, WATSON DAVIS ......................................... 6, 845
Administration of the NASA awards participation in the 14th
National Science Fair Program.
R-3 ............. U.S. Library of Congress, A. J. JACOBIUS ................................ 40, 000
Preparation of a bibliography of unclassified domestic and foreign
literature concerned with space-life sciences and closely related fields
for the years 1959 through 1962.
R-9 ............. U.S. Navy-Naval Research Laboratory, ALAN C. KOLI_ ................. 75, 000
Conduct research on ultraviolet spectrescepy using high temperature
plasma sources.
R-16 ............ U.S. Navy-Bureau of Naval Weapons ................................... 4O, OOO
Joint agencies support of the solid propellant information agency at
the Johns Hopkins University.
R-34 ............ U.S. Library of Congress, ARNOLD JACOBIUS ............................ 3,017
Prepare an annotated bibliography of approximately 400 items, with
abstracts, on the biological effects of magnetic fields.
R-41 ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, CORNBLIUS A. TOBIAS ............... 400, 000
Conduct biological research with heavy ion beams.
R-42 ............ U.S. Navy-Office of Naval Research .................................... 12, 500
Provide partial support for the national research council committee
on hearing and bioaccoustics and the national research council
committee on vision.
APPENDIX K 199

contract number
District of Columo
bin--Continued
R-48 ............ U.S. Navy-Off]ce of Naval Research, WA_SLE¥ ......................... $190, 000
Reinbursement for balloons, launching services end related expenses
in connection with high-altitude balloon measurements of the electron,
low-energy proton, end alpha-particle spectrum of primary cosmic
radiation (Cont. of R-23).
R-54 ............ National Science Foundation ............................................
Partial support between the National Science Foundation and the
National Academy of Sciences in support of the Space Sciences Board.
R-55 ............ U.S. Weather Bureau, F. W. RF, ICHELDKRFER ..........................
Provide partial support for the National Severe Storms Project,

including acquisition and analysis of turbniance data, comparisons of
storm project data with satellite data and studies of the effects of
meteorological phenomena on supersonic aircraft design and operation
(Cont. of NTF-106 and R-17).
R-57 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, ALAN D. FRAN_LIS ............... 65.000
Conduct experimental research on thermionic materials, including
measurements of vaporization and thermionie emission of selected re-
fractory metals and metallic compounds (Cont. of R-6).
R-56 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, L. A. WALL ........................ 45, 000
Conduct research on the initiation of polymer decomposition by
vacuum-ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths between 1,000 A ° and
2,000 A ° and by high-energy gamma radiation (Cont. of R-5).
R-60 ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ....................................... 150,000
Conduct research directed toward the development of biopaks and
experiments for use in a space environment.
R-64 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, A. M. BASS ........................ 43, 500
Investigate the vacuum ultraviolet spectra of atoms and low molac-
ular weight diatomic molecules.
R-66 ............ U.S. Dept of Interior (Geological Survey), F. E. SXmM'L_¢ ............... 100, 000
Conduct studies of the lunar surface, including lunar geologic map-
ping; cratering and crater-impact mechanisms; chemical, physical and
petrographic properties of material of possible lunar origin; end ranger
and surveyor data reduction and interpretation.
R-72 ............ U.S. Navy-Off]co of Naval Research .................................... 4,5OO
Provide helium in conjunction with balloon flights to be conducted
by General Mills under NASA Contract NASr-81.
R-77 ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ....................................... 300,000
Conduct studies related to space biology conducted at Atomic
Energy Commission facilities.
R-79 ............ U.S. Navy-Off]ce of Naval Research .................................... 123, 707
Partial support of the special scientific and technical information
services of the Man-Machine Information Center (M-MIC).
R--80 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, M. J. Bg_anRR ..................... 33,000
Studies of the penetration of high-energy radiation through matter.
R-91 ............ ONR-American Institute of Biological Sciences, SIDNRV CALLZR ........ 19, 422
A workshop on bio-telemetry.
R-94 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards ..................................... 4,000
Support of a symposium of thermal radiation properties of solids.
R-97 ............ National Science Foundation ............................................ 5,000
Furnish NASA's contribution to the ICSU Committee on Space
Research (COSPAR) for the calendar year 1963.
Florida:
NsG-67 .......... University of Florida, E. E. MUSCHILTZ, JR .............................

Negative ion formation in gases.
NsG-173 ......... Florida State University, S[DNRV Fox ..................................
Conduct research in space biology and relevant physical aspects of
planetary end space environments.
NsG-224 ......... Florida State University, C. H. BARROW ............................... 18, 739
A study of polarization of the decameter-wave radiation from Jupiter.
State and grant or Organization, investigator and purpose Amolmt

contract number
Florida--Con.
NsG-424 ......... University of Miami .................................................... $91,897
Instabilities In the flow of boiling liquid.
NsG(T)-13 ...... University of Florida, L. E. GRINTER ................................... 177,000
students in space-relating science and technology.
NsG-(T)-50 ..... Florida State University, $onlq K. FOLOER ............................. 131,200
Supporting the training of 8 predoetoral graduate students in space-
related science and technology.
NASr-165 ....... University of South Florida ............................................. 29, 064
Planning, organizing and conducting a high-level two-wcek conference
in space sciences for science teachers and preparation of the conference
proceedings in a book form.
R-39 ............ U.S. Navy-School of Aviation Medicine, D. E. BEISCHER ............... 109, 000
Conduct research on the effect of very strong magnetic fields and of
magnetic-field-free environments on man and animals.
R-75 ............. U.S. Navy--School of Aviation Medicine, H. J. SCHAEFER ............ 30, 700
Energy dissipation characteristics In tissue for ionizing radiation in
space.
R-93 ............ U.S. Navy--School of Aviation Medicine, A. GRAYBEXL ............ 150, 000
Research on the role of the vestibular organs in space flight.
Georgia:
NsG-273 ......... Georgia Institute of Technology, C. eRR .......................... 10, 000
Research on the rate of heat transfer by radiation from a solid surface
at a high temperature to a gas that is essentially transparent flowing
near the surface.
NsG-337 ......... Georgia Institute of Technology, HENRY A. MCGEE, JR .............. 72, 812
Conduct research on chemical reactivity of hydrogen, nitrogen, and
oxygen atoms at temperatures below 100 ° K.
NsG-(T)-I ...... Georgia Institute of Technology, M. J. GOGLL_ ..................... 230, 400
Supporting the training of approximately 22 space related science
and technology.
Hawaii:
NASr-5 ......... University of Hawaii, HOWARD C. MCALLISTER ........................ 23, 440
Conduct design studies and experimental evaluations of a stigmatic
spectrograph with nominal dispersion of 1A/mm and resolution of
0.01A, useful in the spectral range from 1,000A to 3,000A, and of suffi-
cient compactness and speed to be suitable for use in a rocket vehicle.
Illinois:
NsG-13 .......... University of Illinois, H. H. Korst ................................ 45,143
Investigation of the flow and heat transfer conditions within separ-
ated flow regions.
NsG-144 ........ University of Chicago, PETER MEYER ............................ 282, 568
Conduct high-altitude balloon measurements of the electron, low- 123, 886
energy proton, and alpha particle spectrum of the primary cosmic
radiation.
NsG-179 ......... University of Chicago, JOHn; SIMPSOt¢ ............................ 254, 778
Conduct experimental and theoretical studies of energetic particles
and electrodynamical processes in interplanetary space and in the
vicinity of planets.
NsG-352 ......... University of Chicago, FALICOV, COHEN and PHILLIPS .............. 70,000
Theoretical and experimental investigations of superconductivity.
NsG-366 ......... University of Chicago, E. ANDERS ............................... 105,938
Mass spectrometry and electron microprobe studies.
NsG-370 ......... University of Chicago, M. GRODZINS and T. L. WmSLER ............. 144,000
An investigation of the impact of science and technology upon the
economy and public affairs.
NsG--376 ......... University of Illinois, DANIEL ALPERT ............................ 106,105
Theoretical and experimental studies of the underlying processes and
techniques of low-pressure measurement.
APPENDIX W 201

contract number
lllnois--Continued
NsO-379 ......... University of Illinois, S. A. BOW'HILL .................................... $27, 425
Study to determine the optimum organization and techniques for a
worldwide investigation of the D and lower E regions of the ionosphere
in relation to the IQSY.
NsG-395 ......... University of Illinois, DESCHAMPS, MITTItA, and LO .................... 28, 930
A study of selected radiation and propagation problems related to
antennas and probes in magneto-ionic media.
NsO-405 ......... Northwestern University, GEORGE THODOS ............................. 26, 250
A theoretical and experimental investigation of the thermodynamic
and transport properties of para-hydrogen.
NsO--434 ......... University of Illinoi s .................................................... 15, 323
Study of line integrals, surface integrals, volumes, centroids, and
moments of inertia for a class of shells of revolution and for a larger class
of shells.
NsO--441 ......... University of Chicago, H. FERNANDEZ .................................. 198, 290
Investigations in space-related molecular biology, including consider-
ation of the molecular organization of extraterrestrial matter.
NsG-(T)-2 ...... University of Chicago, WARNER A. WICE ............................... 3to, 50o
space related science and technology.
NsG(T)-17 ...... Northwestern University, MOODY E. PRIOR ............................ 187, 200
NsG-(T)-24 ..... University of Illinois, FREDERICK T. WALL ............................. 212, 400
students in spaes-related science and technology.
NsG(T)-25 ...... Illinois Institute of Technology, MAR_IN A. ELLIO_r .................... 188, 700
NASr-22 ........ Amour Research Foundation, RICHARD ]_NRLIOH ....................... 49,139
Conduct experimental research on the survival and growth of algae,
lichens, and microorganisms in simulated Martian and lunar environ-
ment.
NASr-50 ........ Materials Research Laboratory, Inc., E. $. RIPLINO ..................... 17, 447
Conducting experimental studies of stress corrosion in titanium,
stainless steel, and other elevated temperature structural alloys, at
elevated temperaturers and in the presence of a crack.
NASr-65(03) ..... Armour Research Foundation, LAWRENCE CONROY ..................... 45, 411
Conduct a NASA Technology Utilization Program Exhibit at the
Chicago International Trade Fair beginning June 19, 1963.
NASr.65(04) ..... Armour Research Foundation, R. L. BARNETT .......................... 44, 738
Application of prestressed segmented brittle materials in aerospace
structures.
NASr-65(05) ..... Armour Research Foundation, DR. WEIL ............................... 13, 000
To investigate discrepancies between stress identificationfactors
contained in the ASA piping code and experimental data for thin wall
piping.
NASr-65(06) ..... Armour Research Foundation, LEONARD REIFFEL ...................... 300, 000
Conduct studies and analyses of space science problems relatedto the
planning and directing of NASA lunar and planetary programs.
R-96 ............ U.S. Navy--Office of Naval Research ................................... 1,800
Support of the Fifth Biennial Gas Dynamics Symposium entitled
"Physico-Chemical Diagnostics of Plasmas."
R-46 ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, S. A. GORDON ....................... 125, 000
Determine the effects of continuous 3-dimensional rotation of the
earth's gravitational, magnetic, and electrical field gradients on plant
morphognensls.
Indiana:
NsO-339 ........ University of Notre Dame, G. F. D'ALELIO ............................. 30, 770
Polymer Research Program.

contract number
Indiana--Continued
NsG-383 ........ Purdue University, M. J. ZUeROW ...................................... $30, 0C0
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the mechanism of solid
propellant combustion.
NsG-446 ........ Evansville State Hospital, F. C. CLARK ................................. 37, 415
An experimental study of the effects of schedule and stimulus param-
eters on monitoring and observing behavior.
NsG-(T)-15 ..... Indiana University, J. W. ASHTON ...................................... 143,100
students in space-rolated science and technology.
NsG-(T)-27_ .... Purdue University, E. C. YOUNG ....................................... 223, 200
NsG-(T)-65 ..... University of Notre Dame, C. A. SOLETA ............................... 153,600
NASr-155 ....... Amateur Rocketeers of America, JOHN CARI_ON ........................ 39, 000
Development of a Cooperative A RA-NASA Program.
NASr-162 ....... Indiana University, ARTHUR M. WEIMER ............................. 150, 000
A pilot Program for investigating various techniques to enhance the
utilization of new knowledge related to or stemming from aerospace
research and technology.
Iowa:
NsG-62 ......... Iowa State University, G. K. SEROVY ................................... 25, 675
Application of blade element techniques to the design and perform-
ance prediction problems for axial flow pumps (Cont. of NAw-6518).
NsO-233 ........ State University of Iowa, J. A. VAN ALLEN ............................. 300, 000
Theoretical and experimental studies related to the particles and
fields associated with the major bodies of the solar system and with
interplanetary space.
NsG-293 ........ Iowa State University, B. C. CARlSON .................................. 18, 460
Investigation of hypergeometric functions and elliptic integrals.
NsG-(T)-6 ...... State University of Iowa, JOHN C. WEAVER ............................ 175, 500
NsG-(T)-35 ..... Iowa State University, J. B. PAOR ...................................... 171,000
Supporting the training of approximately ten (10) predoetoral grad-
uate students in space-related science and technology.
Kansas:
NsG-298 ......... University of Kansas, JOHN S. McNow_ ................................ 150, 000
Interdisciplinary studies in space science and technology.
NsG-477 ......... University of Kansas, R. K. MOORE .................................... 35, 000
TO determine the radar cross section of the earth by utili.zlng ground
return data from Alouette satellite.
NsG(T)-54 ...... Kansas State University, HAROLD HOWE ............................... 142, 200
I_sG(T)-55 ...... University o f Kausas, JOHN S. MCNOWN ................................ 143, 300
students in spaee-related science and technology.
Kentucky:
NAG-393 ......... University of Kentucky, W. S. KROODAHL .............................. 9, 445
Investigation and reformulation of the numerical for solving differ-
enttal equations of state of 2-electron atoms.
NsG-456 ......... University of Kentucky, K. O. LANOE .................................. 50, 000
An experimental investigation of gravity level preference in small
animals.
Louisiana:
NsG-346 ......... Tulane University, PA_ S. GUTH ...................................... 52, 754
Investigation into the site and mode of antivertlgo action of a new
phenothtazlne derivative.
_PENDrX K 203

contract number
Louisiana--Con.
NsG-(T)-19 ..... Louisiana State University, MAX GOODRICH ............................ $131, 500
NsG-(T)-84 ..... Tulane University, R. M. LUMIANSK¥_ ................................ 158, 400
Maine:
NA Sr-135 ....... Aroostook State Teachers College, K. D. MA_UE ...................... 26, 000
Development of specific space related teaching material, designed
to serve as guides and supplements to clasm_om instruction.
NASr-137 ....... Washington State Teachers College ..................................... 25, 000
Development of specific space-related teaching materials designed
to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
NASr-152 ....... Oorham State Teachers College, KETCH T. H. BROOKS .............. 40,0e0
Conduct development of specific space-related teaching materials
designed to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
NASr-153 ....... Farmlngton State Teachers College ..................................... 4O,OO0
Contract for the development of specific spaco-rciated teachl ng
materials designed to serve as guides and supplements to classroom
instruction.
NASr-154 ....... Fort Kent State Teachers College, SHARON PE_-K ....................... 10, 010
The development of specific space related teaching material, de-
signed to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
Maryland:
NsG-58 .......... University of Maryland, S. F. SmGRR .................................. 150,000
Theoretical studies on interplanetary gas and dust.
NsO-70 .......... University of Maryland, R. W. KRAUSS ................................ 99,250
Investigation of phycophysiology in controlled-environments.
NsG-189 ......... University of Maryland, J. D. FINDLgY ................................. 188,000
Conduct behavioral research and experimental analysis of complex
behavioral repertoires under full environmental control.
NsO-193 ......... Johns Hopkins University, G. H. DIEKE ................................ 80,000
Conduct rocket and laboratory exporlmenta and analysis on the
ultraviolet spectra of the upper atmosphere.
NsG-220 ......... University of Maryland, D. A. TIDMAN ................................. 97,622
Theoretieal research on the dynamics of astrophysical plasmas, in-
cluding studies of the structure of plasma shock waves in the solar
corona and their possible radio emission.
NsG-359 ......... University of Maryland, T. D. WrLKERSON ............................. 39, 702
Research on measurement of atomic transition probabilities of high
temperature gases.
NsG-361 ......... Johns Hopkins University, G. H. DlgKE ................................ 50, 000
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the fundamental
properties of rare earth crystals.
NsG-398 ......... University of Maryland, WgMRR C. RH_ZlNBOLIYP ...................... 700, 000
Multldiscipltnary research on the application of high-speed com-
Puters to space-related research problems.
NsO-436 ......... Upiversity of Maryland, J. WRRRR ..................................... 99, 396
Two-year study on theoretical and experimental research on gravita-
tional radiation.
NsG-482 ......... University of Maryland, C. C. VZRI .................................... 6,036
Support of a conference on space communications.

NsG-(T)-3 ...... University of Maryland, RONALD BA_/FORD ............................ 192,000
Supporting the training of approximately 20 graduate students

in space-related science and technology.
NsG(T)-53 ...... Johns Hopkins University, G. WILSON SHAFrRR ....................... 156,000
students in space-related science and technologY.
R--10 U.S. Navy-Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, DAvm E. GOLD_AN ....... 45, 700
Injurious effects of mechanical vibration.


contract number
Maryland--Con.
R-38 ........... U.S. Navy-Medical Research Center, T. H. BE_ZmGER .................. $1_, 400
Conduct research into basic physiological mechanisms which defend
the human body against heat and cold, and to determine the extent and
efficiency of energy transformations in the human body and in isolated
body constituents at the molecular level.
R-71 ............ U.S. Navy-Naval Ordnance Laboratory ................................. 35, 000
Conduct a drag and static and dynamic stability investigation of
models of the Mariner B Shape A-1 and JPL Confguration V-lat
flight velocities from 13,000 feet per second to 18,000 feet per secend, etc.
R-76 ............ U.S. Navy-Bureau of Naval Weapons, G. L. DUGGER .................. 450, 700
Research on supersonic combustion of hydrogen for Mach 10+
vehicle.
R-78 ............ National Iustitutes of Health, FINN & STONE ........................... 311,900
Aid in the operation of a regional research center at the Mass chusetts
Institute of Technology for ti_e development of portable LINC com-
puters and for dissemination of these computers to the biological
community.
R-82 ............ U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory ............................... 30, 0C0
Conduct sounding rocket studies of the ionosphere.
Massachusetts:
NsG-31 .......... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ERICK MOLLO-CHRISTENSEN .... 37, 342
Experimental investigation of the effect of sound impingement upon
shear flows.
NsO-ll7 ........ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NICHOLAS J. GRANT ............ 51,000
Research on mechanisms of alloy strengthening by fine particle dis-
persions, with particular emphasis on selective reduction of nonre-
Iractory oxides, stability of metal-metal oxides systems, and solid
solution matrices in metal-metal oxide alloys.
NsO- 149........ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, O. C. NEWTON JR ......... 79, 773
Conduct research on vibrator-output angular motion sensors.
NsO-234 ......... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, J. F. REINT#ES ................. 95, 000
Venus radar systems investigations.
NsO-246 ........ Boston University, GERALD S. HAWglNS ................................ 14, 500
A study of lunar graters and their relation to meteorites and asteroides.
NsO-330 ......... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, TOWNES & JAVAY .............. 400, 000
Conduct research on properties of optical and infrared masers.
NSO-334 ......... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, IIENRV Z. ZIMMERMANN ........ 100, 0O0
Conduct research on techniques of communications in the space en-
vironment.
NsG-368 ......... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, WOODSON, HAUS AND MELCHER 75,O00
Theoretical and experimental investigations in electrohydrody-
namics (EHD) and wave-type magnetohydrodynamies (MHD).
NsG-3_ ........ Brandeis University, ]_APLAN, LEVINE AND MARMUR .................. II0,033
A comparative study of the evaluation of enzymes and nucleic acids.
NsG-3_ ......... Massachusetts InStitute of Technology, B. Rossi ........................ 500,0(}0
Theoreticaland experimetal investigations of the interplanetary
medium and in gamma-ray astronomy.
NsO-4_ ......... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, R. W. MANN ................... 31,222
Analytical and experimental investigations of I_asic flow phenom-
ena in unsteady flow systems with moving boundaries, to de-
termine the validity of the two-dimensional hydraulic analogue to
compressible fluid flow.
NsG-460 ......... Harvard University, F. L. WHIPPLE .................................... 24, 448
A theoretical study of meteoric trajectories and processes, including
examination of the incidence and characteristics of photographic
meteors by reduction of about 600 data poL_ts.
NsG--462 ......... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, F. O. SCH_IT'r .................. 146,641
Partial support oi multidisciDlinary studies in the neurosciences.
_PENDrX K 205

contract number
Massachusetts--Con.
NsG-(T)-20 ..... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, HAROLD L. HAZEN ............. $310,
I_ASr-16 ........ Allied Research Associates, Inc., A. KORNFIELD ......................... 8,748
Research on the principles of biologicalsensors and possibleappHca-
tlon of such principles to physical design.
NsG-(T)-64 ..... Northeastern University, ARTHUR A. VERNON ......................... 60,900
Supporting the training of approximately S predoctoral graduate
NASr-158 ....... Harvard Unlve_Ity, FRED L. WmrPLE ................................. 340,000
Contract to conduct investigations of the properties, flux, and
trajectoriesof meteors.
NASw--37 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, W. L. KRAUSHAAR ............. 43,400
Designing, constructing, and testing a hlgh-energy gamma ray
detecter capable of being carried in a satellite.
R-92 ............ USAF-Cambrldge Research Center, H. E. HINTEREGGER ............... 4O7,000
Conduct measurements, from rocket.s, of the ultraviolet spectrum as
a function of altitude and wavelength.
Michigan:
NsG-27 .......... University of Michigan, G. ISA_rSON ..................................... 4,975
Study of the natural vibration characteristic of twisted rotating
blades in combined bending and torsion.
NAG--39 .......... University of Michigan, F. G. HAM._ITr ................................ 71, 750
Investigation of cavitation-eroslon phenomena. (Continnation of
Naw-65_).
NAG-86 .......... University of Michigan, R. B. MORRISON ............................... 22, 673
Study of particle dynamics under conditions which exist in rockets.
NsG-115 ......... University of Michigan, Cmergo Kx_ucel .............................. 31, 588
Study of microwave, radio frequency, and ionizing radiation inter-
actions in solids.
NsG-12A ......... University of Michigan, 3. W. FREEMAN ................................ 65,0O0
Research on heat resistaut alloys.
NaG-Z44 ......... University of Michigan, S. K. CLARg ................................... 27, S00
Analysis of aircraft tires.
Ns(]--415 ......... University of Michigan, H. C. EARLY ................................... 55,0O0
Theoretical and experimental investigations of extremely dense
plasmas at very high energy densities.
NsG-444 ......... University of Michigan, R. E. H'ATT .................................... 50, 000
Analytical studies of relationships between far-field radiation pat-
terns and near-field current distributions and surface configurations,
including consideration of the effects of small-vehicle (few wavelengths)
on antenna performance.
NsG-(T)-5 ...... University of Michigan, R. A. SAWYRR ................................. 265, 500
Supporting the training of approximately 25 graduate stduents in
space related science and technology.
NsG--(F)-12 ..... University of Michigan, RALPH A. SAWYER ............................. 1, 750, 000
Construction of a space research building on the north esmpus of the
University of Michigan.
NsG-(T)-58 ..... Michigan State University, MILTON E. MUELUER ..................... 144, 000
NASr-M(03) ..... University of Michigan, FRED L. BARTMAN ............................. 450, 000
Continue research, relevant to meteorological satetlites, in advanced
measuring techniques of high altitude and surface phenomena.
NASr-54(04) ..... University of Michigan, A. F. NAGY .................................... 24,683
"Langmuir Probe Techniques" (Cont of NASw- 139).
NASr-54(05) .... University of Michigan ............................................. 341, 000
Survey measurements of upper air structure.

contract number
Michigan--Con.
NASr-83 ........ Henry Ford Hospital, LORNE D. PROCTOR .............................. $65,000
Conduct an experimental investigation of variations of the electro-
neurophysiological correlates and task performance under conditions
of controlled stimuli.
NASr-163 ........ Wayne State University, RANDALL M. WHALEY ........................ 27, 875
An investigation of the relationships among university, industry,
Government and community groups as might bear on the application
of the benefits of space-related research and technological advancement
to the problems of continuing regional economic development.
NASw-M ........ University of Michigan, F. T. HADDOCK ................................ 39, 000
Astronomical experiments in satellites--radio astronomy TASK
No. l.
NASw-55 ....... University of Michigan, L. GOLDBERG .................................. 2, 673
Solar ultraviolet spectroscope.
NASw-140 ...... University of Michigan, F. L. BARTMAN ................................ 16, 799
Research on advanced measuring techniques of atmospheric and
surface phenomena using radio meters sensitive in the visible and near
infrared regions of the spectrum.
NASw-139 ..... University of Michigan, W. G. Dow .................................... 3, 413
Design, develop, construct, deliver and supervise installation of 2
instrumented vo "ec3ne_ containing Langmuir probes, control units, and
necessary telemetry, and conduct sounding rocket experiment and
studies of the ionosphere.
Minncscta:
NsG-(T)-7 ...... University of Minnesota ................................................ 288, 000
NsG-(F)-7 ...... University of Minnesota, A. O. C. NIER ................................ 704, 000
Construction of additional physics research laboratories.
NASr-II ........ University of Minnesota, ALLAN H. BROWN ............................ 40, 356
Research on the effects of earth satellite environment and launching
stresses on biological metabolism, including ground-based studies, de-
sign and construction of instrumentation for satellite-borne studies,
and analysis of the results of the flight experiment.
Mississippi:
NsG-80 .......... Mississippi State University, R. G. TISCHER ............................ 15, 000
Biochemical study of mixed culture algae prototypes in a closed eco-
logical system.
Missouri:
NsG-342 ......... Washington University (St. Louis), WERNER Z. HIRSCH ............... 300, 000
Analyses of the impact of space activities on the national economy,
and establishment of a methodology for determining space program
effects on regional economic growth.
NsG(T)-59 ...... Missouri School of Mines & Metallurgy, M. BAKER ..................... 76,400
NsG-(T)-60 ..... University of Missouri, HENRY E. BENT ............................... 152, 900
NsG-(T)-74 ..... St. Louis University, R. J'. HENLE, S.J .................................. 140, 400
NsG-(T)-86 ..... Washington University (St. Louis), GEOR(_E E. POKE ................. 154, 800
NASr-63(03) ..... Midwest Research Institute, M. H. THORNTON ......................... 216, 657
Aid and encourage the industries of the States of Missouri, Oklahoma
Kansas, Arkansas, Iowa, and Nebraska to participate in space tech-
nology, in order that the industries will be strengthened by application
of the technology, etc.
_PENWX K 207
State and grant or Organization, investigator and purpcoe A1nouflt

contract number
Miscouri--Con.
NASr- 63(04) ..... Midwest Research Institute, M. H. THORNTON ......................... $158,78S
Develop and apply a methodology for measuring the short- and long-
term effects of increased participation in space technology on the econ-
omy of the States of Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, Iowa, and
Nebraska; and analyze the technical capabilities of these States in de-
termining the optimum direction of future economic effort.
NASr-63(05) ..... Midwest Research Institute, E. F. ZXUDrJ_ ............................. 37, 335
Conduct an experimental and theoretical investigation of the flutter
characteristics of an array of fiat rectangular pinned-edge panels at low
supersonic speeds.
NASr-63(06) ..... Midwest Research Institute, SHig_ON L. LBVY ........................ 53, 747
Extreme vacuum technology (below 10-_ TORR) and associated
clean surface studies.
NASr-150 ....... University of Kansas City, D. WILLtkMS ............................... 41, 087
Review 30 NASA sponsored research programs for the purpose of
selecting 10 programs where filmed research reports would be useful in
science education, and prepare motion picture scripts for the 10 selected
programs.
Mont_a:
NsG-480 ......... Montana State College, IRVING E. DAYTON ............................ 70, 000
A program to support the development of research in space physics
at Montana State College.
Nevada:
NsG-464 ......... University of Nevada, H. N. Mozmoo ................................. 10, 476
An experimental investigation of the effects of low pressure on cellular
ultrastructure and cytocbemistry in plants.
NsG(T)-61 ...... University of Nevada, THOMAS D. O'BRIEN ........................... 49, 600
Supporting the training of approximately three predoctoral grad-
uate students in space-related science and technology.
New Hampshire:
NASr-IOI ....... University of New Hampshire, J. A. LOCKWOOD ........................ 30,000
Contract for research and development on an instrument suitable
for measuring neutron intensity in space.
New Jersey:
NsO-99 .......... Princeton University, Luml CRocco .................................... 247, 330
Theoretical and experimental research on combustion instability in
liquid propellant rocket motors, including consideration of both linear
and nonlinear aspects.
NsG-130 ........ Stevens Iv.stitute of Technology, JACK FA;ANS .......................... 28, 041
Research on electro-hydronaymk.s of superfluld helium.
NsG-403 ......... Stevens Institute of Technology, LAWgENCE GOLVMAN ................. 10, 750
A study of the algebraic aspects of the &body problem.
NsG-196 ......... Princeton University, H. H. HESS ......................................
Conduct research on X-ray diflraction studies of innar-type ma-
terial.
NsG-306 ......... Princeton University, JAH_, KUN_ and BERNS_n_ ................. 76, 57O
Theoretical and experimental studies of the formation and stability
of the magnetogasdynamic front in a pinch discharge.
NsG-326 ......... Stevens Institute of Technology, J. ANDERSON ......................... I0, 616
Conduct research on principles of general covarlance in its various
formulations and the related problems of the role of coordinates in
gene:al relativity.
NsG--413 ......... Seton Hall University, L. M. RAUCH ...................................
Methodologies in the sointi_n of systems of nonlinear differential
equations, with emphasis on the N-body problem.
NsG--414 ........ Princeton University, A. B. FIEND ......................................
Theoretical and/or experimental studies of ultraviolet phenomena of
astronomical interest, and of balactic gas dynamics.

contract number
New Jer_y--Con.
NsG-447 ......... Rutgers State University, D. A. LUPFER ................................ $50,181
Studies of minimum thickness electro-ceramic films, including
relationship of mechanical and electronic properties to method of
formation.
NAG-470 ......... Princeton University, C. S. PPI_ENDRIGH ............................... 42, 926
An experimental analysis of circadian rhythms under terrestrial
conditions including techniques for studying rhythms in an orbiting
satellite.
NsG-(T)-38 ..... Princeton University, DONALD R. HAMILTON ........................... 230, 400
NsO-(T)-77 ..... Stevens Institute of Technology, RALPH A. MORGEN .................... 108, 000
NASr-36 ........ Princeton University, It. B. JONES ...................................... 96, 000
Research on transient pressure transducers for use in jet propulsion
research.
NASr-99 ........ National Beryllia Corp., EUGENE RYSHKEWITCH ........................ 65, 000
Research on low density thermal insulating materials for use abovc
3,000 ° F.
NASr-II3 ....... Princeton University, M. SCHWARZCHILD ............................... 194,637
Study the modification of the Stratoscope II telescope for use in
conjunction with infrared spectroscopic observations of Mars, Venus,
and the Moon.
NASr-159 ....... Princeton University, ROBERT D. ALLEN ............................... 35, 849
Contract for the design and construction of an improved optical
microscope system for biological research.
New Mexico:
NsO-332 ........ University of New Mexico, C. P. LEAVrrr .............................. 38,732
Design and development of an experiment to measure the high-
energy neutron flux in space.
NSO-372 ......... New Mexico State University, R. LIEFELD .............................. 23,114
Research in long wavelength X.ray spectroscopy.
NsG-(T)-62 ..... University of New Mexico, WILLIAM J. PARRISn ........................ 113,900
New York:
NAG-14 .......... Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, CHI-NENO SHEN ...................... 20, 000
Investigation cf the synthesis ofhigh order nonlinear control systems 93, 000
with time input, including consideration of type input, multiple
nonlinear system, form, and accuracy of the synthesis.
NAG-76 .......... New York University, R. C. SAHNI ..................................... 79, 000
A theoretical research in the fieldsof molecular quantum mechanics
and transport properties of diatomic molecules.
NsO-90 .......... New York University, H. MARGOLIN ................................... 44, 078
Investigation of the effectof pressure on metallurgical phenomena.
NsO-100 ......... Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, S. E. WIBRRLEY ..................... 300, 000
NAG-112 ......... Columbia University, LAWRENCE O'NEILL ............................. 140, 000
Method for determining blood flow through intact vessels of experi-
mental animals under conditions of gravitational stress and in extra-
terrestrialspace capsules.
NsG-II6 ......... Cornell University, S. H. BAUER ....................................... 41,425
Kinetics of chemical reactions in gases at high temperatures utilizing
shock tube and other gas dynamic techniques.
NsO-155 ......... Dudley Observatory, CVETm L. HEMENWAY ........................... 26, 035
Collection and analysis of mic$ometeorites.
NsG-159 ......... Syracuse University, D. V. KELLER, JR ................................. 10, 465
Conduct research on adhesions of metals in high v_uum.
APPENDIX
K 209

contract number
New York--Con.
NAG-227 ........ Yeshiva University, L. F. LANDOWITZ .................................. $23,125
The application of statistical mechanics of noneqnilibrium processes
to astrophysies and the determination of galactic mass distribution
and gravitational potential.
NAG-229 ......... Columbia University, ARTHUR N. STRAHLER ............................ 64,40O
Conduct a summer institute for space science, including the selection
and support of 50 outstanding undergraduate sclence-student attendees.
NsG--3_ ......... University of Rochester, PHILIP W. BAU_.XSrER ........................ IS, 225
Investigation of new methods of designing multilayer filters having
specified transmission or reflectance as a function of wavelength.
NAG-336 ......... New York University, SIVNZY BoRowrrz ............................... U, 519
Conduct research on low energy scattering of electrons by atomic and
molecular systems.
NAG-341 ......... Fordham University, NAGY, HENNESSY, and CLAUS .................... 109, 2O9
Conduct research on analysis of the organic and inorganic com-
ponents of carbonaceous and other selected stony meteorites.
NAG--3,50 ......... University of Rochester, MARTIN LESSEH ............................... 57,180
A pilot study of plasma stream and traveling wave magnetic field
interaction."
NAG--360 ......... Columbia University, RORRRT NOWCK ................................. _000
Research in properties of helium and lithium atoms and ions.
NAG-371 ......... Reusselaer Polytechnic Institute, V_mTE and CALAMZ .................. 25, 0C0
A theoretical and experimental study of radiation damage and effects
on the properties of materials.
NAG-382 ......... Cornell University, THOMAS GOLD ...................................... 400, O90
Support to a research program of lunar studies and the structure of
the earth's magnetosphere.
NAG-384 ......... Alfred University, T. _'. GRAY .......................................... SS, IS5
An investigation of fuel cell performance under nonequfllbrium
conditions, including consideration of operation under pulsed loading.
NAG--385 ......... Syracuse University, HARVEY H. BROWN ............................... 22, SO9
An exact stress analysis of a rectangular sheet bounded by 4-edge
stiffeners and subjected to loads and temperature gradients.
NsG-AO9 ......... Polytechnic Institute of'Brooklyn, ANTONIO FgRm ..................... 128,630
Theoretical and experimental investigations in the electromagnetic
radiative and thermodynamic properties of ionized flows of gases, and
in plasma boundary conditions at conducting and nonconducting
walls.
NAG-412 ......... New York University, J. J. STOX-ER ..................................... 90, 000
Theoretical and experimental investigations in nonlinear elasticity
involving studies of thin- and thick-walled structures, elastic shells,
and nonlsotrophic materials.
NAG-420 ......... New York University, A. D. KRRR .....................................
Theoretical and experimental studies in nonlinear elasticity, includ-
ing consideration of shells, beams, and plates.
NAG-431 ......... Syracuse University, D. S. DOSANJH ....................................
Analytical and experimental investigations of the noise characteris-
tics of power jet flows from highly underexpanded convergent and con-
vergent-divergent nozzles which are interacted with relatively low-
energy control jet flows.
NAG-442 ......... Columbia University, RORRRT NOVlCX .................................
Theoretical and experimental investigations of the microwave prop-
erties of planetary atmospheres.
NsG-4_ ......... University of Rochester, RORRRT G. LOZWY ............................ 3_000
A theoretical study of the dynamic characteristics of clustered struc-
tuscs including computer analyses of selected launch vehicle configura-
tions.
NAG-483 ......... Syracuse University, D. V. KELLER ............ _........................ _,000
Theoretical and experimental studies of adhesion of metals in high
vacuum.
733-348 O---64-------15

contract number
New York--Con.
NsO-(T)-26 ..... Columbia University, RALPH S. HALFORD .............................. $228,000
NsG-(T)-lO ..... Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, EDWIN BROWN ALLEN ................ 192, 000
NsG-(T)-40 ..... New York University, J. R. RAGAZZINI ................................. 220, 600
Supporting the training of ap!_roximately 12 prcdoctoral graduate
NsG-(T)--48 ..... Cornen Unive-sity, DAMON BOYNTO_ .................................. 177,000
NsG-(T)-71 ..... Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, ERNEST WEBER ..................... 216, 000
NsG(T)-73 ...... University of Rochester, WALLACE O. FENN ........................ 183, 000
NsG(T)-78 ...... Syracuse University, F. P. PISKOR ..................................... 141,600
NASr-14 ........ University of Rochester, R. E. HOPKINS ................................ 75, 000
Conduct research on optical instrumentation suitable for incorpora-
tion in an orbiting astronomical observatory.
NASr-119 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., A. HERTZRERfi ................. 120, 000
Conduct a research program to determine the nouequilibrium flow
field and the optical radiation around vehicles traveling at high alti-
tudes and superorbitM speeds.
NASr-109 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., A. HERTZRERG .............. 134, 993
Experimental and theoretical research on the flow of high tempera-
ture hydrogen through jet nozzles.
NASr-121 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., RICHARD TAYLOR ........... 15,318
Conduct a research study to establish requirements for spaceborne 9, 972
detection, tracking, and navigation systems suitable for use in future
manned spacecraft having rendezvous and lunar landing missions.
NASr-130 ....... Institute of the Aerospace Sciences, J. J. OLENNON .................. 915, 000
Expansion of IAS to enable the Institute to provide a comprehensive
coverage of worldwide published literature in the aerospace sciences.
NASr-156 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., J. W. FORD ..................... 57, 860
Basic research in techniques for warm fog dispersal designed to
improve airport utilization.
NASr-167 ....... New York University .................................................. 33, 000
NASA-University relationships with particular consideration given
to the problem of institutional liaison.
NASr-168 ....... Columbia University, E. W. BARRETT .................................. 34, 806
The conduct of a seminar of mass media policymakers to determine
and investigate problems in and special requirements for the communi-
cation of public information on space science.
NASr-181 ....... Columbia University, MENELAOS D. I_IASSIALIS ........................ 33, 000
A codification, analysis, and evaluation of existing or derived multi-
disciplinary scientific information relevant to the technical ramifica-
tions and the bases of catastrophic loss or damage associated with space
flight systems.
NASr-183 ....... New York University, CHARLES J'.MARSEL ....................... 30, 000
Investigation of the chemical kinetics of an advanced high-energy
propellant system.
NASw-82 ....... Columbia University, M. EWING ............................... 150, 000
A lunar seismograph (development and analysis of lunar seismo-
graph).
APPENDIX
K 211
State and grant or

contract number
Organization, investigator and purpose Amount
North Carolina:
NsG-152 ......... Duke University, THOMAS G. WII_ON ................................. $35,243
Conduct research on satellite electrical power conversion systems and
circuit protection.
NsG-363 ......... University of North Carolina, H. A. HASSEN ............................ 40,000
Theoretical study of nonequllibrium ionization in the presence of
electric and magnetic fields.
NsG(T)-16 ...... Duke University, R. L. PREDMORE ..................................... 177, 000
NsG-(I)-31 ..... North Carolina State College, WALTER J. PETERSON ................... 142. 000
NsG(T)-68 ...... University of North Carolina, C. HUGH HOLMAN ....................... 132, 000
Supporting the training oi approximately 10 predoctoral graduate
NASr-40 ........ Research Triangle Institute, GER_UDE M. COX ........................
Research for an abstracting and review service for technical literature
on reliability for scientists and engineers.
Ohio:
NsO-ll0 ......... Case Institute of Technology, L. A. SCHMIT, Jr .......................... 53,_0
Research to establish methods of systematic structural synthesis.
NAG-198 ......... Case Institute of Technology, OSMAN MAWARDI ........................ 150,000
Conduct experimental and theoretical research in plasma dynamics.
NsO-213 ......... Ohio State University, CURT LEvis ..................................... 100,000
Theoretical and experimental analysis of the electromagnetic scatter-
ing and radioactive properties of terrain, with emphasis of lunar-like
surfaces (Cont. of JPL N-28111).
NsG-345 ......... Case Institute of Technology, W. TOROCMAN ........................... 24, 525
A investigation of the direct interaction theory of nuclear reactions,
including consideration of the range of validity.
NsG--391 .......... Case Institute of Technology, SIMON OSTRACH .......................... 60,000
A study of the unsteady hydrodynamic behavior of ablative melt
layers.
NAG-437 ......... Fels Research Institute, E. S. VAL_NSTEIN .............................. 29,146
Experimental studies of reinforcing brain stimulation, including con-
sideration of behavioral consequences.
NsG-(T)--42 ..... Case Institute of Technology, Louis GORDON ........................... 268, TOO
NsG(T)--43 ...... University of Cincinnati, CAMPRELL CROCkEtt ......................... 141,100
students in space-related science aDd training.
NsG-(T)-56 ..... Kent State University, ROBERT WHITE ................................. 25, 500
NsG(T)-66 ...... Ohio State University, A. CARTER BROAD .............................. 112,000
NsG(T)-88 ...... Western Reserve University, FRXN_ H. HURLEY ....................... 141, 600
Supporting the training of approximately S predoctoral graduate
NASr-12 ........ General Electric Co., H. KIRTCHIK ...................................... 24, 966
Development of analytical methods for determination of oxygen in
potassium metal.
NASr-89 ........ Webb Associates, PAUL WEBS .......................................... 4, 942
Development of information and compiling.
NASr-100(01) .... Battelle Memorial Institute, W. S. HYLZR ............................... 68,9OO
Conduct a mechanical cycling experimental research program to
determine whether there is a significant problem in mechanical fa-
tigue of possible supersonic transport materials due to long-time ther-
mal instability.
212 NASANINTHSEMIANNUAL
REPORT
TO CONGRESS

contract number
Ohio_Contin"ed
NASr-100(02) .... Battelle Memorial Institute, HOWARD R. BATCHELDER ................. $35, 934
Assist in the NASA Industrial Applicatioos Program with the basic
objective of evaluating and bringing to industrial or commercial frui-
tion technological developments resulting from the Nation's space
effort.
NASr-100(03) .... Battelle Memorial Institute,JOH._ F. FOSTER ......................... 40, 000
Conduct experimental research,on techniques and procedures for the
cultivation of hydrogen-fixing bacteria.
NASw-101 ...... Battelle Memorial Institute, R. I.JAFFER ............................... 40, O00
An investigation of impurity elements, structure, and prestrain
on the tensile transition temperature of chromium and chrominm-
rhenium-type derived alloys.
R-8_ ............ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Laboratory, WILLIAM R. BREWSTER, Jr__. 150, 549
Conduct research on the nutritional requirements of man under
simulated space flight stress.
R-87 ............ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medlc_tl Laboratory, H. S. SCHILDKRArJT ........... 60,000
Oxygen toxicity at the cellular level.
R--90 ............ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Laboroatory, C. CLAUSEE ................. 10, 500
Study to determine selected characteristics of the segments of the
human body.
Oklahoma:
NsG-(T)-36 ..... University of Oklahoma, ARTHUR H. DORRR ........................... 177,000
NsG-(T)-67 ..... Oklahoma State University, MARVIN T. EDMISON ...................... 120,000
_Supporting the training of approximately I0 predoctoral graduate
students in science and technology.
Oregon:
NsG(T)-63 ...... Oregon State University, H. P. HANSEN ................................ 149, 400
Supporting the training of approximately 8 prsdoctoral graduate
Pennsylvania:
NsO-84 .......... Temple University, J. LLOYD BOHN .................................... 25, 187
The production of hypervelocity particles of small size and to increase
the sensitivity of micrometeorite detection techniques.
NsG-114 ......... Pennsylvania State University, WILLIAM J. ROSS ....................... 161,713
The study of ionospheric electron content and distribution using the
satellite doppler effect.
NsO-147 ......... Mellon Institute,DONALD J. PLASEK ................................... 25, 984
Conduct research on viscoelasticbehavior of polymers at long times.
NsO-284 ......... Pennsylvania State University, C. R. BVRNETT ......................... 19, 000
Research on the instabilityand dissnsion processes of a plasma in a
magnetic field.
NAG-335 ........ University of Pennsylvania, ELIZABETH THOROGOOD .................... 84, 030
Conduct research on molecular biology of nitrogen fixing nodules in
common legumes.
NAG--369 ........ Pennsylvania State University, A. $. FERR_ Re ......................... 6, 003
Support of a conference on wave interaction and dynamic nonlinear
phenomena in plasmas.
NsG--410 ........ Lehigh University, P. C. PARIS ..................................... 25, 000
Tbeoretica] and experimental investigations of fatigue crack pro-
pagation, emphasizing the formulation and mathematical analyses of
general mechanical models of crack growth.
NAG--416 ........ University of Pittsburgh, D. HALLIDAY ................................. 500,000
Interdisciplinary space related research in the physical, life, and
engineering sciences.
NsG--466 ........ Lehigh University, F. P. BEER .............................. - ...... 19, 700
Study of atmospheric turbulance and its effect on a vehicle during
launch.
APPENDIX
K 213
State
andgrant
contract or
number Organization,
investigator
andpurpose Amount
Pennsylvania--Cn.
NsG-(T)-22 ..... Pennsylvania State University, H. K SC_ILUN6 ........................ $177, 000
NsG-(T)-41 ..... Carnegie Institute of Technology, C. L. MCCAEE ....................... 169, 500
NsG-(T)-57 ..... LeHigh University, ROSERT D. STOUT .................................. 1,53, 600
NsG-(T)-69 ..... University of Pennsylvania, A. NORMAN HIXSON ....................__. 192,000
NsG-(T)-70. .... University of Pittsburgh, PUTMAN F. JONES .......................... 180, 000
NASr-169 ....... University of Plttsburgh, NIEL WALD ................................... 125, 000
Contract to extend the useinllness of cytogenic methodology as a re-
search technique and as a biomedical monitoring.
Rhode Island:
NsG-358 ........ American Mathematical Society, G. L. WALKER ........................ 50, 000

Partial support of a summer seminar on space mathematics.
NsG-373 ........ Brown University, H. E. FARNSwOETH ................................. 33,193
Determination of the degree of order present on refractory-metal
single crystals as affected by chemical etches and various head treat-
ments.
NsG-(T)-72 ..... University of Rhode Island, EMEST W. HARTUNG .......................
Supporting the training of approximately 4 prodoctoral graduate
NASr-161 ....... Rhode Island Department of Education, GnAcn M. GLY_ .............
A pilot course in Warren. R.1. to develop and publish a detailed
course of study for a 10-week adult education course in space sciences.
South Carolina:
NsG-(T)--44 ..... Clemson College, HUOH MACAULAY .................................... 75,600

Tennessee:
NsG-351 ......... University of Tennessee, HUNO and SINHA .............................. 25, 000
Research in the area of control system theory.
NsG-465 ......... Vanderbilt University, C. W. WIL3ON and R. (}. STEARNS ............. 95, 250
Research on structural deformation and mechanics of origin of the
large wells Creek meteorite impact structure on the surface of the
earth--to be attaine:l by geologic mapping, drilling, and geophysical
investigations for larger-scale features.
NsG(T)-81 ...... University of Tennessee, HILTON A. SMITH ............................. 141,600
NsG(T)-85 ...... Vanderbilt University, L. B. BEACH .................................. 153, 600
students in space-relatad science and technology.
Texas:
NsO--6 ........... Rice University, FnANZ BnOTZr._ .....................................

Research on the physics of solid materials, including study of the
basic laws governing the behavior of solids at high temperatures.
NsO-199 ......... University of Houston, JAM_CS E. LOVELOCK ............................
Conduct research in gas chromatography, with particular emphasis
on detector techniques.
NsG-210 ......... University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, P. O' B. MONT-
GOMERY. 120, 000
Conduct research on the influence of gravity on unicellular organ-
isms, and optimization of the ultraviolet flying-spot mkreseope for
living cell observations.
Amount
State and grant or Organization, investigator and purpose
contract number
Texas--Con.
NAG-239 ......... Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas, FKZD J. BZNSON .......... $25,000
Interdisciplinary space-oriented research in the physical, life and
engineering sciences.
NAG-256 ......... Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas, R. E. WAmZRDI .......... 102, 589
Laboratory research on remote automatic neutron activation tech-
niques to determine lunar surface elemental composition.
NAG-263 ......... University of Texas, MATS_ and SCHERK .............................. 3,000
Quantum mechanical calculations and studies on atomic systems of
astrophysical interest.
NAG-269 ......... Grad. Research Center of the Southwest, L. V. BZRKNZR .............. 425, 000
Support of a broad program of fundamental research in earth and
planetary sciences, including development of advanced scientific
experiments in lunar, planetary, and space exploration.
NAG-390 ......... Baylor University College of Medicine, PKTZB KZLLAWAY ............. 29, 729
Study of the physiological mechanism of auditory masking and of
correlations between physiological and psychological observations.
NAG-353 ......... University of Texas, A. A. DOUOAL .................................... 39, 935
Propa_ation and dispersion of hydromagnetic and ion cyclotron

waves in plasmas immersed in magnetic fields.
NAG-432 ......... University of Texas, C. W. TOLRKRT ................................... 125,000
Research on millimeter wavelength radiation from solar bodies.
NAG-440 ......... Texas Woman's University, PAULINE B. MACK ........................ 88, 786
An experimental investigation of skeletal mineral losses in humans

and pigtail monkeys during immobilization.
NsG-(T)-8 ...... Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas, WAYNZ C. HALL .......... 192,000

• NsG-(T)-9 ...... Rice University, FRANZ R. BRO'rZRN ................................... 192, 000

space-related science end technology.
NaG(T)-52 ...... University of Hot_ton, JOHN C. ALLRID ................................ 177, 000

NaG(T)-82 ...... Texas Technological College, FRRD D. REGRY .......................... 101,600

NsG-(T)-83 ..... University of Texas, W. GORDON WHALEY .............................. 132, 000

NASr-94(02) .... Southwest Research Institute, H. J. KARP .............................. 40, 645
Evaluation and bringing to industrial or commercial fruition,techno-

logicaldevelopments resulting from the Nation's space effort.
NASr-.94(03) .... Southwest Research Institute, R. N. AI_RAMSON ........................ 32, 000
Conduct experimental and analytical studies of the nonlinear re-

sponse of the elasticshell.
NASr-94(04) .... Southwest Research Institute, W. L. Donaldson ........................ 49, 332
To conduct a study and survey of space flightinstrumentation and

define the areas of instrumentation requirements applicable to the
NASA astrophysical, biomedical and engineering instrumentation
areas.
R-44 ............ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Laboratory, J. E. PICKERING .............. 190,000
TO provide support for the conduct of animal experiments pertinent

to the analysis ofthe effectsof varioz)sionizing radiations on air crews,
and study methods of diagnosis and prognosis in acute end chronic
radiation.
R-84 ............ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Laboratory, J. E. PRINCB ................. 8,150
Modification of ionizing radiation effects in primates with transfu-
sions of the specificblood celltypes in hematopoistic tissue.
R-86 ............ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Laboratory, D. R. BZ_E_r .............. 9, 000
Neuropathological study of prolonged exposure to 100% oxygen.
_PPENDrX K 215

contract number
Texas--Con.
R-88 ............ U.S.A.F. Aerespace Medical Laboratory, J. W. Fort ................... $19, 500
The effect of a high-oxygen environment on the hematopcetic system
and its ability to respond to stress.
R-89 ............ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Laboratory, E. E. WELCH ................ 69, 905
Investigation of Parameters essential for manned flight operation.
R-99 ............ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Iaboratory, J. E. MOYER and C. H. WARD. 18, 600
Conduct an investigation of ecologic relationships between bacteria
and algae in photosynthetic gas exchangers.
Utah:
NsG-(T)-79 ..... University of Utah, HENRY EYRINO .................................... 141, 600
NaG (T)-80 ...... Utah State University, J. STEWART WILLIAMS .......................... 56,000
Suvporting the training of approximately 4 predocteral graduate
students in space-related scicnes and technology.
NASw-105 ...... University of Utah, C. W. TAYLOR ..................................... 1,360
Predicting success in scientific laberaterice from biographical in.
formation.
Vermont:
NsG-(T)-28 ..... University of Vermont, C. E. BAUM .................................... 48, 700
Virginia:
NAG-106 ......... College of William and Mary, F. R. CROWNFIELD, Jr ................... 25, 000
Radio frequency and microwave spectroscopy of magnetized
plasmas.
NAG-340 ......... University of Virginia, ROMRY and CAT/AN ............................. 81,106
A Study of the thin film vaonu.m deposited junctions.
NAG-396 ......... Hollins College, RO_KRT C. BOLLK8 ..................................... 24, 035
A study of temporal factors controlling animal activity, including
consideration of the extent of which natural rythms may he
changed.
NAG-468 ......... University of Virginia, H. M. PARXER .................................. 12,125
Study of lunar photometric properties and their relation to surface
characteristics.
Ns G (T)_-I 1...... Virginia Polytechnic Institute, WII.SON B. BELL ........................ 177, 000
NsG-(T)-I4 ..... University of Virginia, FRANK L. HERKFORD ........................... 153, 400
Supporting the training oi approximately 10 predoctorai graduate
students in space-related science and Technology.
Washington:
NAG-188 ......... University of Washington, ARTHUR A. WARD ...........................

Conduct a neurophyslologica] analysis of the mechanism of surgical
anesthesia produced by transcranial application of electrical currents.
NAG-401 ......... University of Washington, BALI.AnD and DILL ..........................
Analytical and experimental study, csing pbotoelastic methods, to
establish a stress analysis of s viscoelastic model subjected to tran-
siont temperature and time-dependent loading.
NaG(T)-87 ...... University of Washington, JOSEPH L. MCCARTHY ....................... 150, 200
West Virginia:
NaG(T)-21 ...... West Virginia University, J. F. GALAy .................................. 143,100

contract number
Wisconsin:
NsO-439 ......... University of Wisconsin, ................................................ $74,225
Quantitative investigation of the mineralogy and petrography of
stone and iron meteorites.
NASw-65 ....... University of Wisconsin, V. E. SUOMI ................................... 200,000
Research work which is intended to result in the automatic reduction
and analysis of data from meteorological satellites.
NsG(T)-23 ...... University of Wisconsin, J. W. WILLARD ............................... 183,000
Foreign
NsG-157 ......... University of Berne, JO_NNES GEISS ................................... 22,600
Conduct theoretical studies on the radioactive dating of the lunar
surface.
NsG-259 ......... Max-Planck Inst. Fur Verhaltensphysiologie, :I. ASCHOFF ............... 12, 500
An experimental investigation of human circadian rhythms, Includ-
ing consideration of natural and artificial Zeitgeber.
NsG-349 ......... University of Western Ontario, R. W. NICHOLLS ........................ U0, 0C0
Theoretical and experimental studies in astrophysics.
NsG-367 ......... University of Toronto, J. B. FRENCH .................................... 31, 400
Study of the performance of a high-energy molecular beam apparatus,
and the interaction of the beam with monocrystatline.
NASr-184 ....... University of Puerto Blco, Luoo Luoo ................................. 5, 450
Spanish language instructional materials for the fourth, fifth and
sixth grades.
U.S. National Bureau of Standards, R'. L. BOWLES .............._...... 200, 0G0
Support of pro|ect research at Jicamarca Radar Observatory, Lima,
Peru.
U.S. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFlCE: Ige4 0---733--2ki8

Ninth Semiannual Report To Congress 1 Jan. - 30 Jun. 1963

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Ninth Semiannual Report To Congress 1 Jan. - 30 Jun. 1963

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< I

JANUARY I - JUNE 30, 1963

NATIONAL AERONAUTICSAND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

To the CoNGPmss OF THE UNITED STATES:

Pursuant to the provisions of the National Aeronautics and Space

THE WHITE HOUSE.

JAMES E. WEBB, Administrator.

PROJECT MERCURY IN REVIEW ...................................... 3

ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS ............................... 17

CHAPTER 1--MANNED SPACE FLIGHT ........................... 17

CHAPTER 1--MANNED SPACE FLIGHT---Continued

CHAFr_B 4---ADVANC]_D Rl_SEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Con. PaD

Cooperative Projects ................................... 129

CHAPTER 8--INFORMATIONAL AND SPONSORED RESEARCH

CHAPTER 9--PERSONNEL, MANAGI_M]_NT, AND PROCUR]_MENT

A--Memberships of Congressional Committee on Aeronautics and Space

The Faith 7 spacecraft ............................................. 18

The Saturn family of launch vehicles ................................. 43

Summary of the TIROS project through June 30, 1963 ................ 80

mum airloads and afterbody heating rate during reentry conditions.

Mercury-Rex]stone II (MR-B), January 31, 1961: This flight from

dom 7 spacecraft. The 2,700-pound capsule landed 302 miles down-

support systems, the worldwide Mercury tracking network, and the

capsule's cooling system was not functioning properly. Consequently,

Mercury-Atlas VIII (MA-8), October 3, 1962: The third orbital

spacecraft and remain in communication with the pilot; how to re-

Manned Space Flight

NASA made substantial progress in all aspects of the Nation's

The Mercury Program

The Mercury program reached its objective during this reporting

Figure 1-1. The Faith 7 spacecraft.

experiments-observation of a flashing beacon ejected from the space-

Figure 1-3. The new helrnot used by Astronaut Cooper.

The Gemini Program

The Gemini program will provide a two-man spacecraft system to

The Gemini Spacecraft

In establishing criteria and designs for the Gemini spacecraft,

Figure 1-4. The Gemini spacecraft.

I n December of 1961, NASA contracted for development and pro-

In addition, the inertial measuring unit vibration tests were suc-

The Gemini Launch Vehicle (Titan II)

A modified version of the Titan II ICBM is to be used to launch

The Gemini Target Vehicle (AgenQ D)

completed. The development test unit of the primary propulsion

Gemini Support Systems

NASA continued its efforts to provide for supporting equipment

Figure 1-5. A rendezvous training system.

I Figure 1-6. Launch complex 19 at the Atlantic Missile Range.

changes were being kept to a minimum because of the limited number

The Apollo Program

The spacecraft, to be manned by three astronauts, consists of three

Figure 1-7. The three modules of the Apollo spacecraft.

LUNAR ARRIVAL RETURN TO EARTH

_% eosmo_ • _ VUI*_ AmOUNO

LUNAR EXCUn SION

Figure 1-8. Phases of the Apollo mission.

Command and Service Module Development

NASA has signed formal contracts for the design, development_

was begun. These tests are to determine the structural integrity of

Major Spacecraft Subsystem Development

NASA continued to achieve major accomplishments in the design,

Figure 1-9. Impact testing of a boilerplate command module.

CONE OR 'Q' BALL