Thirteenth Semiannual Report To Congress

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To THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES:
This report to the Congress describes six months of great achieve-

ment by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
It was during this period--JanuaI T 1, 1965, to June 30, 1965--that
America made immense strides in the field of manned space travel.
This was the time, too, of Ranger's spectacular success in trans-
mitting live TV images of the moon's surface. It was the time of
Edward White's 22-minute jet-propelled walk in space.
The best characteristics of our people--their courage, their imag-
ination, their technical and managerial competence--have been vividly
demonstrated in the mttional space program.
This is in,iced an era of progress---with space technology providing
a vital stimulus as we move to unravel the mysteries of space, and
to solve the complex economic, political, and social problems of life
here on earth.
THE WHITE HOUSE,
April 18, 1966.

Thirteenth
SEMIANNUAL
REPORT TO
CONGRESS
JANUARY 1 -JUNE 30r :1965
NATIONALAERONAUTICS
AND SPACEADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON,
D. C. 20546
Cover: Astronaut White's historic walk in space. Prepared by
Alfred Jordan, Visual Aids Branch, Office of Administration,
NASA Headquarters.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.75
THE P_ES_)E_T
The White House
March '24, 1966.

DEAR MR. PRESIDENT:
I am pleased to submit to you this Thirteenth Semiannual Report
of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, covering the
period January 1-June 30, 1965, for transmittal to Congress ill accord-
ance with Section 206(a) of the National Aeronautics and Space Act
of 1958.
During this period, NASA began its most exciting and rewarding
year in the manned space flight program. After the second successful
unmanned Gemini test, the Nation's first two-man flight, Gemini III,
took place in March. This was followed in June by the 4-day Gemini
IV mission, during which Astronaut Edward H. White carried out the
unprecedented "walk in space"--22 minutes of activity outside the
spacecraft cabin.
In addition, the Ranger program was brought to a highly satisfac-
tory conclusion as Ranger IX impacted on the moon after transmitting
real-time live TV pictures of the lunar surface. Mariner IV continued
its journey toward Mars, transmitting invaluable data on space as it
prepared to photograph the Martian surface from an altitude of about
6,100 miles.
These and the many other achievements reported in this volume seem
to me to give clear evidence that the Nation's space program is moving
in the desired direction.
Respectfully yours,
JAMES E. WE_B
Administrator
Contents
Page
HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... 3
ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS ............ 11
Chapter 1--Manned Space Flight ........................ 11
The Gemini Program ........................ 12
Gemini Program Objectives ............... 12
Specific Gemini Missions ................. 13
Second Gemini Unmanned Mission--
Gemini II ........................ 13
First Gemini Manned Flight--Gemini
III .............................. 15
Second Gemini Manned Flight--Gemini
IV ............................... 17
Development, Production, and Test ........ 24
Gemini Launch Vehicle ............... 24
Gemini Target Vehicle ............... 24
The Apollo Program ......................... 25
Specific Mission Objectives ............... 25
Apollo Management ..................... 27
Apollo Spacecraft Design Status ........... 27
Saturn Launch Vehicle Design Status ...... 29
Saturn I ............................ 29
Saturn IB .......................... 29
Space Medicine ......................... 32
Supporting Facilities ..................... 34
John F. Kennedy Space Center ........ 34
Manned Spacecraft Center ............ 35
Marshall Space Flight Center ......... 35
Michoud_ ........................... 37
Mississippi Test Facility .............. 37
Seal Beach .......................... 39
Sacramento Test Operations .......... 39
White Sands Test Facility ............ 39
Astronaut Activities ......................... 39
General Training ........................ 39
Specific _;oo;on m_°;.;_,,. 40
Design Participation ..................... 40
Scientist/Astronauts ..................... 40
V
VI CONTENTS
Chapter 1--Manned Space Flight--Continued ra_

Advanced Manned Missions .................. 41
Apollo Applications ...................... 42
Apollo Applications: Earth-Orbital
Missions .......................... 42
Apollo Applications: Missions in Lunar
Orbit ............................ 43
Apollo Applications: Lunar Surface
Experiments ...................... 43
Advanced Post-Apollo Missions ........... 44
Chapter 2--Scientific Investigations in Space .............. 45
Physics and Astronomy Programs ............. 45
Second Orbiting Solar Observatory ........ 46
Explorer Satellites ....................... 46
Shipboard Sounding Rocket Launches ...... 49
Studies During Solar Eclipse .............. 49
Lunar and Planetary Programs ................ 50
Ranger ................................. 50
Surveyor ............................... 52
Lunar Orbiter ........................... 52
Mariner ................................ 53
Pioneer ................................ 53
Voyager ................................ 55
Lunar and Planetary Studies .............. 55
Bioscience Programs ......................... 56
Exobiology ............................. 56
Spectroscopic Studies ................ 57
Planetary Quarantine .................... 57
Biosatellites ............................. 58
Environmental Biology ................... 61
Behavioral Biology ...................... 62
Physical Biology ........................ 63
Manned Space Science ................... 63
Gemini Earth-Orbital Investigations__ 64
Apollo Earth-Orbital Investigations .... 66
Apollo Lunar Investigations .......... 67
Long-Term Use of Apollo Capabilities__ 67
Light and Medium Launch Vehicles ............ 67
Scout .................................. 67
Delta .................................. 67
Agena .................................. 68
Ranger VIII Launch ................. 68
Ranger IX Launch .................. 68
FIRE II Launch .................... 68
. CONTENTS VH
Chapter 2--Scientific Investigations in Space--Continued

Light and Medium Launch Vehicles--Continued
Agena--Continued Page
Standard Atlas Development .......... 68

Launch Vehicle Status ............... 68
Facilities ........................... 68
Atlas-Centaur ............................ 68
Chapter 3--Satellite Applications ......................... 70
Meteorological Programs ..................... 70
TIROS ................................. 70
The TOS System .................... 72
Nimbus ................................ 74
Meteorological Sounding Rockets .......... 75
Communications and Navigation Programs ..... 76
Active Communications Satellites .......... 76
Early Bird I ........................ 76
Telstar ............................. 77
Relay .............................. 77
Syncom ............................ 77
Passive Communications Satellites ......... 79
Navigation Satellites ..................... 79
Applications Technology Satellites ......... 80
Chapter 4--Advanced Research and Technology ........... 81
Space Power Technology ..................... 81
Solar Cells .............................. 81
Thermionics ............................ 82
Solar Energy Collection and Storage ....... 82
Batteries ............................... 83
Fuel Cells .............................. 84
Brayton Cycle Investigation .............. 84
Electrical Systems Technology ............ 86
Space Vehicles Program ...................... 87
Lifting Body Spacecraft .................. 87
Acoustics ............................... 87
OP=p
High Energy Radiation ..........
omemnig .......... Od
Meteoroid Technology ................... 88

Zero-Weight Fluid Behavior .............. 91
High-Vacuum Technology ................ 91
Thermal Radiation and Temperature Con-
trol .................................. 91
Structural Mechanics .................... 92
Advanced Materials and Materials Applica-
tions ................................. 92
FIRE II Reentry Heating Experiment ..... 92
VIII CONTENTS
Chapter 4--Advanced Research and Technology--Continued Pa_,

Spacecraft Electronics and Control ............ 93
Communications and Tracking ............ 93
Guidance and Navigation ................. 93
Instrumentation ......................... 93
Data Processing ......................... 94
Electronic Techniques and Components .... 94
Aeronautics Research ........................ 95
Aircraft Aerodynamics ................... 95
Aircraft Structures ....................... 96
Air Breathing Propulsion ..................... 96
Aircraft Operating Problems .............. 97
X-15 Research Aircraft Program .......... 97
Supersonic Transport .................... 99
Vertical and Short Take-Off and Landing
(V/STOL) Aircraft ..................... 101
XB-70/SST Flight Research Program ...... 105
Hypersonic Vehicles Research ............. 106
Biotechnology and Human Research ........... 107
Biotechnology Flight Program ............ 107
Life Support and Protective Systems ....... 107
Life Support Systems ................ 107
Protective Systems .................. 107
Human Research ........................ 108
Stress Physiology .................... 108
Bioinstrumentation .................. 108
Man-Systems Integration ................. 108
Simulated Zero-Weight ............... 108
Visual Skills in Space Vehicle Control_ __ 109
Expanding the Effective Visual Field .... 109
Chemical Propulsion Systems ................. 109
Solid Propulsion Technology .............. 110
Large Solid Propellant Motor Program .... 110
Liquid Propulsion ....................... 111
Launch Vehicle Propulsion ............ 113
Space Propulsion .................... 113
Auxiliary Propulsion ................. 114
Basic Research .............................. 114
Fluid Physics ........................... 114
Applied Mathematics .................... 115
Materials Research ...................... 115
Wearing Properties of Metals ......... 115
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study_ 115
Polymers ........................... 116
Eleetrophysics .......................... 116
CONTENTS IX
Page
Chapter 5--Nuclear Propulsion and Power Generation ...... 118

The Nuclear Rocket Program (ROVER) ....... 1 !8
NERVA Reactor Development ............ 119
NERVA Engine Component and System
Technology Development ............... 121
PHOEBUS Reactor Development ......... 121
Advanced Research and Technology ....... 122
ROVER Safety Program ................. 124
The SNAP-8 Development Project ............ 124
Nuclear E]ectric Power Research and Tech-
nology ................................... 124
The Electric Propulsion Program .............. 127
System Analysis and Experimental Evalua-
tion .................................. 127
Thrustor Research and Technology ........ 129
Chapter 6--Tracking and Data Acquisition ................ 132
Manned Space Flight Network ................ 132
Deep Space Network ......................... 135
Satellite Network ............................ 136
Network Communications .................... 138
Chapter 7--International Affairs ......................... 139
Cooperative Projects ......................... 140
Argentina .............................. 140
Brazil .................................. 140
Canada ................................ 140
France ................................. 140
India .................................. 141
Italy ................................... 141
Mexico ................................. 142
New Zealand ............................ 142
Pakistan ............................... 142
Sweden ................................. 143
United Kingdom ........................ 143
U.S.S.R ................................ 143
Eclipse Flight ............................ 143
Export of Technology and Material ........ 143
Opportunities for Further International Co-
operation ............................. 144
Distribution of Ranger Photographs ....... 144
Operations Support .......................... 144
Australia ............................. 144
Ecuador ................................ 145
Mexico ................................. 145
X CONTENTS
Chapter 7--International Affairs--Continued

Operations Support--Continued Page
Spain .................................. 145"
ESRO ................................. 145
Gemini--Contingency Recovery ........... 145
International Quiet Sun Year--Mobile
Sounding Rocket Expedition ........... 145
Personnel Exchanges, Education, and Training__ 146
Chapter 8--Grants and Research Contracts Activities ...... 147
Sustaining University Program ................ 147
Training ................................ 147
Research ............................... 148
Research Facilities ....................... 150
NASA-University Program Review Confer-
ence ................................. 153
General ................................ 153
Chapter 9--Informational and Educational Programs ....... 154
Educational Programs and Services ............ 154
Spacemobiles ........................... 155
Educational Publications and Films ........ 155
Film Depository Services ............. 156
Educational Television and Radio ......... 156
Exhibits .................................... 157
Scientific and Technical Information ........... 159
Processing Information ................... 159
Microreproduction of Documents ...... 159
Distributing Information ................. 159
Research on Information Retrieval ........ 160
Technical Publications ................... 160
Historical Program .......................... 160
Chapter 10--Personnel, Management, Procurement, and
Support Functions ......................... 162
Personnel ................................... 162
Employee-Management Cooperation ....... 162
Manpower Research and Utilization ....... 163
Equal Employment Opportunity .......... 163
Status of Women Program ................ 164
Status of Personnel Force ................. 164
Training Activities ....................... 164
Key Executive Personnel Changes ......... 165
Key Executive Appointments ......... 165
Reassignments ...................... 166
Terminations ....................... 167
CONTENTS XI
Chapter 10---Personnel, Management, Procurement, and

Support Functions--Continued
Personnel--Continued Pag_
NASA Awards and Honors ............... 167
NASA Distinguished Service Medal .... 167
NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal_ 167
NASA Exceptional Scientific Achieve-
ment ............................. 168
NASA Exceptional Service Medal ..... 168
NASA Public Service Award .......... 168
Special Service Award ................ 168
NASA Group Achievement Award ..... 168
Outside Honorary Awards ................ 169
President's Award for Distinguished
Federal Civilian Service ............ 169
Arthur S. Flemming Awards .......... 169
National Civil Service League Award__ 169
Inventions and Contributions Board ........... 169
Patent Waiver Petitions Granted or Denied_ 169
Contributions Awards .................... 170
Inventions Awards ....................... 170
Organizational Improvements ................. 170
Financial Management ....................... 171
Fiscal Year 1966 Program ................ 17l
Financial Report, June 30, 1965 ........... 172
Cost Reduction ............................. 172
Procurement ................................ 174
Significant Procurement Issuances ......... 174
Incentive Contracting .................... 175
Contract Administration ................. 175
Contracts Employment Opportunity Pro-
gram ................................. 175
Summary of Contract Awards ............. 176
Contracts Awarded to Private Industry_ 176
Small Business Participation .......... !77
Participation in Subeontraets ......... 177
Geographical Distribution of Prime
Contracts ......................... 177
Subcontracting ...................... 177
Major Contract Awards .............. 177
Major Contraets .................... 179
I t_bllllUIUg_/ _1 fvlllLl:_ [.lUll ....................... _ ¢Jv
Labor Relations ............................. 181

Defense and Interageney Affairs ............... 182
XII CONTENTS
APPENDIXES
page -
A--Congressional Committees on Aeronautics and Space (Jan.

1-June 30, 1965) .................................. 185
B--National Aeronautics and Space Council (Jan. 1-June 30,
1965) ............................................ 186
C--Current Official Mailing Addresses for Field Installations
(June 30, 1965) ................................... 187
D--Principal NASA Officials at Washington Headquarters
(June 30, 1965) ................................... 188
E--Membership of Inventions and Contributions Board, NASA
(June 30, 1965) ................................... 189
F--Patent Waivers Granted and Denied by NASA upon
Recommendation of the Agency's Inventions and Con-
tributions Board (Jan. 1-June 30, 1965) .............. 190
G--Awards Granted NASA Employees Under Provisions of
the Incentive Awards Act of 1954 (Jan. 1-June 30, 1965)_ 192
H--Educational Publications and Motion Pictures (June 30,
1965) ............................................ 195
I--Technical Publications ................................ 199
J--Major NASA Launches (Jan. 1-June 30, 1965) ........... 205
K--NASA Launch Vehicles ............................... 209
L--NASA International Activities Summary (cumulative
through June 30, 1965) ............................ 210
M--Grants and Research Contracts Obligated (Jan. 1--June 30,
1965) .......... : ................................. 212
N--Institutions Currently Participating in NASA's Predoetoral
Training Program (June 30, 1965) .................. 263
ILLUSTRATIONS
Gemini II launch, January 19, 1965 ....................... 14

Gemini III launch, March 23, 1965 ....................... 16
Astronauts McDivitt and White in Gemini IV .............. 18
Launch of Gemini IV .................................... 19
"I can sit out here and see the whole California coast . . ."
(White) .............................................. 20
"I'm going to work on getting some pictures . . ." (White)___ 21
"The maneuvering unit is good . . ." (White) .............. 22
Astronauts McDivitt and White coming aboard Wasp ........ 23
Hand-held propulsion unit used by astronaut for extravehicular
activity .............................................. 24
Demonstration firing of Service Module propulsion system .... 28
Ninth Saturn I launch, May 25, 1965 ...................... 30
CONTENTS XIII
Page
First test firing of Saturn V systems test first stage .......... 31

" Crawler-transporter moving the launch umbilical tower ...... 33
Static test stand for Saturn V booster stage ................. 36
Cryogenic docks at Mississippi Test Facility ................ 38
Fixed-base Gemini spacecraft simulator .................... 41
An Orbiting Solar Observatory ............................ 46
Explorer XXVII ........................................ 48
Ranger IX photograph of the moon ....................... 51
Model of Lunar Orbiter .................................. 53
Mariner IV launch ...................................... 54
Bioclean assembly room .................................. 57
A Biosatellite ........................................... 59
Irradiation of Biosatellite test specimen for 3 days in orbit___ 59
Lysogenic bacteria for a Biosatellite flight .................. 60
Monkey in vibration experiment .......................... 63
Experimental package for pocket mice during space flights .... 64
Biospace training program payload ........................ 65
North end of Gulf of California and mouth of Colorado River
photographed from Gemini spacecraft .................... 66
TIROS IX ............................................. 71
TV cameras of the Advanced Vidicon Camera system ........ 73
Nimbus I .............................................. 75
Early Bird I ............................................ 77
Orientation accuracy of an ATS spacecraft ................. 80
Elements of a solar cell-battery power system ............... 82
Brayton cycle system schematic ........................... 85
Six-inch diameter Brayton cycle research turbine ............ 86
The M-2 ............................................... 88
NASA research pilot Milton Thompson in M-2 .............. 88
Cutaway view of the HL-10 .............................. 89
Folded and unfolded Pegasus detector panels ............... 90
Pegasus panels extended for checking ...................... 90
Cockpit of the 2(-15 ..................................... 98
X-15 research tools ...................................... 99
"The deflected jet X-14A VTOL aircraft .................... 102
The variable stability helicopter used in the Langley tests .... 103
Lift engine pod in the Ames wind tunnel ................... 104
XB-70 ................................................. 105
Boeing 707-131B ........................................ 106
The 260-inch motor ease in transit ......................... 112
The NRX-A3 power reactor ............................. ! 20
PHOEBUS 1-A reactor being tested ....................... 123
A two-stage potassium vapor turbine ...................... 126
XIV CONTENTS
Pale
An electrically heated 30-watt SNAP-19 unit ............... 128

A cesium autocathode electron bombardment ion engine ...... 130
FR-1 VLF spacecraft .................................... 141
Materials Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute__ 150
Astronauts McDivitt and White cut ribbon at University of
Michigan Space Research Laboratory dedication .......... 151
NASA trainee tests mass spectrometer, University of Minne-
sota Space Physics Laboratories ......................... 152
Research on high intensity electric fields, University of Minne-
sota Space Physics Laboratories ......................... 152
"Faith 7" and "Molly Brown" spacecraft, St. Louis, Mo. expo-
sition, May 1965 ...................................... 158
TABLES
Distribution by discipline, NASA predoctoral trainees, 1964-65

school year (April 1965) ................................ 148
NASA appropriation authorizations fiscal year 1966 ......... 172
Status of appropriations as of June 30, 1965 ................ 173
HIGHLIGHTS
The second unmanned Gemini flight, January 19, showed that the
total space system was qualified for manned flight.
The Nation's first two-man mission, Gemini III, took place on March
23 ; the flight lasted 4 hours and 53 minutes.
The Gemini IV mission of June 3-7 (97 hours and 56 minutes) was
the Nation's longest manned flight to date. During this mission,
Astronaut Edward H. White II became the first American to carry out
extravehicular activities in space, spending 29 minutes outside the
spacecraft c_bin.
Two Saturn I launch vehicle test launches were conducted; the
eighth in the series took place on February 16 and the ninth on May 25.
On April 16, the five engine, 7.5 million-pound-thrust first stage of
the Saturn V was test-fired for the first time.
The crawler-transporter, which will carry the 350-foot Apollo Sa-
turn V space vehicle from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch
pad, made its first demonstration run on April 28.
The NASA Conference on International Participation in Biomed-
ical Experiments in Space was held at the Manned Spacecraft Center
on April 22-23, with 22 scientists representing 12 countries in
attendance.
Five scientist-astronauts were selected, increasing the strength of
the NASA astronaut force to 33.
On March 24, Ranger IX crashed on the moon after taking more

than 5,800 high resolution pictures of the lunar surface. Live pictures
of the lunar surface were televi_d to home viewers as the spacecraft
moved in toward the moon.
Mariner IV transmitted invaluable data on the space environment
enroute to flyby and photograph Mars.
OSO-II, _he second Orbiting Solar Observatory, was launched on
February 8. It carried equipment for experiments involving X- and
gamma-rays and ultraviolet radiation.
NASA orbited a geodetic satellite (Explorer XXVII on April 29)--
to chart irregularities in earth's gravitational field, and an Interplane-
tary Monitoring Platform (Explorer XXVIII on May 29)--to study
interplanetary magnetic fields and charged particles coming from the
sun and elsewhere in the solar system.
NASA scientists 9bserved a 5-minute solar eclip_ on May 30 over
the southern Pacific Ocean from aboard a jet-transport plane con-
verted into a flying laboratory.
3
207-820 0----66_2
4 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
A Surveyor spacecraft was being readied to soft land instruments

on the moon to collect engineering and topographic data in support
of manned landings.
During the first Gemini flight Astronauts Grissom and Young
activated basic biological experiments--the first use of space as a
laboratory for such research.
NASA prepared to launch its first Biosatellite next year. This
spacecraft will carry out experiments with various life forms to help
pin-point space hazards for astronauts during pro'longed flights.
Over 100 high quality photographs taken by Astronaut White during
his space walk were being studied by geologists, meteorologists, ocean-
ographers, and other scientists.
On April 6, NASA launched Early Bird I, the first com-

mercial communications satellite for the Communications Satellite
Corporation.
TIROS IX was launched on January 22. The spacecraft introduced
a cartwheel design to give increased global coverage.
Syncom III was used in the first successful demonstration of com-
munications between a commercial aircraft and a ground station via
a satellite.
An infrared sensor to study the earth's heat balance was developed
and will be flown on the second Nimbus meteorological spacecraft next
year. Also, the Agency chose experiments to be carried on the first
two flights of its Applications Technology Satellites.
Significant progress was made on NASA's two lifting body research

vehicles: the M-2 was delivered in June, and the HIll0 was under
construction. The two vehicles, representative of vehicle shapes suit-
able both for reentry at orbital speeds and fox" conventional landing
at subsonic speeds, will be used for studies of subsonic and transonic
flight and landing problems.
The Pegasus I and II meteoroid technology satellites were launched
(February 16 and May '25 respectively) and were sending back excel-
lent data on the frequency of meteoroid penetrations in the near-Earth
environment.
In the second Project FIRE experiment conducted on May 22, an
Apollo-shaped spacecraft launched by an Atlas D rocket reentered
the atmosphere at somewhat more tlmn hmar return velocity (about
37,000 fps) producing usal)le data on spacecraft heating.
On the Gemini III flight, a project RAM (Radio Attenuation
Measurements) experiment investigated methods of overcoming com-
munications loss during spacecraft reentry into the atmosphere. Water
HIGHLIGHTS 5
was injected into the ionized sheath surrounding the spacecraft, and
. data indicated increased strength of signals concurrent with the
injection.
The X-15 aircraft was used for a number of investigations, including
studies of wing surface pressure distributions, skin friction, and
boundary layer noise.
Research on the supersonic transport indicated that the sonic boom
can be minimized by shaping the airplane to reduce the shape and
amplitude of the pressure wave. It was also found, in simulator
studies, that the SST could be given limited priority in the air lanes
without unduly affecting the air traffic control system.
Two bioinstruments being developed for research on man's response
to space were also being considered for medical applications. One is
a miniature radio transmitter ("radio pill") which can be swallowed or
implanted to broadcast physiological information; the other is an im-
plantable wireless transmitter which measures blood pressure directly
through the artery wall and reports data continuously for over a year.
NASA increased funding for and assumed financial and managerial
control of the 260-inch diameter motor portion of the national large
solid booster program. The first major firing in the program took
place in February with the successful testing of a 100-foot-long, 156-
inch diameter motor, with a "260-inch-motor-sized nozzle, which de-
livered over 3 million pounds of thrust in about 60 seconds of burn
time.
® • •
Under the NERVA project, the NRX-A3 power reactor was ex-
perimentally operated three times (April 23, 8 minutes; May 20, 18
minutes; May 28, 46 minutes).
The PHOEBUS 1-A reactor was run at full power and tempera-
ture for approximately 10.5 minutes (June 25).
NASA implemented plans for an orderly close-out of power con-
version system development (SNAP--8) ; the SNAP-8 Experimental
Reactor Test program was completed after over 8,800 hours of opera-
|ion at power and temperature required for a system output of 35
KWe.
In the field of nuclear electric power research and technology, three
principles (the Rankine turbo generator, the Brayton cycle inert gas
turbogenerator, and thermionic direct conversion) were lreing
investigated.
For possible electric propulsion system applications, studies were
continued on three types of thrustors--electrostatic, electrothermal,
and plasma. Data based on 2,500 hours of endurance testing of the
cesium autocathode electron bombardment ion engine indicated that
thrustors capable of operating for up to 10,000 hours are within reach.
The Manned Space Flight Network was augmented with equipment "
necessary to support Gemini missions. Also, the Mission Control
Center (Manned Spacecraft Center) and the Control Center at God-
dard Space Flight Center were made ready for Gemini flights. The
Canberr_t station in Australia, part of the Deep Space Network, became
operational on Februal T 1, 1965.
The Deep Space Network supported three major flight missions
during the period--Ranger VIII, Ranger IX, and Mariner IV. (Dur-
ing the Ranger flights, the Network was simultaneously su.pporting
them and the Mariner IV.)
On June 30, the Network was tracking the Mariner spacecraft when
it was 120 million miles from Earth, and it was expected to track the
craft to more than 190 million miles away.
The Space Tracking and I)ata Acquisition Network (STADAN)
supported 41 satellite programs during the period, 13 of which were
launched since January 1, 1965.
The NASA Communications Network (NASCOM) was developed
as a reliable, efficient, unified ground communications network.
NASCOM provided the exacting flight control from the ground during
Astronaut White's "walk in space."
NASA initiated new cooperative projects with the Argentine, Bra-

zilian, New Zealand, Norwegian, Pakistan, Swedish, and British space
research organizations; intergovernmental agreements were signed
with Canada and Mexico.
Five foreign scientists took part in the NASA expedition (near the
Marquesas Islands) to observe the solar eclipse of May 30, 1965.
NASA held a conference at the Manned Spacecraft Center to ac-
quaint foreign biomedical researchers with opportunities for partici-
pation in manned space flight investigations.
Over 2,500 foreign nationals from 91 countries visited NASA facili-
ties for discussions and general orientation.
Fifty-two graduate students from 17 countries studied space sci-
ences at 16 American universities.
Intergovernmental agreements for operations support of NASA
missions were reached with Australia and Spain and renewed with
Ecuador and Mexico.
The Sustaining University Program provided grants to 142 univer-

sities for 1,275 new predoctoral candidates to begin studies in Septem-
ber 1965. It also supported institutes in space research and technology
HIGHLIGHTS 7
for faculty members and for advanced undergraduates and specialized

training courses and conferences on space-related subjects.
For multidisciplinary research in space science and technology, 28
grants were awarded to 25 academic institutions; eight institutions
received grants for new programs. Under the facilities grants pro-
gram, 4 laboratory structures were completed, construction began an
6 buildings, and 8 facilities were in the design stage.
NASA's spacemobiles provided information on space science and

exploration programs to over 2.5 million school children, teacher train-
ing, and civic groups. Spacemobile lecturers appeared before an
estimated 10 million TV viewers. In addition, the Agency's edu-
cational exhibits were seen by 2,283,162 persons.
In the field of higher education, NASA helped more than 275 col-
leges and universities plan space science courses and arranged summer
workshops for almost 14,000 teachers.
To meet expanding needs of aerospace scientists and engineers for
scientific and technical information, the Agency set up procedures to
increase the exchange of information-processing data with other Gov-
ernment agencies.
The Employee-Management Cooperation program achieved signif-

icant results; cooperative agreements between the Langley Research
Center and Lodge 892 of the IAM (AFL/CIO) and between the Lewis
Research Center and Lodge 2182 of the AFGE (AFL/CIO) were ap-
proved by NASA's Administrator.
Arthur S. Fleming Awards, granted to outstanding men under 40,
were presented to four NASA people: Dr. Robert Jastrow, Dr. Joseph
Shea, Leonard Jaffe, and Wesley J. Hjornevik.
The President's Award for Distingnished Federal Civilian Service
was presented to Dr. Homer E. Newell. He also received the Na-
tional Civil Service League Award.
NASA's cost reduction efforts showed savings of $114,781,000 during

the first six months of 1965.
The total number and value of incentive contracts being adminis-
tered increased by 53 contracts and over $1 billion during the period.
A contract was signed with the University of New Mexico to estab-
lish a regional center for dissemination of technical information
through NASA's Technology Utilization program.
To further its coordination with other Government agencies, indus-
try, and the space oriented segment of the scientific community, NASA
participated in 14 interagency activities and agreements, primarily
with the Department of Defense.
-
I
I
I
-7
4
MANNED
SPACE
FLIGHT
Among NASA's manned space flight achievements during this pe-

riod were the first manned missions in the Gemini program, further
progress in mission planning and hardware development for the
Apollo program, and more detailed studies of potential space missions
for the post-Apollo period.
More launches were conducted in the manned space flight program
during this period than during any previous one, with six occurring
between January 19 and June 3, 1965. These included one unmanned
Gemini flight, two manned Gemini missions, two Saturn I launches,
and one Little Joe II test. The space program's longest manned space
flight to date occurred in June, when Astronauts McDivitt and White
conlplt_tt_u ttutlllg a mlssloP, lnct_n _7 h,_,,r_ .nd 5_ minutes.
During the flight, Astronaut White became the first American to con-
duct extravehicular activities in space.
Further progress was made in improving the management efforts
associated with manned space flight and in strengthening the indus-
trial base which is responsible for research, development, fabrication,
and testing of launch vehicles, spacecraft, and all support equipment.
The NASA-industry manned space mgn_ team, at a _ .... _,, of ap-
proximately 300,000 people, continued to upgrade its organizational
structure and managerial capabilities. Based on the confidence gained
11
12 NASATHIRTEENTH
SEMIANNUAL
REPORT
TOCONGRESS
from the successes experienced during the period, further steps were
taken to make certain that program definition and performance were
kept within the tolerances permitted by established goals and"
objectives.
Construction efforts continued on schedule. Certain major facili-
ties were completed and placed in operation, construction work on
others moved forward with completion expected in the near future,
and contracts were let for additional structures and service facilities.
Five scientists-astronauts entered the astronaut program, raising the
total number of astronauts currently in it to 33. Intensive training
continued for the astronauts selected as primary or back-up crews
for the early Gemini manned missions. General training continued
for the others, and specific assignments were given to certain individ-
uals at the time of the Gemini III and Gemini IV missions.
In the area of advanced manned missions, studies of potential future
program alternatives continued with the aim of obtaining realistic
data needed for decisions on future courses of action in the national
space program. Detailed analyses were being conducted to determine
the types and specific details of missions that would make extended
use of already-developed Apollo flight hardware. Additional studies
were under way to ascertain potential missions and mission areas
beyond the Apollo time period, requiring more advanced hardware
than that now being developed for the Apollo missions.
The Gemini Program

Through Gemini, NASA achieved three significant milestones in
the manned space flight program during this period. These were
the second unmanned Gemini flight (Gemini II) on January 19, the
first manned Gemini mission (Gemini III) on March 23, and the
second manned flight (Gemini IV) of June 3-7. The success of these
flights gave assurance that experience gained in the Gemini program
will provide the necessary transition from the pioneering Mercury
earth orbital flights to the eight-day Apollo flights to the moon and
back to earth. Both Gemini manned missions during the period were
moved forward on the program flight schedule to offset delays in the
launch of the previous unmanned mission. Success of these missions
gave promise of complete program schedule recovery.
Gemini Program Objectives
The overall aims of the Gemini program are to extend the capabili-
ties developed by the Mercury program and to provide a vital link
for the operating capability, the supporting teclmology, and the astro-
naut proficiency in space which are so vital to the Apollo program
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT 13
and other national efforts in space. (These were described in detail

in the Twelfth Semiannual Report.)
Specific Gemini objectives are to determine how man performs in
the space environment on long duration flights of up to two weeks;
to develop the capability to rendezvous with another craft and to dock
with it; to maneuver the combined vehicles; to perform extravehicular
activity; to provide a platform for scientific, engineering, technologi-
cal, and medical experiments; to develop methods of controlling space-
craft reentry flight-paths to selected landing areas; and to develop
_tronaut operational space flight experience. Progress was made
during the period toward the accomplishment of these objectives.
Specific Gemini Missions
As stated earlier, three of the 12 planned Gemini missions took

plaz_ during the report period. The Gemini program progressed
from completion of the flight test phase, ending with Gemini III_ to
the operational phase, beginning with Gemini IV.
Second Gemini Unmanned Mission--Gemiwi //.--The second un-
manned mission of the Gemini program was conducted from Complex
19 at Cape Kennedy, Fla. Launch occurred at 9:04 a.m. on January
19, 1965, with touchdown at 9:22 a.m. (See fig. 1-1.) The flight
was suborbital and used the second production Gemini spacecraft
and Gemini launch vehicle. Recovery of the spacecraft was carried
out by the primary recovery ship, the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Lake
Champlain, at 10:52 a.m.e.s.t, approximately 2,125 statute miles
southeast of Cape Kennedy.
The major objectives of this mission were to demonstrate the basic
structural integrity of the spacecraft throughout the flight environ-
ment and to verify the adequacy of the reentry heat protection under
the most severe conditions. In addition, satisfactory performance
was required of the flight control, life support, retrograde rocket_ re-
covery and landing, and other systems critical to flight safety and
mission success. These objectives were met, and the performance of
the spacecraft was satisfactory.
The launch vehicle successfully demonstrated its capability to insert
the spacecraft into a prescri'bed trajectory. The countdown was com-
pleted with no delays caused by the launch vehicle and one minor delay
(2 minutes) caused by the spacecraft. The spacecraft was inserted
into the required high heating rate trajectory with precision_ and all
launch vehicle systems performed satisfactorily.
All mission support and flight control operations were adequate,
and the Gemini II mission showed that these functions were ready to
I
Figure 1-1. Gemini II launch, January 19, 1 9 6 5 .
support manned operations. This mission served as the final flight

qualification of the total Gemini space system prior to manned flight.
• First Gen_ini Manned Flight--Gemini III.--The first manned mis-
sion of the Gemini Program, flown by Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom,
command pilot, and John W. Young, pilot, was launched from Com-
plex 19 at Cape Kennedy, Fla., at 9:24 a.m. on March 23. (See fig.
1-2.) From launch to touchdown, the flight lasted 4 hours and 53
minutes. The mission was successfully completed with recovery of
the spacecraft by the prime recovery ship, the aircraft carrier U.S.S.
Intrepid, at 5:03 p.m., approximately 480 miles southwest of Bermuda.
The spacecraft was inserted into an elliptical orbit with a perigee of
100 miles and an apogee of 140 miles. Cape Kennedy Mission Control
Center directed the flight while the new Houston Mission Control
Center monitored it in preparation for assuming control in all sub-
sequent missions. A world-wide network of tracking stations main-
tained continuous communications with the flight crew throughout
the mission.
The major objectives of the mission were to demonstrate precise
orbital maneuvering and evaluate manned orbital flight in the Gemini
spacecraft, to qualify the spacecraft and its systems for long duration
manned missions, to demonstrate the capability of the orbital attitude
and maneuver system, to maneuver the spacecraft in orbit, and to
demonstrate the capability to control the spacecraft reentry flight
path and the landing point. In addition, it was desired to conduct
three experiments in space to demonstrate satisfactory performance
of the world-wide tracking network, to indicate the adequacy of pre-
launch and launch procedures for the spacecraft, and to verify re-
covery systems and procedures.
All mission objectives were met. The Command Pilot successfully
executed two orbital altitude changes as well as an orbital plane
change. Except for the prior use of retrorockets to establish a re-
entry trajectory, this was the first time man had changed the orbital
pabh of his spacecraft. This capability is necessary for manned
rendezvous and docking missions. Both the orbital attitude and
............ ,1 "1 1 , 1
ll[_ll_uv_l" S_S_¢_iI! alld [lie spacecrafL guKiallce auu (_oi1[i'Ol 8ys[elll
were successfully operated during the flight. Landing occurred in

planned landing area. The spacecraft was evaluated for manned
operations in zero gravity, and the crew found it to be satisfactory for
extended manned orbital operation.
Three significant experiments were conducted during the flight, two
of them successfully. One was to evaluate a method of overcoming
reentry radio biockout by the injection of water into the flowfieid sur-
rounding the spacecraft. A second was to determine the synergistic or
16 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT M CONGRESS
Figure 1-2. Gemini 111 launch, M a r c h 23, 1965.

combined effects, if any, of zero gravity and controlled radiation

dosage on human white blood cells. Equipment failure prevented
completion of the third experiment, to evaluate the effects of sub-
gravity on the fertilization and development of sea urchin eggs.
The launch vehicle performed satisfactorily in all respects. All
mission control, flight and network operations, and recovery oper-
ations demonstrated the high degree of operational competence re-
quired to accomplish the remaining Gemini missions.
From a space medicine viewpoint, Gemini III proved in actual
flight the life support systems, the environment control system, the
food, water, and waste systems, the personal hygiene equipment, the
adequacy of bioinstrumentation, and the G3C spacesuit.
During the flight the Gemini III crew achieved the first change of
orbital plane by a manned spacecraft, and the first use of a spacecraft
variable-lift capability during reentry to "fly" to a selected landing
area. Gemini III successfully set the stage for the four-day duration
Gemini IV mission. Furthermore, the maneuvering of the spacecraft
by the crew constituted a major step towards accomplishing the
Gemini Program rendezvous and docking objectives.
Second Gemini Manned Fllght--Gemini IV.--Crew of the second
manned mission, designated Gemini IV, was Astronaut James A.
McDivitt, command pilot, and Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot.
Gemini IV was launched at 10:16 a.m., e.s.t., on June 3 for a flight of
97 hours and 56 minutes. The spacecraft landed at 12:12 p.m., e.s.t.,
on June 7, with the astronauts on board ship 56 minutes later. The
mission was successfully completed with recovery of the spacecraft by
the prime recovery ship, the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Wasp, approxi-
mately 630 miles southwest of Bermuda. (Figs. 1-3 through 1-8.)
The spacecraft was inserted into an elliptical orbit with a perigee
of 100 miles and an apogee of 175 miles. The Mission Control Center
(MCC) at Houston was used for the first time as the prime control
center. Key positions were manned at the Cape Kennedy MCC to
provide backup to the Houston MCC during the launch phase. Also
on standby as backup was computing and communications equipment
cilities of the world-wide Manned Space Flight Network for space-

craft tracking and data acquisition consisted of seven primary land
sites, two ships, six additional land stations, plus relay aircraft, in-
strumentation aircraft, and communications and relay stations avail-
able on call as needed.
The two primary objectives of the mission were to evaluate the ef-
J.l_ _ 11" • *
fects on _.u mgn_ crew of prolonged exposure to space environment in
preparation for flights of longer duration, and to demonstrate and
-- ~ --- .. __
Figure 1-3. Astronauts McDivitt and White in Gemini IV.
evaluate performance and management of the spacecraft systems for

a period of approximately four days.
The six secondary objectives were to demonstrate the capability of
the spacecraft and flight crew to make significant orbital in-plane and
out-of-plane maneuvers, to show the ability of the orbital attitude and
maneuver system to provide a reentry trajectory as a backup for the
retrograde rocket system, to conduct further evaluation of spacecraft
systems, to carry out extravehicular activity in space and evaluate at-
titude and position control by the astronaut using a hand-held pro-
pulsion unit and a tether line, to perform station keeping maneuvers,
and to carry on assigned experiments.
Eleven experiments were planned for Gemini IV. Three were
medical, four were engineering, two were technological, and two were
scientific. The medical experiments were to study effects of exercise
and work in space, to time the heart contractions with a phonocardio-
gram, and to determine whether bone demineralization takes place on
MANNED SPACE n I G H T 19
Figure 1-4. Launch of Gemini IV.
long space flights. Engineering experiments were to measure electro-

static charges on the spacecraft surface, to measure radiation immedi-
ately around the spacecraft, to monitor direction a i d aiiiplitiide of t h e
Earth's magnetic field with respect to the spacecraft, and to obtain
two-color photographs of the Earth's limb (the outer edge of bright-
ness). Technological experiments concerned radiation measurements
inside the spacecraft and tests of simple navigation devices. Scien-
tific experiments included wide-angle photography of the terrain and
weather phenomena.
A blood pressure reprograming adapter was deveioped for the
Gemini I V mission to permit measurement of the crew's blood pressure
207-820 0 - 6 6 - 3
Figure 1-5. "I can sit out here and see the whole California coast . . ." (White).
before reentry, after parachute deployment, and after landing. This

device permits the performance of the cardiovascular system after
four days of weightless flight to be compared with ground-based bed
rest studies made before such a flight.
Provisions were incorporated in the Gemini environmental control
system to control cabin humidity through use of the space suit water
removal system. A relative humidity Sensor developed for the
Gemini I V mission permits the crew to make met and dry bulb mcas-
urements under various suit operating conditions.
Achievements of the Gemini I V mission were impressive. The pri-
mary objectives were successfully met. US. manned space flight time
was approximately tripled from 56 hours to about 154 hours. The
spacecraft, and crew performed successfully for the entire four-day
period, and thcre were no discernable effects on the crew during the
four-day zero-gravity confinement in the spacecraft.
Figure 1-6. “I’m going to work on getting some pictures . . .” (White).

Secondary objectives were also achieved : Astronaut Rliite spent R
rccarc! 22 13iniifesin extraveliicular activity (EVA) without experi-
encing vertigo, used the hand-held propulsion unit, which peri’uiiiiei!
extremely well (fig. 1-9), and took the first extr,zvehicul:w photo-
p z p l i s of the spacecraft and of outer space. I n addition, his EVA\
involved the fii.st exposure of the spacecraft cabin interior to the space
environment. Further secondary achievements were the orbital in-
plane and out-of-plane maneuvers, use of the orbital attitude and
niiiiieiivci’ systcm 2s s h a c k i i ~to provide the reentry trajectory, and
satisfactory performance of spacecraft systems in support of the four-
day mission.
22 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT M CONGRESS
~~
Figure 1-7. "The maneuvering unit i s good . . ." (White).
From a space medicine viewpoint, tentative conclusions based 011

Gemini I V are as follows :
-Man can function effectively and perform useful work outside
the spacecraft, a t least for relatively short periods of time;
-In space, man can effectively use extravehicular maneuvering
devices ;
-Man can tolerate reentry stress following four days of weight-
lessness; and
-The cardiovasciil:~cliniiges produced in a. four-day mission
were no greater than those produced by a much shorter one
(Mercury 9,374 hours 20 minutes).
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
Figure 1-8. Astronauts McDivitt and White coming aboard “Wasp”.
Evaluation of the experiments performed was still in progress at

the end of the reporting period. However, tentative results indicate
the following were successful : inflight exerciser, measurement of
Earth’s magnetic field, two-color photographs of the Earth’s limb,
measurement of radiation inside the spacecraft, simple navigation,
and photography of the terrain and weather phenoiiiaiia. Eva!u:,ticr,
of the remaining experiments awaited further reduction of data and
additional analysis.
The success of Gemini I V provided further assurance that the
overall objectives of the Gemini Program will be met. It is signifi-
cant that certain aspects of virtually all the major Gemini program
chjectivw were met on the Gemini I V mission : station keeping exer-
cise associated with rendezvous, long duraticjn flight, EVA, and ex-
perimental test accomplishment. A t the end of the period, program
Figure 1-9. Hand-held propulsion unit used by astronaut for extravehicular activity.
activity was increasing for the Gemini V eight-day mission and Gemini
VI, the first rendezvous mission.
Development, Production, and Test
Development o€ Gemini flight hardware (spacecraft, launch vehicle,

and target vehicle) was essentially completed (see Twelfth Semi-
annual Report). During this period, production of hardware reached
a peak, and a trend toward more rapid manufacture and delivery
of flight hardware was evident. Accelerated production had been
emphasized in the previously negotiated incentive contracts for the
Gemini spacecraft, the modified Titan I1 launch vehicle, and the
Agena target vehicle.
Spacecraft 5 v a s delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in the
middle of June. Spacecraft 6 was nearing completion of assembled
systems test. Spacecraft 7 entered into modular (unassembled) sys-
tems test the middle of June. And spacecraft 8 through 12 were in
various stages of manufacturing.
Gemini Launch Vehicle.-Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) 5 was
delivered to Kennedy SpcaceCenter in May and in June it was erected
on Tlaunch Complex 19. GLV 6 completed the combined systems test
and was nearing readiness for delivery to the Jolin F. Kennedy S p c e
Center. At, the end of June, GLV 7 had completed horizontal tests
and was erected in the vertical test, facility in preparation for sub-
systems test, GLV 8 was nearing completion of final installation, and
the remaining four were in various stages of production.
Gemini I'nrget Pehicb.--The target for the Gemini manned space-
craft in rendezvous missions (planned to begin with Gemini V I )
is a standard Agena modified for rendezvous and docking operations.
It is to be launched by the Atlas booster. Modifications provided the

target vehicle with an improved guidance and control system giving
"additional capabilities for command and control from the spacecraft
as well as from the ground, for multiple restarts of the primary propul-
sion system for major vehicle maneuvers while in orbit_ and for
propellant ullage orientation and minor maneuvers of the vehicles
in orbit by use of a new secondary propulsion system. In addition,
an adapter for spacecraft docking was made available for attachment
to the forward end of the Agena.
Target vehicle 1 was delivered to Cape Kennedy in late May, to be
mated with an Atlas booster and used in a simultaneous launch demon-
stration during the Gemini V mission launch preparation. This was
to provide further checkout of the launch crew and Launch Complex
14 in anticipation of the first rendezvous mission, Gemini VI. Atlas I
was delivered to the Cape in late 1964 and was used to validate Launch
Complex 14. Target vehicle 2 was completed and was in the final
testing phases, with delivery to Cape Kennedy scheduled in July.
Target vehicles 3 and 4 were being fabricated and fitted with Gemini-
peculiar components.
The Apollo Program
The Apollo program continued toward development of the capa-

bility in space that should lead to a manned flight to the moon, pre-
liminary exploration of its surface, and safe return to earth during
this decade. Hardware development and production were maintained
on schedule to meet key program milestones. The Saturn I program
was virtually completed, with the final flight in the first phase of Apollo
launch vehicle operations scheduled for July. (This launch took
place on July 30, 1965.)
SpecificMission Obiectives
Apollo mission objectives in mid-1965 were unchanged from the

previous report. The broad objective of Apollo system development
is to extend man;s capability for _he exploration of spacc out one
quarter million miles from the earth, including round trip excursions
to the surface of the moon.
Specific major milestones include unmanned flights of the Apollo
spacecraft in 1966, launched by the Saturn IB launch vehicle. Three-
man earth orbital flights of the Apollo spacecraft are scheduled for
1967, as well as unmanned earth orbital flights of the Apollo/Saturn V
space vehicle, later to be used in lunar flights. Manned fiighls uf ....
tlL_
Apollo spacecraft launched by the Saturn V launch vehicle are sched-

uled to begin in 1968.
Hardware development for the overall Apollo program includes

three modules of the Apollo spacecraft and the three Saturn launch
vehicles. The development, testing, and fabrication of the Apollo/
Saturn flight hardware, the associated ground test and ground support
equipment, and the necessary operational facilities and techniques all
contribute to the achievement of the manned space flight objective of
building a preeminent national space capability. This capability in
space is measured in terms of people, facilities, industrial support,
flight systems, skills in flight and ground support operations, and the
ability to manage a research and development program of this size.
The successful two-stage Saturn I program achieved a number of
development objectives. Among these was that of proving the clus-
tered engine principle of the booster stage, which will also be appli-
cable to the similar and more powerful first stage for the Saturn IB
and the much more powerful first stage of the Saturn V. Another
objective was to develop high-energy upper-stage technology, using
liquid hydrogen, instead of kerosene, with liquid oxygen. The pro-
pulsive stage technology and structural design of the Saturn I first
stage are being employed on the second stage of the Saturn IB and
the third stage of the Saturn V. A third major objective was the
development of the guidance system. An improved version of this
system is employed in both the Saturn IB and the Saturn V.
Other objectives of Saturn I were to conduct Apollo spacecraft en-
vironment tests during atmospheric flight and to place the Pegasus
satellites in orbit.
The next major phase of the Apollo program consists of the Apollo/
Saturn IB space vehicle flights scheduled to begin in 1966. Objectives
of these flights are to develop the Apollo lunar flight spacecraft con-
figuration and later to provide flight crew training in the maneuvers
required for the lunar mission. In addition, the Saturn IB flights are
intended to advance large booster technology in support of the Saturn
V launch vehicle program.
Early Apollo/Saturn IB missions will be unmanned suborbital tests
to demonstrate the effects on the heat shield of entry into the Earth's
atmosphere at speeds approaching lunar mission speeds. Manned
flights of Apollo/Saturn IB are to begin in 1967 with long-duration
Earth-orbital missions. From these flights the program will proceed
to missions for rendezvous and docking experience with the Apollo
spacecraft in the config_lration for lunar missions.
The final phase of preparation for the lunar flights will consist of
flights of the Apollo/Saturn V space vehicle, scheduled to begin in
1967. These first flights of this vehicle will be unmanned orbital tests
of the Saturn V launch vehicle. Manned flights scheduled to begin
in 1968 will further verify the performance of the Apollo spacecraft

and its flight crew in Earth orbit. These flights will lead to the first
"lunar surface mission.
Apollo h4anagement
During the report period, continued effort was spent on refining the
Apollo organization and program management techniques. The prin-
cipal modifications were directed toward realigning responsibilities
for the functions of test launch and flight operations.
In the evolution toward operations by the Apollo organization, two
function changes were made on January 1, 1965. The first involved
the transfer of the Manned Spacecraft Center Florida Operations
organization from the Manned Spacecraft Center to the Kennedy
Space Center. This did not involve a change of location since the
personnel were already physically located at KSC. The second was
the establishment of a Mission Operations Director within the Office
of Manned Space Flight, reporting directly to the Associate Admin-
istrator for Manned Space Flight. Taken together, these two changes
have strengthened the organization responsible for the assembly,
checkout, and launch of the total Apollo space vehicle. They provide
a central organizational element with the overall operations responsi-
bility for all manned space flight programs.
The Apollo Program Office strengthened its technical capability
during the period by moving to expand the Systems Engineering Of-
rice. The Systems Engineering expansion was to be completed during
the next reporting period by the transfer of about 50 contract (Bell-
comm) employees to the Apollo office to work on general system engi-
neering tasks in support of Apollo.
Apollo Spacecraft Design Status
During the period, considerable progress was achieved in the de-

velopment testing of the Apollo spacecraft modules. Design of the
Apollo spacecraft Command and Service Modules (CSM) was com-
pleted_ for the Block I configuration and qualification tests were well
under way. Revision of the design to incorporate features of the
Block II configuration progressed, and hardware for this configura-
tion was in fabrication. The Block II CSM configuration incorporates
docking equipment, an improved heat shield, and other design features
required for the lunar mission and not included in the earlier Block I
spacecraft.
q,l._ Bloclj_ T _p ...... ft fnr th_ first Apollo Saturn IB flight in 1966
successfully completed a development engineering inspection in June
in preparation for final checkout prior to delivery to Kennedy Space
Center.
On March 27, the last of a series of five successful demonstration

firings of the Service Module propulsion system was completed. (Fig.
1-10.) Objectives of the firings were to evaluate the engine capability .
to start, shut down, and restart, as well as to evaluate engine perform-
ance during steady burning. The system was fired 34 times for an
accumulated 'burn time of 706 seconds beginning with its first test on
February 5,1965.
Figure 1-1 0. Demonstration firing of Service M o d u l e propulsion system.
Two boilerplate spacecraft tests were conducted during the period at'
White Sands, New Mexico. On May 19, a Little Joe I1 launch vehicle
went into a violent roll shortly after lift-off with the boilerplate Com-
mand Module. As a result, the Little Joe I1 distintegrated, causing
intiation of a Command Module abort. Despite the severe stress of
the unprogrammed abort, the Launch Escape System functioned per-
fectly and the Command Module landed without damage in an un-
expected but highly successful test of the abort system. T h e flight
was not rescheduled, since unattained mission objectives have been
incorporated in other scheduled flights at White Sands.
A pad abort, testing the Launch Escape System, was successfully
conducted on June 29. I n this test the Launch Escape System alone
pulled a boilerplate spacecraft away from the launch pad.
Design of the first Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) flight model
neared completion during the period. Most subsystems reached the
advanced development test ,stage, and two ground test modules were
delivered. One LE%€ground test model is used a t Marshall Space
Flight Center for dynamic testing in combination with the Saturn

IB launch vehicle. The other test model is used in the LEM/CSM
"spacecraft adapter test program.
The first Automatic Checkout Equipment (ACE) Station at the
Manned Spacecraft Center became operational ahead of schedule on
March 30, and a second ACE Station at Kennedy Space Center became
operational on May 13.
On April 30, a boilerplate spacecraft was delivered to the Manned
Spacecraft Center in Houston. The spacecraft underwent a series of
tests including upright flotation, recovery aids demonstration, and flo-
tation stability. In addition, the external flotation device was
demonstrated.
Saturn Launch Vehicle Design Status
Saturn/.--The eighth and ninth successful Saturn I flights in as

many launches took place during the report period, when the first two
of three Pegasus meteoroid technology satellites were placed in orbit.
The eighth launch occurred on February 16.
The ninth Saturn I flight, on May 95, was the first night launch in
the Saturn series, l'ighting up the Florida sky a hundred miles from
Cape Kennedy. (Fig. 1-11.) (The tenth and final Saturn I was
scheduled to launch a Pegasus satellite into orbit in July 1965.)
Saturn IB.--The Saturn IB launch vehicle design was completed,
and at the end of June design verification testing on subassemblies
was about 60 percent completed. The dynamic testing program was
well along toward completion and both first flight stages were
assembled.
Acceptance testing of the first flight stage of the Saturn IB was
completed on April 13, with successful short duration (32 seconds)
and long duration (142 seconds) ground firings.
The Saturn IB second stage underwent a successful full duration
battleship stage test firing of 507 seconds on April 15. The J-2 engine
was operated at the most efficient mixture ratio of 5 to 1 for 215
seconds. On _p_A-_:11,_, ,z.._..,_
_.o_g_ ..........
,4 fir_d for 371 seconds, using a
high engine mixture ratio. On May 4 the stage successfully accom-
plished a full duration hot gimbal test. Preparation for acceptance
testing of the first flight second stage advanced during the period.
Design of the first flight configuration of the Saturn V was frozen
earlier, and ground testing advanced during the period. Design re-
visions were in progress to improve performance of later flight
vehicles.
On April 16, the first test-firing of the Saturn V systems test first
stage was completed, as shown in fig. 1-12. All five F-1 engines were
- . ..
Figure 1-11. Ninth Saturn I launch, M a y 25, 1965.
MANNED SPACE FLIGEFT 31
fired to develop a thrust of seven and one-half million pounds. On
June 11, the five engines were full-thrust fi,red for 91 seconds, with
'two engines gimbaled during the test. And on June 21, the one
thousandth test firing of an F-1 engine was conducted.
The testing of the Saturn V second stage also moved ahead during
the period. A five-engine ignition test of the battleship second stage
Figure 1-12. First test firing of Saturn V systems test first stage.
was held April 24, followed on May 7 by another firing for 10 seconds.
Full duration firings were planned early in the third quarter.
A si_o_ificant milestone in the development of launch equipment for
Satu.rn V was reached on April 28, when the crawler transporter
made its first demonstration run. The crawler, weighing 5.5 million
pounds and built to carry an additional 12 million pounds, will be
used to transport the 350-foot high Apollo Saturn V sp_e vehicle in
vertical position, assembled On its 445-foot high launch umbilical
tower, from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the Launch Complex
39 launch pad. The crawler is 131 feet long and 114 feet wide. For
its first demonstration, it traveled a half mile on the crawlerway, mov-
ing on its four double-tracked crawlers each 10 feet high and 40 feet
long. On June 22, the crawler moved a launch umbilical tower for
the first time in another demonstration. (Fig. 1-13.)
Space Medicine
Astronaut mobility tests were made of the Apollo Extravehicular

Mobility Unit, showing that all tasks can be accomplished by the
astronaut within the spacecraft while wearing the pressurized unit.
A new feature of this suit is a bubble helmet which greatly increases
the field of vision.
The infra-red COs sensor was qualified for flight. This sensor will
be used in both the Command Module and the LEM to monitor the
CO_ removal subsystem of the spacecraft's environmental control
system.
Results of tests conducted by the USAF School of Aerospace Medi-
cine showed that oxygen/helium mixtures at 1/_ an atmosphere caused
no respiratory problems, although the higher thermal conductivity of
the helium gas resulted in subjective reports of chilling.
Impact tests were conducted to determine the physiological accept-
ability of the Apollo support and restraint system. The tests resulted
in simplification of the Apollo support couch and harness designs.
At the Manned Spacecraft Center, an impact test facility was com-
pleted for use in the evaluation of crew support and restraint systems
and landing impact deceleration attenuation systems. The tower of
the system, obtained from the Mercury program, has a drop height of
23 feet. The dropping platform will accommodate the 3-man Apollo
support couches.
Decompression studies showed that a 3-hour denitrogenation period
would preclude any problems with bends in both Gemini and Apollo.
Additionally, it was demonstrated that operating in a two gas atmos-
phere (50 percent oxygen) at 7 pounds per square inch a'bsolute (psia)
for 15 hours and then decompressing suit pressure to 3.7 psia did not
cause bends problems.
- __
.
I
Figure 1-1 3. Crawler-transporter moving the launch umbilical tower.

34 NASA TI-IIRTEENTI-I SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Program coordination activities with the U.S. Air Force continued

during this period, resulting in the completion of the review of the
July 1, 1964-June 30, 1965 (FY 1965) Air Force Bioastronautics and
NASA Space Medicine tasks and the initiation of discussions of the
programs for the following fiscal year. The fiscal year 1965 coordina-
tion activity involved 1,192 tasks, of which 178 were NASA items.
For fiscal year 1966, 1,019 tasks were discussed in detail. Of these,
212 were NASA efforts. Coordination for the 1966 fiscal year was
completed for all but 119 items. These were designated for further
discussion to assure that NASA and Air Force requirements are con-
sidered completely and that the scientists engaged in the work are
fully informed of each Agency's role and plans.
The NASA Conference on International Participation in Bio-
medical Experiments in Space was held at the Manned Spacecraft
Center on April 22 and 23, 1965. The conference was designed to
inform visiting scientists about the background of the U.S. manned
flight program and give them basic information that would help them
devise and submit experiments for inclusion in the NASA inflight
medical experiments program. The meeting was attended by 22
scientists representing 12 countries. The sessions were conducted by
personnel from NASA Space Medicine and the Manned Spacecraft
Center.
_upporfing Facilities
Throughout the period, construction, completion and activation of

major supporting facilities moved forward as planned. In addition,
contracts were let for more construction work needed to support the
Apollo program. These efforts were underway at the Kennedy Soace
Center, the Marshall Space Flight Center, the Michoud Assembly
Facility, the Mississippi Test Facility, and various other locations.
John F. Kennedy Space Center.--The period was marked by rapid
progress on institutional and operational facilities at the John F.
Kennedy Space Center, site of all NASA manned launches. Projects
included modification of Launch Complex 34 at Cape Kennedy for
Saturn IB missions, and construction at the Center's Merritt Island
Launch Area to support Saturn V launches and provide necessary
industrial facilities.
Facilities completed were the John F. Kennedy Space Center
headquarters building, the central instrumentation facility, Phase II
of the operations and checkout building, an addition to the environ-
mental control system building, an addition to the central supply
complex, a plant maintenance facility, an extension to the railroad
system, additional road systems, and water and electrical distribution
systems for the Saturn V launch area, Launch Complex 39. In

addition, at Launch Complex 39, the structural steel for the 524-foot
"Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) was topped out in April. The
principal facilities to be constructed through contracts awarded dur-
ing the period are the vehicle maintenance and service facility, another
addition to the central supply complex, the vehicle unloading dock
at the Saturn V launch area, instrumentation and communication
systems for the Vehicle Assembly Building and launch control center,
extensions to the roads, and additions to the electrical transmission
and Other utility systems at the Kennedy Space Center.
Manned Spacecraft Center.--The Manned Spacecraft Center
(MSC), Houston, Texas, is responsible for developing spacecraft and
related equipment, selecting and training flight crews, and conducting
manned flight operations. Four major milestones were reached dur-
ing the period at MSC. The Houston Mission Control Center became
operational for the first time in support of the Gemini IV mission.
Three other major facilities were completed : the thermochemical test
complex for developing and testing spacecraft propulsion and reac-
tion control systems; the mission simulation and training facility for
training flight crews with mission simulators and mock-ups; and the
spacecraft control technology laboratory for developing and testing
the guidance and navigation systems.
Construction of the flight acceleration facility, the space environ-
ment simulation laboratory, and a launch environment and antenna
test facility continued on schedule. The first of these facilities will
house an environmentally controlled dynamic simulator to train
astronauts and test equipment. The second will provide laboratory
facilities for testing spacecraft under appropriate environmental con-
ditions. The third will be used for developing and testing antennae
and communications, as well as for testing the spacecraft's reaction
to the noise and vibration encountered at launch.
Four major facilities are to be constructed through contracts
awarded to industry during the first half of 1965. The electronic
systems compatibility facility will provide for integrated test and
evaluation of Apollo spacecraft and earth-based communications and
data acquisition systems. The lunar mission and space exploration
facility will be used for developing scientific experiments and adapt-
ing them to the Apollo spacecraft. The ultra-high vacuum space
chamber facility will permit evaluation of spacecraft components and
materials under vacuum conditions. The project engineering facility
will provide space for the spacecraft project office and related
activities.
Marshall Space Flight Center.--The Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Ala, continued to devote its efforts to developmental test-
207-820 0---66----4
ing of large launch vehicle stages and engines and to inanaging the
industrial firms producing and testing stages, engines, and
components.
A number of major facilities were completed and activated. These
included the static test stand for developmental testing of the Saturn
v booster stage, shown in fig. 1-14, the Saturn V ground support
Figure 1-1 4. Static test stand for Saturn V booster stage.

equipment test facilityfor testing allservice arms to be used during

launch, and the liquidhydrogen facilityfor technologicaldevelopment
5f liquid hydrogen launch vehicles. Additionally, modifications to
the west side of the static test stand for F-1 engam testing and the
expansion of the east area blockhouse were completed.
Contracts were also awarded for the following: the extension to the
components test facility, which will be used for testing Saturn booster
and engine components; the extension to the Saturn V ground support
equipment test facility; the addition to the communications building,
required for the launch information evaluation facility program ; road
modifications and Saturn support test area facilities, such as the
transportation hangar for housing and refurbishing the S-IC stage
prior to shipment to Kennedy Space Center; the addition to the com-
ponents support building for inspection and checkout of components
for the S-IC stages and F-1 engines; the acoustical control and com-
munications building, for determining appropriate weather conditions
for testing; and replacement of the deflector pit for the power plant
test stand.
Work on other developmental facilities moved ahead as planned.
These included the acoustic model test facility, for simulating and
evaluating sonic effects during launch; the hazardous operations
facility, for calibrating hardware under simulated launch and flight
conditions; and the hangar for vehicle components and assembly sta-
tion, where components will be assembled.
Michaud. The government-owned, contractor-operated Michoud
Assembly Facility, located near New Orleans, is the site for manu-
facture and assembly of Saturn IB and Saturn V booster stages. All
major construction at Michoud was completed and the plant is now
operational.
Work also progressed on the vehicle component supply building, as
well as on an improved road system to facilitate the transfer of the
Saturn V first stages from the plant to the Michoud barge dock for
shipment to the Mississippi Test Facility.
During "_
_,_- past mx months, contracts were awarded for the service
building and additions to the Slidell computer facility, and for related
equipment.
Mississippi Test Facility.--The Mississippi Test Facility (MTF),
located on the banks of the East Pearl River in southwestern Missis-
sippi approximately 40 miles from New Orleans, will be the site of
acceptance testing of Saturn V first and second stages.
Acquisition of the main test -area, consisting of !._,500 acres, and the
surrounding acoustic buffer zone, consisting of approximately 125,000
acres, has been completed. For safety reasons, the buffer zone will be
uninhabited, although lumbering and farming activities will be

permitted to continue.
Major facilities completed during this period include the naviga-'
tion lock, which will permit barges transporting the Saturn V stages
and their cryogenic propellants to be raised and lowered between
the East Pearl River and the MTF canal system ;the office and admin-
istration building; and various support facilities. The latter included
the bascule bridgo over the MTF canal system, the cryogenic docks
(shown in fig. 1-15), and the first stage. storage and service building,
as well as roads, railroads, and utilities.
Significant progress was also made on preparations for activating
the first second stage (S-11) test stand and its supporting facilities.
I n addition, contracts were awarded for construction of the second
stage checkout and storage building, the components service facility,
Figure 1-1 5. Cryogenic docks a t Mississippi Test Facility.

and the second position of the dual-position first stage test stand,
as well as over-all security control facilities, roads, parking areas,
and utilities.
Seal Beach.--The Saturn V second stage is manufactured at a
government-owned, contractor-operated plant located at Seal Beach,
Calif. The only major facility still under construction was the
Vertical Checkout Facility, which proceeded according to schedule.
Sacramento Test Operation_.--Static testing of the Saturn IB
second stage and the Saturn V third stage (S-IVB) is conducted at
the Sacramento Test Operations Site. Construction of the two S-IVB
test stands was completed, and work was continuing on the checkout
test facility which will be used for center of gravity determinations
and post static checks.
White Sands Test Facility.--At White Sands, N. Mex., the facili-
ties for testing the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) were nearing
completion. These include three propulsion test stands with altitude
simulation capability and supporting facilities. One test stand (with-
out the altitude capability) was activated in April. The other two
stands are undergoing final acceptance testing.
Astronaut Activities
The strength of the NASA astronaut force was increased from 28

to 33, with the addition of five scientist/astronaut candidates. Three
of the five are non-pilots, and were to report to Williams Air Force
Base, Ariz., for pilot training. The remaining two, already rated
as pilots, went directly to the Manned Spacecraft Center at Houston.
Twenty-eight astronauts were in space flight status and available
for flight crew assignments. Astronauts Grissom, Young, McDivitt,
and White made Gemini flights, and Astronauts Schirra, Stafford,
Borman, and See served as backup crews.
General Training
General training is comprised of activities applicable to all manned

space t operations, mcmumg ........
ing is broad and most intense during the early months of the astro-
nauts' assignment with NASA. As the astronauts are placed in a
space flight readiness status, general training continues but is designed
to maintain rather than acquire a level of competence in a particular
discipline or function.
Except for the newly assigned scientist/astronaut candidates the
entire astronaut complement was in space flight readine_ status U.Ul_'-- -
ing this reporting period. Much of the training was directly oriented
to Gemini or Apollo operations. GeologT in particular was empha-
sized to prepare the astronauts for exploration of the lunar surface.

In addition, a high level of proficiency in spacecraft piloting skills
was maintained through the use of high-performance aircraft, heli-'
copters, and simulators.
Specific Mission Training
The value of the intensive specific mission training programs which

precede all manned space flights was evidenced by performance of the
crews for both Gemini III and Gemini IV. Astronaut White prac-
ticed egress and reentry of the Gemini spacecraft more than a hundred
times before performing the actual operation in space.
All of the Gemini crews have undergone thorough mission-oriented
training, using devices which as nearly as possible simulate mission
conditions. For example, a fixed-base simulator which is almost a
duplicate of the next spacecraft to be launched is available at Cape
Kennedy for the crews assig-ned to that specific flight. (Fig. 1-16.)
Another fixed-base simulator, which is configured for the Gemini VI
flight, was in readiness at the Manned Spacecraft Center (Houston)
for the crews assigned for that flight.
More than spacecraft piloting is involved in each mission. As space
flights become longer and more experiments are conducted during
each one, specific mission training peculiar to the on-board experi-
ments will place even greater demands on the astronauts and the
training support system. For example, in Gemini V a total of 150
hours was alloc'tted for experiment training, and this now appears
to be the bare minimum needed.
Design Participation
To prevent or correct spacecraft deficiencies early in the develop-

ment cycle, astronaut participation in the design and development of
hardware has been emphasized. This not only improves the relia-
bility of the man-machine combination, but gives a greater assurance
of a successful flight because the astronauts acquire a thorough under-
standing of the equipment. With Gemini flights now under way and
the design of this spacecraft stabilized, the astronauts are becoming
more involved in the development of the Apollo spacecraft.
Scientist/Astronauts
The five scientist/astronaut candidates entering the manned space

program comprise the initial contingent of specialists who will take
part in later Apollo missions and other advanced manned space flights.
The high degree of selectivity applied in pilot/astronaut selections
was adhered to in screening applicants for scientist/astronaut assign-
~
Figure 1-1 6. Fixed-base Gemini spacecraft simulator.
ments. The combination of youth, scientificachievement, and physical

fitness desired in the scientist/astronauts was difficult to find, and the
number finally selected was predictably low.
The five selected were Dr. F. Curtis Michel, Dr. Edward G. Gibson,
Lt. Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin, M.D., Dr. Owen K. Garriott, and
Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt.
Advanced Manned Missions

During the report period, the Advanced Manned Mtissions Program
Office continued its studies of future manned space flight program
a!termt,ives which are planned to maintain for this nation continuing
leadership in the exploration of spec for the benefit of mankind. The
objectives of such studies were the development of realistic tech:inicd,
schedule, and cost data to serve as a basis for deciding the future course
of the national space program. The specific mission goals under study
included operations in Earth orbit, lunar orbit, on the lunar surface,
and in deep space.
Stiidies of advanced manned missions were carried out within two
broad categories. The first of these ccmprjwd potential space mis-
sions beyond the initial Apollo lunar landings, but making use of
developed operational techniques and basic Apollo hardware--the

Apollo spacecraft and the Saturn V launch vehicle. The second cate-
gory comprised potential missions requiring new hardware beyond"
the capability of the Apollo system, including extended lunar explora-
tion, Earth-orbital missions of long duration, and deep space explora-
tion, beginning with planetary flybys and leading to manned plane-
tary exploration.
Apollo Applications
In the nearer term, considerable progress was made in defining mis-

sions using the capability of the Apollo flight and ground systems.
Preliminary program definition studies of Apollo applications were
continued during the period, both within NASA and by industry under
contract, to determine mission requirements, capabilities of space-
craft, levels of performance, systems costs, and schedule factors. Dur-
ing the report period, these studies progressed to a phase at which they
could be given separate status under the management of a new pro-
gram office within the Office of Manned Space Flight. (This new
office was established in July 1965.)
Apollo Applications: Earth-Orbital Mi, sions.--An important step
in the Apollo applications studies was that of defining the various
ways in which Earth-orbital missions can support the national needs
in applications benefiting man on Earth, exploration of space, and
astronomical observation. More than 200 experiments were identified
for such Earth-orbital missions. Of these, 85 were analyzed and fur-
ther defined during the period. Detailed engineering and management
plans were initiated for developing these experiments, for assigning
them to missions, and for integrating them into mission payloads.
Further detailed attent ion was devoted to the problems of integrating
specific payloads into the Apollo spacecraft. Ten different types of
three-man Earth-orbital mission objectives were defined. These in-
clude multispeetral sensing of the Earth's surface and atmosphere;
conducting biomedical/behavioral experiments; using the spacecraft
as a bioscience/physical science laboratory ; conducting astronomy and
technology experiments; and developing space operation capability.
The potential Apollo applications Earth-orbital missions studied
would employ a variety of Earth oil)its, ranging from low-inclination
and 900-nautical miles altitude to near-polar orbit inclination missions,
and ultimately to synchronous orbits of 0 ° inclination at 19,350 nautical
miles altitude.
Close coordination of these studies was effected with the scientific
community as well as with other government agencies having an inter-
est in applications to their particular areas of responsibility and in-
terest. Agencies included were tile Departments of Commerce, Agri-

culture, Interior, and Defense. The areas of application studied with
early potential benefits on Earth include improved weather forecasting,
global communications at high data rates, the monitoring of air and
ground traffic, a worldwide air-sea rescue service, and a data-gathering
system on a global scale. In a more preliminary phase were studies
to indicate the possibility of such benefits as an up-to-date inventory
of the world's resources and better forecasts of food production.
Apollo Applications: Missions in Lunar Orbit.--Missions in lunar
orbit which were studied included the objectives of mapping and sur-
veying the Moon; gathering information in such fields as geology,
geochemistry, and geophysics; and selection of landing areas for ex-
tended surface exploration. All of these missions would use the Apollo
Lunar Excursion Module spacecraft as a lunar-orbiting laboratory for
conducting the experiments.
One such study pointed to an overall topographical lunar survey
to be accomplished in lunar-polar orbit with a flight of 28 days plus
transit time. During this single mission the entire Moon could be
surveyed through the use of a number of sensors. Multispectral
photography, radar mapping, infrared surveys, other spectographic
surveys, passive microwave radiometry, remote geochemical sensing,
meteorite dust analysis, and orbit-to-surface probes are examples of
experiments considered as part of the lunar-orbital survey mission
studies.
Apollo Applications: Lunar Surface Experiments.--Advanced
manned mission studies had previously confirmed that manned lunar
surface operations are necessary to understand the Moon and exploit
its unique characteristics for scientific research. Mission objectives
established for scientific research on the lunar surface include lunar-
oriented investigations, astronomical and astrophysical studies, and
lunar-based research.
Apollo applications studies during this period defined the means of
expanding the lunar surface exploration following the initial lunar
landings. This may be accomplished by p]a,cing on the lunar surface
an unmanned Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) modified to serve as
a shelter, followed by landing the two-man exploration crew in Apollo
mission LEM modified to serve as an orbit-to-surface taxi. The men
would transfer into the modified LEM shelter for the mission duration.
Upon completion of the mission, they would re-enter the LEM taxi,
rendezvous with the orbiting Command and Service Module space-
craft, and return to Earth.
Advanced Post-Apollo Missions
Concurrent with preliminary definition studies for Apollo applica--

tions, NASA considered the subject of more advanced post-Apollo
missions with performance and capability requirements beyond those
of the extended Apollo hardware. Studies during the report period
pointed toward the identification of specific follow-on missions and
objectives, their interpretation into programs_ and an evaluation of
the emphasis to be placed on such programs_ in order to establish
the most promising alternatives for the future national manned space
flight objectives.
2
SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATIONS
IN SPACE
NASA made substantial progress in its scientific investigations in

space from January through June 1965. Especially noteworthy were
the thousands of high-resolution photographs of the mmii supplied by
the Ranger spacecraft and the invaluable data provided daily by
Mariner I V as it traveled toward Mars for a flyby of the planet. I n
addition, the Agency continued work on its first Surveyor soft lunar
lander, and planned to orbit a satellite of the moon (Lunar Orbiter)
later.
I n its bioscience programs, NASA was preparing to launch tlie first
Biosatellite in 1966. And the space environment was used as a labo-
ratory in March when Astronauts Grissom and Young activated two
,;,,-luaoIu biological experiments carried aboard their Gemini I11 space-
c n f t.
Physics and Astronomy Programs

During the first six months of 1965, NASA launched three satellites
in its physics and astronomy programs-the second Orbiting Solar
Observatory (OSO-11) ; Explorer X X V I I , the first NASA satellite
devoted primarily t o geodetic studies ; and Explorer X X V I I I , the
third Interplanetary Monitoring Platforrii. A!soi souiidiiig rockets
were launched from t i ship to investigate tlie upper atmosphere in t h e
equatorial region over the Pacific Ocean.
43
46 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS .
In addition, three spacecraft in different areas of space made simul-

taneous observations of radiation associated with solar disturbances :
Mariner IV, over 100 million miles from the earth on its may to flyby
Mars, the Explorer XXI Interplanetary Monitoring Platform at a
height of up to 60,000 miles, and the Injun I V geophysical satellite
a t altitudes of less than 1,500 miles.
Second Orbiting Solar Observatory
On February 3, OSO-I1 \vas placed into a nearly circular orbit

ranging between 340 and 390 miles. Similar in appearance to OSO-
I-lannched March 7,1962-much of its equipment was redesigned to
handle a greater number of experiments. The spcecraft is a 44-inch
rotating wheel with a sail-like stationary section connected to it by
a shaft. It weighs about 542 poiinds and carries 215 pounds of equip-
ment for advanced experiments involving X-ray and gamma-rays and
ultraviolet radiation.
The stationary sail-like section of the OSO-I1 normally points at
the center of the sun with great accuracy. However, the spacecraft
can also scan the entire solar surface achieving gyroscopic stability
by rotating at 30 r.p.m. Experiments carried on its rim scan across
the sun, sweeping a circle through the sky during each rotation. OSO-
11,built largely of parts salvaged from the damaged OSO-13 (87m-
Figure 2-1. An Orbiting Solar Observatory.

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE 47
enth Semiannual Report, p. 64) and from the OSO-B flight qualified
prototype, has operated beyond design expectations to supply solar
scientists with data unavailable from earth-based observations. Its
eight advanced experiments represent a joint Government-university-
industry effort.
The stationary section carries two experiment packages--a scanning
spectrometer supplied by Harvard College Observatory and a pack-
age of three experiments from the Na;_al Research Laboratory. The
Harvard spectrometer experienced arcing problems and returned no
data. The Naval Research Laboratory instruments are an X-ray
burst counter to observe X-ray emission accompanying activity on the
sun's surface, a coronagraph to study the sun's corona, and a spectro-
heliograph to investigate the solar surface as viewed with ultraviolet
radiation. The X-ray counter returned valuable data for six weeks
and then suddenly stopped; the coronagraph also performed well
until its motor froze in position. Although the spectroheliograph
worked intermittently_ it provided several ultraviolet solar "maps."
Five experiments are mounted on the rotating wheel section. These
study sunlight scattered by interplanetary dust; detect high and low
energy gamma rays arriving from energetic reactions in space; carry
out ultraviolet astronomical spectroscopy; and measure the stability
of samples of materials being developed to coat spacecraft for passive
temperature control. All five experiments consistently returned
valuable data.
Explorer Satellites
Explorer XXVII, NASA's first satellite with geodetic studies as

its primary mission, was launched April 29. (Fig. 2-2.) An octag-
onal box 18 inches across and 12 inches in height, the spacecraft was
built much like Explorer XXII, orbited October 10, 1964. Since its
principal function is to chart irregularities in the earth's gravitational
field, it was placed in an orbit inclined 41 ° to the Equator at an alti-
tude varying from 580 to 820 miles. By observing deviations in the
actual orm_ '-; • of "_^u__._._._°*_m+-as co.-_qr_fl
........ to an ideal theoretical orbit
around a model of the earth, experimenters can determine the irregu-
larities, which result from causes such as an irregular distribution
of mass within the earth, oblateness of the shape of the earth, the
equatorial bulge, or an equatorial cross section slightly less than
round. The geodetic measurements are made by observing the
Doppler effect in two beams continuously transmitted from the satel-
lite to the ground at 16"2 and 3-24 megacycles.
In a secondary experiment, Explorer XXVII is making a global sur-
vey of the atmosphere's electron content by transmitting four signals
48 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGREW
l . ~ . l ^ _ _ _ ” - p ~ w - - __ __-___I_
Explorer XXVII.
I Figure 2-2.
at 20.005, 40.010, 41.01, and 360.00 megacycles. Using relatively in-

expensive equipment, any ground station can determine the total elec-
tron count per unit of area between the station and the satellite by
tuning to these frequencies. This is an international experiment in
which 86 ground stations operated by 62 scientific organizations in
36 countries are cooperating. The investigations of the electron
counts in the various regions will provide a world-wide synoptic
picture.
Explorer XXVII carries 360 one-inch quartz corner reflectors to
continue experiments in the laser tracking of satellites begun with
Explorer XXII (p. 51, Twelfth Semiannual Report). The laser
light pulse is triggered as a ground-based telescope sights the satellite ;
when the beam reaches the satellite, it is reflected to the transmitting
ground station. A radio transmission to the ground, which confirms
that the beam was reflected from the satellite, is an improvement over
procedures used in earlier experiments.
The third Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP-C) was
launched from Cape Kennedy on May 29 as Explorer XXVIII. This
130-pound satellite is inclined 33 ° to the Equator in an orbit ranging
from 120 to 130,000 miles above the earth. It gathers data on inter-
planetary magnetic fields and studies charged particles coming from
the sun and elsewhere in the solar system. Similar measurements
were being made by Mariner IV, millions of miles deeper in space,
as it flew to pass by Mars.
Shipboard Sounding Rocket launches
During March and April, NASA used the converted aircraft trans-
port U.S.N.S. Croatan to launch sounding rockets into the upper
atmosphere and ionosphere (which cannot be reached by land-based
American rockets) from the equatorial regions of the eastern Pacific
Ocean. About 45 scientific experiments were launched from this mo-
bile seagoing platform, and 26 smaller weather rockets were fired to
obtain meteorological data. Ten teams of experimenters participated
in ._tudies of the atmosphere, the ionosphere, and the earth's magnetic
field. These experiments should make a major contribution to _he
International Year of the Quiet Sun (1964-65).
Studies During Solar Eclipse
A 5-minute solar eclipse of May 30, visible in the southern Pacific

Ocean, provided NASA's scientists with a unique opportunity to study
i_he .... '---_....
_u.ruu_,,_ of *_ ..... '- atmosphere and the resoonse of earth's
tll_ OUII _ . .
atmosphere to the abrupt interruption of sunlight. The Agency flew

a 600 m.p.h, jet transport plane, converted into a high-altitude re-
search laboratory, from Hawaii into and along the path of the lunar
shadow. Flying at 38,000 feet, investigators made continuous obser-
vations of eclipse phenomena for nine and one-half minutes. NASA
also joined other Government agencies in supporting shipboard
launches of two balloons to an altitude of 100,000 feet to observe the
solar corona, terrestrial auroras and airglow, and zodiacal light in
space, o
lunar and Planetary Prosrams
During this report period, the Ranger spacecraft series, which sup-
plied scientists wtih thousands of photographs of the moon's surface,
was concluded. Work on its follow-up, the Surveyor lunar lander
continued, and plans were made for launching the Lunar Orbiter in
1966. Mariner IV also continued its flight toward Mars.
Ranger
On March 24, the Ranger IX spacecraft--launched on March 21

as the last of NASA's highly successful lunar photographers--crashed
on the moon after having taken more than 5,800 high-resolution pic-
tures of the lunar surface. (Fig. 2-3.) As Ranger IX moved in
toward the moon, it televised live pictures of its surface to millions
of home viewers. The flight marked the close of this phase of the
unmanned lunar program and paved the way for the flight of the first
of the Surveyor soft landers and the launching of the Nation's first
satellite of the moon (Lunar Orbiter) in 1966. The Ranger series
supplied over 17,000 photographs of the lunar surface, the majority of
which were up to 2,000 times clearer than any ever provided by the
most powerfl_l earth-based telescopes. Prints of these pictures were
sent to individual scientists and institutions throughout the U.S. and
to selected astronomical institutions around the world.
The target area selected for Ranger IX was the crater Alphonsus--
an object of considerable scientific interest since gases were noticed
coming from its interior some years ago. Impact point was latitude
12.91 ° S and longitude 2.38 ° W, or only 2.76 miles from the desired
aim point of latitude 13 ° S and longitude 2.5 ° W. A terminal ma-
neuver to point the TV cameras in the direction of the flight path was
employed for the first time on this mission, and as a result the impact
area on the crater floor was contained in all of the pictures. The last
of the 5,814 pictures transmitted to earth showed surface objects as
small as 12 inches.
Ranger VIII was launched from the Eastern Test Range on Febru-
ary 17. It impacted within the western sector of Mare Tranquillitatis
(latitude 2.713 ° N, longitude 24.807 ° E) on February 20 within 15
Figure 2-3. P.mger IX photograph of the moon.
miles of the intended aim point and 23 seconds of the predicted impact
time. Before crashing on the lunnr surface, the spacecraft transmitted
over 7,100 high-quality pictures, including portions of the highlands,
the Mare Tranquillitatis coastline, and the Mare surface near the
impact area. The last photograph taken before impact showed ob-
jects less than 30 inches in size. (Slightly IPSS than the resolution of
several of Ranger VII's 4,316 pictures; Twelfth Semiannual Report,
p. 55.)
207-820 0-66-5 I
Surveyor
Surveyor A, the first of four engineering test spacecraft, was being
readied for launch. Surveyor is planned as a soft lunar lander instru:
mented spacecraft. It should increase scientific knowledge of the
moon by experimenting on its surface and also provide engineering
and topographic data to support manned lunar landings. The pri-
mary objective of ,the Surveyor A flight will be to test launch vehicle-
spacecraft-ground equipment through launch and midcourse trajec-
tory correction; the secondary objective will be to demonstrate suc-
cessful spacecraft operation from midcourse correction through
landing. The objectives of Surveyors B, C, and D will be progres-
sively expanded in order to be able to demonstrate the spacecraft's
ability to perform operational missions by the time the Surveyor D
tests are completed.
Factory tests of the prototype spacecraft were completed during
the period of this report. Included were vibration and solar-thermal-
vacuum testing followed by a successful Combined System Test with
the Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle. The prototype was undergoing
further tests at the launch site at Cape Kennedy to check out the com-
patability of equipment there. In early August, it will be shipped
to the Goldstone tracking station for compatability testing with the
Deep Space Network.
Assembly and initial testing of the first flight spacecraft were com-
pleted, and it was prepared for environmental, vibration, and solar-
thermal-vacuum testing. These tests were on schedule and shipment
to the launch site should be early in August.
Lunar Orbiter
Tlle Lunar Orbiter spacecraft will photograph large areas of the

moon to obtain topographic information needed for selecting landing
sites for manned and unmanned spacecraft. (Fig. 2-4.) It will
also make environmental measurements of the moon and obtain in-
formation about its size and shape. Development of the spacecraft
began in March 1964 and first launch is scheduled for 1966.
During the period, extensive design reviews of the major elements
of Lunar Orbiter were completed, and all major components of the
spacecraft were manufactured and undergoing tests. Separation,
thermal, and structural models were fabricated and underwent devel-
opmental testing, and assembly of the first ground test spacecraft
was started. Flight profiles were defined for the spacecraft. A team
of investigators was selected to make a detailed analysis of radio
tracking data supplied by Lunar Orbiter to determine the gravita-
tional field of the moon as a clue to its origin. Also extensive plans
Figure 2-4. Model of Lunar Orbiter.
were underway for the analysis of photographic data and the prepara-
tion of maps.
Mariner
Mariner IV, launched on November 28, 1964, completed the major
part of its journey enroute to flyby and photograph Mars. (Fig. 2-5.)
The spacecraft continuously transmitted data on the space environ-
ment as it set new records for long distance communication. Over
109 million miles from the earth in midJune, its overall condition
continued to be good, and the flyby is expected t o result in new knowl-
edge ef Mars. Television pictures and other data will be obtained
during the encounter-the T V pictures will be recorded for later
playback to earth. (As planned, the spacecraft flew by the planet,
providing excellent photographs of its surf ace and other information.
Details will be published in the Fourteenth 8emiunnmd Report.)
P'ioneer
Integration of scientific experiments fer the Pioneer prototype
spacecraft and its qualification tests were completed. Elements of
Figure 2-5. Mariner IV launch.

the first flight spacecraft were fabricated, and integration of its

subsystems began. Pioneer is designed to measure magnetic fields,
"energetic particles, cosmic dust, and other phenomena of interplane-
tary regions.
Voyager
The primary objective of the initial phase of the Voyager program

is to perform unmanned experiments on the surface of Mars and
orbit the planet to obtain information on the existence of extrater-
restrial life, on Martian atmospheric and surface characteristics, and
on the planetary environment. Acquiring scientific data on the inter-
planetary medium between the earth and Mars is a secondary objective.
Current plans call for the first Martian mission during 1973 when the
planet is nearest to the earth.
The procurement plan for preliminary design of the Voyager
spacecraft was completed during the period, and contracts with three
major aerospace contractors were negotiated and signed on April 30.
The Voyager science plan was prepared and approved, the announce-
ment of opportunities for flight experiments released to the scientific
community, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was selected for
capsule system management. Planning of the capsule system con-
tinued on schedule.
Lunar and Planetary Studies
Lunar and planetary studies were being conducted to define mission

profiles and determine the feasibility of trips to the moon and to Mer-
cury, Jupiter, and various comets and asteroids. These studies include
analyses of mission requirements, trajectory analysis, analyses of space-
craft technology to support various missions, evaluation of methods
for estimating cost of future spacecraft, and spacecraft conceptual
design. Also alternate missions and landing concepts were assessed
which should help in selecting mission and landing modes for Voyager
on Mars.
Among other accomplishments r_u_mg'- _-^_1_,1.1
O,o....--1""_
...... _nrl plane-
tary studies were:
• More complete definition of preliminary mission profiles, space-

craft technology, and launch vehicle requirements for lunar and
planetary exploration over the next 20 years. (Targets in-
cluded Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, comets, and
asteroids.)
• Investigations of gravity-assisted trajectories using the gravity
of one planet to reduce the total energy required to travel to
another.
• Analysis which showed decided advantages of using advanced

propulsion vehicles in reducing flight times to distant planets-
. Conceptual design of a spacecraft to travel to comets and nearby
asteroids, and of a high-energy spacecraft to go to distant aster-
oids (perhaps as far away as the planet Jupiter).
Bioscience Programs
NASA prepared to launch the first of its Biosatellites in 1966. Ex-
periments performed by these orbiting biological laboratories involv-
ing various plants, animals, and other life forms are expected to pin-
point space hazards for astronauts during prolonged flights. Bio-
scientists also considered experiments to 'be carried aboard spacecraft
exploring Mars in 1973. Astronauts Grissom and Young during their
March flight activated two basic biological experimen[s, initiating a
program of using space as a laboratory for such research.
Exobiology
The National Academy of Sciences--National Research Council
through its Space ,Science Board recently concluded in a summary
report on Biology and the Exploration of Mars that '_the search for life
beyond earth is a scientific undertaking of the greatest validity and
significance and its importance and consequences for biology justify
the highest priority among all objectives in the space program." This
report of the 1965 summer study group of the Board chaired by Dr.
Colin Pittendrigh of Princeton University, recommended Martian
exploration designed to find out if the origin of living matter is prob-
able in the evolution of all planets whose history resembles ours. The
exploration program would seek to determine the physical and chemi-
cal conditions of the Martian surface as a potential environment for
life; determine whether or not life is or has been present on Mars;
characterize that life, if it is present; and investigate the pattern of
chemical evolution in the absence of life. The summer study group
was unanimous in recommending that immediate steps be taken to
exploit the particularly favorable opportunities for Martian explora-
tion between 1969 and 1973, emphasizing that the first landing mission
be scheduled no later than 1973--by 1971_ if possible.
Some members of the group joined industry and NASA representa-
tives in forming an ad hoc bioscience working group to generate bio-
logical experimental payloads for Martian exploration in 1973. The
group concluded that life on the planet could not be detected from an
orbiting spacecraft and that biolo_cal exploration should be primarily
by landing missions. They recommended an evolutionary approach
to develop mission payloads beginning with smaller systems having
limited scientific and technical objectives to be followed by more ex-

tensive explorations.
Spectroscopic Studies.--High-resolution mass spectrometry is indis-
pensable in identifying organic substances isolated from ancient shales
and sediments of different geologic types and ages. Such spectro-
scopic studies are part oT a general program of organic geochemistry
to develop methods of detecting life in terrestrial and extraterrestrial
samples (such as meteorites).
In studies conducted under a NASA contract, investigators at the
University of California observed the similarity between certain infra-
red spectra of Mats and those of a mixture of heavy and light water.
The similarity suggests that heavy water molecules in the earth's at-
mosphere may be the best explanation for the "Sinton bands," the
spectral features of Mars (obtained by Dr. William M. Sinton of
Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Ariz.) hinting at the presence of or-
ganic matter on the planet. (Twel]th Senda, nnual Report, p. 60.)
Planetary Quarantine
NASA requires that its lunar landing spacecraft maintain a low

level of contamination and that Mars landers be flown with no more
than one chance in ten thousand that there is a single living organism
on board. It was found that the sterilization of lunar spacecraft could
be achieved most economically by using bioclean rooms during final
assembly, test,, checkout, and launch. In these rooms, which feature
specially controlled filtered air from ceiling to floor (fig. o_-6),
Figure 2-6. Bioclean assembly room.

bacterial contamination was as little as one thousandth of that in

conventional clean assembly rooms. For Mars spacecraft, it will be
necessary to minimize biological contamination by using ultraclean
manufacture and assembly techniques, to sterilize them with dry heat,
and to protect them from recontamination during launch and exit from
the earth's atmosphere. Clean manufacture and assembly will be
possible through the use of a new air flow technologT at all levels of
manufacture, subassembly, and assembly.
Satisfactory heat sterilization cycles at temperatures from 105 ° to
135 ° C are now possible for periods of time which decrease with in-
creases in temperature. The various cycles permit spacecraft engi-
neers to select the temperature and exposure time least harmful to
spacecraft reliability. Methods of encapsulating the sterile spacecraft
in a hermetically-sealed container for a trip through the earth's
atmosphere were studied, and development of a satisfactory design
appears feasible. Significant progTess was made in identifying and
developing parts, techniques, materials, and subsystems able to stand
up under such sterilization processes and meet performance require-
ments. Electronic parts, welding and soldering techniques, coatings,
printed circuits, tape recorders, parachutes, impact absorbers, scientific
instruments, optical scanners, planet trackers, and spacecraft, guidance
and control systems were studied.
Biosatellites
The Biosatellite, an orbiting biological laboratory, underwent quali-

fication tests in preparation for its first flight in 1966. Plans call for
launch by a thrust-augmented Delta vehicle into an equatorial orbit
of approximately 200 miles (fig. 2-7), and aerial recovery of the re-
entry vehicle. Drop tests of the spacecraft from a b_lloon were con-
ducted successfully at Holloman Air Force Base, and _he development
model was subjected to vibration tests. Developmental hardware (fig.
2-8) for the 3-day Biosatellite was assembled in a spacecraft mock-up,
subjected to gamma radiation from a strontium 85-source for 67 hours,
and tested in a simulation of the launch and orbital environment (ex-
cept for weightlessness) and reentry. Hardware for one of the 3-day
Biosatellite experiments (Lysogenic bacteria) is shown in fig. 2-9.
NASA has planned its Biosatellite program, with the advice of the
scientific community, to study the effects of weightlessness on living
cells, tissues, and organisms orbited for periods of 3, 21, and 30 days.
Twenty experiments on various plants and animals were selected as
three payloads for the satellites. Experimental specimens include
bacteria, radiation-sensitive plants and insects, wheat seedlings and
other plants gravity-oriented in their growth, amoebas, human cells,
Figure 2-7. A Biosatellite.

i
Figure 2-8. irradiaiioii o! Biesntdlite test specimen for 3 days in orbit.

Figure 2-9. Lysogenic bacteria for a Biosatellite flight.
frog and sea urchin eggs, rats, and primates. Of 14 experiments se-
lected to orbit for three days, seven will be used to study the effects
of weightlessness combined with a known radiation source. Human
cells in culture, plants, and ruts will be flown for 21 days to determine
the effects of weightlessness and removal from earth’s 24-hour rota-
tional influence. A pigtail monkey will be in orbit for 30 days with
deeply implanted brain probes to determine the effects of weightless-
ness on its behavior, its response to imposed tasks, and its reaction
during sleep-u-akefulness cycles. The monkey will also have cath-
eters implanted in the cardiovascular system to g m g e the effects of
weightlessness on its heart and circulatory functions. Another phase
of this experiment is to determine whether weightlessness causes a
c:dcium loss in the bones like that foiind, in ground-based studies, to
result from complete immobility such as bed rest.
The Biosatellite investigations should help spell out the flight haz-
ards for astronauts and set up methods for more detailed investiga-
tions of such hazards if they should be encountered during the
weightlessness of long-duration manned missions. The experiments
will measure the effects of prolonged flights on the cardiovascular SYS-
tem, determine any losses of muscle tone, physical capability, and
,minerals (such as calcium in the skeletal system), and also changes

in the body's fluid balance.
Environmental Biology
Preparing for advanced experiments with tile test animals aboard

the Biosatellites, bioscientists at the University of California (Berke-
ley) restrained pi_ail monkeys in couches for 90 days. The monkeys
were essentially normal during tlle test and normally active after re-
lease. Venous and arterial catheters, used in studying the cardiovascu-
lar system of rhesus monkeys, were functioning 200 days after they
were implanted.
An automated system for making in-flight biochemical amdyses of
urine was developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It auto-
matically analyzes urea, creatinine, creatine, and calcium, all excellent
indicators of muscle condition and bone mineral balance--of imi)or-
tance in weightless flight.
A working conference was held on progress in developing methods
in bone densitometry to study the rate of calcium loss in the human
skeleton. Among the methods discussed were X-ray densitometry,
radioisotope techniques, and ultrasonics. X-ray densitometry is pres-
ently being used to study calcium loss in the skeleton of human volun-
teers during complete bed rest simulating weightlessness. This method
is also used in Biosatellite experiments on primates and before and
after astronaut flights in Project Gemini. The radioisotope technique
appears promising for developing a small, accurate in-flight method
of measuring human skeletal loss during orbit.
Hibernating animals exposed to radiation have shown a delayed
response to the radiation and have resisted lethal doses. If hiberna-
tion is prolonged, slow recovery of tissues might occur which could
avoid or minimize the delayed radiation damage after the animal is
aroused. Hibernation was induced in natural hibernators out of sea-
son by shortening the light period, varying the temperature, and
limiting food intake for up to 24 hours.
_' _:- _'_..1._;.., th,_ ntmosnhere of Jupiter were carried out
with various microorganisms. Various types of bacteria and fungi
multiplied under conditions usually considered lethal. Test conditions
included almospheres at normal pressure composed of 100 percent am-
monia, 100 percent methane, 100 percent nitric oxide, 100 percent
hydrogen sulfide, 50 percent hydrogen cyanide, and various mixtures
(for example, 50 percent methane and 50 percent ammonia). Certain
types of bacteria and fungi grew a",d mu!tip]ied on vegetable materials
in similar atmospheres. Microorganisms are being studied in liquid
ammonia at four atmospheres of pressure at 0 ° to 10 ° C. Plant seeds
and spores germinated, grew and reproduced in 100 percent oxygen,-

100 percent helium, 100 percent argon, 100 percent carbon monoxide,
and in various mixtures of t'hese gases at normal pressure. There were"
no active life processes in an atmosphere of 100 percent nitrogen
dioxide.
Behavioral Biology
The Brain Research Institute of the Space Biology Laboratory at

the University of California (Los Angeles) has developed basic in-
formation on the capacity of the central nervous system to process
and store information, and to integrate behavior. This information
can be very useful in analyzing the ability of highly organized mam-
malian systems, such as those of man, to operate effectively in space.
Experimenters found widespread "driving" of brain rhythms in
monkeys which were subjected to simulated launch-phase vibration
frequencies of 11 to 15 cycles per second. A test animal used in the
experiments is shown in fig. 2-10 as it was vibrated on the "shake
table." Since the ability of animals and men to function was seriously
impaired during the artificial stimulation, the cause of the impairment
must be determined in order to prevent it. The problem is being ap-
proached by sectioning the vesti'bular nerves in a group of monkeys,
thus rendering functionless that portion of the inner ear which con-
tributes so importantly to orientation in an environment of ona g.
Studies on biological rhythms at the University of Kentucky have
provided data enabling investigators to separate the effects of weight-
lessness during space flight from those due to the orbital or geophysical
pattern of the Biosatellite. Similar investigations, combined with
temperature and ot'her physiological data obtained on the Biosatellite,
should supply information on the effects of geographical changes on
the physiological rhythms of primates.
The pocket mouse, ideally suited for space flight investigations
because of its small size and weight and minimal food and water
requirements, was evaluated at Princeton University for in-flight cir-
cadian (about a day) rhythm experiments. A self-contained experi-
mental package with a complete life support system for this animal
is being developed. (Fig. 2-11, p. 64.)
To acquaint present and potential experimenters in the life sciences
with the engineering and operational aspects of space flight, the 17ni-
versity of Virginia organized a Biospace Training Program at NASA's
Wallops Station, Va. The proo-ram includes a concentrated introduc-
tion to aerospace science and teclmology and an exercise in launching
a small payh)ad, recording tyl)ical/)iomedical data, and recovering the
payload. Design and develol)ment of the payload (fig. 2-12) and modi-
Figure 2-1 0. M o n k e y in vibration experiment.
fication of the Arcus vehicle were finished, and the completed system
\\-as successfully flight-tested.
Physical Biology
Various diets and nutritional needs of astronauts were under
study. Weight, space, and engineering problems of extended flights
require that nutrition be adequate (but minimal) so as not to impair
the capacity of astronauts to perform. Most important in establishing
this minimal diet are protein and energy requirements. I n the initial
phase of one experiment, four human volunteers were subjected to a
controlled diet for 60 days to determine their minimal protein and
mloric needs. The subjects maintained their weight and showed no
gross physiological deficiencits.
The electron microscope mas used to examine meteoritic material as
a step toward analyzing specimens brought back from the moon to find
out if organic matter is present. A new electrostatic multielectrode
superconducting lens incorporated into this microscope provides better
resolution and demonstrates exceptional stability over rz period of four
to eight. hours.
M a n n e d Space Science
The overall success of the first two manned Gemini flights provided
the manned space science program with its first returns from space,
* g %?d=**p+&
Figure 2-1 1. Experimental package for pocket mice during space flights.
demonstrating for scientists the significant role which man will play
in space investigation and exploration. The consequent increasing in-
terest shown by the scientific community stimulated the planning m d
development of forthcoming missions.
Gemini Earth-Orbital Investigntiorw-When Astronauts Grissom
and Young activated two basic biological experiments during their
flight in March they became working partners with bioscientists in-
vestigqting the effects of weightlessness and radiation on basic biologi-
cal cell processes. Supplementing biomedical studies being conducted
on the astronauts-as well as forthcoming Biosatellite investigations-
the experiments are a significant milestone in the program of using
space as a laboratory for basic biological research.
During the second manned Gemini fiight in June, Astronaut White
took over 100 unusually high quality synoptic photographs (fig. 2-13).
The piotures, taken during his spnce walk, were being interpreted by
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS I N SPACE 65
Figure 2-1 2. Biospace training program payload.

66 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS ~
Figure 2-1 3. North end of Gulf of California and mouth of Colorado River photographed
from Gemini spacecraft.
scientists a t Goddard Space Flight Center and at the U.S. Weather

Bureau for their contr?bu.tions to a better understanding of gross geo-
logical features and weather patterns. The general release of seveml
of the photographs brought immediate expressions of interest from
oceanographers. Meanwhile, preparations for scientific investigations
on the remaining manned Gemini flights moved toward conipletion.
ApoUo Earth-Orbital Investigatim.-Nine space science and ap-
plications investigations were selected and assigned to be flown on
forthcoming Apollo earth-orbital missions and over 20 were being
reviewed as this period ended. Among the selected investigations are
studies relating to :the influence of zero gravity on single human cells ;
geomngnetically-trapped radiation in the South Atlantic anomaly ;
X-ray astronomy ; micrometeoroid collections ; astronomical observa-
tions with a smnll ultra-violet camera ; photography of the extreme
ultraviolet, and soft X-ray (XUV) solar spectrum; and synoptic
photography.
Apollo Lunar Investigations.--After two years of detailed planning

• NASA neared the end of its screening and selection process for in-
vestigations to be carried out by Apollo astronauts on the moon's
surface. As recommended by the National Academy of Sciences, the
investigations will center on observing and defining lunar properties.
They will include limited geological traverses, collection of represen-
tative "rock" samples, and the placing of a package of integrated
geophysical monitoring equipment on the moon to transmit measure-
ment after the astronauts leave.
Long-Tern, Use of Apollo Capabilities.--The national goal of plac-
ing a man on the moon and safely returning him to earth in this
decade may be described as an effort to develop a "broad capability"
for manned space operations. For space scientists this means that the
"piggy-back" investigations carried on early Gemini and Apollo mis-
sions were small first steps. A single Saturn V launch vehicle as
developed for Apollo, with minor modifications, will be able to carry
more weight and volume in space science investigations than were
carried on all of NASA's launches from 1958 through 1964. How-
ever, the value of a scientific investigation is not directly related to
the size of equipment it requires. Such factors as flight path, mission
lifetime, and time of launch also are important. Consequently, NASA
has undertaken an intensive effort to define the space science and
applications requirements for missions that can use the Saturn/Apollo
capability. In doing so, the Agency continued its cooperation with
other Government agencies and with the scientific community.
Light and Medium Launch Vehicles

Scout, Delta, Agena, and Atlas-Centaur vehicles are used by NASA
to launch spacecraft in its space science and applications programs.
Scout
On April 29 a Scout vehicle placed the Beacon Satellite Explorer
XXVII into the desired orbit. (Detailed on p. 47.)
Delta
Delta vehicles orbited four satellites during this report period,

establishing a launch record of 28 successes in 31 attempts to date.
TIROS IX, NASA's first polar meteorological satellite, was
launched from Cape Kennedy on January 22. Although its apogee
was higher than planned, its mission was accomplished. On Febru-
ary 3 an Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO-II) was placed into the
desired orbit. A Delta vehicle also launched the first spacecraft of
the Communications Satellite Corporation on April 6. Called "Early
207-820 0--66------6
Bird," it was placed into a synchronous orbit. And an Interplanetary •

Monitoring Platform--Explorer XXVIII--was launched May 29.
Agena
Ranger VIII Launch.--Ranger VIII, using an Atlas-Agena vehicle,

was launched from the Eastern Test Range on February 17. (The
flight is detailed on p. 50.)
Ranger IX" Zaunch.--Ranger IX also was launched by an Atlas-
Agena fi'om the Eastern Test Range on March 21 for a successful
lunar flight. (P. 50.)
FIRE II Launch.--An Atlas vehicle, in a May 22 launch from the
Eastern Test Range, placed the FIRE II velocity package oil a t)allis-
tic trajectory into its target area near Ascension Island. The ex-
periment is discussed ill detail on p. 92. (The FIRE I launch was
in April 1964, and is noted in the Eleven.th Semiannual Report, p. 75.)
Standard Atlas De_'elopment.--The Aeronautics and Astronautics
Board (made up of representatives of the Defense Department and
NASA) has approved a program to uprate the perfornmnce of the
Standard Atlas launch vehicle to meet requirements of future Atlas-
Centaur and Atlas-Agena missions. The Agency's first use of the
uprated Atlas (designated the SLV-3X) was planned for the latter
part of 1967.
Launch Vehicle Status.--Missions planned in the immediate future
for Atlas-Agena and Thor-Agena vehicles include the launching of
two Orbiting Geophysical Observatories, an Astronomical Observa-
tory, a combination atmospheric structures-ionosphere sounder satel-
lite, a weather satellite, a communications satellite, a Lunar Orbiter,
and a Passive Geodetic Satellite. Vehicles to support these missions
were being built and fabricated to meet scheduled launches through
1965 and 1966.
Facilit_es.--NASA launch complex 12 at the Eastern Test Range
will undergo a series of modifications, without disrupting any flight
schedules, in the fall of 1965. Equipment will be installed and pad
changes made to accommodate the Standard Atlas launch vehicle and
the orbiting astronomical mission; gantry modifications will be made
to afford greater protection against winds of hurricane force.
Atlas-Centaur
Atlas-Centaur--the first U.S. launch vehicle to use liquid hydrogen

as fuel--is being developed for use in lunar and planetary exploration.
The first spacecraft to be carried by the vehicle will be Surveyor,
designed as a soft lunar lander. Later the Centaur stage using the
Saturn IB booster will launch Voyager on a mission to Mars.
Five development vehicles have flown. A failure occurred on the

first flight in May 1962. The next three flights were generally success-
"ful but the fifth failed at launch. The sixth vehicle was at Cape
Kennedy being prepared for launching during the third quarter of
this year.
Development of the initial "direct ascent" operational vehicle will
be completed and a vehicle flown with the first Surveyor mission. A
parking orbit capability will be provided in 1966, and additional pay-
load capability in 1967.
\
\
SATELLITE
APPLICATIONS
During the period of this report, NASA's TIROS satellites sup-

plied analysts and forecasters with the first complete views of the
world's weather. TIROS IX, orbited in January, introduced a cart-
wheel design which will be applied to first generation spacecraft for
the TIROS Operational Satellite system. Preparations were made
to launch the second Nimbus meteorological satellite early in 1966.
And noteworthy advances were made in the satellite applications field
as NASA launched the first commercial communications spacecraft
for the Communications Satellite Corporation and chose experiments
to be carried on the first two flights of the Applications Teclmology
Satellites during 1966-67.
Meteorological Programs
TIROS
NASA concentrated oll improving the TIROS meteorological satel-

lites and developing the TIROS Operational Satellite system (TOS).
TIROS VII and VIII, launched in 1963, continued to function in
orbit, greatly exceeding their designed lifetime of 3 months. And
TIROS IX--_t cartwheel type of satellite orbited January 22, 1965-
performed extremely well, yielding for the first time virtually com-
plete global cloud coverage every 24 hours. (Fig. 3-1.) The Agency
began making preparations for a July launch of the tenth TIROS
70
SATELLITE APPLICATIONS 71
Figure 3-1. TIROS IX.
spacecraft (OT-1, funded by the Weather Bureau) for interim use

until the TOS system is operational.
The TV cameras of TIROS VI1 and VI11 were still providing
meteorologically useful pictures. Their successful performance, to-
gether with that of TIROS IX, permitted an uninterrupted use of
data for operational purposes. The camera systems of TIROS VI1
and VI11 provided an average of 190 useable pictures daily from
which about six cloud analysis maps were drawn and transmitted.
Also about 40 special storm advisories and roughly 15 improvements
to weather analyses were issued monthly.
TIROS IX, a spin-stabilized meteorological satellite built to
operzt:, like n wrtwheel. is able to provide global daylight cloud cover
data once daily. Since it rolls like a wlieel aiong its orbital path, its
cameras aimed radially outward from the center, it can take pictures
when looking straight down at the earth. TIROS IX was to be
launched into a near-polar, sun-synchronous, circular orbit at about
400 miles, but it went into an elliptical orbit instead. However, this
highly eccentric elliptical orbit (apogee, about 1,600 miles, perigee
about 435 miles) did mt prevent the satellite from providing com-
pletely useable data.
The spacecraft carries two TV cameras which can provide more .

than 90 percent daily coverage of the sunlit earth from an altitude
of 400 miles. At first about 400 useable TV pictures were received-
each day and were used to construct cloud analysis maps of the entire
globe showing storm fronts on that particular day. The quality of
the pictures obtained from one camera system degraded during the
latter part of March, and cloud analysis maps based on its pictures
were discontinued on April 1. The other camera system continued
to produce good pictures--in April 10,966 photographs which were
used in preparing 882 maps transmitted by facsimile for weather op-
erations. Also during this month, picture data were used to make
28 adjustments in the National Meteorological Center's weather analy-
ses, and 29 advisories based on these data were issued. Minor gaps
in coverage, which occur between orbits as a result of the loss of one
camera system, were minimized by canting the spacecraft to enable
its other camera to view larger areas of the earth's surface. In add]-
tion, TIROS VII and VIII supplement this coverage wherever possi-
ble. The meteorological information is available to analysts and
forecasters in time for them to use it in preparing daily weather anal-
yses and forecasts.
The TOS System.--Until the initial spacecraft of the TIROS Op-
erational Satellite (TOS) system are operating, the Weather Bureau
has provided funds for l_unching a conventional TIROS in a sun-
synchronous polar orbit. This interim OT-1 satellite is based on the
conventional TIROS design and will be launched early in the summer
of 1965 to assure coverage during the last half of the year, p_rticularly
during the hurricane season. A second satellite (OT-3) identical to
TIROS IX was scheduled to be launched later in 1965.
During the period, NASA and the Weather Bureau established de-
sign requirements for the TOS system. First generation operational
spacecraft will be of two types, both based on the cartwheel design.
One of these will carry the Automatic Picture Transmission (APT)
subsystem, the other the Advanced Vidicon Camera system (AVCS,
fig. 3-2). (Twelfth _gemiannual Report, p. 74.) These systems will
satisfy requirements for local and glob,_l daylight cloud coverage.
The first six TOS spacecraft were placed under contract, spacecraft
components were fabricated and tested, and assembly of the prototype
spacecraft begun. NASA also started to build the supporting _oTound
system. Two command and data acquisition facilities will be used--a
primary station at Gilmore Creek, Alaska, and a secondary one at
Wallops Station, Va. Both will transmit satellite data over land lines
to the National Weather Satellite Center (Suitland, Md.).
Figure 3-2. TV cameras of the Advanced Vidicon Camera system.
The initial TOS system will meet minimum requirements of the

user for direct readout of cloud cover by local stations during daylight
and full daylight global coverage. However, two TOS spacecraft
must be in orbit to provide similar cloud cover data-one with its
*4VCS camera, another with the APT camera. Work progressed to-
ward satisfying these recjuirements. Progress was made in developing
a TOS satellite able to carry both picture-transmission systems, and
work was underway on designing a satellite to provide nighttime cloud
cover data and cloud top measurements. This advanced spacecraft
might use a High Resolution Infrared Radiometer system-flown
successfully aboard Nimbus in conjunction with the A P T ground
stations. (Twelfth Semiannual Report, p. 74.)
Nimbus
NASA prepared for the launching of its second Nimbus spacecraft, .

Nimbus C, early next year. (Nimbus I was orbited on August 28,
1964, Twelfth Semiannual Report, p. 74.) Nimbus C will provide
improved meteorological observations and should not experience the
mechanical failure which stopped the Nimbus I solar panels from
rotating to face the sun, thereby reducing the power received and
causing the satellite to cease functioning on September 23, 1964.
Inexpensive ground stations of the Automatic Picture Transmission
subsystem were being modified to allow local read-out of High Reso-
lution Infrared Radiometer nighttime cloud cover data and daytime
cloud cover pictures from Nimbus C. At first, only NASA's APT
ground stations and a few belonging to other agencies will be modified.
If the modifications prove successful, other potential users can join
in this experiment. At present there are over 60 ground stations
throughout the world which could be so modified.
In addition, an improved version of the five-channel Medium Reso-
lution Infrared Radiometer flown in the TIROS series was under
development. This Nimbus sensor--permitting a global study of the
earth's heat, balance for the first time--represents one of the most
significant experiments so far undertaken in studies of atmospheric
structure.
Because of the changes and improvements, Nimbus C will require
a more powerful booster. NASA will provide the increased booster
strength by using the Thrust-Augmented Thor-Agena for the flight
in 1966.
I)evelopment of hardware for Nimbus B (the third spacecraft in
this series) continued, and the preliminary design of experiments for
its flight was completed. Nimbus B will carry new sensors for direct
measurements of the atmospheric structure of the earth. It will send
back measurements of the earth's radiation (covering the ultraviolet
and infrared regions), combined with data on wind, temperature,
density, pressure, and moisture gathered "it wtrious altitudes on a
global basis 1)y a d'_ta collection system. The data, processed by
high sl)eed COmlnflers , should allow future meteorologists to make
a(.curate weather forecasts Ul> to two weeks in advance.
In addition, two technological advances promised to extend the
lifetime of the Niml)us satellites and make them less exl)ensive. The
improvements will 1)e a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (SNAP-
19) for use as a l)ower source, and the ability of the spacecr'lft to re-
acquire its desired attitude following a temporary loss of controls.
Figure 3-3. Nimbus I.
Meteorological Sounding Rockets
Exploration of atmospheric structure and dynamics at altitudes

between 30 and GO miles was extended to new areas of the world
with the launching of 25 large meteorological sounding rockets.
Launches of the first series o i acmstic grenade experiments from
Point Barrow, Alaska, using Nike-Cajun rockets were coordinated
with those from Fort Churchill, Canada, and Wallops Station, Va.
The Alaskan grenade experiments provided information on the struc-
ture of the atmosphere during the period of continuous darkness in
the ,Qrctic. Two grenade experiments were launched from Pakistan
m d e r t!m terms of an agreement among the United States, England,
and Pakistan.
Eight Nike-Apache rockets carrying pitot-static tube experiments
were launched from a ship off the west coast of South America to
provide data in the Southern Hemisphere. Two other pitot-static "

tube experiments were launched from Ascension Island in the South
Atlantic Ocean. NASA's Wallops Station launched about 70 small
meteorological sounding rockets to field test various types and obtain
data for range support and meteorological research. In addition, 23
small rockets were fired from the Station's mobile launch facility.
Paralleling the flight tests, laboratory tests and advanced system
studies were underway to improve vehicle and payload performance
and to eliminate the falling mass hazard. The work was preliminary
to the development of an ine×pensive, self-sufficient rocket system for
routine uses in non-range locations to measure wind, temperature,
density, and pressure between 20 and 40 miles altitude initially and
eventually up to 60 miles.
Problem areas in existing rocket systems were determined and im-
provements were made or were being made in antenna patterns, power
supplies, oscillator 1)erformance, temperature calibration, and payload
performance under simulated altitude conditions. Work continued
on developing a technique for eliminating the falling mass hazard by
using the fragmentation method--the rocket propulsion stage is blown
into suitably lightweight non-burning particles after payload deploy-
ment. Major COml)onents for testing the teclmique will be assembled
during the last half of 1965 and tested as a unit. The work is closely
coordinated with an Army program designed to develop a rocket which
consumes itself after payload deployment. Also, a study to define a
suit able state-of-the-art rocket vehicle showed that such a vehicle can
meet existing and foreseeable requirements for synoptic soundings
at altitudes from 20 miles to 40 miles and, with additional development,
up to 60 miles.
A cooperative program in snmll meteorological sounding rockets
with Argentina was in the planning stage. (See oh. 7, p. 140.)
Communications and Navi3ation Pro3rams
Highlights of NASA's communications programs included the

humching of the first commercial communications satellite for
ComSat, the use of Syncom III in the first successful demonstration
of ('ommunications between a commercial aircraft and a ground
station via a satellite, and planning for the first flight in the Applica-
tions Technoh)gy Satellites project for late 1966.
Active Communications Satellites
On Alu'il 6, NASA launched the first commercial communications

satellite, Early Bird I, from Cape Kennedy for the Communications
Satellite Corporation (ComSat), which paid NASA $3,330,000 for
* the launch. (Fig. 34.) The Thrust-Augmented Delta launch vehicle
and apogee kick motor performed as planned. By April 22, the 85-
pound satellite was in its synchronous equatorial orbit 22,300 miles
over the Atlantic Ocean a t about 29" west longitude and drifting
eastward at about 0.05" a day. Experiments, tests, and communica-
tions system lineups took place between April 6 and June 28, when
the spacecraft was placed in commercial service. I t s performance
has equalled or exceeded expectations.
Figure 3-4. Early Bird I.

At an annual stockholders meeting, on May 11, the Corporation.

revealed that it will limit its consideration to medium-altitude phased
and synchronous-altitude systems for its global communications net:
work. Specifications were being prepared for a satellite able to
operate in both systems.
Telstar.--Telstar II (orbited May 7, 1963) continued to operate
satisfactorily, although on a reduced schedule because the ground
stations in Maine, Germany, France, Italy, and England were con-
verting to operate with the Early Bird satellite system. On May 16,
1965 the VHF telemetry transmitter was silenced by a spacecraft
timer, as planned, to clear the frequency channel for other uses.
Relay.--Relay II also continued to operate satisfactorily, extend-
ing its lifetime to one-and-a-half years since launch--January 21,
1964. As with Telstar II, its operating schedules were curtailed be-
cause of the ground station conversion. On February 12, 1965, opera-
tion of Relay I was interrupted again due to a power supply drain
through a leaking voltage regulation transistor (a recurrence of
trouble encountered shortly after its launch in December 1962, and
discussed in NASA's Eighth and Ninth Semiannual Reports). Since
the interruption, Relay I has transmitted only very weak telemetry
signals to ground tracking stations. As of February 12, the satellite
had operated on 737 days of the 791 days since its launching.
,qyncom.--Syncom II and III were turned over to the Department
of Defense on April 1 along with the ground station telemetry and
command equipment needed to operate them. NASA retains overall
responsibility for scientific evaluation of the satellites and will con-
tinue to control public demonstrations 'by them.
Syncom II was positioned over the Indian Ocean at the request of
the Defense Department where it continues to operate as a com-
munications satellite after almost two years in orbit. It has exlmusted
the on-board propellent supply used for station keeping, but because
its position is near one of the earth's stable points, its equatorial
crossing will remain within about 9 ° of 72 ° east longitude. Although
the spacecraft has nearly doubled its designed lifetime of one year,
it is expected to continue to operate many months more before the
OUtl)ut of its solar cells falls 1)elow the point required to keep it
transmitting as a communications satellite.
Syncom III--the world's first geostationary satellite--is almost
stationary over a point above the Equator at 172 ° east longitude.
All systems have operated satisfactorily since its launch on August 19,
1964. (Twelfth _qemiaz_mlal Report, p. 79.) In addition to micro-
wave communications between ground sta'tions, it was used in the
first successful demonstration of communications between a corn-
-mercial aircraft and a ground station. A direct link between the air-
craft and the satellite was achieved by using the satellite's telemetering
hnd command system to receive communications signals from and
transmit them to the aircraft.
The Syncom satellites have established experimental communica-
tions links between Defense Department ground stations in the con-
tinental U.S. and in Viet Nam, Ethiopia, the Philippine Islands, and
Hawaii. In addition, they supply data on the drift behavior of satel-
lites in synchronous orbits and the lifetime of satellite components in
the space environment.
Passive Communications Satellites
Echo I and II remained in orbit, with communications experiments

to evaluate their functioning nearly completed as the report period
ended. Reduction and analysis of data from Echo I communications
experiments continued, and the satellite was used by the Air Force
for further tests. (Twelfth Semiannual Rport, p. 81.)
The use of Echo I (launched on August 12, 1960)--wrinkled and
no longer spherical--was limited to geodetic investigations by several
organizations using simultaneous photography from a number of
widely-spaced stations. (Echo II was orbited on January 25, 1964.)
Navigation Satellites
The interagency Joint Navigation Satellite Committee established

three technical panels on requirements, systems, and cost to study
the feasibility of using satellites as an aid to air and sea navigation,
traffic control, and rescue activities. The Committee is composed of
representatives from the Departments of Treasury, Defense, Interior,
and Commerce, the Federal Aviation Agency, and NASA.
The requirements panel completed an interim report outlining im-
proved navigation, communication, traffic control, and search and
rescue needs for airplanes and ships from 1975 through 2000. The
systems panel was examining five satellite and non-satellite naviga-
tion-traffic control systems or concepts to meet these needs. The cost
panel was gathering data on costs of implementing current systems
to provide navigation and traffic control information to ships and
aircraft.
Under an agreement with the Navy assigqflng NASA responsibility
for non-military aspects of the satellite system, NASA arranged to
obtain sets of nnvlg.qtion equipment for the U.S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey and the National Science Foundation to be used with the
Navy's navigation satellite. The two agencies will install the equip-
ment on their research vessels to provide position information, and
both agencies n31 supply NASA with a technical evaluation of the -

degree to which the satellite navigation system meets their needs.
Applications Technology Satel Iites
Scientific and other experiments for the first two flights of the
-\pplications Technology Satellites (ATS) project mere selected, in-
cluding communications using multiple-access techniques, high-gain
antenna pointing, gravity gradient stabilization, meteorology, and
communications with aircraft in flight via satellite.
For the first flight-planned for late l!)bb-the satellite will be
spin-stabilized a t geostationary nltitude. The second-planned for
1067--\~ill be an experiment in gravity gradient stabilization at a
6,000-mile altitude. Tlie remaining flights will be a spin-stabilized
flight in 1067 and two earth-oriented gravity gradient-stabilized
flights in 1068.
Figure 3-5. Orientation accuracy of an ATS spacecraft.

ADVANCED
RESEARCH
AND
TECHNOLOGY
The Office of Advanced Research and Technology is responsible for

developing the scientific and technological base for the aeronautical
and space activities of the United States. It does this by means of a
diverse program ranging from aeronautics to basic research, and in-
cluding work on space vehicles, chemical propulsion, chemical and
solar power, electronics, and human factors. (Nuclear efforts are
discussed in ch. 5.) As will be seen in the following pages, these
programs make a direct contribution to our current aeronautical and
space projects and at the same time assure future progress based on
modest expenditures for research today.
Space Power Technology
In solar and chemical power research and technology_ the search

was continued for improved and ever more reliable power generation
methods to satisfy the demands imposed on the electric power system
by long duration space missions.
Solar Cells
Silicon solar cells, still the most l_liable source of electric power for
long duration space flights, were further improved. (Fig. 4-1.) One
development was an improved ohmic (electrical) contact for the sili-
con N(egative) on P(ositive) cell obtained by vacuum evaporation
81
and sintering of silver-cerium metal grids on the light sensitive sur-.

face of the cell. Another was a new silicon monoxide-magnesium
fluoride optical coating which enhances the ability of the cell t o re-’
spond to the short wavelength portion of the sun’s rays. I n addition,
cells having better conversion efficiency, uniformity of yield, and radi-
ation resistance were manufactured in experimental quantities.
Figure 4-1. Elements of a solar cell/battery power system.
Thermionics
Improved research converters capable of operating over wide ranges

of emitter and collector temperature and interelectrode spacing were
completed and used to obtain design data much more accurate than
that previously available. The dntn were used to improve the design
of thermionic geiierntors, to enlarge understanding of thermionic COII-
version, and to correlate experiniental data with theory.
Solar Energy Collection and Storage
Investigations coiit inued 011 fabricat ioii techniques and materials of
construction for. light-weight, Iiigli-l’erforninl~ces o l i ~ rconcentmtors.
Langley Research (‘enter employed a practical and accurate laboratory
ray trace technique, whose results can be used directly in a computer
program to calculate the geometric efficiencies of concentrators being
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 83
tgsted. This method of obtaining a detailed geometric map of the

concentrator surface is valuable for evaluating progress and for
pbanning future work in concentrator development.
Preliminary design of the heat receiver/thermal energy storage
equipment for use with a Brayton cycle solar dynamic system was
completed. The design calls for a hemispherical unit about 63 inches
in outside diameter weighing approximately 600 pounds, including
some 200 pounds of lithium fluoride (LiF) to store thermal energy for
dark time operation. Candidate structural materials underwent 9,600
hours of testing for ability to withstand LiF corrosion; three alloys
gave satisfactory performance. Final selection of the material of
construction is dependent on further investigatioi_ of receiver fabri-
cation methods.
Batteries
Electrodes for spacecraft batteries are usually made of sintered

metal powder impregnated with the electrochemically active material.
This method has two disadvantages: impregnation is time-consuming
and expensive, and the active material tends to shift position during
the charge/discharge cycle, causing the battery to lose capacity. To
eliminate these drawbacks, work was started on a new method of
making electrodes from electroformed screens--a recent development.
This method should make it possible to control pore shape and to
stack the screens into electrode plaques of uniform pore size. Experi-
mental electrodes were made with straight-through holes, three shapes
and four sizes of pores, and in four thicknesses. In addition, the new
electrodes were impregnated in one step instead of four conventional
steps. Electrodes were being evaluated for performance and weight
savings.
Conventional spacecraft batteries perform best near room tempera-
ture, but their performance drops off rapidly at lower and higher
temperatures. To extend the temperature range, improve the cycle
life, and permit sterilization of batteries, work was conducted on
chemically stable inorganic battery separators. In tests, a silver-zinc
battery, which has the highest energy density of tim conventional
batteries, was operated for 150 cycles at a much higher temperature
(100 ° C) than that usually considered practical (about 40 ° C) and
for a longer cycle-life than that normally associated with the silver-
zinc couple. The battery also completed over '2,500 cycles at 25 ° C,
suggesting that silver-zinc may be used as a rechargeable battery for
extended space missions.
207-820 0_66-----7
_4 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Fuel Cells
Two experimental (breadboard) 1.8 kilowatt hydrogen-oxygen fuel

cell systems were tested, one for 500 and the other for 1,000 hours.
A third one with new silver oxygen electrodes was about 10 percent
better in voltage efficiency than the previous ones; it was still operat-
ing after more than 1,300 hours. A fully automated prototype unit
was being completed, and a modified system, also to be automated
and able to collect the product water for further use, was designed.
Parasitic power--the power consumed by the system itself--will be
minimized by development of low-powered blower motors for cooling;
water is already being removed without parasitic power. This low-
temperature fuel-cell system, operating at 90°-100 ° C, offers the ad-
vantages of adaptability to a wide range of missions and durability
in withstanding abuse and operator error.
A fully sealed and self-contained version of this type of fuel cell
system was also tested. Although its overall efficiency is only about
55 percent as compared with 75 percent for rechargeable space batteries
(which it resembles in that the product water can be electrolyzed
back to hydrogen and oxygen), the fuel cell does offer weight savings
because it stores energy in the form of highly energetic, light weight
gases. Batteries, on the other hand, require heavy metal and metal
oxides for fuel storage. Thus, in synchronous orbit where light-time
is long and dark-time short, the inefficiency of the fuel cell is more
than offset by its light weight. Rechargeable cells of this type were
operated at temperatures ranging from 70 ° to 150 ° C, a six-cell_ 75- to
120-watt unit demonstrated its feasibility for over 300 cycles of testing,
and a 34-cell flight prototype unit was being developed for a 500-watt
rate and 600-watt-hour capacity.
Brayton Cycle Investigation
Brayton cycle systems (fig. 4-2) offer advantages in conversion

efficiency, the use of a single phase inert gas, and anticipated ease of
development. Most significant of these is the potential for an overall
conversion efficiency of 20 to 30 percent which contrasts with the 7-8
percent possible with current solar cell technolog_ and the 4-6 percent
attained by thermoelectric devices operating from isotopic heat
sources.
Testing continued on the 6-inch diameter radial turbine (fig. 4-3)
in the low Reynolds number range (60,000-200,000). The effects of
stator vane angle variation and tip-end clearance on turbine efficiency
were investigated as were the efficiency characteristics of the turbine
in the Reynolds number range between 60,000 and 42,000. Efficiencies
Figure 4-2. Brayton cycle system schematic.
ranging from approximately 88 percent a t a Reynolds number of about

60,000 to approximately 87 percent at a Reynolds ncumberof about
42,000 were obtained. The experimental results were consistent with
mathematical predictions, and testing to a lower Reynolds number of
about 20,000 was planned. The efficiency of the 6-inch diameter
turbine in the Reynolds number range below 60,000 will indicate
whether it is practical to extend its operating range into the low
power range.
Experiments to determine the effect of size on turbine performance
were conducted with a 4.6-inch diameter radial turbine having a
design Reynolds number of 80,000 ; efficiency values of approximately
86 percent were achieved, slightly exceeding the mathematical
predictions.
Six-inch diameter and 3.2-inch diameter campressors operating at
38,500 r.p.m. and 64,000 r.p.m., respectively were tested a t speeds
above and below the desigii - d n c ts estphlish the performance penal-
ties associated with specific speeds. Test results largely supported
the mathematical prediction of efficiency, but further research was
undertaken to refine the mathematical model. Methods of improving
efficiency levels were investigated by means of an analytical program
and by experimentation with various diffuser lengths, vane shapes, and
impeller blade configurations. The results of this research were ap-
plied to radial compressor ciesigii theory.
Gas-to-gas regenerators, which are essential for high overall Rray-
ton cycle efficiency, increase exponentially in weight and volume as
-.---*
Figure 4-3. Six-inch diameter Brayton cycle research turbine.
efficiency increases. Experimental data obtained from an analysis of

candidate regenerator materials and fabrication processes indicated
that a larger heat exchanger was necessary to maintain the specified
effectiveness.
Electrical Systems Technology
Preliminary tests of an advanced d.c. to d.c. converter-regulator

indicated several operational advantages over previously available
equipment : high efficiencies (00 to 94 percent) under widely v ~ r y i n g
conditions of load, input voltage, and temperatures; greatly reduced
output ripple and filtering problems generally associated with d.c. t o
d.c. power conditioning circuits ; and small size imd higli power-to-
weight ratio. The latter w a s obtained by linving certain components
perform multiple functions ; for example, the main power reactor
served as an input filter, a step-up transformer, and an ontput filter.
An analytical and experimental program was conducted to establish
capacitor a.c. characteristics and safe limits for operating voltage,
temperature rise, power factor, frequency, reliability, and life. This
new informntion wilI nid in c:Lpacitor selection and application of
capacitors to improve the size, weight, perforninnce, and reliability of
aerospace converters and inverters.
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHN'OLOGY 87
Space Vehicles Program

Lifting Body Spacecraft
NASA continued work on its two lifting body research vehicles--

the Ames Research Center M-2 (fig. 4-4) and the Langley Research
Center HL--10 (fig. 4-5). These vehicles, which are representative of
vehicle shapes suitable both for reentry at orbital speeds and for
conventional landing at subsonic speeds, will be used to study subsonic
and transonic flight and landing problems. The M-2 was delivered in
June, and the HL-10 was under construction at the manufacturer's
plant.
Both vehicles, about 22 feet long and made of aluminum, will have
wing loadings variable from about 30 to 60 pounds per square foot by
means of ballast in tanks. Carried to an altitude of about 45,000 feet
by a B-52 and released at about Mach 0.8, then piloted to a landing at
the Flight Research Center, the vehicles wll be used to study handling
qualities and landing characteristics. Models of the vehicles have
been thoroughly tested in wind tunnels, and the flight vehicles will
also be comprehensively tested in the 40xd0-foot Ames wind tunnel
before the flight tests.
Acoustics
The Agency also conducted further research on methods of atten-

uating the sound generated by large boosters during static tests. This
sound can be a serious problem as far as six miles from the static test
stand for Saturn I and 18 miles for Saturn V. One approach to the
problem is to determine the relationship between atmospheric condi-
tions and abnormal sound propagation so that the atmospheric condi-
tions causing such propagation can be predicted. Accordingly,
research is to be continued on sound propagation under various at-
mospheric conditions, on means of determining the atmospheric condi-
tions accurately and quickly, and on developing and using instruments
for weather forecasts. The outcome of this work should enable NASA
to conduct static tests of large boosters with less likelihood of building
damage or community complaints.
High Energy Radiation Shielding
To protect men and vehicle components from high energy radiations

in space, shielding material can be added to absorb the radiation, and
electrostatic or magnetic devices can be used to deflect the charged
particles. Studies of superconducting magnets for shielding indicated
the possibility of significant savings in shield weight for missions
B U ' F T l l V l 11 i i l l ' t q F 1 7
Figure 4-4. (Above) The M-2; (Below) NASA research pilot Milton Thompson in M-2.
Figure 4-5. Cutaway view of the HL-IO.
requiring large volumes of relatively thick shields. Research was

initiated on a new concept which uses a combination of magnetic and
electrostatic shielding; first results were satisfactory.
Meteoroid Technology
The first of three large meteoroid technology satellites, Pegasus I,

was launched by a Saturn I launch vehicle on February 16, to provide
further data on the near-Earth meteoroid environment by measuring
the frequency of meteoroid penetrations. Pegasus I, like the other
spacecraft of this group, weighs about 3,200 pounds, has a wing-like
structure 96 feet long and 14 feet wide, and offers more than 2,300
square feet of surface instrumented to detect collisions with meteoritic
particles. (Figs. 4-6 and 4-7.) The sensor panels contain material
of three thicknesses which distinguish levels of impact energy. Good
data were received from the thinnest penetration sensor panels ; use-
ful data from the pafiels z? intermediate thickness; and limited data
from the thickest panels. Pegasus 11,which was extensively improved
on the basis of data from Pegasus I, was launched by another Saturn
I vehicle on May 25, and was sending back excellent data from sensor
panels of all thicknesses. Data obtained from both Pegasus I and
Pegasus I1 were being analyzed. Information from these satellites
is providing data needed for the design of large manned and unmanned
spacecraft for long-duration i i i i S a i G M .
I n the continuing program to tie in meteor observational measure-.

rnents made from ground stations with meteoroid penetration data
obtained in flight, an auxiliary flight project is measuring the luml-
nosity of artificial meteors of known size and composition projected
down into the atmosphere from zbove.
\
\
DETECTOR FRAME RESTRAINTS
SCISSORS LINKAGE
SERVICE MODULE ADAPT
DETECTCN FRAUE
Figure 4-6. Folded (L) and unfolded (R) Pegasus detector panels.
Figure 4-7. Pegasus panels extended for checking.

Data on luminous efficiency of simulated meteors was recently de-

rived from a third such artificial meteor experiment. Two meteors
were simulated--a single nickel particle and a single cast iron particle.
Data obtained from the program to date have produced revisions in
the values of the mass of natural meteors previously used by astronomi-
cal observers.
Explorer XXIII, which was launched November 6, 1964, continued
to return data on meteoroid penetration of thin pressurized cells, re-
cording more than 60 penetrations to date.
Zero-Weight Fluid Behavior
Investigation of the behavior of liquids and gases during weightless-

ness continued at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Using the 100-
foot drop tower, photographs were made of the action of fluids in
model tanks up to ten inches in diameter for up to two seconds of zero
weight time. Progress continued on construction of a new 400-foot
free-fall facility providing up to ten seconds of weightlessness and
able to accommodate models up to four feet in diameter. Information
from this research will assist in achieving efficient design and reliable
operation of propellant tanks, life support systems, and other space
vehicle systems that employ liquids.
High-Vacuum Technology
The oil diffusion pump is the type of pumping system generally used
to evacuate vacuum chambers, but pump oil can contaminate the cham-
ber and its experiment. In research on this problem, an efficient
method of collection, measurement, and analysis of oil deposit was
developed, and a slow start-up of certain pumps was found to help
reduce contamination.
Thermal Radiation and TemperatureControl
A computerized system was developed for selecting the type of space-

craft coating and the coating patterns to achieve optimum passive
temperature control of an oru_tai v_,,,_,¢. .-_,ou,.... t. ............. -_--_
for measuring thermal properties in vacuum were developed. Meas-
urements are made in vacuum because darkened test samples bleach
rapidly when they are exposed to air. These techniques can also be
used to determine, by laboratory tests, whether coatings degrade and
to what extent the degradation is caused by particulate or ultraviolet
radiations.
One coating was stable when tested in orbit but degraded rapidly
when tested in interplanetary flight on the Mariner Mars vehicle.
Ground tests indicated that the degradation of the coating (zinc oxide
in potassium silicate) might be caused by lower energy protons which

make up the solar wind. The Mariner Mars vehicle used an active
temperature control system consisting of louvers which alter the heat
balance of the spacecraft as it moves further from the sun. Other
types of active temperature control systems of lesser weight and com-
plexity were under development.
Structural Mechanics
The continuing trend toward large diameter launch vehicles with

unprecedented shell proportions as well as the complex loads and tem-
peratures encountered during launch simulated further research on
shell technology. Studies were made of shells reinforced with longi-
tudinal stringers. Where aerodynamic smoothness requirements per-
mitted, the stringers were used on the exterior surface with a substan-
tial increase in the compressive strength of certain externally stiffened
shells. In addition, weight savings involved appeared significant
enough to warrant further investigation.
Advanced Materials and Materials Applications
Launch vehicle desig-n problems concerning new materials of con-

struction and fabrication techniques were also studied. Glass fibers,
which offer high specific strength under tensile loadings and efficient
distribution of material with the filament-winding process, were found
potentially useful in a variety of pressure vessel applications. Meth-
ods of calculating the stiffness properties of filament reinforced
materials to permit assessment of their structural potential were de-
veloped. And progress was made in producing metallic composites
using ceramic and boron reinforcement for lower weight and higher
temperature tolerance.
In research on sandwich materials for use in flight structures, new
fabrication processes involving joining by diffusion were developed,
and a comprehensive assessment of diffusion bonding of metallic
structures was completed. The results indicated that high-strength
bonds can be achieved along with adaptability to special fabrication
problems.
FIRE II Reentry Heating Experiment
On May 22_ the second and last experiment in Project FIRE was
flown on an Atlas D rocket. All systems involved in the experiment
functioned well and excellent experimental data were obtained. The
190-pound blunt, conical (Apollo-shaped) spacecraft reentered the
atmosphere at a speed of 37,252 feet per second (slightly higher than
lunar return velocities). The primary purpose of the flight was to
roeasure the heat load on the spacecraft radiated from the hot gas
cap, an important part of the total heating at such entry velocities.
Measurements achieved in this flightwill supplement data from the
firstflightand will be used in conjunction with continuing ground-
based researchto develop theory for predicting spacecraft heating.
Spacecraft Electronics and Control
Communications and Trackin9
Langley Research Center continued work on Project RAM (Radio

Attenuation Measurements)--an investigation of communications loss
during spacecraft reentry into the atmosphere. One solution is to
inject materials into the ionized sheath which envelops the spacecraft
and causes the interruption. This technique was tested on the Gemini
III flight of March 23, using water as the injected material. Data
indicated that there was a significant increase in the strength of sig-
nals received from the spacecraft during the periods when water
was being injected into the plasma sheath.
Guidance and Navigation
Development work continued on a general purpose digital computer

utilizing magnetic logic. As early as 1961, the limitations of guidance
equipment then available were recognized, and a study was initiated
to determine the machine organization which would provide the great-
est capability and flexibility for interplanetary missions. An all-
magnetic computer was selected as the ideal machine in terms of relia-
bility, limited power consumption, nondestructive logic and storage,
and reasonable operating speeds.
A breadboard model of a complete spacecraft computer with fewer
than 5 percent active elements (transistors, diodes) in over 48,000
individual components_ including magnetic logic and non-destructive,
magnetic memory, was constructed and operated for several months
in the laboratory. During this period, efforts were continued to com-
plete verification of the machine operations, to develop improved
input-output systems_ and to investigate packaging requirements oi"
the magnetic elements in a flightworthy model.
Instrumentation
Langley Research Center used microwave spectroscopic techniques

to detect organic elements which are not readily detectable by mass
spectrometers and g,q._ chromatographs. Organic trace elements in
dilutions of 20 to 80 parts per million were detected by this method.
Instrumentation was developed for studying sonic boom effects in
the Langley supersonic wind tunnel. Effects of the sonic boom are
determined by measuring the pressure of the shock wave at the edge

of the tunnel wall boundary layer. A miniature cantilever beam strain
gage balance was designed for measuring the aerodynamic forces on
the wind tunnel model.
Data Processing
A device for generating a controllal)le sequence of pseudo-random

electrical noise pulses (developed by the University of Arizona) is
being used in NASA computing laboratories to expedite and simplify
tlle solution of certain large systems of equations through more effec-
tive application of Monte Carlo computing techniques.
A video film converter and associated digital computer techniques
for recovery of high quality picture information from the noisy and
distorted television signals received from spacecraft were de,;eloped
by JPL. A prototype of the system was used in the successful Ranger
series of lunar vehicles. An improved version played a maior role
in reconstructing television photographs from the Mariner IV Mars
spacecraft. A further refined system will be applied to the Surveyor
and Voyager lunar vehicles. The film converter provides precise con-
version of either analog or digital electrical signals to fihn and vice
versa. It corrects geometric distortion and position displacement of
picture elements introduced in the reconstruction process and removes
extraneous electrical signals which may cause streaking or false pat-
terns in the picture. The computer techniques improve resolution
and quality by removing noise and correcting distortion introduced
through non-linear camera sensitivity, sweep deflection, and orien-
tation.
Electronic Techniques and Components
An Electronic Techniques and Components subprogram was being

established to extend knowledge of the subject, to provide supporting
research and technology for electronic and electromechanical com-
ponents for future missions, and to give the proper management
attention and emphasis to this work.
The Electronics Research Center began research on new materials
for electronic devices and on devices imnmne to space radiation.
Marshall Space Flight Center supported research on a Fast Scan
Infra-Red Detection and Measuring Instrument for microelectronic
devices, and work was underway on a prototype model. The fully
developed instrument will scan microelectronic devices to determine
their quality and to ascertain that they are operating within estal)-
lished standard limits. It will be useful in quality assurance and
insl)ection as well as in failure analysis.
Aeronautics Research
Aircraft Aerodynamics
In the development of supersonic aircraft, efforts to minimize wave

drag by using wings with low thickness-to-chord ratios have led to
both structural design problems and relatively small wing volumes.
Investigations of methods of increasing wing volume without increas-
ing wave drag have indicated that this improvement may be achieved
by concentrating volume inboard, particularly in conjunction with a
lengthening of the inboard chords. Additional theoretical and ex-
perimental investigation of a series of wing shapes over Mach num-
bers ranging from 1.2 to 2.2 confirmed the previous findings that chord
and thickness distributions may be arranged so as to provide usefully
higher wing volume without a wave drag penalty. In further theo-
retical analysis, it was found that the wave drag of a wing can be
significantly reduced by relatively minor changes in planform (shape
as viewed from above).
A body flying at supersonic speeds develops skin-friction drag which
relates to wall temperature and, in turn, to the ability of the aircraft
surface to radiate part of its aerodynamic heat. Studies of this phe-
nomenon indicated that the radiative properties of supersonic air-
craft structures depend heavily upon the metal chosen for the aircraft
skin and the degree of oxidation of the surface. The effect of emit-
tance (the ability to radiate heat energy) upon wall temperature and
skin friction was investigated over a range of supersonic and low
hypersonic flight conditions; it was found that the skin-friction drag
of a supersonic aircraft grew greater with increased surface emittance
and that emittance increased with more surface oxidation, until the
surface became stably oxidized. This effect of emittance on skin
friction increases with Mach number and becomes substantial above
Mach numbers of about 2.5. Hence, for specified flight conditions, the
level of skin-friction drag depends upon the metal used for the skin
of the aircraft and the degree of oxidation of the metal.
r ......
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and minimizing supersonic wave drag and drag due to lift were adapted
for use on high-speed digital computers, making it possible to devise
advanced supersonic configurations with flight efficiencies approaching
tlmse of the best subsonic aircraft. Stability and control research in-
dicated that supersonic flight at high altitudes probably will require
damping augmentation devices for acceptable longitudinal and lateral-
directional handling qualities • 1....... ..1^.:....|.1..1
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attack (pitch up), characteristic of the more efficient configurations,

can be minimized by various wing leading-edge flap arrangements.
Aircraft configuration research was extended to hypersonic-cruise

aircraft and winged recoverable boosters. Delta wings in combination
with half cones and more conventionally-shaped bodies were invesgi-
gated and relatively high lift-drag ratios for these applications were
achieved. The effects of leading-edge sweep, thickness ratio, and
aspect (span-to-chord) ratio of delta and rectangular wedge wings
were also studied.
Research continued on methods of improving the cruise spe.ed, range,
and economy of operation of subsonic jet transport aircraft by con-
touring the wing to minimize the effect of flow separation on the upper
wing surface.
Aircraft Structures
Research continued on loads and stresses in aircraft structures sub-

jected to both heating and loading. A theoretical analysis was made
of the stresses in a rectangular panel bounded by edge stiffeners and
subjected to prescribed temperature distributions and edge loads. In
research on materials which may be used in the supersonic aircraft
airframe, the fatigue crack growth characteristics of stainless steels,
and of aluminum, titanium, and nickel alloys were studied. Tests were
conducted at room, elewtted, and cryogenic temperature, and a signifi-
cant difference was found in the effect of temperature on crack propa-
gation in each material. In a complementary study, fatigue crack
propagat:ion and the residual static strength of a titanium alloy and
a stainless steel were determined at various teml)eratures. Neither
material was significantly degraded by exposure to 550 ° F for up to
10,000 hours, and the fatigue characteristics were comparable to those
of aluminum allovs in current use.
• Air Breathin9 Propulsion
The propulsion research 1)rogram includes continuing efforts to in-

crease knowledge and improve performance of propulsion systems of
existing operational vehicles. Subsonic and transonic research studies
were directed toward improved economy in civil air transport or
increased performance for sl)ecialized military aircraft. Supersonic
propulsion research, carried on in coordination with the military serv-
ices, sought to improve the 1)erformance of existing vehicles and to
insure high performance in new aircraft, such as the F-111. In the
hypersonic propulsion area, basic studies were continued on system
requirements for hyl)ersonic air-breathing ('ruise or booster vehicles.
Experimental work in support of the hypers(mic ramjet exl)eriment
was concentrated on hypersonic diffusion, fuel mixing, and combustion.
Work in progress included a computer program for calculating flow-

fields in supersonic-inlets and a feasibility study of a high-temperature
s:_nthetic-air facility able to simulate Mach 8 to 9 flight conditions.
AircraFt Operating Problems
Research accomplishments leading to improvements in the useful-

ness and safety of all types of aircraft were reported by National
• Aeronautics and Space Administration scientists to more than 400 tech-
nical experts from industry and government during a NASA Con-
ference on Aircraft Operating Problems at the Langley Research
Center, May 10-12. Papers presented at the technical sessions covered
such topics as runway roughness effects on aircraft operations, atmos-
pheric turbulence effects on aircraft, the detection of atmospheric
turbulence, aircraft noise, sonic boom, simulation studies of the deep
stall, air traffic control problems of the supersonic transport, and
handling and control characteristics of various types of aircraft.
(The proceedings of the conference are reported in NASA SP 83
available from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical
Information, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va., 22151.)
Investigations were continued on jet transport accidents and inci-
dents associated with storm turbulence under instrument flight condi-
tions and of clear-air turbulence encounters. Wind-tunnel studies,
flight tests, and simulator investigations were carried out as a joint
effort of the Ames, Flight, and Langley Research Centers. At
Langley, wind-tunnel tests of a model of a typical jet transport indi-
cated no unusual basic aerodynamic characteristics which in themselves
should cause the jet upsets. Flight tests of two typical jet transports
provided by the FAA were undertaken by the Flight Research Center
with the assistance of Ames, and at the same time, Ames began a simu-
lator investigation using the Height Control Apparatus and the air-
craft motion simulator.
The flight test program revealed certain deficiencies in the control
and handling characteristics of the aircraft at high speeds. It also
indicated limitations o_. the ability of the pilot to effect recovery from
upsets by using the horizontal stabilizer or the wing spoilers. The
simulator program showed that pilots must avoid making large flight-
path-angle changes in heavy turbulence and that cockpit accelerations
had a disorienting influence on a pilot's ability to perform as efficiently
as he would in non-turbulent air.
X-! 5 .ResearchAircraft Program

All three X-15 aircraft were on flight status, although problems
with the new inertial flight data system installed in X-15-1 and with
the X-15-2 landing gear caused some delay in the flight program.
(Fig. 4-8.)
NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS .
~~
Figure 4-8. Cockpit of the X-15.
The aircraft were used for a number of investigations, and the

following preliminary results were obtained. Aerodynamic flow-field
measurements from aerodynamic boundary-layer pressure-sensing
rakes mounted on the forward fuselage of the X-15 a t angles of at-
tack to 17" and at free-stream Mach numbers from 4 to 5.4 were being
analyzed (fig. 4 9 ) , and measurements made on the upper vertical
tail were compared to theoretical and wind-tunnel data. At zero
angle of attack, the flight test data agreed generally with wind tunnel
data and theory. Experimental data a t angles of attack greater than
zero cannot be predicted 'adequately by available methods.
Two surface-pressure investigations were completed. I n one study,
pressure distributions for the upper and lower surfaces of the wing
and wing-body juncture of the X-15 were measured at increasing
:ingles of attack (0" to 6 0 " ) and Mach niimbers (1.2 to 6.0). Results
indicated that cliordwise and spanwise centers of pressure remained
fairly constant as Mach number increased, in contrast to theoretical
predict ions which generally underestimated aerodynamic loads or gave
only fair predictions. The other study measured flight-pressure &s-
tributions on the vertical stabilizers with speed brakes deflected at
Mach numbers from 1 to 6 and :tngles of attack from 0" to 15". Wind-
tunnel results agreed in general with the flight data, despite some
minor differences. With speed brakes retmcted, linear theories were
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECRNOLOGY 99
Figure 4-9. X-15 research tools: (1) Pressure sensing rakes; (2) holes to measure
surface pressures; (3) pressure probe for pilot's airspeed indicator.
in fair agreement with the flight data. Speed-brake drag measured

by the surface pressures in flight compared favorably with measure-
ments obtained from flight accelerometers, wind-tunnel force balance,
and semiempirical estimates.
Flight data were obtained on skin friction using various devices
(skin friction gage, boundary-layer rakes, and surf ace-pressure ori-
fices, fig. 4-9) on the upper vertical fin with a sharp leading edge at
speeds from 4 to greater than 5 times the speed of sound. The data
were being analyzed. Preliminary analysis of boundary-layer-noise
data recorded during X-15 flights showed a variation of the noise level
with Mach number and shearing stress, with a maximum noise level
between Mach 2 and 3.
Supersonic Transport
Research on the supersonic transport continued with significant
progress in acquiring knowledge of the sonic boom-a critical factor
in the design of this aircraft. Further analysis of sonic-boom theory
indicated that an airplane as large as the SST can have significantly
lower sonic boom o\-erprcsswes than previously predicted. Reduc-
tion can be achieved because the shape and amplitude of rile iires;ure'
207-820 % 6 L S
wave depends on detailed shaping of the airplane, which can be altered

to minimize sonic boom intensities experienced on the ground.
Measurements were obtained from fighter and bomber aircraft to
determine the significance of atmospheric and flight-operational influ-
ences on sonic boom. For both the small and large aircraft, similar
variations in the pressure signature on the ground resulted from at-
mospheric effects. Operational and flight acceleration effects were as
expected and appeared to be fairly predictable.
The take-off characteristics of a delta-wing SST were simulated in
a facility with a completely equipped pilot's station and a television
projected view of a runway as seen through the windshield. For
purposes of comparison, a subsonic jet transport was also simulated.
In general, the take-off performance of the SST was considerably more
sensitive to variations in the angle of rotation at lift-off than that of
the subsonic aircraft. However its performance was considered satis-
factory. Similar tests were planned with a simulated variable-sweep
supersonic transport.
NASA and the Federal Aviation Agency continued their cooperative
program for investigating interactions of the SST and the air traffic
control system. The program involves the Air Traffic Control Simu-
lator facility at the FAA National Aviation Facilities Experimental
Center, Atlantic City, and a specially designed Supersonic Transport
Simulator at the Langley Research Center, joined by a telephone cable
link. The program seeks to determine how supersonic transport op-
erations may affect the air traffic control system, and to study the
effects of air traffic control constraints on supersonic transport op-
erating procedures as a design factor.
The ATC simulator provides a realistic representation of a heavy
traffic situation in the New York area including 11 simulated super-
sonic transport targets in addition to the Langley supersonic transport
simulator. Experienced controllers direct the pilots of the Langley
simulator by telephone, and the position of the simulated SST is trans-
mitted back to the controller's displays. The Langley fixed-base type
simulator incorporates a complete large transport flight deck with all
current navigation and communications equipment flight instruments,
and controls. It operates in conjunction with a large computer com-
plex which processes the pilot's control inputs and provides the proper
reactions of flight instruments and navigation equipment to represent
the response characteristics of the aircraft simulated.
Two supersonic transport configurations were simulated, using sev-
eral experienced commercial airline crews. The investigation re-
vealed that in following presently established arrival and departure
routes involving turns, the SST would overshoot the desired track
beyond the turn because of its high speed and large turning radius.
It appeared that a procedure involving lead turns might be required

to avoid excessive use of airspace. In the study, it was also found
that the pilots' communications and navigation workload was con-
siderably increased over that of subsonic aircraft in the early stages
of approach to the terminal area because of the greater frequency of
operations associated with the higher speed. It was also observed
that flight time and fuel usage increased as much as 4 minutes and 5
percent in transatlantic departures and 10 minutes and 3 to 4 percent
in transatlantic arrivals as a result of air traffic control maneuvers.
When the supersonic transports were given priority over subsonic
traffic, the priority treatment increased delays to subsonic traffic as
much as 13 percent, and the total number of aircraft per hour that
could be handled was reduced by about 10 percent. It was concluded
that the operation of the air traffic control system would not be unduly
affected if the SST was given limited priority.
Under the NASA supersonic propulsion research program in sup-
port of the SST, approximately 50 contracts were awarded to aircraft
engine component manufacturers for research and engineering work
to improve engine component efficiencies, engine materials_ engine
power per unit weight_ and engine operating life, reliability, and
safety. The contract research effort complements NASA's in-house
research.
Vertical and Short Take-Og and Landing (V/STOL) Aircraft
Flight experience with various types of first-generation VTOL air-

craft indicated a characteristic deficiency in maximum initial control
power (angular acceleration) and the initial sensitivity (angular
acceleration per inch of control) in one or more axes. These deficien-
cies created dangerous flight conditions and severely limited the air-
craft's usefulness at low speed. Flight research on the effects of con-
trol power and sensitivity was undertaken at the Ames Research
Center wtih the 3,000-pound-weight-class X-14A airplane (fig. 4-10)
and at the Langley Research Center with a variable-stability heli-
copter of the 15,000-pound weight class (fig. 4-11). Thc purple of
the investigation was to collect data to be used in defining the amount
of control power required for maneuvering. Visual flights were con-
ducted for various combinations of control power and sensitivity about
the pitch_ roll, and yaw axes, and representative flight maneuvers were
performed. The results indicated that control power was the primary
factor influencing pilot rating of the aircraft's maneuverability; sen-
sitivity was of minor importance. For the performance of precision
tasks, neither control power nor sensitivity appreciably affected pilot
rating.
102 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIAATNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 4-1 0. The deflected jet X-14A VTOL aircraft.
The use of “on/off” control for VTOL airplane operation has been
proposed as a means of reducing control power requirements. T o de-
termine the feasibility of such a control, 5 pilots conducted flight
tests with the Langley variable-stability helicopter (fig. 4-11), per-
forming such VTOL tasks as precision hovering, longitudinal and
lateral quick starts and stops, S-turn maneuvers during landing ap-
proaches, and vertical landings to touchdown. Significant control
power reductions in both pitch and roll were made possible by the
“on/off” control technique. The aircraft was reasonably manageable
with zero damping, but the addition of a small amount of damping
resulted in the best ratings. The effect of trim changes and static
stability was also investigated. It was found that an out-of-trim
condition of up to 25 percent of the control power was not very ob-
jectionable in itself, but that the control asymmetry it produced was
R problem during maneuvering flight. Static stability was found to
be a problem to the extent that it limited the linear velocities which
could be achieved.
I n general, the pilots quickly adapted to the on/off control and
were not particularly aware that it WLS different from the conventional
control. The benefits obtained from the on/off control seem to be
- 1
related largely to the fact that it effectively provided a high sensitivity .
without causing the “touchiness” usually associated with high sensi-
tivities. The use of a small deadband (the area over which no accel- ‘
eration is produced by control-stick movement) served to prevent in-
advertent control-stick motions from affecting the aircraft yet still
put the full controi capability a t the pilot’s finger tips.
One design concept proposed for jet V/STOL transport aircraft
utilizes several lift-jet engines mounted in a wing tip pod I n an in-
vestigation of such installations, a generalized wing-pod configuration
was tested in the Ames 40-by 80-foot wind tunnel (fig. 4-12). The
pod contained five jet engines, mounted in line and tilted 10” forward
of the vertical, which were operated through flight speeds from 0 to
150 knots. Several inlets were tested, including a basic bell mouth
type, and various scoop types. The simple bell mouth inlet provided
low distortion at the compressor face and also was the least sensitive
to angle of attack and sideslip. A t high angles of attack or sideslip,
some of the scoop-type inlets produced flow distortion at the com-
pressor face above that specified as allowable for the engines. The
Figure 4-1 2. Lift engine p o d in the Ames wind tunnel.

aerodynamic interaction between the engine flow and the external flow
over the wing produced significant effects on overall lift. Engines
mounted forward of the wing reduced wing lift, while those mounted
aft of the wing increased lift. When all five engines were operated
simultaneously, these interaction effects compensated each other so
that there was no net interference effect on wing lift.
x&70/ssT Flight Research Program

The XB-70 aircraft represent a unique research facility for in-
c m i n g knowledge required to achieve safe, efficient cruise flight with
large vehicles a t higher supersonic speeds. They present an oppor-
tunity to obtain fundamental research informaton on aerodynamics,
structures and loads, propulsion, and operations under flight con-
ditions. NASA sponsored the installation in the XB-70 of research
instrumentation which would cause minimum interference with the
Air Force XB-70 flight test evaluation program. I n addition, NASA
prepared to seek an agreement with the Air Force for increased sup-
port of the NASA SST research program by the XB-70 aircraft.
Data from the first nine flights of the XB-70 Number 1 compared
the take-off and landing noise of the XB-70 and a Boeing 707-131B
fanjet airliner (fig.4-13). The XB-70 take-off noise spectrum along
the runway averaged 15 decibels (db) higher than that of the 707, due
to the larger number of engines and the higher thrust of the XB-70,
but the spectrum shapes were very similar.
Figure 4-1 3(a). XB-70.

Information was also collected on the airplane noise a t the 3-mile .

point. At similar slant ranges, the XB-70 noise levels were consider-
ably higher than those of the 707, with the difference averaging 25 db *
for all frequencies. The larger difference a t the 3-mile point in-
dicates that further research is needed to ascertain the effects of air-
plane attitude, source size, and airplane motion on the noise produced.
I n the tests, the XB-70 take-off was made with all six engines at
maximum afterburner thrust, but the programed rate of climb was
rather low. The 707 takeoff was typical of a current subsonic jet
transport from a commercial airport. The SST will have different
engines and higher climb profiles with noise levels lower than those
of the XB-70 as a consequence.
Figure 4-1 3(b). Booing 707-1 31 B.
Hypersonic Vehicles Research
Winged hypersonic aircraft using air-breathing propulsion are

candidates for a variety of aerospace applications from cruise missions
to launch vehicle tasks. Individual aircraft components were in-
vestigated to assess their aerodynamic capabilities for eventual inte-
gration into a complete system. One study was concerned with the
large changes in the stability and trim of an aircraft in hypersonic
flight resulting from pressure changes and with inlet performance
affected by boundary layer separation.
Three aerospace firms were selected to develop a concept and pre-
p r e preliminary designs for a hypersonic ramjet research engine.
Each company will make a detailed nine-month study of advanced
ramjet engine technology to define the most promising ramjet research
• engine and to develop a preliminary design for a research flight

engine. The ramjet research engine will be used to advance the
"technologay of air-breathing propulsion into the hypersonic regime
of flight. Liquid hydrogen fuel is specified for the research engine
which will be flown on the X-15 airplane at speeds up to about
Mach 8.
Biotechnology and Human Research
Biotechnology Flight Program
Research oil the effects of stress on physiological responses continued

at the NASA Flight Research Center. Over 200 hours of various
types of instrumented flights measuring different physiological vari-
ables were completed.
The piggy-back flight experiment in which two squirrel monkeys
will be exposed to six months of weightlessness underwent preliminary
check out, and an extended ground run to demonstrate feasibility was
planned for July 1965. An experiment to measure particle content in
spacecraft atmospheres, and one to examine the functioning of the
otolith (a gravity-dependent balance-sensing organ in the inner ear)
were approved for flight aboard Apollo.
Li[e Support and Protective Systems
Life Support Systems.--An advanced life support system was built

and readied for testing by the Langley Research Center. System
weight was reduced from 32 to 16 pounds of expendables per man-day
by recovering the oxygen from the carbon dioxide exhaled by man.
The system also regenerates metabolically produced water and wash
water required for long duration missions. In other related research,
the Langley Research Center sponsored a contract study of a molten
electrolyte concept for both carbon dioxide removal and oxygen re-
covery. A single device based on this concept may replace the silica
_el, molecular sieves, and Bosch reactor now required for oxygen
recovery. Preparations for testing one prototype system w_L_ _,,$
completed, and the technology for new concepts was being developed.
Protective System_.--In advanced space suit technology research,
methods of passively removing sweat and techniques of thermally con-
trolling the environment inside the space suit were investigated.
Thermal storage techniques using the heat of fusion of materials for
thermal control were studied, and advanced concepts and materials for
sweat removal by diffusion, osmosis, and adsorption were examined.
Langley Research Center directed efforts toward improving joint mo-
bility in space suits by reducing torques and inherent pressure gradi-
ents, and the M'SC continued development of a hard metal suit. The -
most recent model of the rigid suit was being evaluated at the MSC.
The Ames Research Center integrated-space-suit-restraint system"
was delivered and evaluation started. Shirt-sleeve clothing compati-
ble with existing waste disposal systems was investigated under con-
tract and will be evaluated in the Langley life support system test.
And the Langley Research Center completed the study of a personnel
locomotion device capable of providing man with an emergency escape
from the lunar surface or of serving as a method of moving on the
lunar surface for one or two men.
Human Research
Stress Physiology.--In research on the branch of physiological

chemistry related to hormones, it was found that the release of vaso-
pressin, a neurohormone, is triggered by the brain when an individual
is exposed to stress and that, up to a point, the ¢iuantity released in-
creases as stress increases, whether the stress is physical or psychologi-
cal. Thus, it may be possible to describe the severity of shock or stress
by measuring vasopressin concentration in the blood. A sensitive,
simple, relia,ble method, which requires only a few drops of blood to
measure vasopressin concentration, was developed at Ames Research
Center.
B_:oinst_umentatlon.--To study the response of man to space, bio-
instruments are being developed. One such device, the Endoradio-
sonde or "radio pill," a miniature radio transmitter which can be
swallowed and allowed to enter the intestine or implanted in animals
to reveal physiological information, was being developed under a
university grant. (It was also studied clinically in a hospital, but
not under NASA funding.) Another device valuable for cardio-
vascular research was developed under this grant. It is an implant-
able transmitter which measures the blood pressure directly through
the intact artery wall. This transmitter, which is completely covered
with silicone rubber to eliminate tissue reaction, will operate continu-
ously for over a year, sending information out of the subject's body
without any wires to tangle, pull loose, or cause infection.
Man-Systems Integration
,_imulated Zero-Weight.--Using neutrally buoyant subjects im-

mersed in water, studies were made of the _bility of humans in pres-
surized space suits to enter and leave air]ocks under simulated weight-
lessness. Size of hatches and airlocks, necessary handholds, and tether
line attachments were studied. It was found that a solid guide bar
protruding from the vehicle provided the greatest stability for sub-
jects leaving an airlock and going into space.
Visual Skills in Space Vehicle ControL--The capability of the

astronaut to rely on visual information was studied to determine
• methods of reducing operator workload during portions of "he lunar
landing and during rendezvous and docking maneuvers. Preliminary
findings were that the pilot, if given appropriate visual aids and
training, can perform many critical tasks involved in space vehicle
control by examining the external visual field.
Expanding the Effective Vi_al F/e/d.--The human eye tends to
restrict its field of view when it is subjected to heavy workloads or
when it searches for information in a background with large amounts
of visual "noise" (cluttered with extraneous stimuli). In a study
of this problem, it was found that the useful field of view degraded
from ten to two when there was extensive background confusion.
Another project was investigating human engineering methods for
expanding the useful field of vision and studying signal properties
for various target sizes, exposure durations, and background lumi-
nance. Results of these studies should make it possible to use avail-
able display area in aircraft and space vehicles more efficiently.
Chemical Propulsion Systems
Solid Propulsion Technology
At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, studies were made of solid pro-

pellant mechanical behavior. Photo-optical and stress transducer
techniques were developed to measure local stress strain, and a minia-
ture directional stress transducer was developed, constructed, and
evaluated. It permits the experimental determination of stresses ill
complex configurations where previously they could not have been
measured. Beyond its applications to solid rocketry, this transducer
should be useful in determining stress in any load-carrying material
where it can be embedded.
In tests of full scale solid rockets, the Langley Research Center
found ballistic and thermal deviations in performance when rockets
.... ':_^_ "....... ;..... ;...... + were expgsed to a ,qy_mlo onv_rnn-
mont. The ballistic effects were associated with alterations to the
fundamental propellant combustion and flow processes, and the ther-
mal effects resulted from deposition of hot combustion residue within
the motor chamber. The tests showed that either of these effects may
degrade a rocket motor previously fully qualified in a nonspin en-
vironment to a level totally unacceptable for use in a dynamic spin
environment. ""
lnese findings musi_ be '' --- -"........ :'_---*:^_ ;_ *_'^
design of solid rockets intended to function in a dynamic environment.
The problem of solid propellant combustion instability was being
studied by industry, government, and university investigators. Re-

search was conducted on the character of the propellant and of the
"unperturbed" steady-state combustion zone of propellant ingredients,
on the nature of flow-induced disturbances of the combustion zone, and
on conditions for unstable coupling of combustion and flow.
The hybrid rocket--a liquid oxidizer, a solid fuel grain, and a means
of controlling the flow of oxidizer into the fuel grain section, which
acts as the combustion chamber--offers the advantages of space stora-
bility, safety, excellent controllability, and high performance. In
connection with studies of the technology of on-command hybrid
throttling, a flow control valve, a flow divider valve, and injectors for
the cryogenic oxidizer were designed, developed, and demonstrated.
Other suppm_ing work included design evaluations, regression rate
determination, evaluation of insulation and nozzle configurations, 11
full-scale (22 in. dia.) motor firings, 25 subscale (8 in. dia.) firings,
and 15 ignition tests (5 in. din.). The objective of the hybrid pro-
gram is to evaluate the effect on propulsion system variables of three
candidate fuel grain shapes, to evaluate the internal ballistic behavior
of two fuel grain designs of a throttled motor during operation, and
to establish a preliminary configuration of a 500-pound-thrnst motor
to meet the revised thrust range requirement.
Large Solid Propellant Motor Program
During this period, NASA assumed complete financial and man-

agerial 6ontrol of the 260-inch diameter motor portion of the national
largo solid booster program, and established a staff at the Lewis Re-
search Center to direct it. The Agency increased funding for the
program to $26.8 million by reprograming $13.8 million to add to
$13.0 million previously allocated.
The first major firing in the _60-inch motor program took place
in February at a contractor facility. In this test, a 100-foot-long
156-inch diameter motor with a 260-inch-motor-sized nozzle delivered
over three million pounds of thrust and burned for approximately
60 seconds. The motor case was segmented, _)ut the propellant charge
was cast as a single piece in order to simulate the processing procedure
required for the 260-inch diameter motors. At the time of the suc-
cessful firing, this was the largest solid rocket motor fired, and it
delivered the highest thrust attained by a single rocket. The nozzle
remained intact, the motor case received essentially no heating, and
the propellant burned as planned. The erosion of the nozzle ablative
components was higher than anticipated, but there was adequate
margin in the design. The aft end ignition system performed very
well in the first major test of such a system. The igniter rocket, which
weighed over a ton and delivered llb,000-pounds of thrust, was

mounted on a track external to the main motor with its nozzle point-
" ing down into the main motor throat. The 156-inch case was in good
condition after the firing and was transferred to an Air Force
contractor for reuse.
In March, the first 260-inch motor case was completed by one con-
tractor, hydrotested, and shipped by bargo to the loading plant
(fig. 4-13). At the loading plant, the preformed rubber insulation
was bonded to the inside of the case, the liner brushed on to assure a
good bond to the propellant, and the motor lowered into the 120-foot-
deep cast, cure, and test pit. Loading of the 1,600,000-pounds of
propellant, which took two weeks, was completed about mid-June,
and the static firing was scheduled for late summer of 1965. Minor
fabrication difficulties were encountered in manufacture of the nozzle
for the static firing, but the schedule is expected to be met. The
second 260-inch motor case was welded, maraged (hardened by a
low-temperature fempering process), and made ready for hydro-
testing.
In April, the first 260-inch motor case fabricated by another con-
tractor failed during hydrotest, bursting at a pressure considerably
below the predicted motor operating pressure. Investigation indi-
cated 'basic uncertainties concerning the fabrication and inspection
procedures used in the case and cast doubt on the usability of this
contractor's second motor case, which was 60 percent complete at
the time. Since procurement of a new motor case would have delayed
the first static test a year and required additional funds, this contract
was terminated in June.
A more detailed cost analysis of the 260-inch motor was completed.
It confirmed the orginal estimates that these motors can be produced
for as little as $1.60 per pound of total weight.
Liquid Propulsion
The Liquid Propulsion Research and Technology program began

research on the use of oxygen u_l__:__., _, from _h_..__.tm_osphere in flight as
a propellant (oxidizer) for rocket launch vehicles. This method
would reduce the amount of oxidizer the vehicle would have to carry
and therefore increase the vehicle's performance capabilities. A com-
prehensive project was initiated to find suitable engine cycles combin-
ing rocket and air breathing modes of operation, to assess them, to
study the interaction of the engine with a vehicle designed to ingest
air, and to evaluate the effects of the flight _rajectory on performa_nce.
The purpose of this work is to identify potentially useful systems so
that a research and technology program can be formulated to bring
such systems into being.
112 NASA THIRTE.ENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
.-
E
&I
6
Work on advanced turbopumps for liquid rocket engines progressed

from research in the hydrodynamics and component areas to assess-
•ment of new concepts. Research continued on the aerodynamic nozzle
and the toroidal combustion chamber for an advanced launch vehicle
engine. Cooling techniques for the toroidal chamber were estab-
lished, and performance tests of larger modules were scheduled.
Studies of the multi-chamber concept for advanced launch vehicle
engines were broadened to include work on the plug nozzle and aero-
dynamic nozzle in addition to the expansion-deflection type nozzle.
Results of this work agreed substantially with previous results.
To overcome the problem of combustioninstability in rocket engines,
steps were taken to amalgamate available information and from it to
develop a procedure making it possible to design inherently stable
engines.
Spacecraft propulsion technology efforts progressed as new pro-
pellants were examined, and a space storable-high energy propellant
combination, oxygen difluoride/diborane (OFJB2H6), successfully
completed an altitude test program. Progress was made on space-
craft engine chamber construction technology. The hafnium-
tantalum alloys were developed sufficiently for use, and their employ-
ment in the fabrication of radiation cooled chambers and nozzles was
being studied.
Zaunch Vehicle Propulsion.--In the M-1 program, cold flow testing
of the full-scale oxidizer pump was successfully initiated with flow
rates of up to 16,500 gallons per minute of liquid oxygen measured, a
suitable gas generator design was selected for later integration with
the turbopumps, and the first fuel turbopump was assembled and
successfully tested at low speed. Also during this period, a termina-
tion plan was put into effect for the M-1 program which will use
existing program funding to the maximum to carry component de-
velopment to a useful conclusion in the fall of 1965. The plan calls
for demonstrating the fuel and oxidizer turbopumps with the gas
generator at rated conditions and testing the injector and uncooled
thrust chamber.
Space Propulsion.--This experimental engineering liquid space pro-
pulsion program seeks to apply high energy propellants to space pro-
pulsion systems and to improve and simplify propulsion system com-
ponents for greater reliability and operating life. Research was
focused on systems employing fluorinated oxidizers of the fluorine/
FIX)X (fluorine/oxygen) class, and problems associated with both
pump fed and pressure fed engines were reviewed. Studies were
planned to establish design criteria for engine components and the
turbomachinery for this general class (modified RL-10) of fluorine/
hydrogen pump fed engines. Also a new project was initiated to study .
engine problems associated with fluorine/hydrogen operation in the
low-chamber-pressure operation typical of pressure fed system appli-.
cations. This information will be useful in producing realistic vehicle
performance calculations.
The FLeX/liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuels were examined
for application in the low chamber pressure operating regime. This
class of propellant combination has several advantages • inherent space
storability (LPG and FLOX can be stored in space at the same tem-
perature), high performance, and good bulk density. Sea level tests
indicated that good engine performance is attainable, and cooling
predications were verified.
Propulsion system components for advanced earth-storable systems
are being evaluated as part of the JPL Advanced Liquid Propulsion
System (ALPS) program. A liquid regulator for controlling the
flow of a liquid monopropellant into a gas generation system for pro-
pellant tank pressurization was demonstrated, advanced explosive
valve designs were incorporated in operational systems such as the
Ranger midcourse correction system, and a free standing pyrolytic
graphite radiation-cooled thrust chamber was fired for an extended
period. Work continued on the development of impermeable positive
expulsion propellant tank bladders capable of multicycle operation,
and high performance injector/radiation cooled thrust chamber com-
binations with a variable thrust capability.
Au_liary Propulsion.--A prototype design was selected for the
extended life auxiliary bipropellant engine, which could be used for
attitude control in long duration earth-orbital and lunar missions.
A program to provide design criteria and prototype flight demonstra-
tion of hydrazine monopropellant auxiliary propulsion devices was
initiated, and steps were taken to upgrade auxiliary propulsion sys-
tems with the award of a contract to design and demonstrate a proto-
type auxiliary propulsion system utilizing the cryogenic propellant
combination oxygen and hydrogen.
Basic Research
Fluid Physics
Studies of the ultraviolet contribution to reentry heating indicated
very significant heat contri.butions to the radiation at the shorter wave
lengths. Preliminary data from a program to investigate the total
and spectral radiation from air at wave len_hs below 0.2 microns
appear to confirm theoretical predictions of a large ultraviolet radia-
tion contribution to entry heating. Further research was planned
because of the significance of such information to the design of space-
craft heat protection systems.
• Considerable progress was made in research oll thermal conductivity

(a measure of the process by which heat or energy is conducted through
some medium). Thermal conductivity data must be known in space
technology research to predict boundary layer behavior and heat trans-
fer through spacecraft d.uring reentry and in the ducts and passages
of advanced propulsion systems. Very large and unexplained dis-
crepancies (beyond 15,000 ° F) between theoretical predictions and
experimental data obtained in an electric arc discharge were resolved
in the case of nitrogen at high temperatures (up to 30,000 ° F). With
an ultraviolet correction term included in the energy balance equation
applied to the arc, it was possible to verify the theory. This informa-
tion not only extends knowledge of the thermal conductivity of nitro-
gen, but also verifies the arc technique as a means of obtaining experi-
mental data on thermal conductivity of other gases.
Progress was made in understanding the principles of plasma heat-
ing with the discovery that the coupling of high frequency electro- "
magnetic energy to a plasma has a beneficial effect. (At high internal
energies, the working fluids of propellants in power generation devices
or thrustors become chemically decomposed and ionized, that is, they
became plasmas.) Coupling efficiencies in excess of 80 percent were
achieved, and it appears that continuous plasma temperatures of sev-
eral hundred thousand degrees may be obtainable.
Applied Mathematics
At Marshall Space Flight Center methods were developed for de-

termining periodic motion in the complicated problem involving three
bodies. The results of this research will be applied to predicting the
motions of a space vehicle in the earth-moon system and to planning
and programing deep space probes intended to pass close to other
planets or the moon.
Materials Research
Wearing Properties of Metals.--In investigations of wear and bind-

;n_, ,.,e .... ;,_,_ ,_-f_ ;n ¢,_,,_o ;t wn_ fnund that wear and friction
coefficients of a wide variety of metals depend markedly upon their
crystalline structures. Metals which crystallize with a hexagonal
arrangement of atoms have a lower coefficient of friction than those
with a cubic structure. Metals which can exist in allotropic forms
(with either type of structure), for example, cobalt, display less fric-
tion in the hexagonal than in the cubic form. Friction was also found
with respect to the sliding surface. Studies of titanium indicated that

its anomalously high friction coefficient may be lowered by relatively
207-820 0--fo6--9
116 NASATHIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
minor structural rearrangements. Such an achievement would mean.

a significant advance in reducing abrasive wear and in enhancing
the machinability of titanium alloys.
Electron Paramagnetlc Resonance Study.--Solid state physics re-
search at the Lewis Research Center showed how carbon dioxide mole-
cules adsorb at active sites on the surface of magnesium oxide. These
sites were created with ultraviolet radiation and their identity and
influence in the reaction were disclosed by electron paramagnetic
resonance spectroscopy_ a new technique to provide quantitative de-
tails of the electronic structure of matter. The resonance spectra fur-
nish an extremely sensitive technique for studying the nature and the
behavior of atomic and electronic defects in solids. These studies
should contribute to new fundamental knowledge of the nature of
surface reactions and aid in selecting a catalyst for the adsorption of
carbon dioxide and subsequent regeneration of oxygen for life support
systems.
Polymers.--Langley Research Center discovered a new class of
ladder (double-stranded) polymers called Pyrrones_ which have out-
standing stability in the presence of heat_ light_ and radiation. They
retain their original tensile strength even after 10_000 Megarads of
high energy radiation and are useful at temperatures in excess of
1,000 ° F. These polymers derive this inherent stability from their
double-stranded molecular structure in which two bonds (adjacent
sides of the ladder) must be broken simultaneously to cause perma-
nent damage. The probability of this happening is much lower than
is the breaking of the single strands in usual polymers. The Pyrrones
can be easily made at room temperature and are readily processed
as films_ coatings_ laminates, and adhesives.
Electrophysics
An investigat6r conducting NASA-sponsored research on long

wave (15-25 Angstroms) precision X-ray spectroscopy of metals
found that the energy of the bombarding electrons and the degree of
anode contamination are crucial in determining the accuracy of the
data when zinc X-ray spectra are being examined. This finding elim-
inates sources of confusion in the interpretation of X-ray data on
metals and_ therefore_ enhances understanding of the behavior of
electrons in metals.
Researchers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory studied the photolysis
of ozone and oxygen and developed techniques for quantitative meas-
urement of the chemical reactivity of electronically excited oxygen
atoms. The technique involves photodissociation of ozone in low
temperature solvents such as liquid nitrogen_ argon_ or carbon mon-
oxide and has the advantage of permitting the reactions of excited
-oxygen to be studied without undesirable side effects. Atomic oxygen

in the excited state is present in the E and F ionospheric layers and
In the atmosphere's ozone and oxygen layels, and it is involved in the
airglow of the night sky. This work will make it possible to deter-
mine the behavior of atomic oxygen in the various regions of the
earth's atmosphere.
NUCLEAR
PROPULSION
AND
POWER
GENERATION
During the period, NASA continued to make noteworthy progress

in all aspects of its nuclear propulsion and power generation activities.
These activities included work in the nuclear rocket program, the
SNAP-8 development project, nuclear electric power l_esearch and
technology, and the electric propulsion program.
The Nuclear Rocket Proerarn (ROVER)
The Nuclear Rocket Program is a joint endeavor of the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Atomic Energy Com-
mission. As has been pointed out in earlier reports, its purpose is
to provide the teclmology for the nuclear propulsion systems _equired
for future space missions.
Various analyses have made it apparent that the high perform-
ance potential of mmlear propulsion systems can open the way for
missions which would be beyond the practical capability of chemical
rocket systems. Further, lmclear propulsion can be used as an upper
stage (replacing a chemically-propelled stage) in launch systems now
under development to provide a substantial increase in payload ca-
pacity. The tests thus far conducted in the nuclear rocket program
give assurance that these advantages are valid, and that future mission
planning can rely on nuclear rockets.
118
NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND POWER GENERATION 119
The Nuclear Rocket Program can be subdivided into two major

areas of activity: (1) graphite solid-core reactor and engine system
technology development, and ('2) advanced research and technology.
The major emphasis in the program has been, and will continue to
be, on the development of graphite reactor and engine system tech-
nology. It has been in these important areas that the most significant
accomplishments in the program have been made to date.
The three program areas under which graphite reactor and engine
system technology are being developed are: (1) the NERVA project,
being conducted by an industrial contractor team, ('2) the Los Alamos
PHOEBUS program, and (3) a nonreactor and engine system tech-
nology development, program being conducted as a separate but com-
plementary advanced research and technology effort.
Reactor development under project NERVA is based upon the
graphite reactor technology developed under the Los Alamos Scien-
tific Laboratory (LASL) KIWI project and is directed toward the
development of nuclear rocket engine system technology. The ground
experimental engines to be tested in developing _his technology will
have a performance level of approximately 55,000 pounds thrust and
a specific impulse in excess of 750 seconds.
The PHOEBUS graphite reactor technology program is aimed ut
extending the KI_VI/NERVA reactor technology. This work will
ultimately lead to the definition and selection of a high performance
reactor design which, together with the necessary nonreactor com-
ponents, will be suitable for adaptation to an engine system of approxi-
mately 250,000 pounds of thrust.
NERVA Reactor Development
I)uring the first half of 1965, the industry contractor team con-
ducted three significant experiments using the NRX-A3 power
reactor. (Fig. 5-1.)
The first NRX-A3 experiment was completed on April 23. In
the experiment, the reactor was started and operated for about
_;_1.+ mi.'.ut_; appro-_h_.,toly .2 5 minutes of this duration was at
full design power. The test was cut short when a spurious signal in
a pump control circuit halted the liquid hydrogen flow and scrammed
the reactor.
The second test of the NRX-A3 reactor was not initiated until
May '20. The time between experiments was used to examine the test
data from the April 23 run and to conduct integrity and leak checks
of the test system {o tlet_tliill,_ :--_
-] :f" '-'"**'"_'n"_"_" 1,-
....... d,,,. ..........1foil............fr,_m t ho,
abnormal flow shutdown and reactor scram.
In the May 20 experiment, the reactor was operated for a total
test duration of about 18 minutes, of which approximately 13 minutes
120 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT "0 CONGRESS
Figure 5-1. The NRX-A3 power reactor.
were a t full power. The performance of the reactor was excellent.

The test, WRS the longest single full-power run of a nuclear rocket
reactor conducted to date in the ROVER program.
The May 20 experiment was followed by a second restart on May 28.
T n this test the reactor was operated in the low-to-medium power
rmge (up to about 45 percent of full power) to obtain data pertinent
to the development of control systems and to gain an increased under-
NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND POWE,R GENERATION 121
standing of intermediate power reactor dynamics. The total operat-

ing time under power in that test was approximately 46 minutes.
"At the end of the period, the NRX-A3 reactor was being
disassembled in the reactor maintenance, assembly and disassembly
building for detailed examination. Detailed analyses of NRX-A3
test data also were in progress.
NERVA Engine Component and System Technology Development
Preparations for conducting the first engine system tests in support

of the current NERVA objectives continued during this report period.
The Engine System Test, called the NERVA NRX/EST, will com-
prise a flight-type reactor (positioned in an up-firing attitude on a
modified reactor test car), a liquid hydrogen cooled nozzle, a close-
coupled turbopump which will be driven by hot gas drawn from a
hot-bleed port located in the convergent section of the jet nozzle, and
breadboarded versions of all the interconnecting piping and valves
which normally would be required in an actual" nuclear rocket engine.
The NERVA NRX/EST experiments will be followed by cold flow
and powered ground experimental engine (XE) tests in a down-firing
engine test stand (Engine Test Stand No. 1) now being constructed
at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS). These engines
will use NERVA type engine components, where component interac-
tions are expected to strongly influence system characteristics. Other-
wise, facility components will be used. Engine assembly and dis-
assembly will be accomplished in a new engine maintenance, assembly
and disassembly building also under construction at NRDS.
The tests to be conducted in ETS-1 will investigate engine startup
characteristics, and major component interactions during startup,
power operation, and shutdown. A series of in-house cold-flow system
dynamics experiments, being conducted at the Lewis Research Center
Plum Brook facility and at the contractor's test facility in Sacra-
mento, California, are providing important information toward the
conduct of these future Le_L_.
PHOEBUS Reactor Development
The reactor being developed at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

in the PHOEBUS program is approximately twice as large and five
times as powerful as the KIWI and NERVA types. This large re-
actor is termed PHOEBUS-2.
Conceptually, the PHOEBUS-2 reactor will be quite similar to the
KIWI design. The most significant change will be an increase in
core diameter. The obiectives of the PHOEBUS reactor program
will be to obtain higher power and temperature, and higher powel"

densities.
The preliminary design of the PHOEBUS-2 reactor has been corr/-
pleted. A series of KIWI-sized PHOEBUS-1 reactor experiments
were being conducted to explore the specific technological problem
areas associated with the detailed design of the PHOEBUS-2 reactor
and to demonstrate capabilities evolving from laboratory research.
The first of the PHOEBUS-1 series of experiments was conducted
at Test Cell "C" (NRDS) on June 25, 1965. The principal objective
of the experiments, which used a reactor called the PHOEBUS l-A,
was to test out a number of design improvements suggested by the
KIWI-B4E and NRX-A2 reactor test results for reducing corrosion
in the reactor core.
The PHOEBUS 1-A reactor was run at full power and temperature
for approximately 10.5 minutes. (Fig. 5-2.) The system operated
in accord with design predictions during startup and the full power
hold; however, during the shutdown from full power, the liquid hy-
drogen supply in the facility was exhausted and overheating occurred.
This resulted in damage to the reactor core. The full extent of this
damage will not be completely known until disassembly has been
completed. This operation will be initiated as soon as the NRX-A3
disassembly and post-mortem operations are completed in the reactor
maintenance, assembly and disassembly building.
Test cell modifications to permit development testing of PHOE-
BUS-2 reactors also continued during this report period. These mod-
ifications are to include an increase in the liquid hydrogen storage
capacity and a higher capacity propellant feed system. In addition, a
new nozzle development effort was initiated to support PHOEBUS-2
reactor testing.
Advanced Research and Technology
The principal areas of work in advanced research and technology

are development of non-reactor and engine system technology, re-
search on tungsten reactors, evaluation of advanced nuclear rocket
reactor concepts, and safety.
Work on non-reactor and engine system technology was being di-
rected towards nozzles, turbopumps, controls, and instrumentation to
support the PHOEBUS series of high-powered reactors tests. It
also included research to obtain fundamental heat transfer data, to
improve the performance capability of conventional components, to
develop new components in selected areas_and to provide new tech-
niques and systems for conducting more thorough analyses. Special
areas of interest were heat transfer and flow characteristics, the effect
NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND POWIR GENERATION 123
Figure 5-2. PHOEBUS 1-A reactor being tested.

124 NASA THIRTEE_NTTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
of nuclear radiation on liquid hydrogen in the propellant tank and in

the pump inlet pipe, two-phase flow instabilities, nozzle cooling, and
radiation effects on critical reactor and engine system components.
Most of this work was being conducted by the Lewis Research Center
or by contractors under the direction of Lewis.
The major objective of the tungsten reactor research program is to
evaluate the feasibility of using tungsten as a reactor fuel element
material. In support of this work, the Argonne National Laboratory
was investigating a fast reactor concept, while the Lewis Research
Center was studying a thermal water-moderated concept. The work
in both instances was aimed at determining if either concept should be
developed. The most probable motivation for developing a tungsten
reactor is to provide low-thrust, lightweight engines (approximately
10,000 pounds thrust class) that will operate for very long periods.
ROVER Safety Program
The major activity in the ROVER safety program was preparing

for and executing an experiment known as the KIWI Transient Nu-
clear Test. The purpose of the test was to determine the accuracy of
theoretical techniques developed for predicting the response of a
graphite reactor to very large and rapid insertions of reactivity. In
the experiment, a KIWI-sized reactor was deliberately destroyed by
subjecting it to a very fast power increase. Reactivity was added
more rapidly in the test than it would be in an actual situation.
The test was successful in all respects, and results agreed with pre-
dictions. The experiment demonstrated that even under the most
extreme launch accident conditions, safety of personnel at the launch
site and off-site could readily be assured. Even with this assurance,
however, program planning continues to provide for the development
of countermeasures that would preclude uncontrolled power excursion
(uncontrolled power surge).
The SNAP-8 Development Project
The SNAP-8 project, a joint NASA-AEC program for the develop-

ment of a 10,000-hour, 35KWe nuclear electrical generating system
suitable for use in advanced space missions, was not included in the
President's budget for the year ending in June 1966. 'NASA therefore
implemented plans to provide for an orderly close-out of power conver-
sion system development within fiscal year 1965 funds. Phase-out
activities are to include demonstration of 1,000-hour capability of all
major components and operation of a power conversion system for
10,000 hours.
During this reporting period, testing of power conversion system

components continued. Since testing was initiated, accumulated oper-
zting times of individual major components ranged from 300 to 2,200
hours. Fabrication of a revised boiler, redesigned to correct the ther-
mal performance deficiencies at start-up reported in the last semi-
annual report, was nearly completed and tests of the first unit were
to begin the first quarter of fiscal year 1966.
The SNAP-8 Experimental Reactor test program was completed
after over 8,800 hours of operation at power and temperature required
for a system output of 35KWe.
The first phase of the power conversion system test program was
initiated with injection of mercury on May 28. These early tests were
expected to verify that the overall system-test facility would operate
properly. They were also expected to provide useful data on the
condenser and mercury pump. Full power testing was expected to
begin late this calendar year.
Nuclear Electric Power Research and Technology
The primary objective of this program is to provide the broadly

based energy conversion technology for future nuclear electric power
generating systems. These systems will be needed for such uses as
auxiliary power aboard spacecraft, lunar and planetary base power,
and orbiting Station power. The systems would be needed to satisfy
the lightweight, high-power level requirements of electrical propul-
sion systems. They would also be expected to operate for much longer
time periods than the power systems presently being developed.
Because of the early state of this technology, a number of concepts
were being investigated; the principal ones are the Rankine turbogen-
erator (using high temperature working fluids such as potassium in-
stead of the mercury used in SNAP-8), the Brayton cycle inert gas
turbogenerator, and thermionic direct conversion. In addition, ex-
ploratory efforts were underway on a number of even more advanced
approaches such as magnetohydrodynamic systems. Each concept re-
quires major technical advances beyond the current state-of-the-art.
During the period, a contractor-designed two-stage potassium vapor
turbine (mentioned in the Twelfth Semiannual Report) was rebuilt
and operated for approximately 65 hours of performance testing.
(Fig. 5-3.) The first phase of the test program was completed. Pre-
liminary calculations of the turbine efficiencies obtained from the tests
indicated that actual efficiencies were in close agreement with predic-
tions. Inspection revealed that although the turbine reached a maxi-
mum of 8 percent "wet," the turbine exhaust qualities suffered no
erosion damage.
126 NASA THIRTE.ENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS .
Figure 5-3. A two-staye potassium vapor turbine.
The largest refractory alloy boiling alkali metal heat transfer fa-
cility in existence began test operation at NASA's Lewis Research
Center in April. The facility is capable of operation with a maximum
heat, input of 500 thermal kilowatts at boiling temperatures, up to
2100" F. Activation of this facility made it possible to begin obtain-
ing a large amount of materials data from a number of NASA con-
tractor programs. Based upon the results of extensive corrosion, creep
stlength, and welding programs, FS-85 (a niobium alloy) and T-111
and T-222 (tantalum alloys) were selected as possible container alloys
for high temperature alkali metal working fluids. I n addition, creep
strength data at high temperatures (2,000 and 4,000 hour tests) have
indicated that TZC (a molybdenum alloy) and CR-132M ( a niobium
alloy) appear attractive for vapor turbine applications.
Through further studies, NASA obtained additional electrical, mng-
netic, and physical data 011 insulators, conductors, and magnetic ma-
terials. I n addition, advanced materials (such as a high creep strengt11
beryllium oxide dispersion strengthened copper conductor) were
developed.
A high temperature waste h i t radiator coating, c:dcium titanate,
recently completed :L 7,000-hour test at 1350" F. During the test, the
coating maintained its emittance at a value of 0.9. High emittance is
important for efficient operation of space radiators.
Demonstrations showed that titanium-stabilized type 321 stainless

steel, when coupled with the niobium alloys in alkali metal systems,
is less susceptible to interstitial mass transfer than unstabilized 316
stainless steel when similarly coupled. This is important for prac-
tical systems which normally require different alloys in various parts
of the system. The thermionic conversion program is also proceeding
in an encouraging fashion. Out-of-pile life tests of thermionic con-
verters at 1800 ° C reached the 7,000-hour mark and were continuing.
Insulator materials were exposed to reactor radiation at the NASA
Plum Brook Test Reactor for periods of 1,400 hours, at temperatures
ranging from 800 ° to 1000 ° C. This program was completed and
the test data were being analyzed.
An experimental fueled thermionic converter (contractor designed
and fabricated) began undergoing in-pile testing at NASA--Plum
Brook. And in another area of effort, a significant reduction in the
high temperature (18000-2200 ° C) grain growth of vapor-deposited
tungsten was obtained by chemically removing the layer initially
deposited.
With regard to isotopic power in the watt to low kilowatt range, an
extensive review of isotopic power potential for future space appli-
cations was completed during this period. On March 16, NASA ad-
vised the AEC of possible needs for various radioactive isotopes
(Pm TM, PO 21°, Pu 2ss, and Cm TM) through the year 1980 as a guide for
production planning purposes.
In January, two electrically heated 30 watt SNAP-19 units were
delivered to NASA (Goddard Space Flight Center) for evaluation
in connection with use on the Nimbus B spacecraft. (Fig. 5-4.)
Studies of isotopic power supplies for various other missions such as
an Apollo experiment package, Voyager, Orbiting Astronomical Ob-
servatory, and others were in progress or under discussion.
The Electric Propulsion Program
The electric propulsion (electric rocket engine) program provides

the research data and advanced technology for development of electric
thrustor systems. This program is composed of two elements : electric
propulsion system analysis and experimental evaluation, and research
and technology efforts on the three main types of electric thrusters.
System Analysis and Experimental Evaluation
in the satellite attitude control and station-keeping areas, require-

ments in the Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) program were
128 NASA THIRTE.ENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 5-4. A n electrically heated 30-watt SNAP-1 9 unit.
identified as appropriate for electric propulsion. Therefore, during

the period, NASA initiated efforts to develop electric engine systems
as back-ups for presently planned chemical propulsion systems for
the satellite. Electric propulsion is being considered for East-West
station-keeping of the synchronous gravity gradient ATS. It may
also be used to invert the satellite and t o test the -gravity gradient
system. I f successful and within schedule, these developments would
represent the first application of this new technology to the NASA
program.
Studies were conducted some time ago to determine the influence

on a Manned Orbiting Research Laboratory (MORL) of using elec-
tric propulsion systems for orbit maintenance (to overcome drag).
These and other studies undertaken by the MORL contractor indi-
cated that such systems would provide advantages on long-duration
missions. However, the state of development at the time of those
studies did not permit the serious consideration of these advanced
systems. Since that time, research has progressed to the point that
such systems may now be considered for MORL applications. Fur-
ther research in electrothermal thrustors may be appropriate as soon
as guidance from MORL mission requirements is forthcoming.
The study of solar powered electric propulsion systems underway
at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was providing initial information
regarding their practical use for unmanned planetary missions. In
another effort_ Marshall Space Flight Center was evaluating the
possibilities of megawatt size nuclear and solar-powered electric
propulsion systems for low acceleration space transportation systems.
These would include such uses as the manned Mars mission and lunar
to-supply vehicles.
The program at Lewis Research Center is aimed at defining space-
craft design requirements for SERT II and "SERT III flight tests.
SERT II should provide long duration information regarding the
use of electric thrustor systems for prime propulsion in space. The
SERT III flight tests should evaluate one or more systems for ad-
vanced spacecraft attitude control and station-keeping.
These efforts tend to guide thrustor research and development, the
second element of the electric propulsion program.
Thrustor Research and Technology
In this second element of the program, continuing investigations of

three types of thrustors--electrostatic, electrothermal, and plasma--
were carried out.
Probably the most gratifying achievement of this period in the
electrostatic or ion thrustor area was the --*:-_-_*_
_l_,ry completion of
2,500 hours of endurance testing of the cesium autocathode electron
bombardment ion engine. (See Eleventh and Twelfth Semiannual
Reports.) This test data represents the first concrete evidence that
thrustors with a life capability of up to 10,000 hours are within reach.
(Fig. 5-5.)
The mercury electron bombardment engine has achieved test time of
over 1,500 hours, the significant remaining problem being development
of a satisfactory cathode. A new brush type device shows promise of
extending cathode life to more than 2,000 hours.
)-i Figure 5-5. A cesium autocathode electron bombardment ion engine.
With the successes accompanying the electron bombardment engine

research effort, contact ion engine development was de-emphasized,
with research being concentrated on the ionizer, the major source of
difficulty. However, such engines show great promise in the extremely
low thrust range required for satellite attitude control. A small but-
ton type engine presently being developed at Lewis Research Center
should meet the ATS East-West station-keeping requirement described
earlier.
Primary emphasis in the electrothermal thrustor area was devoted

to the pulsed resistojet. These engines can be viewed most simply
t
as cold gas specific impulse boosters. With an easily storable propel-

lant, such as ammonia, they offer the potential of materially reducing
the weight required for spacecraft attitade control systems for a wide
range of missions. A single-axis ammonia attitude control system
was checked out in the Lewis air-bearing simulator facility with ex-
cellent results. Tungsten heater elements were thermally cycled 40,000
times with negligible deterioration, indicating that very long-life ele-
ments are possible.
An engine of this type was under construction for the previously
mentioned ATS inversion requirement.
Of the three types of thrustors, the most complex and difficult are
the plasma devices. Development of these is not as far along as is
that of the electrothermal and electrostatic types. However, since
plasma devices promise to combine high specific impulse with high
thrust, study of their engineering feasibility is fully justified. Re-
search on two classes of these devices, steady flow and pulsed, was
continuing.
In the past reporting period, primary emphasis was devoted to the
magnetoplasmadynamie (MPD) arc jet, a direct outgrowth of high
current arc jet technology (see Twelfth Semiannual Report). Al-
though still very early in the research, this engine shows promise of
evolving into a simple thrustor with performance superior to that of
the ion engine. The influence of various propellants on performance
and configurations will be investigated in the coming months. Em-
phasis will center on ammonia and alkali metals as most likely pro-
pellant candidates.
207-820 0--66---10
!
i TRACKING
i
i AND
t
',DATA
ACQUISITION
The NASA tracking networks successfully supported 48 missions

during this period. Twenty-seven of these were launched before
1965. Some of the more important flights supported were Gemini
II, Gemini III, Gemini IV, Ranger VIII, Ranger IX, Mariner IV,
Pegasus A, Pegasus B, and FIRE II.
One of the most significant events during this period was the space
walk by Astronaut White during the Gemini IV flight. Of particular
interest was the direct voice transmission to the ground through the
NASA Communication System while Astronaut White was outside
the spacecraft. Of equal significance was the near real-time trans-
mission of lunar photos from Ranger IX just prior to its impact on
the moon.
Planning and i.mplementation of the networks continued. New
stations were being constructed, equipment was being purchased and
installed, and technicians were being trained to operate and man the
new equipment and stations.
Manned Space. Flight Network
The Manned Space Flight Network now actively supporting the

Gemini Program demonstrated that tim tracking requirements for
the Gemini missions are quite different from and more demanding
than were those of the Mercury Program. Gemini not only involves
a spacecraft carrying two astronauts, as compared with Mercury's
132
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION 133
"one, but a target vehicle as well. During the future rendezvous mis-
sions dual tracking will therefore be required.
In the Mercury Program the spacecraft traveled in a fixed orbit
path, while in the Gemini Program the astronauts may vary the
orbital path, subjecting the Network to additional accuracy require-
ments. In addition, Gemini transmits at least three times as much
data as did Mercury.
The task of upgrading the Mercury Network to service Gemini i_-
cluded modifying old equipment, installing new equipment, eliminat-
ing some stations, and constructing new ones. (Goddard Space Flight
Center has been responsible for upgrading and handling the technical
operation of the Network.)
The Network now includes the following ground stations, ships,
and control centers : Cape Kennedy, Fla. (including the Mission Con-
trol Center and the Eastern Test Range stations at San Salvador
Island, Grand Turk Island, Grand Bahama Island, Antigua, and As-
cension Island) ; Bermuda ; Grand Canary Island ; Tananarive, Mada-
gascar; Carnarvon, Australia; Kano, Nigeria; Canton Island; White
Sands, N. Mex. ; Elgin, Fla. ; Point Arguello, Calif. ; Coastal Sentry
Quebec (ship) ; Kauai, Hawaii; Rose Knot Victory (ship) ; Range
Tracker (ship on loan from DOD for specific missions); Guaymas,
Mexico; and Corpus Christi, Tex. The Mission Control Center
(MCC) at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Tex., and the
Control Center at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.,
were also made ready for the Gemini flights.
To provide the ground support of the Gemini missions, the ground
stations were equipped with long range tracking radars, acquisition
aids, telemetry receivers, recorders and processors, capsule-to-ground
voice communications, interstation voice communications, data trans-
mission teletype lines, digital signal generators for command, and
radio frequency transmitters for command.
The network tracking facilities consist of precision, long range,
standard tracking radars which were adopted to meet manned space
flight requirements. _Jwlgutc_,t
........ "-".,,,._.a"- sites" wo,'-
.... equip_d with either
S-band or C-band radar or both. The higher frequency affords greater
resolution and reduction of multipath effects, improving the tracking
capability at lower elevation angles.
The acquisition aid system (antenna, together with associated elec-
tronic receiving and servo devices) performs the function of tracking
one target each, such as the Gemini spacecraft or the Agena target.
The acquisition aid specifically receives caps_ile telemeL"y data si_-ma.!s
and positions its own antenna automatically toward the received sig-
nal. The acquisition aids and tracking radars continuously supply .

the acquisition bus (acquisition data processor and display equipment)
with the azimuth and elevation angles of two airborne targets, in the"
form of synchro data. These synchro outputs can be used for position-
ing the tracking, telemetry, command and communications steerable
antenna arrays.
The telemetry (TLM) system on the ground receives spacecraft
signals concerning the functioning of the vehicles and aeromedical
data regarding the astronauts. This information is essential to know
whether important mission events occur according to plan, to monitor
flight and biomedical conditions_ and to be able to assist the astronauts
in controlling the spacecraft.
These air-to-ground facilities provide for both telemetry and com-
mand data transmission, and for two independent air-to-ground voice
conversations, all of which may be simultaneous. The ground equip-
ment includes two transmitting antennas for each of the High Fre-
quency (HF) and Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) systems, and the
same number of receiving antennas. The UHF receiving antennas
are broad-band, to permit reception of both voice and telemetry car-
riers in the 225 to 300 mc frequency range (part of the Very High
Frequency band). These antennas are pointed by acquisition devices.
Radio and telephone lines are used to link all tracking stations into
the worldwide network. Such linkage allows voice and teletype com-
munications between all stations and/or the Mission Control Center
(MCC) at Houston, Tex. Transmitters and receivers at each tracking
station provide communication and data transmittal with the space-
craft while it is within a station's coverage, and the conversations can
be relayed to MCC by means of the ground communications network.
A minimum of one full-duplex (FDX) teletype (TTY) circuit
was being made available at each remote site and ship. In addition,
all sites equipped with pulse code modulation (PCM) telemetry sys-
tems combined with digital command (DCS) and radar systems were
provided with access to a minimum of two teletype circuits. These
arrangements allow for simultaneous transmission of radar and
telemetry data from such sites and DCS teletype traffic to them. The
circuits also provide for transmission of operational message traffic,
acquisition messages, and telemetry summaries.
The purpose of the command control capability is to transmit to the
capsule, immediately prior to launch or while in flight, certain com-
mands associated with the safety of the astronaut and the successful
conduct of the flight mission.
TRAC.KING AND DATA ACQUISITION 135
During the period under review, the following missions were sup-
ported by the Manned Space Flight Network :
Mission Date
Gemini II ........................................... January 19, 1965

Pegasus I (SA-9) ................................... February 16, 19(k5
Gemini III .......................................... March 23, 1965
FIRE-II ........................................... May 22,1965
Pegasus II (SA-8) .................................. May 25,1965
Gemini IV .......................................... June 3,1965
Apollo Program requirements were being implemented throughout

this period with the construction of new facilities, with ships to provide
coverage in areas too far from land stations, with aircraft for injection
coverage, and with new and advanced electronic systems to meet ac-
curacy and data requirements imposed by the more complex Apollo
Program.
Deep Space Network
The Deep Space Network is a precision tracking and communica-

tions system capable of providing command, control, tracking, and
data acquisition from spacecraft on lunar and planetary missions.
These stations provide continuous tracking coverage for the NASA
deep space flights.
The present operating Network consists of 85-foot antenna facilities,
one each located at Woomera and Canberra, Australia; one at Johan-
nesburg, South Africa; and two at Goldstone, Calif. A Launch
Checkout Station at Cape Kennedy, Fla., and the Space Flight Op-
erations Facility (Control Center) located at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., complete the network. The Can-
berra station in Australia became operational on February 1, 1965.
Construction continued on schedule for the 85-foot antenna station
located near Madrid, Spain, and the prototype 210-foot antenna sta-
tion located at Goldstone, Calif. Three of the stations in the Network,
at Goldstone, Canberra, and Madrid, will be modified and equipped
to back up the Manned Space Flight Network during the lunar flights
of the Apollo Program. This work phase was progressing on schedule.
During the period, the Network supported three major flight mis-
sions--the Rangers VIII and IX, and the Mariner IV. At the times
of the two Ranger flights, the Network was supporting them and the
Mariner IV flight simultaneously.
The Rangers VIII and IX were launched from Cape Kennedy on
Febrlmry 17, 1965, and March 21, 1965, respectively. The Network
transmitted the necessary commands to both spacecraft to execute a
mid-course maneuver, and to Ranger IX for a terminal maneuver.
The mid-course maneuvers were required to correct the trajectories so
that spacecraft would impact in the predetermined area. The ter-
minal maneuver for Ranger IX successfully changed its attitude in .

order to align the TV cameras for better lunar pictures. The data
from both spacecraft developed into more than 19,000 photographs of"
the lunar surface. A significant first for Ranger IX was the con-
version of data into commercial video in near real-time and televised
by major networks throughout the United States.
The Mariner IV, launched on November 28, 1964, was tracked con-
tinuously except for approximately seven hours per day during the
time the Johannesburg station was required to support the Ranger
missions. The Mariner IV was 5 million miles from Earth on Janu-
ary 1, 1965, and 121,200,000 miles from Earth on June 30, 1965. The
Network is expected to track this spacecraft to more than 190 million
miles from Earth. The previous communications distance record set
by the United States was approximately 54 million miles. This oc-
curred after the Venus fly-by in January 1963.
The fly-by encounter of the planet Mars is scheduled to occur on
July 14, 1965, with closest approach to the planet to be about 6,100
miles. More than 90 pictures are scheduled to be taken during the
fly-by. However, these will not be available immediately as it will
take about ten days to transmit one complete set and other scientific
data back to Earth. Plans call for Mariner to transmit these pictures
back to Earth at least two times.
With the successful flight of Ranger IX mission and the end of
the Ranger flights, the Network was being converted to operate in
the S-band frequency spectrum. All stations are scheduled to be
operating in this frequency during the first half of calendar year 1966.
Mission-dependent equipment for the Surveyor spacecraft was checked
out and tested, and for the Pioneer spacecraft, installation and check-
out were started.
The first U.S. 210-foot antenna system is being constructed at the
Goldstone, Calif., station. When finally completed, this advanced an-
tenna system of unsurpassed receiving capabili'ty is to be used in sup-
port of deep space flight missions of the 1970's. The design, fabrica-
tion, and erection phases of this project have now been completed,
with the acceptance tests being the only phase remaining. All phases
of this project were completed on schedule, within original cost esti-
mates, and the performance goals all appear to have been met or ex-
ceeded. During the acceptance tests, in the next six months, the
technical performance of the antenna is to be determined.
Satellite Network
The Satellite Network includes the electronic Space Tracking and

Data Acquisition Network (STADAN) stations, and 12 Baker-Nunn
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION 137
• Optical Camera stations. STADAN is operated by the Goddard

Space Flight Center, and the 12 optical stations are operated by the
"Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
STADAN stations are located at Blossom Point, Md. ; Fairbanks,
Alaska; East Grand Forks, Minn. ; Fort Myers, Fla. ; Johannesburg,
South Africa; Lima, Peru; Mojave, Calif.; Quito, Ecuador; Rosman,
N.C.; Santiago, Chile; St. John's, Newfoundland; Tananarive,
Madagascar; Winkfield, England; and Woomera, Australia. A
control center is located at the Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Md.
The STADAN facilities were designed to provide a ground system
to precisely track, determine the status of, command, and acquire data
from satellites. They were further improved during this period.
A Range and Range Rate system was installed at the Madagascar
facilities to provide support for the Interplanetary Monitoring Plat-
form (IMP) and the Eccentric Geophysical Observatory program.
This system provides the accurate tracking capability required for
satellites with highly elliptical orbits. Also, work was carried for-
ward toward completion of additional facilities at Rosman, N.C. ;
Tananarive, Madagascar; and Canberra, Australia. When these
additional facilities become operational by the end of calendar year
1965, the STADAN will have reached the capability to support the
second generation satellites such as the Orbiting Geophysical Observa-
tory (OGO), Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO), and the Orbiting
Astronomical Observatory (OAO).
At Canberra, Australia, a new 85-foot antenna is to be ready for
operation in September 1965. This station will provide data recovery
in the Far East longitudes for highly eccentric observatory spacecraft
and will round out the prime support for the Orbiting Geophysical
Observatory (OGO) program• The Rosman, N.C., station's second
85-foot antenna system is to be operational in July 1965. This station
will then be equipped to handle the anticipated support requirements
for all satellite programs. At Tananarive, Madagascar, facilities for
satellite injection requirements are to be completed by September 1965.
This facility will be able to support manned space flight missions and
the OGO and IMP spacecraft.
STADAN supported 41 satellite programs during this period. The
thirteen satellites launched since January 1, 1965, are as follows:
Name Date launched
1965 04A (TIROS IX) ..................... January 22, 1965

1965 07A (OSO ii) ........................ February 3, 1965
1965 09A (PEGASUS A) .................. February 16,1965
1965 16B (GGSE II)* ..................... March 9, 1965
Name Date launched.

1965 16C (GGSE III)* ..................... March 9, 1965
1965 16D (SOLAR RADIATION)* ........ March 9, 1965
1965 16E (EGRS III)* .................... March 9, 1965
1965 17B (EGRS II)* ...................... March 11, 1965
1965 27B (EGRS IV)* ..................... April 3, 1965
1965 28A (EARLY BIRD) ................. April 6, 1965
1965 32A (BEACON EXPLORER-C) ...... April 29, 1965
1965 39A (PEGASUS B) .................. May 25, 1965
1965 42A (IMP-C) ........................ May 29, 1965
*Department of Defense satellites.
The 12 optical tracking stations operated by the Smithsonian As-

trophysical Observatory continued to provide backup support for
NASA satellite programs. These stations are located in San Fer-
nando, Spain ; Mitaka (Tokyo), Japan; Naini Tal, India ; Arequipa,
Peru ; Shiraz, Iran ; Curacao, Netherlands West Indies; Villa Delores,
Argentina ; Mount Haleakala, Hawaii ; Olifantsfontein, South Africa ;
Woonlera, Australia; Ju.piter, Fla.; and Organ Pass, N. Mex.
During this report period, the optical tracking stations provided
orbital data for 44 satellites and tracked 15 satellites to obtain data
for precise measurements of atmospheric and magnetic properties
affecting satellite orbits.
Network Communications
To improve communications efficiency and reliability, a unified

ground communications network was developed. This network, des-
ignated NASA Communications Network (NASCOM), makes use of
existing communications circuits and facilities of the Manned Space
Flight Network, Deep Space Network, and Space Tracking and Data
Acquisition Network. These circuits and facilities, in turn, are in-
tegrated by primary communications switching centers which provide
circuit-sharing and flexibility with centralized facilities control. The
total NASA Communications Network (NASCOM) resources became
avail,_ble during the period for utilization on any mission, thereby
avoiding duplication of facilities and costs.
In the Gemini IV flight, the criticality and excellence of the voice
communications with the astronauts were clearly shown. NASCOM
I)rovided for the exacting flight control from the ground during the
attempted rendezvous operation and the extravehicular activity period
by Astronaut White.
7
INTERNATIONAL
Rs
_i__iii_/' kq_mllil
"'_LZ,_. ..... _..
/. fi
........ _y
W
Accelerated activity in the development of international cooperative

projects marked the first half of 1965. Such new projects or experi-
ments were initiated with ten countries through agency level agree-
ments. In additions detailed information was widely distributed to
members of the world scientific community s encouraging them to con-
tribute foreign experiments for use on board NASA manned and un-
manned spacecraft. The number of such foreign contributions con-
tinued to grow.
Opertional support abroad for NASA's tracking and data acquisi-
tion activities was renewed or extended through agreements with
Australia_ Ecuador s Mexico, and Spain. Arrangements were made
for contingency recovery and for visual acuity experiments in con-
junction with the Gemini program.
As part of the International Quiet Sun Years a ship-based sounding
rocket program was conducted off the west coast of South America.
Finally, the Agency continued to make available education and train-
ing opportunities in the United States for selected foreign space scien-
tists and technicians in conjunction with specific cooperative programs
or basic preparation for such programs.
139
140 NASA THIRTEE/NTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Cooperative Projects
Through agency level agreements, NASA initiated new projectg

with the Argentine, Brazilian, New Zealand, Norwegian, Pakistan,
Swedish, and British sp_ce research organizations. In addition, in-
tergovernmental agreements were signed with Canada and Mexico.
Argentina
On May 18, NASA signed a Memorandum of Understanding with

the Argentine Space Commission providing for the launching of
meteorological sounding rockets from ranges in Argentina and the
United States. The Memorandum anticipates the establishment of
an inter-American experimental meteorological sounding rocket net-
work (EXAMETNET) with launching stations in a chain running
longitudinally through the western hemisphere. The general pur-
pose of this experimental effort is to develop a basis for a future oper-
ational meteorological sounding rocket system. Observations made
under this program will provide a foundation for studying the struc-
ture and behavior of the atmosphere in the southern hemisphere and
for identifying the causes of the differences and similarities of the
structure and circulation of the atmosphere in the northern and south-
ern hemispheres.
Brazil
A Memorandum of Understanding was signed with the Brazilian

Space Commission (CNIE) in April providing for the launching of
two Nike-Apache sounding rockets from Natal, Brazil. The purpose
of the project is to evaluate cosmic ray effects on the lower D-region of
the ionosphere by comparing sounding rocket measurements made at
Wallops Island, Va., and at Natal, Brazil.
Canaclo
On June 11 tile United States and Canadian Governments signed

•tu agreement for the continued operation of the Churchill Research
Range, Manitoba, Canada. Under the terms of the agreement, the
Canadian National Researcb Council (NRC) will take over operation
of the range from the USAF on January 1, 1966, and NASA will
become the United States cooperating agency. The new agreement,
besides providing for the continued operation of this important fa-
cility, results in reduced costs for the IT.S. Government.
France
Work on the FR-1 satellite, being constructed in France as part,

of a cooperative project between NASA and the French National
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 141
"Center for Space Studies (CNES), proceeded at a rate that would per-
mit launching from the Western Test Range as scheduled in late
1965. (Fig. 7-1.)
MAGNETOMETER SENSOR FIELD ANTENNA
__ SOLAR PANEL
(INSTALLED)
SOLAR PANEL
(DETACHED)_
FIBERGLASS BOOM_ELECTRO N DENSITY

PROBE
MOUNTING RING
Figure7-1. FR-1 VLF spacecraft.
India
The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR)

launched five meteorological sounding rockets from the Indian range
at Thumba during the first half of 1965. The launchings were part
of a cooperative project with the United States, Pakistan, and Aus-
tralia to extend the meteorological data obtained by the International
Indian Ocean Expedition.
Italy
While progress continued toward the third and final phase of the
United States-Italian San Marco cooperative satellite program, Pro-
fessor Luigi Broglio presented the preliminary results of the second
phase orbital launching at the Sixth International Space Science
Symposium of COSPAR. Professor Broglio reported that the satel-
lite has demonstrated not only the technical feasibility of the satellite
drag mechanism but also the principle of using atmospheric drag
to arrive at a quantitative knowledge of atmospheric density and its.

irregularities.
A separate Italian experiment was also proposed and selected foi-
flight on a NASA satellite. The experiment, "Solar X-Ray Monitor-
ing and Gamma Astronomy in the Energy Range 20-200 KEV," was
proposed by Professor Brini of the University of Bologna and was
accepted for flight on the Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO-F). The
spacecraft is scheduled for launching in 1967.
Mexico
All inter-governmental ag_eement signed with Mexico on February

27 provided that NASA and the Mexican National Commission on
Outer Space will explore possibilities for cooperation in a meteorolog-
ical sounding rocket project_ in the establishment and operation in
Mexico of a station to receive automatic picture transmission (APT)
from meteorological satellites_ and in a remote sensing project pres-
ently under development by NASA.
New Zealand
Under tim provisions of a Memorandum of Understanding signed

in April between NASA and the National Space Research Committee
of the Royal Society of New Zealand, six boosted Arcas sounding
rockets were launched successfully from New Zealand during the
solar eclipse of May 30, 1965. The launchings were part of an iono-
sl)heric research project involving both ground-based observations by
the University of Canterbury and rocket-borne experiments by
NASA_s Goddard Space Flight Center.
In March_ the Norwegian Space Research Committee launched
three Nike-Apache sounding rockets from the range at Andoya_
Norway. These launchings were part of a cooperative project with
NASA and the Ionosl)heric Research Laboratory of the Royal Tech-
nical Institute of Denmark. Also in this period, a tripartite Memo-
randum of Understanding was signed among NASA and the Nor-
wegian and Swedish space research committees according to which
four sounding rockets were launched from Andoya, Norway, to study
auroral phenomena.
Pakistan
Two grenade payloads were launched in Pakistan on April 29 and

30 as part of a tripartite cooperative project among the United States_
United Kingdom, and Pakistan. The agreement for this project was
signed in January 1965. Four more launchings are scheduled to take
place during the fall of 1965.
In addition, Pakistan launched three meteorological sounding

rockets during this period. These launchings were part of a coopera-
tive project with the United States, India, and Australia to supplement
the meteorological work of the International Indian Ocean
Expedition.
Sweden
In this period NASA signed a tripartite Memorandum of Under-

standing with the Swedish and Norwegian space research committees
according to which four sounding rockets were launched from Andoya,
Norway, to study auroral phenomena.
United Kingdom
During the first half of 1965, work progressed on the third United
Kingdom-United States cooperative satellite project, a British ex-
periment was selected for flight on NASA's Orbiting Solar Observa-
tory (OSO-F), and a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding was
signed among NASA and the British and Pakistani space commis-
sioners. Two grenade payloads were launched from Pakistan on
April 29 and 30 as part of this project.
U.S.S.R.
The reciprocal exchange of conventional meteorological data be-

tween the United States and the U.S.S.R. continued over a special
shared-cost communications link pursuant to the NASA/Soviet Acad-
emy of Sciences Bilateral Space Agreement of June 8, 1962, and the
implementing Memorandum of Understanding of November 5, 1964.
These agreements provide for such exchange prior to and, on a second-
ary basis, during the exchange of satellite data. It was not clear when
Soviet meteorological satellite data might be forthcoming. This and
other topics for negotiation were postponed at Soviet instance from
June until September.
g_l:_._ _I:_LA
I,,.I,.lllJ_lll_ I iltjiii
Five foreign scientists took part in the NASA expedition to observe

the solar eclipse of May 30, 1965, from a jet aircraft in the vicinity of
the Marquesas Islands. They were Doctors Dossin and Macar of the
University of Liege in Belgium; Dr. de Groot of the University of
Utrecht in the Netherlands; Dr. Righini of the Arcetri Observatory in
Florence, Italy; and Dr. Waldemeyer of the Swiss Federal Observa-
tory in Zurich. These scientists conceived, funded, engineered, and
operated their own experiments.
Export of Technology and Material
As part of a continuing effort, NASA provided technical assistance

to export control offices of the Department of State and the Depart-
ment of Commerce concerning the export of technology and hardware
in the aerospace field.
Opportunities for Further International Cooperation
Copies of the NASA publication "Opportunities for Participa-

tion in Space Flight Investigations" were sent to foreign space com-
mittees, interested foreign scientists, foreign scientific attach4s in
Washington, and U.S. Embassies abroad. In this third edition of the
publication, NASA renewed invita:tions to members of the world
scientific community to submit experiments for flight on NASA's
manned and unmanned spacecraft.
In late April a conference was held at the Manned Spacecraft Center
to acquaint foreign biomedical researchers with the opportunities for
participation in manned space flight investigations. Twenty-two for-
eign scientists representing twelve countries attended the symposium.
Distribution of Ranger Photographs
In February, complete sets of the 199 high quality lunar photo-

graphs taken by the Ranger VII "A" camera were distributed to lead-
ing scientists in 38 countries and four international organizations.
These scientists were asked to make their interpretations available to
NASA during 1965. NASA plans a compilation of such analyses as
may be received.
Operations Support
During this period, a new inter-governmental agreement was reached

with Australia, and the inter-governmental tracking station agree-
ments with Ecuador and Mexico were renewed.
Australia
An inter-governmental agreement with Australia for an 85-foot

antenna for tracking and data acquisition support of the Apollo pro-
gram was signed on February 10. The facility will be constructed in
the Canberra area. This agreement was implemented by a subsequent
one between NASA and the Australian Department of Supply, signed
on April 12.
NASA and the Australian Department of Supply also concluded an
_lgreement on March 22 concerning the temporary location in Australia
of a transportable ground station for Project SYNCOM support. In
addition, approval was obtained from the Australian Government for

use of a site in western Australia for visual acuity experiments in con-
junction with the fifth and seventh Gemini flights.
The new deep space station near Canberra was formally dedicated
on March 19.
Ecuador
On May 10, action was taken to extend for a ten-year period the
inter-governmental agreement with Ecuador for operation of a satellite
tracking station near Quite.
Mexico
The inter-governmental agreement with Mexico for operation of

a tracking and communications station at Guaymas was extended until
November 30, 1970, by an exchange of notes on February 27.
Spain
An inter-governmental agreement was concluded with Spain on Jan-

uary _7, confirming the participation of that country in the cooperative
testing of experimental communications satellites launched by NASA.
ESRO
The European Space Research Organization (ESRO) pursued for-

mal action to establish a telemetry-command station near Fairbanks,
Alaska, to receive data from ESRO scientific satellites. Preliminary
arrangements to accommodate the ESRO interest were made with the
assistance of the Department of State, the Federal Communications
Commission, the State of Alaska, and other agencies.
Gemini--Contingency Recovery
Arrangements were made with a number of governments to station

flight teams in their territories in case of need for emergency recovery
of astronauts and spacecraft during the Gemini III (March) and
Gemini IV (June) manned flights.
International Quiet Sun Year--Mobile Sounding Rocket Expedition
During February and March, sounding rockets were launched from

a specially-equipped converted aircraft carrier, the US_?S Croatan,
off the west coast of South America. The experiments, many of which
were conducted in the region of the magnetic equator, reached areas
of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere that cannot be reached by
,___, ,_____ ............
Ja_tt-u_u ro_. ocmn_m_s
" ' item
" *"
reru, Chile, and Braz ilj oined the
expedition for portions of the trip.
Personnel Exchanges, Education, and Training
During the first half of 1965, over 2500 foreign nationals from 91
countries visited NASA facilities for scientific and technical discus-
sions or general orientation. Visitors included representatives of space
programs in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Federal Republic of
Germany, Japan, India, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, and United
Kingdom, as well ,_s representatives of ESRO.
Under the NASA International University Fellowship Program,
52 graduate students from 17 countries studied space sciences at 16
American universities. They were supported by their national agen-
cies and by the European Space Research Organization. This pro-
gram is administered by the National Academy of Sciences.
Fifty-nine postdoctoral and senior postdoctoral associates from 19
countries carried on research at NASA centers, including the Jet Pro-
pulsion Laboratory. This program is also administered by the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences (with JPL administering its own pro-
gram) and is open to U.S. nationals.
Fifty-five technicians from Brazil, France, Italy, and the Nether-
]ands, here at their own expense, received training ill space technology
at Goddard Space Flight Center and Wallops Station in c(mnection
with cooperative projects.
GRANTS AND
RESEARCH
CONTRACTS
IACTIVITIES
Unsolicited proposals for NASA support of research in space

science and technology are handled by the Office of Grants and Re-
search Contracts (OGRC). OGRC receives, processes, and distributes
the proposals, and issues the grants and research contracts. This
office also has administrative and program responsibility for the
Sustaining University Program.
Sustaining University Program
Continued efforts to increase university participation in the national

space effort resulted in the award of new grants under the Training,
Research, and Research Facilities components of the Sustaining
University Program.
Training
To ensure a continuing supply of highly trained scientists and

engineers for the national space program, NASA has a comprehensive
predoctoral training program under which grants are made to uni-
versities. The institutions select the participants who may receive
support for three years. In this period, grants were awarded to 142
universities (Appendix N) to support the training of 1#75 new pre-
doctoral candidates, who will begin their studies in September 1965.
During the 1964-65 school year, 1,957 graduate students were in
training, representing the disciplines shown in table 8-1. There are
147
2071-820 0--6_---11
now training grants in every State and the District of Columbia.

Since 1962, when the first such predoctoral training grants were
awarded, 68 students have received the Ph.D. in the physical sciendes
(40), engineering (21), life sciences (4), behavioral sciences (2), and
other areas (1). Fifty-eight of these students initially chose careers
iu university research and teaching (33), as postdoctoral or Fulbright
fellows (11), in government laboratories (2), and in industrial
laboratories (12).
Table 8-1. Distribution by Discipline, NASA Predoctoral Trainees, 1964-65

School Year (April 1965).
Number Number
of of
trainees trainees
Physical sciences (50.6 percent): Life sciences (8 percent):

Mathematics ........... 182 Zoological sciences............ 75
Chemistry ............... 261 Botanical sciences__.. ...... 32
Physics ................. 416 Biochemistry and biophysics .... 28
Astronomy ............... 4g Microbiology ............ 14
Geology and geophysics .......... 65 Genetics ............ 8
Atmospheric sciences .......... 17

Computer science._. 2 157
g92 Behavioral sciences (3.8 percent):

Psychology ......... 48
Engineering (37.3 percent): Economics .......... 10

Electrical and instrument_ __ 20g Political science ......... 11
Mechanical ....... 139 Anthropology ......... 1
Chemical ................ 113
Aeronautics/astronautics .... to9 7O
Civil .......... 33
Engineering mechanics ........ 44 Other (3 percent):
Metallurgical and materials ..... 41 Business administration ...... 4
Engineering and applied science_ 21 Industrial management ..... 1

Nuclear .................... 2O 1
Philosophy of science .....
Industrial . _ _ 11 Space law ......... 1
731 7
Among other activities supported by tile Sustaining University

Program were two projects to be conducted jointly by NASA centers
and nearby universities during the summer of 1965. The first of these
provides for seven institutes offering junior faculty members an op-
portunity to participate in space research at a NASA center and to
attend university seminars at the same time. The second is a series
of institutes offering selected advanced undergraduates an intensive
exploratory program in space science and technology through attend-
ante at one of three participating universities and visits to NASA
centers. Support was also given to other specialized programs to
provide advanced training in aerospace medicine and environmental
GRANTS AND RESEARCI-I CONTRACTS ACTIVITIES 149
"healthfor a limited number of participants,and to NASA-sponsored

conferences on planetary exploration, dynamic astronomy, and re]a-
t'ivity
theory.
Research
Under the program of special-purpose grants for multi-disciplinary

research in space science and technology, 28 grants were awarded to
25 institutions for the continuation of such research activity, and eight
new programs were initiated at as many institutions. Most of these
grants support fundamental, long-range research programs, and sev-
eral have had sufficient time to demonstrate the opportunities available
for research development under this broad and flexible form of sup-
port. For example, at the University of Kansas, the program involved
more than 200 researchers in 25 departments, seminars and symposia
on critical research problems were sponsored, Kansas scientists and
engineers visited NASA laboratories, and personnel from the mechan-
ical and industrial engineering departments and the Business School
worked on transfer of research information to regional industry. A
particularly significant result of the grant was an extensive study of
the applications of radar and microwave radiometry to geoscience.
This work is expected to influence the design of spacecraft radar for
orbiting research laboratories.
At Adelphi University research was concentrated in three major
areas: studies of energy transfer mechanisms in the solid and gaseous
state; biophysical investigations involving the reactions of primitive
populations to external non-equilibrium environments and cryogenic
conditions; and syntheses of new polymer materials and the measure-
meat of their mechanical, viscoelastic, and optical properties. The
Research Institute of the University of Alabama, Huntsville, Ala.,
carried on a multidisciplinary research program in electromagnetics,
including communication, optics, fluid physics and fluid mechanics,
mathematics, and the control sciences. The Georgia Institute of Tech-
nology, under a special-purpose research grant initiated in June 1964,
supported research on materials and materials processing, transport
phenomena, energy conversion, systems engineering, and nuclear
processing.
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology some 40 research proj-
ects were underway, largely in solid state energy conversion processes,
space electronics and electro-mechanics, psychobiology, and the com-
munication sciences. A research program in the conversion of various
forms of energ 5, by unconventional techniques at the University of
Pennsylvania was given supplemental support. This grant, now in
its third year, supports a unique multidisciplinary research program
in which physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers work side by
side on problems involving thermal energy storage, thermionics, mag-'

netohydrodynamics, and biochemical fuel cell processes.
Research Facilities
The Sustaining University Program also makes research facilities

grants to help universities heavily engaged in the national space effort
acquire more adequate research laboratories.
One such grant was awarded to the University of Minnesota during
this period. It provides $2.5 million for construction of a .University
Space Science Center laboratory building t,o house research and train-
ing in thermal science, control science, information and communication
science, bioscience, advanced instrumentation, and geophysics, astro-
physics, and space physics. The structure will accommodate :In
analog computer, a digital computer, and related equipment being
purchased with a grant from the National Science Foundakion ; the
computers will be utilized in multidisciplinary research programs
throughout the University.
Four laboratory structures built with the assistance of NASA re-
search facilities grants were completed and occupied by research
groups, making a total of eight buildings completed under this pro-
gram. The Materials Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic In-
stitute (fig.8-1) was the first structure for which a facilities grant was
Figure 8-1 . Materials Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

GRANTS AND RE'SEARCH CONTRACTS ACTWITIES 151
-awarded by NASA. The 100,OOO square-foot Center (60,OOo square
feet funded by the NASA grant, 40,000 by National Science Founda-
tion and Institute monies) will permit the continuation and growth of
a board research program on the properties of matter. The Space
Research Building at the University of Michigan was dedicated in
June (fig. 8-2), with Gemini I V astronauts McDivitt and White
participating in the ceremony. This facility will provide space for
university research and training in propulsion, materials, astrophys-
ics, radio astronomy, guidance and control, and communications.
Figure 8-2. Astronauts McDivitt (L)and White (R) cut ribbon a t University of
Michigan Space Research Laboratory dedication.
The Space Research and Coordination Center of the University of

Pittsburgh was also completed. It will provide additional labora-
tories for space-related programs in the physical sciences, engineering,
materials, structures, and technology utilization. The Lowell Ob-
servatory completed its Planetary Research Center and dedicated it
in May, in conjunction with a symposium on planetary physics. The
Center will provide space for continued and expanded research using
astronomical observations and photographs, and for the collection,
correlation, and exchange of such material relating to the national
space program. The Space Physics Laboratories addition to the
Figure 8-3. NASA trainee tests mass spectrometer, University of Minnesota space
Physics Laboratories.
Figure 8-4. Research on high intensity electric fields, University of Minnesota Space
Physics Laboratories.
GRANTS AND RE,SEARCH CONTRACTS ACTIVITIES ]53
Physics Building at the University of Minnesota (Twelfth Semi-

annual Report, p. 149) was dedicatdin February during theobserv-
ance of the University's114th anniversary. (Figs.8-3 and 8-4.)
Constructionwas initiatedat six other universities which were
awarded facilities grants:Rice UniversitySpace Scienceand Technol-
ogy Center_GeorgiaTech Space Scienceand Technology Building_the
Universityof Maryland Space SciencesBuilding_Purdue University
propulsionsciencesfacilities_ PolytechnicInstitute of Brooklyn aero-
space sciencesfacilities_ and the Universityof Southern California
additionto the human centrifugelaboratories.Constructioncon-
tinuedon schedule at Stanford University_ the University of Iowa_
University of California (Berkeley), University of California (Los
Angeles) _Washington University (ISt. Louis)_ and the University of
Colorado. Buildings at these institutions were more than 75 percent
complete.
Progress continued on design of the eight remaining facilities_ with
bid data being analyzed for four. During this phase of the project,
facilities engineering personnel from a NASA Research Center fur-
nished advice and assisted in review of final plans and specifications.
NASA-University Program Review Conference
A NASA-University Program Review Conference was held in

Kansas City on March 1, 2, and 3. Its purpose was to promote the
exchange of information on activities underway at institutions par-
ticipating in the space program, and to permit the universities to
report on their stewardship of NASA funds. Attendance at the
conference exceeded 500_ and 182 colleges and universities were
represented.
General
The number of universities receiving _ASA funds increased from

178 as of June 30, 1964_ to 203. The number of grant and research
contract awards during the fiscal year ending June 30_ 1965, was 1036_
or 17 percent higher than the 887 awards made during the previous
fiscal year.
INFORMATIONAL-
AND
EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAMS
Representative informational-educational services provided by

NASA during the period included assistance to colleges and universi-
ties in planning space science courses and arranging for summer
teacher workshops, sl)acemobile lecture-demonstrations on space
science and exploration for school children, teachers, and civic groups,
and its exhibits in the United States and overseas on the Nation's
space programs. In the field of scientific and technical information,
the Agency moved to meet the increasing demands of aerospace scien-
tists and engineers for its services by setting up procedures to increase
cooperation with other Government agencies, and at the same time
reduce costs and provide t!ghter management controls. Research in
information storage and retrieval offered a primary example of an
attempt to meet this need.
Educational Programs and Services
In cooperation with the University of Alabama, NASA conducted

conference of educational administrators and teachers from seven
states in the vicinity of the Marshall Space Flight Center. Con-
ferees studied the impact of space science on school curricula and
sought to determine what NASA, working with the educators, might
do to assist them in meeting this challenge.
To meet instructional needs of schools, colleges, and universities in
space science and technology, NASA helped develop educational
154
INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 155
materials at all levels. For example, the Agency published and dis-
tributed NASA Services to College and University Summer Ses-
sibns, Educational Guidance in the Space Age, and Science Education
in the Space Age. Also, "educational briefs" for teachers were devel-
oped and published by the Manned Spacecraft Center and Goddard
Space Flight Center. At Columbia University, curriculum syllabi
in space-related aspects of the physical sciences were being produced,
and other syllabi in space-related aspects of the biological sciences
were being prepared at the University of California (Berkeley).
The Agency assisted more than 275 colleges and universities in
planning space science courses and arranged summer workshops for
about 14,000 teachers. In addition, NASA helped increase public
understanding of the Nation's space program through adult educa-
tion. And it began to plan with Howard University to conduct a
program for culturally-deprived groups in an urban area (New York
City), a suburban area (Jacksonville, Fla.) and a rural area
(Cheneyville, La.).
In its support of youth programs, the Agency cooperated with the
National Science Teachers Association in holding the second annual
series of youth science congresses at 8 NASA Centers and the National
Youth Science Congress in Washington, D.C., June 23-26. NASA
officials assisted in judging and awarding certificates to students for
their space-related projects at the Science Fair-International held in
St. Louis, Me. in May. At the science fair six student winners and
their teachers were rewarded with visits to NASA research centers of
greatest interest to the students.
Spocemobiles
Twenty-seven NASA spacemobile lecture-demonstration teams pro-

vided information on space science and exploration programs to more
than 2.5 million school children, teacher training programs, and civic
groups during this report period. In addition, spacemobile lecturers
made numerous radio presentations and more than 60 TV appearances
before an estimated 10 million viewers. Also, a spacemobile uzlli was
assigned to work with culturally-deprived school districts. Spacemo-
bile lecture-demonstrations were presented daily at the Fifth National
Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space in St. Louis, Me., May 26-
_08. Special programs were also presented at a student conference at
the University of Missouri, May 12-14.
Educational Publications and Films
NASA released several new publications, issued updated editions of

previously published ones, and reprinted a number of articles from
periodicals--all available to requesters without charge. In addition,

the Agency made substantial progress in planning and producing a
number of motion pictures for fi_ee distribution to the general pubfic.
Available publications and films are described in appendix H.
Film Depository Servlces.--By June 30, NASA had cataloged and
stored 6,574,371 feet of motion picture film. About 81,000 feet of
film was made available to producers of educational and documentary
movies and telecasts.
Educational Television and Radio
A number of educational TV programs were produced and distrib-.

uted during this repoI_ period and television networks and stations
were assisted in producing educational materials in the space sciences.
NASA continued producing and distributing its monthly five-minute
program "Aeronautics and Space Report" to over 350 stations. The
"Report" covers a wide range of current NASA activities, including
such developments as Gemini-III, -IV, and -V, astronaut training,
Apollo "boilerplate" tests, Saturn launch vehicles, X-15, V/STOL air-
craft, weather satellites, deep-space tracking, Mariner Mars mission,
simulators, wind tunnel testing, reentry heating, space photography,
_md the U.S. Space Park (New York World's Fair).
In addition ,to original telecasts over the National Educational
Television Network, 45 stations telecast "Space: Man's Great Ad-
venture"--a series of 6 half-hour educational programs dealing with 6
major areas in space and aeronautics. Programs included:
• The Dream that Wouldn't Down--the work of rocketry pioneer
Dr. Robert Goddard.
• Keeping An Eye on Ginny--a TIROS weather satellite tracks
an Atlantic hurricane.
• The People of Pad 37--behind the scenes at Launch Complex
37 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center.
• The Woman's Touch--a lady engineer's contribution to the
space program.
• A Is for Aeronauties--NASA's work in aeron_tutical research
and development.
• Voyage to the Moon--the story of lunar simulators for astro-
naut training and experiments.
Production assistance was given to WHRO-TV (Norfolk, Va.) on
a series of ten 25-minute programs to instruct students in the ninth
grade and above. Telecasts will cover the history of rocketry, rocket
engines and fuels, earth-orbiting satellites and other applications and
scientific satellites, guidance and tracking, Project Mercury_ Gemini,
INFORMATIONAL AND E'DUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 157
•and Apollo missions, lunar studies, and human factors in space.

Final arrangements were also made for the production of two other
educational television series--one emphasizing scientific and techno-
logical advances, the other the mutual relationships 'between man and
space exploration.
In addition, NASA provided technical guidance, advice, and in-
formation, and loaned visual materials to television stations, networks,
and producers. Assistance was given to producers of popular
children's programs on ,the three major TV networks, instructional
programs for ninth-grade science students, and a series of 33 pro-
grams in space science for French-speaking Canadian students. Re-
quests from 500 stations, networks, and producers were handled.
Also, a television and radio production aids library was revised to
meet new requirements and program developments within NASA.
The library contains film dips, slides, photographs, and audio ,tapes
for loan to educational and commercial television stations and
producers.
Educational radio activities also increased during this report period
as production began on a series of 13 half-hour programs on bioastro-
nautics--"Their Other World"--to be released in the fall of 1965.
The programs will cover inCroductory bioastronautics, habitable at-
mospheres, physiological stress factors (acceleration, vibration, noise,
and weightlessness), astronaut selection and training, nutrition,
metabolism, and waste management, radiation effects, space biology,
psychology, neurophysiology, telemetry and bioinstrumentation, and
future concepts in bioastronautics.
Twenty-six programs were produced and distributed in the "Space
Story" series of weekly five-minute radio shows on various facets of
NASA activities. "Space Story" and the 15-minute monChly radio
show "Special Space Story" were distributed to a large number of
requesting radio stations. "Special Space Story" describes a broad
area of space-related work in programs such as Space: Power for the
Future; GT-III Mwnned Space Mission; Activities of the Astro-
nauts; _'_,_" _,_,r
..... Invcstigator._; _T-fV--Men
.... into Space: and
Mariner IV. In addition to these programs, special radio features
were released for specific NASA events.
Exhibits
In response to 199 requests NASA provided exhibits which were

seen by- 2,283,162 persons during the repo_ period. The U.S. Space
Park at ,the New York World's Fair reopened, and its share of total
Fair attendance was running about 100 percent higher than in 1964.
158 NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS ,
An exposition a t the Fifth National Conference on the Peaceful

Uses of Space held in St. Louis, Mo. in May featured the “Faith 7”
and “Molly Brown” spacecraft. (“Faith 7” carried Astronaut Cooper
in the May 1963 Project Mercury flight; “Molly Brown”, Astronauts
Grissom and Young in Project Gemini’s March 1965 mission.) More
than 600 members of the National Conference of Mayors saw this
exhibit. (Fig. 9-1.)
Plans call for future comprehensive exhibits t o highlight the Gemini
program along wilth scientific accomplishments preceding the manned
lunar missions of Project Apollo.
Figure 9-1. “Faith 7” (top) and “ M o l l y Brown” spacecraft, St. Louis, M o . exposition,
M a y 1965.
Scientific and Technical Information
To meet the expanding needs of aerospace scientists and engineers

for its services_ NASA's Scientific and Technical Information Division
set up procedures to increase the exchange of information-processing
data with other Government agencies, reduce unit costs, and provide
tighter management control.
Processin9 Information
Not all of the information in the Agency's storage and retrieval
system is the product of its own research and development; many items
are produced by other agencies such as the Department of Defense
and the Atomic Energy Commission which maintain information
services geared to their own research and development requirements.
For greater efficiency, NASA cooperated with the other agencies in
developing standard procedures for descriptive cataloging and for
preparing subject vocabularies which now make it possible to incor-
porate technical reports of other agencies into the NASA system with-
out reprocessing, and vice versa. To avoid unnecessary duplication
of effort in processing bibliographic and indexing data stored on
magnetic tapes, arrangements were made with the Defense Documen-
tation Center to exchange worksheets used in processing incoming
items and the tapes. The information exchanges enable an agency
receiving a research and development document to use the data pre-
pared by a producing agency immediately.
M icroreproduction of D ocuments.--Doc uments in NASA's informa-
tion collections are distributed in microfiche form as well as in printed
and facsimile copies. The 4- by 6-inch microfiche film--carrying up
to 60 microreproduced pages--offers relatively inexpensive and con-
venient storage of "documents" for immediate use by scientists and
engineers, as well as easy reproduction of all or any of the parts of
the documents. The Federal Council for Science and Technology has
approved standard frame sizes and related dimensions for this sheet
microfilm. During this report period, NASA arranged with the
Atomic Energy Commission and the Clearinghouse for Federal Scien-
tific and Technical Information for microfilm exchanges, so that each
of the agencies will be spared the time and expense of filming docu-
ments received from the others.
Distributins Information
Aerospace literature used by scientists and engineers includes doeu-
_-_° ¢..-_ ¢..--; ...... ;..a ¢,.. _ A_ A ,_ information system
through publications exchange arrangements with foreign govern-
ment agencies, professional societies, academic institutions, research
institutes, and libraries. Since much of this information from abroad

is of interest to private industry working in related fields, arrange-
ments were made for the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and
Technical Information to receive for public sale copies of noncopy-
righted foreign scientific and technical documents originally acquired
by NASA. The documents are also made available to other Govern-
ment agencies to eliminate duplication of effort.
Research on Information Retrieval
Better management controls and research into procedures and equip-

ment to improve information processing result in greater efficiency in
an information system.
Because a literature search with a computer is much faster than by
means of library catalog cards, NASA emphasizes a decentralized
information service with sources of information as physically close
to the user as feasible. Also, because there are practical limits to
dispersing equipment and magnetic tapes, the Agency has joined
others in exploring the possibility of a central searching system with
which local and dispersed installations could communicate directly
and immediately. (For example, a user might sit at a console in a
laboratory, ask a question by pushing a button, and check the answer
on a viewing screen.) NASA has also undertaken research to deter-
mine if the computer can be programed to expand and modify the
literature search.
Technical Publications
A selected list of NASA's scientific and technical purblications is

given in appendix I. In addition, the Agency prepares continuing
bibliographies on selected areas of great interes! to the aerosl)ace com-
munity. The most recent bibliographies prepared were on lasers and
masers, planetary atmospheres, and lubrication, corrosion, and wear.
In continuing efforts to improve the professional and editorial
standards of its technical publications, NASA stressed quality control
in production to increase readability, reduce costs, and afford easier
microfiche reproduction. Type standards and revised format speci-
fications were also introduced.
Historical Program
Publications of NASA's historical staff in various stages of prepara-

tion during the first six months of 1965 included: "Astronautics and
Aeronautics, 1965: Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy";
"Chronology of Major NASA Launehings" (issued quarterly) ; "His-
-torical Sketch of NASA"; "Saturn Illustrated Chronology"; "History

of Project Mercury"; and "Beginnings of Space Science."
' "Astronautics and Aeronautics 1964" was sent to the Govermnent
Printing Office for release in July as SP4005.
Among other major activities of the staff were---
" Arranging for a history of the development of NASA's com-
munications satellites to be written ;
• Assig_-ing a full-time historian to the Agency's Office of Manned
Space Flight for the histories of Projects Gemini and Apollo;
• Prepar{ng for graduate students to participate in NASA's
History, Social Science, and Space Seminar this summer; and
• Transferring the Agency's collections of historical documents
of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to the
National Archives.
On May 20-21, NASA's Historical Advisory Committee held its
second meeting in Washington, D.C.
PERSONNEL,
MANAGEMENT.,
PROCUREMENT,
f
SUPPORT
AND
FUNCTIONS
The Agency's personnel, management, procurement_ and other non-

technical activities were highlighted during the period by further
efforts to improve efficiency and assure the necessary support for all
missions. As the manpower force became fairly stabilized_ the per-
sonnel endeavors were directed toward increased productivity and
more effective use of on-board employees. Organizational improve-
ments were made_ steps were taken to up-grade both financial manage-
ment and procurement practices, and greater emphasis was given to
such areas as technology utilization and NASA relationships with
other government agencies.
Personnel
Personnel activities continued to stress employee-management co-

operation_ increased effectiveness in the recruitment of employees_ and
equal employment opportunities for all qualified persons. Certain
key positions were affected by personnel changes; and recognition was
granted to deserving persons both inside and outside the agency for
their contributions to the space program.
Employee-Management Cooperation
The government-wide program for Employee-Management Co-

operation in Federal Service (Executive Order 10988) received in-
creasing emphasis during the first six months of 1965_ with significant
results. The Langley Research Center and Lodge 892 of the Interna-
tional Association of Machinists (AFL-CIO) concluded negotiations,
and their collective agreement was approved by the NASA_ Admin-
istrator. The Lewis Research Center and Lodge 2182 of the American
Federation of Government Employees (AFL-CIO) concluded nego-
tiations, and their collective agreement was approved by the NASA
Administrator.
162
-PERSONNEL_ MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT_ SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 163
A local affiliate of the AFL-CIO petitioned for recognition of a

.group of non-appropriated fund activity employees (cafeteria work-
ers) at the Manned Spacecraft Center, but recognition was denied.
The denial was based on the U.S. Civil Service Commission's deter-
mination that E.O. 10988 does not apply to non-appropriated fund
employees.
& second majority status determination election was conducted at
the Marshall Space Flight Center. As an outcome of this election,
Lodge 1858, American Federation of Government Employees (AFL-
CIO), was accorded exclusive recognition within an installation-wide
unit consisting of 3,828 employees.
Manpower Researchand Utilization
Selected characteristics and background of 4,779 scientists and en-

gineers hired by NASA between October 1, 1962, and September 30,
1964, were analyzed. Usable information was accumulated from 4#39
individuals. Comparisons were made with information developed in
an earlier study covering 3,448 of 3,710 scientists and engineers hired
during the 15 months ending September 30, 1962.
The 1,857 scientists and engineers appointed during 1964 were about
one-third fewer than the totals hired in 1962 (2,968) and 1963 (2,922).
Of this total, 1,135 were employed by the manned space flight centers.
This represents 60 percent of those hired in 1964, as opposed to about
40-45 percent in 1962-63. The proportion of Ph.D. degree holders
rose from 3.1 percent in 1962 to 4 percent in 1963-64; the proportion of
masters degTee holders rose from 14.2 percent to 15.4 percent.
Three-fourths of those hired said that they were in the upper half
of their undergraduate class. The number who said they were in the
highest quartile rose from 35 percent to 40 percent in 1963-64.
Industry sources accounted for about 40 percent of those hired (up
from 32 percent in 1961-62 study), other Federal organizations ac-
counted for about 25 percent (down from about 33 percent in the
1961-62 study), and college graduates accounted for about 23 percent
(approximately the same as i961-62 study). The remamu_r'1_ came
from other sources such as non-profit organizations.
Equal Employment Opportunity
During the period NA,SA continued taking positive steps to imple-

ment the President's equal employment opportunity program. These
actions generally provided either employment opportunities for quali-
fied Negro applicants, or opportunities and incentives for young Negro
people to acquire the skills necessary for employment in the space age.
The most significant example of affirmative action during this period
207-820 0--66--12
164 I_rASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
was manifested in the high percentage--over 50 percent of the total--

of minority group employees placed at NASA under the President's
Youth Opportunity Campaign.
A second example of these positive actions was the special attention
given to recruiting on the campuses of universities whose student
bodies were primarily composed of minority groups, particularly
Negroes. The actions resulted in appointments from an often over-
looked recruiting source.
Status of Women Program

At _S-9 level and above, 683 women employees occupied permanent
positions as of June 30, 1965. Of this group 173 were in grades _S-12
and above and 100 of the la'tter were in engineering, scientific, and
technical fields.
Each installation designated a Status of Women Coordinator to
work in close association with the Headquarters coordinator to fur-
ther opportunities for employment and career development for women.
A repoYt to the Civil Service Commission covering the period Jan-
uary 1 through June 30, 1965, concerning women employees at the GS-
12 level and above disclosed 6 additions, 3 separations, and 6
promotions.
Status of Personnel Force

NASA increased its staff from 33,108 to 34,049 during the period
from December 31, 1964, to June 30, 1965. The dis_tribution by instal-
lation was:
December 81, June 80,
Organization: Ig6_ 1965
Ames Research Center ........................... 2, 215 2, 270
Electronics Research Center ...................... 117 250
Flight Research Center ........................... 622 669
Goddard Space Flight Center .................... 3, 640 3, 774
John F. Kennedy Space Center .................... 1, 880 2, 464
Langley Research Center ......................... 4, 329 4, 371
Lewis Research Center ........................... 4, 878 4, 897
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center ............ 7_, 639 7, 719
Manned Spacecraft Center ........................ 4, 721 4, 413
Pacific Launch Operations Office .................. 21 21
Wallops Station ................................. 523 554
Western Operations Office ........................ 386 377
Headquarters ................................... 2, 026 2, 135
(AEC/NASA) Space Nuclear Propulsion Office ...... 111 116
JPL Resident Office .............................. 0 19
Total ....................................... 33, 108 34, 049
Trainin9 Activities
A five-day construction negotiators' seminar was developed to review

with NASA managers 'the basic skills and new techniques in negotiat-
PERSONNEL_ MANAGEMENT_ PROCUREMENT_ SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 165
ing and modifying fixed price construction contracts. The course

serves as a refresher for the experienced negotiator and provides in-
sight for the newcomer. Major topics include contracting and man-
agement authority and responsibility, contracting by negotiation,
modifications to construction contracts, the art and techniques of price
negotiation, and the art and technique of cost, price, and profit analysis.
A two-week contract administration seminar was being developed
to provide N_SA personnel with a comprehensive familiarization of
the NASA contract administration plan. In addition, the course fur-
nishes familiarization with the DOD contract administration services
organization and operations throughout the country.
A two-day intermediate refresher incentive contracting seminar was
being developed. Tile principal emphasis of the seminar will be on
the development of a negotiation position, on proposal analysis, on
counter-proposal and negotiation strategy, on administration of the
incentive arrangement, and on contractor relations.
Continued emphasis was given to established seminars and training
programs including the NASA-PERT and companion cost system
seminar, the conflict of interest and standards of conduct training pro-
gram, the procurement management seminar, the quality assurance
training program, the graduate study program, the cooperative educa-
tion program, and the management intern program.
Each of these seminars and training programs was geared to increas-
ing employee productivity, promoting efficiency and achieving economy
in the operations of the agency. These efforts are a par_ of the overall
efforts to improve the quality of the agency staff.
Key Executive Personnel Chonges

During the first half of 1965, NASA appointed six people to key
positions within the Agency and reassigned six others. One official
retired and four others resigned to accept positions outside the agency.
Key Executive Appointments.--On March 1, Douglas C. Burrows
,,'as appointed as Special Assistant to the Deputy Associate Adminis-
trator. He had served as a consultant to NASA from June 30, 1964,
on leave from the corporate offices of the General Dynamics Corpora-
tion, New York, where he had served as Corporate Comptroller.
Dr. Richard L. Lesher was appointed (May 9) Deputy Assistant
Administrator for Technology Utilization. From June, 1964, until
this appointment, he had served as a consultant. Dr. Lesher came to
NASA from the Ohio State ....
unlv_,_,.a,:
.... ;+-, _,_lnrnhus.__
...... , where he h'ad been
an Assistant Professor of Business Organization.
Robert C. Langford was appointed (June 1) AssiStant Director for
Guidance and Control, the NASA Electronics Research Center. Dr.
Langford had previously been Director of Research, General Precision, "

Inc., Little Falls, N.J.
On June 6, Grove Webster was appointed Director of Personnel for
NASA. Mr. Webster joined NASA in October 1959, was made Deputy
Director of Personnel in June 1963, and served as Acting Director
from January 1, 1965, until this appointment.
On June 6, John J. Williams was appointed Assistant Director for
Spacecraft Operations, the John F. Kennedy Space Center. He had
served as Acting Assistant Director from January 1, 1965. Previously
he had been Assistant Manager of the Manned Spacecraft Center's
"Florida Operations," in the coordination of Gemini integra'tion,
('heekout, and preflight activities.
On June 21, Julian H. Bowman (Brig. Gen., U.S. Air Force, Ret.)
was appointed as a Special Assistant to the Associate Administrator
for Manned Space Flight June 21, 1965. (He entered on duty with
NASA July 12.)
Reassignmwt,_..--On February 14, Clyde Bothmer was appointed
Director, NASA Office of Industry Affairs (Pentagon). He moved
to this assignment from the position of Director, Manned Space
Flight Management Operations, an office he had held since Novem-
ber 1, 1963. Mr. Bothmer joined NASA in April 1962 as Executive
Assistant to the Director, Office of Manned Space Flight (currently
the Associated Administrator for Manned Space Flight).
Frank A. Bogart (Lt. Gen., U.S. Air Force, Ret.) was appointed
Director, Matured Space Flight Management Operations, on Feb-
ruary 14. General Bogart joined NASA on December 1, 1964, as a
Special Assistant to the Associate Administrator for Manned Space
Flight.
John R. Croxall was appointed Director of Financial Management
(April 11). He had been Assistant Director of Financial Manage-
ment (for Systems) from September 29, 1963.
On June 1, William B. Rieke was appointed Deputy Associate Ad-
ministrator for Industry Affairs. Mr. Rieke joined NASA as Deputy
Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight (Management)
November 1, 1964.
Francis J. Sullivan was appointed Director, Electronics and Con-
trol Division, Office of Advance Research and Technology on June 6.
He had served as the Deputy Director of this division from November
1963, and as Acting Director from November 1964.
On June 30, Franklyn W. Phillips was appointed Assistant Director
for Administration of the NASA Electronics Research Center. Mr.
Phillips had been I)irectol:, NASA North Eastern Office, in
Cambridge, Mass., from the time of its organization in August 1962.
Previously, he had been an Assistant to the Administrator of NASA.
PERSONNEL, MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 167
Terminations. Carlton Bioletti retired (March 4) from the posi-

tion of Project Manager, Project Biosatellite, at the Ames Research
Center. He had been in this position since April 1963. Previously
he had been an Assistant Director of the Center (1950-1955) and
Senior Scientist (October 1958-April 1963) at the Center. Mr.
Bioletti joined the staff of the former NACA in July 1930.
Robert B. Lewis resigned (April 10) to accept the position of Deputy
Comptroller for Accounting and Finance Policy of the Assistant Sec-
retary of Defense (Comptroller). He had served NASA as Director
of Financial Management from October 1961.
George Friedl, Jr., resigned from the position of Deputy Associate
Administrator for Industry Affairs on June 1. He had joined NASA
in this capacity on June 29, 1964.
Dr. George L. Simpson resigned (June 25) to accept the position of
Chancellor, University System of Georgia. From July 1, 1964, he
had served in the position of Associate Deputy Administrator; and
from November 1, 1963, in the dual capacity of Assistant Deputy Ad-
ministrator (and) Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization
and Policy Planning. Dr. Simpson joined NASA in September 1962
as Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs.
On June 30, 1965, General William F. McKee (U.S. Air Force, Ret.)
resigned to accept his appointment as Administrator, Federal Aviation
Administration. He had served NASA as Assistant Administrator
for Management Development from September 1, 1964.
NASA Awards and Honors
Special honorary recognition was given to individuals and groups
for their contributions to the Nation's space program.
NASA Distinguished Service Medal.--Two individuals received
this award :
Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Headquarters, for distinguished service to
the United States, through his outstanding leadership as Associate
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ior more than four/ears. During this time, he demonstrated the abil-
ity to bring together into a framework of effective action thousands
of industrial organizations, tens of thousands of scientists and engi-
neers, and hundreds of thousands of aerospace workers.
Virgil I. Grissom, Manned Spacecraft Center, for his performance
as the first astronaut to make two space flights and for his dedicated
service in both the Mercury and Gemini programs. Astronaut Gris-
som exemplifies the highest qualities of courage, leadership, and
competence.
NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal.--This award was presented
to Lt. Gen. Walter K. Wilson, Jr., for his outstanding leadership as
Chief of Enginers, U.S. Army. General Wilson directed the effective •

application and use of the Corps of Engineers resources in the design
and construction of facilities critical to the successful exploration of
space by the United States and to the application of the Nation's space
technology for the benefit of mankind.
NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement.--This medal was pre-
sented to Harris M. Schurmeier, JPL, for significant contributions to
science and engineering. As Director of Project Ranger, he made out-
standing contributions to the three highly successful Ranger flights to
the Moon which collected more than 20,000 high resolution television
photographs of the lunar surface, vastly increasing man's knowledge
of our nearest neighbor in space.
NASA Exceptional Service MedaL--Two individuals were presented
this award :
John W. Young, Manned Spacecraft Center, for outstanding con-
tributions to space flight and engineering. His performance during
the first two-man Gemini flight and his demonstration of the technol-
ogy required for maneuverable spacecraft operation were outstanding
contributions to the advancement of knowledge of the space environ-
ment and demonstration of man's capabilities in space flight.
Virgil I. Grissom, Manned Spacecraft Center, also received this
award for outstanding contributions to space flight and engineering.
His performance during the first two-man Gemini flight and his dem-
onstration of the technology required for maneuverable spacecraft
operation were outstanding contributions to the advancement of
knowledge of the space environment and demonstration of man's capa-
bilities in space flight.
NASA Public Service Awavd.--This award was granted posthu-
mously to Dr. Daniel Klute, Roeketdyne, North American Aviation,
for outstanding supervisory and technical contributions in solvifig the
F-1 engine combustion stability problem and for simultaneously
achieving engine performance levels above the requirements for early
Saturn V Apollo missions.
Special Service Award.--One cash award in the amount of $1,000
was presented to Gerald T. Smith, Ames Research Center, for studies
resulting in major improvements in the Apollo guidance system.
NASA Group Achievement Award.--One group award covering
the contributions of two Headquarters personnel and 22 Goddard
Space Flight Center personnel was presented for "outstanding team-
work and group effort in the planning and execution of the Syncom
program which has significantly advanced the position of the United
States as the leading nation in the field of satellite communications."
.PERSONNEL, MANAGEMEN% PROCUREMENT, SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 169
Outside Honorary Awards
° The following represent the significant honorary awards presented

to NASA personnel :
President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service.--
Presented to Dr. Horaer E. Newell, Headquarters, for his distinguished
service as a scientist and administrator and his leadership in establish-
ing an internationally preeminent U.S. research program in Space
Science and Applications.
Arthur S. Flem/ming Awards.--NASA personnel received four of
the 10 awards granted to outstanding men under age 40. Recipients
were Dr. Robert Jastrow, Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Dr.
Joseph Shea, Manned Spacecraft Center; Wesley J. Hjornevik,
Manned Spacecraft Center; and Leonard Ja_e, Headquarters.
National Civil Service League Award.--This award was presented
to Dr. Homer E. Newell, Headquarters, for his leadership in the scien-
tific community and his direction of scientific accomplishments in
communications satellites, in Project Ranger, and in Project Mariner.
Inventions and Contributions Board
The Inventions and Contributions Board was established by the

Space Act (1958) and assigned several functions. It considers peti-
tions from NASA contractors for waiver of rights to inventions made
under NASA contracts, makes findings of fact, and recommends pro-
posed action to the Administrator. It evaluates scientific and techni-
cal contributions received from all sources whether made by employees
of NASA or its contractors, or by other contributors, and recommends
to the Administrator monetary awards for those found to be of signifi-
cant value in the space program. In addition, it evaluates and, on its
own cognizance, makes monetary awards on inventions made by NASA
employees. It conducts hearings as provided by the Space Act of
1958 on petitions for waiver or applications for award upon request
of the petitioner or applicant. (Appendix E lists Board members.)
Patent Waiver Petitions Granted or Denied

During this period, the Board processed 54 petitions for waiver of
patent rights, recommending that 41 be granted and 13 denied. Of
these petitions, 17 were based on the NASA Patent Waiver Regula-
tions effective October 29, 1959, and 37 on the new revised regulations
-_';_- S_pt_mb_r 28. 1964. (All petitions received by the Board on
or after October 20, 1964, were considered under t,_'l_ newcr regu!o.-
tions.) A list of waivers granted and denied by the Administrator
during the period is given in appendix F.
Contributions Awards
The Board received 2,014 communications relating to potential

scientific and technical contributions that might be considered under
Section 306 of the Space Act.
The Board evaluated 1,180 new contributions. No awards were
granted under the authority of Section 306.
Inventions Awards
By Administrative regulation, the Board is authorized under its

own cognizance to make monetary awards in amounts not to exceed
$5,000 for patentable inventions made by NASA employees which do
not qualify for Space Act awards. Sixty-five such awards were made
during the first six months of 1965. These are listed in appendix G.
Or9anizational Improvements
On February 15, the Headquarters Office of Advanced Research

and Technology established a Mission Analysis Di_on at the Ames
Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. The new division is responsi-
ble for studying research and technology requirements of possible
future NASA missions. This headquarters division was placed at
a research center in order to isolate the group from day-to-day manage-
ment activities at Headquarters and to provide it with ready access
to research and computing facilities.
NASA Iteadquarters Office of Industry Affairs established an office
in the Pentagon and assigned a full-time representative to maintain
closer liaison between NASA and the military departments. The
NASA representative will coordinate matters of mutual interest in
the areas of procurement and contract managemen't, including quality
assurance.
Organizational changes ill the Office of Administration, effective May
17, clarified responsibilities of that Office among three officials: the
Deputy Associate Administrator for Administration, the Director
of Management Coordination, and the Director of Headquarters
Administration.
The Management Analysis Division was disbanded and two new
staff groups were established: a Management Analysis and Research
Staff, to assist in solving Agency-wide management problems; and
a Methods and Procedures Staff, to assist in developing methods and
procedures and in resolving related problems at Headquarters.
The Deputy Associate Administrator for Administration retains
overall responsibility for all of .the activities of the Office of Admin-
istration. The realigned organization will allow him more freedom
to concentrate on Agency-wide problems and will provide for im-

proved administrative support and services to all Agency elements.
Financial Management
NASA's financial management activity continued to emphasize the

improvement of accounting and reporting techniques. To this end,
a review was made of the Agency's overall accounting and reporting
capability. This effort produced the first complete inventory of the
total financial reporting system data content at _he Headquarters
level. It also set the pattern for more detailed studies being made in
connection with the development of a financial management data
master reporting plan which will isolate data gaps and redundancies.
Substantial progress was made in the preparation of additional
sections of a Financial Management Manual to document the Agency's
financial policies and procedures. Supplementing this, an Accrual
Accounting Handbook was developed to provide specific illustrations
of various techniques by which the general accrual principles of ac-
counting can be applied. Although primarily applicable to NASA's
own accounting, the Hand_oook's concepts may also be useful in guid-
ing the accrual practices of contractors. A set of guidelines was also
prepared for the use of field installations in developing data on com-
puter services costs and allocating such costs to the programs served.
To provide certain types of cost information to program offices,
field installations, and functional managers, NASA designed an
agency-wide cost reporting system relating to the maintenance, repair,
and operation of general and special purpose facilities. This system
was reviewed by Headquarters and field installations and was being
completed.
The "user charges" activities of all NASA installations were re-
viewed to determine how effectively the overall "user charges" program
was being conducted. This is a program through which non-Govern-
ment individuals or businesses are charged for special services or for
use of Government, property ";hen the benefits they derive from such
service or use are greater than those accruing to the public at large.
A consolidated Agency report to the President was prepared follow-
ing the review, indicating the actions NASA will take to expand
the program.
Fiscal Year 1966 Program
q_t.l._,_,,_! S_..v
.....,,_ th,_
........I_v_1 of effort in research and development, con-
struction of facilities, and administrative operations for fiscal year
1966, as authorized by the National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration Authorization Act of 1966.
TABLE 1. NASA appropriation authorizations fiscal year 1966
[In thousands]
Research and development:
Gemini ..................................................... $242, 100
Apollo ...................................................... 2, 973, 385
Advanced missions ........................................... 10, 000
Physics and astronomy ....................................... 165, 900
Lunar and planetary exploration .............................. 213, 115
Bioscience .................................................. 31, 500
Meteorological satellites ....................................... 42, 700
Communication satellites ..................................... 2, 800
Applications technology satellites ............................. 28,700
Launch vehicle development .................................. 63, 600
Launch vehicle procurement .................................. 178, 700
Space vehicle systems ........................................ 35, 000
Electronics system ........................................... 34, 400
Human factor systems ........................................ 14, 900
Basic research ............................................... 22, 000
Nuclear-electric systems ...................................... 27, 000
Nuclear rockets .............................................. 58, 000
Solar and chemical power .................................... 14, 200
Chemical propulsion .......................................... 36, 200
Aeronautics ................................................. 42, 200
Tracking and data acquisition ................................ 246, 20()
Sustaining university program ................................ 46, 000
Technology utilization ........................................ 4, 750
Total, Research and Development ........................... 4, 533, 350
Construction of Facilities ......................................... 67, 376

Administrative Operations ........................................ 596, 100
Total .................................................... 5, 196, 826
Financial Report, June 30, 1965
Table 2 shows funds obligated and disbursed during fiscal year 1965
by program area. Appended is a summary by appropriation showing
current availability, obligations against this .ivailability, and unobli-
gated balances as of June 30, 1965.
Cost Reduction
Through its continuing effort to reduce operating costs, NASA's

Cost Reduction Report to the President for the first half of fiscal year
1965 (submitted during this report period) showed a savings of
$100,369,000. Additional savings of $114,781,000 were achieved during
this period for a fiscal year total (to June 30) of $215,150,000. It is
anticipated tlmt savings for the entire fiscal year 1965 will either meet
or exceed the goal of $175 million. (These figures do not include
TABLE 2. Status of appropriations as of June 30, 1965

[In thousands]
Appropriations Obligation_ Dis_)urseraeuts I
Research and development:

Gemini .................................... $308, 349 $300, 589
Apollo .................................... 2, 708, 803 2, 539, 176
Advanced missions ......................... 20, 269 15, 731
Completed missions ......................... 6, 328 1,704
Physics and astronomy ...................... 144, 694 115, 187
Lunar and planetary exploration ............. 205, 957 212,018
Sustaining university program ............... 45, 590 27, 098
Launch vehicle development ................. 95, 622 96, 955
Unmanned vehicle procurement .............. 145, 198 121,168
Bioscience ................................. 29, 699 25, 692
Meteorological satellites ..................... 30, 141 33, 292
Communications satellites ................... 5, 572 7, 223
Applications technology satellites ............. 29, 764 25, 340
Manned space sciences ...................... 11, 605 4, 824
Basic research program ...................... 22, 527 18, 564
Space vehicle systems ....................... 45, 946 42, 508
Electronic systems .......................... 27, 971 23, 159
Human factor systems ...................... 15, 650 12, 269
Nuclear-electric systems ..................... 38, 568 37, 681
Nuclear rockets ............................ 58, I01 65, 511
Chemical propulsion ........................ 60, 510 54, 893
Chemical and solar power ................... 15, 169 11,025
Aeronautics ................................ 36, 061 18, 430
Tracking and data acquisition ................ 259, 818 169, 941
Technology utilization ...................... 4, 302 3, 503
Operations ................................ 980 3, 275
Reimbursable ............................... 76, 555 71, 011
Total, Research and Development .......... 4, 435, 133 4, 057, 767

Construction of Facilities ........................ 523, 444 534, 576
Administrative Operations ....................... 622, 318 580,089
Current 2 avail- Total obli- Unobligated

Appropriation summary ability gation_ balance
P__rch and Development .......... $4, 681,399 $4, 435, 133 $246, 266
Construction of Facilities ............ ol a
o_v, a_a
_vv 523. 444 293, 492
Administrative Operations ........... 625, 607 622, 318 3, 2S9
This column lists all disbursements made during tlle current fiscal year, regardless of wl_en the funds were
obligated and excludes appropriation reimbursements deposited.
2 The availability listed includes anticipated reimbursable authority.
approximately $60 million of savings which were reported to NASA

by its contractors for the last half of 1964 for the initial effort under
the NASA-Contractor Cost Reduction Program0)
During the period, the Cost Reduction Program placed increased
emphasis on employee motivation and recognition. This was accom-
plished by two specific actions: (1) A contest was conducted for a"
Cost Reduction slogan and a Cost Reduction symbol, and prizes were
offered for each at all NASA Installations and Headquarters. Grana
prizes were offered for the best slogan and for the best symbol. (2)
Each NASA employee or unit which effects a savings of $500 or more
is to be given individual recognition. This individual recognition is
to begin at the Installation level and as the amount saved increases,
the value or recognition will be changed accordingly.
Procurement
During the period, NASA continued to make improvements ill its

management of procurement activities, policies, and practices. Areas
of effort included new or revised procurement directives, incentive con-
tracting, contract administration, the Contracts Equal Employment
Program, and the Agency's overall contract management.
SigniFicant Procurement Issuances
A number of significant directives were issued to comply with new

laws or to reflect better means of achieving procurement efficiency.
One of the most important of these was the procurement directive
implementing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI), with respect
to federal financial assistance programs or _tctivities administered
by the Agency.
NASA programs falling within the purview of Title VI of the Act
include grants made under the authority of Public Law 85-934, certain
contracts entered into with non-profit institutions of higher education
or with non-profit organizations whose primary purpose is the conduct
of scientific research, training grants made under the authority of
the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, and facilities grants
made under authority of annual NASA authorization and appropria-
tion acts.
The implementing directive affecting these program areas requires
recipients of such grants and contracts to execute an "Assurance of
Compliance" statement. The statement must say that no person in
the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin,
be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or other-
wise be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity re-
ceiving Federal financial assistance from NASA.
In addition to this procurement directive, other significant revi-
sions to the NASA Procurement Regmlations were issued during the
first six months of 1965, including Taxes (Part 11), Types of Con-
tracts (Part 3, Subpart 4), and the addition of Part 1, Subpart 15,
(options) relating to certain services and supplies contracts.
PERSONNEL_ MANAGEMENT_ PROCUREMENT_ SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 175
"Incentive Contracting
- NASA continued to emphasize the value of the objectives of incen-

tives in contracts and the need for a proper structure of the incentive
arrangements if these objectives are to be achieved. Among the note-
worthy accomplishments of the period was the issuance of the NASA
Incentive Contracting Guide, Second Edition, (NPC No. 403), for use
in training courses and as a reference manual for NASA and contrac-
tor personnel. The Guide is a complete revision of the previous pub-
lication which was issued in 1962.
During the period January through June 1965, the total number
and value of incentive contracts being administered increased by 53
contracts and $1,111.2 million. This growth was accomplished by
new procurement, 45 contracts, target value $375.8 million; changes,
extensions, additions to contracts, target value $48.2 million; and con-
version of CPFF contracts, eight contracts, target value $687.1 million.
The program to conver_ CPFF contracts to incentive type contracts
was concentrated on those in which the work yet to 'be performed is
of sufficient value to justify the administrative costs of making the
conversions. Four major contracts converted during the period
(NAS9-170, NAS9497, NAS8-4016, and NAS7-1_2) have a dollar
value of $685.7 million. Negotiations and exploratory discussions
were underway with various other contractors performing substantial
segments of the space program, with the intention of converting other
major CPFF contracts to incentive types.
A detailed evaluation of the effectiveness of major NASA incentive
contracts was initiated. This study is expected to improve our knowl-
edge of the techniques of structuring incentive arrangements. Addi-
tionally, it should provide a foundation for any revision of policies
or practices which may be found appropriate.
Contract Administration
NASA was placing more emphasis on the post-award phases of

procurement, or contract a dminisLra_ion. The Agency plans to make
greater use of the capabiIities of the Department of Defense in the
contract administration area. Of particular significance was the es-
tablishment of the Defense Contract Administration Services Regions
by the DOD. These Regions will have the capabilities necessary to
perform contract administration services functions for NASA, and the
intention is to u_ these capabilities to the maximum extent.
Contracts Employment Opportunity Program
The primary objectives of NASA's Contracts Equal Employment

Program are to assure compliance with the Equal Opportunity Con-
tract clause required by Executive Order 10925, March 6, 1961, and to"
encourage government contractors to initiate community level pro-
grams and activities to further the interest and purpose of the Execu-
tive Order.
The first objective is to conduct comprehensive reviews of contractor
facilities, making recommendations for corrective or affirmative actions
when necessary. Fifty-seven reviews were conducted during the first
six months of 1965.
The second objective is realized through individual or group con-
tractor initiative within local communities. Two Government con-
tractor groups, The Association of Huntsville Area Contractors, and
The Cape Kennedy Aerospace Industries Association, were taking
positive steps at the community level for concerted action in the areas
of employment, education, housing, local facilities, and community
relations.
Summary of Contract Awards
NASA's procurements for the last six months of FY 1965 totaled

$2,259 million. This is 15 percent less than was awarded during the
corresponding period of FY 1964.
Approximately 78 percent of the net dollar value was placed directly
with business firms, 5 percent with educational and o_her nonprofit
institutions, 5 percent with the California Institute of Technology for
operation of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and 12 percent with or
through other government agencies.
Contracts Awarded to Private Industry.--Ninety percent of the
dollar value of procurement requests placed by NASA with other
government agencies resulted in contracts with industry awarded by
those agencies on behalf of NASA. Ill addition, about 78 percent of
the funds placed by NASA under the Jet Propulsion Laboratory con-
tract resulted in subcontracts or purchases with business firms. In
short, about 92 percent of NASA's procurement dollars was contracted
to private industry.
Fifty-eight percent of the total direct awards to business represented
competitive procurements, either through formal advertising or com-
petitive negotiation. An additional 13 percent represented actions on
follow-on contracts placed with companies that had previously been
selected on a competitive basis to perform the research and develop-
ment on the applicable project. In these instances, selection of another
source would have resulted in additional cost to the Government by
reason of duplicate preparation and investment. The remaining 29
percent included contracts for facilities required at contractors' plants
for performance of their NASA research and development effort, con-
tracts arising from unsolicited proposals offering new ideas and con-
cepts, contracts employing unique capabilities, and procurements of
.gole-source items.
Reflecting the fact that NASA's procurements are primarily for
research and development, 59 percent of the awards to business were
placed under cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts. However, in line with
NASA's policy to include incentive provisions in its contracts, where-
ever appropriate, 24 percent of the awards represented incentive-type
contracts. Sixteen percent of the awards were placed under firm
fixed-price contracts.
_gmall Business Participation.--Small business filTnS received 10 per-
cent of NASA's direct awards to business. Excluding the 20 largest
awards which were for major systems and hardware requiring re-
sources not generally within the capability of small business on a prime
contract basis, small business received 18 percent of the total awards
to business.
Participation in Subcontracts.--In addition to the $173 million of
direct awards from NASA, small business received $237 million in sub-
contract awards. These subcontract awards include I_28 million
from 57 large business firms participating in NASA's Small Business
Subcontracting Program and $9 million from the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. Thus, small
business received a known amount of $410 million of NASA's dollars
during the six months plus an undetermined amount from other NASA
prime contractors and from other Government agencies including the
Department of Defense on behalf of NASA. The $410 million con-
stituted 22 percent of NASA's awards to business and JPL during the
period.
GeograpMcal Distribution o/Prime Contracts.--W_thin the United
States, NASA's prime contract awards were distributed among 50
States and the District of Columbia. Business firms in 46 States, and
educational institutions and other nonprofit institutions in 50 States
and the District of Columbia participated in the awards. Nine per-
cent of the awards weni t,o 1__._1_,,g,,-phl_........_r_a._ located in 21 States.
Subcontractlng.--Subcontracting effected a further distribution of
the prime contract awards. NASA's major prime contractors located
in 23 States reported that their larger subcontract awards on NASA
effort had gone to 1600 subcontractors in 44 States and that 65 percent
of these subcontract dollars had crossed States lines.
Major Contract Awards.--Among the major research and develop-
ment aggregate contract awards by _' _ A dur:ng" _1_¥_ 1965 were
the following :
178 NASA THIRTEE_qTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
(1) North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif., NAS9-150..

Design develop and test three-man earth to moon and return Apollo
spacecraft. Awarded $582 million; cumulative awards $1,542
million.
(2) The Boeing Company, New Orleans, La. NAS8-5608. Design,
develop, and fabricate the S-IC Stage of the Saturn V vehicle and
construct facilities in support of the S--IC stage. Awarded $247
million ; cumulative awards $483 million.
(3) Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., Bethpage, N.Y., NAS9-
1100. Lunar excursion module development for the Apollo Program.
Awarded $243 million ; cumulative awards $393 million.
(4) 5Torth American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif., NAS7-200.
Design, develop, fabricate and test the S-II stage of the Saturn V
vehicle. Awarded $216 million; cumulative awards $433 million.
(5) Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif., NAS7-
101. Design, develop and fabricate the S-IVB stage of the Saturn V
vehicle and associated ground support equipment. Awarded $200
million ; cumulative awards $377 million.
(6) McDonnell Aircraft Corp., St. Louis, Mo, NAS9-170. Design
and develop two-man Gemini spacecraft. Awarded $167 million;
cumulative awards $658 million.
(7) 'General Electric Company, Daytona Beach, Fla., NASw-410.
Overall integration; checkout and reliability of Apollo space vehicle
system. Awarded $121 million; cumlative awards $243 million.
(8) General Dynamics Corp., San Diego_ Calif., NAS3-3232.
Develop, fabricate and deliver Centaur vehicles and support equip-
men.t. Awarded $88 million; cumulative awards $256 million.
(9) Chrysler Corporation, New Orleans, La., NAS8-4016. Fabri-
cate, assemble_ checkout and static test Saturn S-1 stage. Provide
product improvement program and spare parts support. Modify
areas of Michoud Plant assigned to contractor. Awarded $83 million;
(10) Aeroj_t General Corp., Azusa, Calif., SNP-1. Design_ de-
velop and produce a nuclear powered rocket engine (NERVA).
(11) North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif., NAS8-
5604. Procure 1,500,000-pound thrust F-1 rocket engines with sup-
porting services and hardware. Awarded $66 million; cumulative
awards $123 million.
(12) North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif., NAS8-
5603. Procure 200,000-pound thrust J-2 rocket engines with sup-
porting services arid hardware. Awarded $65 million; cumulative
awards $117 million.
PERSONNEL, MANAGEMENT_ PROCUREMENT_ SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 179
(13) General Motors Corp., Milwaukee, Wis., NAS9-497. Guid-

ance computer subsystem for Apollo command service module.
Awarded $65 million; cumulative awards $112 million.
(14) North American Aviation, Inc., Ca noga Park, Calif., NASw-
16. Develop and fabricate 1,500,000-pound thrust F-1 rocket engine.
Awarded $62 million; cumulative awards $291 million.
(15) North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif., NASS-
19. Develop 200,000-pound thrust J-2 rocket engine. Awarded $52
million; cumulative awards $186 million.
(16) The Boeing Company, Seattle, Wash, NAS1-3800. Develop
and fabricate lunar orbiter spacecraft systems. Awarded $48 million;
(17) International Business Machines Corp., Rockville, Md.,
NASS-14000. Fabrication, assembly and checkout of Instrument
Units for Saturn IB and V vehicles. Awarded $36 million (new
contract).
(18) Collins Radio Company, Richardson, Tex., NAS5-9035.
Desigzl and fabricate S-Band tracking data equipment and com-
ponenents. Awarded $26 million (new contract).
(19) Catalytic Construction, Philadelphia, Pa., NAS10-1138.
Management services, fabrication, installation and checkout of Pro-
pellant Servicing Systems. Saturn Launch Complex No. 39A.
(20) Radio Corporation of America, Van Nuys, Calif., NAS8-
13007. Fabrication of Saturn IB and Saturn V Ground Computer
Systems. Awarded $25 million (new contract).
Major Contractors.---The 25 contractors receiving largest direct
awards (net value) during fiscal year 1965 were as follows:
(1) North American Aviation, Inc. *Downey, Calif.

(2) Boeing Company, *New Orleans, La.
(3) Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., Bethpage, N.Y.
(4) Douglas Aircraft Co. Inc., *Santa Monica, Calif.
(5) General Electric Company, *Huntsville, Ala.
(6) McDonnell '"
Alrcralb ,, kJorD.
,-, _ o_ lJuulo,
, oh.T ^..:_ __a_.v.
(7) International Business Machines Corp., *Huntsville, Ala.
(8) Aerojet-General Corp., *Sacramento, Calif.
(9) General Dynamics Corp., *San Diego, Calif.
(10) Radio Corporation of America, *Princeton, N.J.
(11) Chrysler Corporation, *New Orleans, La.
(12) General Motors Corp., *Milwaukee, Wis.
(13) Bendix Corporation, *Teterboro, N.J.
*Awards during period represent award_ on several contracts which have different
principal places of performance. The place shown is that which has the largest amount
of the awards.
207-820 0 - 66 - 13
180 NASA THIRTI_E_TH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
(14) TRW Space Technology Laboratories, *Redondo Beach,-

Calif.
(15) United Aircraft Corp., *West Palm Beach, Fla.
(16) Sperry Rand Corp., *St. Paul, Minn.
(17) Lockheed Aircraft Corp., *Sunnyvale, Calif.
(18) Collins Radio Company, *Richardson, Tex.
(19) Brown Engineering Co., Inc., *Huntsville, Ala.
(20) Philco Corporation, *tIouston, Tex.
(21) Hayes International Corp., *Birmingham, Ala.
(22) Honeywell, Inc., *St. Petersburg, Fla.
(2.3) Hughes Aircraft Company, *Culver City, Calif.
(24) Catalytic Construction Co., *Merritt Island, Fla.
(25) Trans World Airlines, Inc., Various.
Technology Utilization
The Agency's technology utilization program made substantial

progress in the areas of identifying new technology and refining and
expanding efforts to disseminate technical information to potential
users. A policy on foreign inquiries was established.
Since the end of 1963 a new technology clause has been included in
all new NASA contracts and in existing ones when renewed. This
clause, as revised, requires the contractor to report all new technology
in the form of patents, innovations, and advances in the state-of-the-
art. The administration of this clause, including an expanding pro-
gram of contractor education about the requirements of the clause, has
led to a substantial increase in contractor reporting of new technology
developments.
Contractor-reported new teclmology developments, plus a continued
program of reporting on NASA in-house research, resulted in many
more developments being published in the form of "Tech Briefs" and
other technology utilization publications. As of May 30, 1965, 376
Tech Briefs had been published and disseminated. They covered the
electrical, energy sources, materials, mechanical, and life sciences fields.
In the identification area concerning technology surveys, two sur-
veys-NASA Contributions to Inorganic Coatings, and Valve Tech-
nology-were completed. They were printed and disseminated, the
former I'equiriug a second printing of 5,000 copies to fill requests be-
yond the initial dissemination. Three more surveys (Plasma Jet
Technology, Hazardous Materials Handling, and Microelectronics
Applications) were in printing, and 17 more, ranging from human
*Awards during period represent awards on several contracts which have different
principal places of performance. The place shown is that which has the largest amount
of the awards.
pERSONNEL_ MANAGEMENT_ PROCUREMENT_ SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 181
engineering to gasket and seal technology, were in various stages of

preparation. A total of 26 surveys were to be expected through FY
65 funding.
Continued efforts were being made to distribute information on Tech
Briefs and other technology utilization publications to the scientific
and technical trade journals and other news media. At the end of the
period, the notification mailing list contained over 2,000 journals and
news media, divided into several groupings. This list provides the
capability to selectively notify the listees of new publications which
become available for sale.
In addition, dissemination of technical information to potential
users through pilot operations at regional centers continued. Close
review of the operations was maintained in both the established region-
al dissemination centers at Midwest Research Institute and Indiana
University and the newer activities at Wayne State University (De-
troit), the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Maryland, the
North Carolina Science and Technology Research Center_ and South-
eastern State College (Durant, Okla.). The purpose of these reviews
is to determine which operating practices have been most effective.
Also, another contract was signed with the University of New Mexico
to establish a similar center.
Nearly 100 subscribing member companies (at rates from $500 to
$15,000 per year) were participating in the regional dissemination
program. More than 550 companies have received extensive service,
and a total of nearly 3,500 companies have received some service
through this program.
Labor Relations
NASA continued to administer its labor relations program through

its Office of Labor Relations. This effort is essentially a program
designed to anticipate and resolve labor disputes which might inter-
rupt the NASA program. The program includes the responsibility
to rp_uolve labor problems which result in work stoppages at NASA
centers. NASA was continually assisted in the administration of this
program by the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission, the De-
partment of Labor, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,
the Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Air Force.
During the first half of 1965, nearly ]_5_000 man-days were lost be-
cause of labor work stoppages at NASA centers. These disputes were
...... "_ at ¢_e Joh,, _" lr_,_n_dy gpace Center and Mississippi Test
Facility (MTF). Major disputes involved jurisdictional claims be-
tween rival unions and disputes between unions and non-union
contractors.
182 NASA THIRTRENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
With regard to 1965 labor negotiations involving all major aero- "
space companies, only one labor negotiation was settled. Sixteen addi-
tional contracts were to be opened for renewal during the second half
of the year. All aerospace negotiations are being conducted with the
assistance of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation ,Service.
NASA intends to continue a vigorous program of preventive labor
relations to keep losses of man-days due to labor disputes at NASA
Centers even below the level of second quarter of the year. In addi-
tion, the Agency intends to assist whenever possible to prevent or
resolve disputes in plants of aerospace contractors when such disputes
affect its programs.
Defense and Interagency Affairs
NASA maintains close coordination with other governmental agen-

cies, industry, and the segment of the scientific community having an
interest in aeronautics and space. 'Such coordination is carried out by
direct and frequent contracts of personnel at all levels, through formal
organizations such as the NASA-DOD Aeronautics and Astronautics
Coordinating Board, through ad hoc groups and advisory boards, and
through various agreements. During the January 1 through June 30
period, NASA participated in numerous interagency activities and
agreements.
In early January, NASA and the DOD agreed to arrangements for
tlle transfer of 'the control of the SYNCOM II and SYNCOM III
satellites from NASA to the DOD. The DOD assumed complete con-
trol of the two satellites during April, with full authority to assign
communication repeater usage for the duration of the life of the
satellites.
NASA and the DOD agreed (on January 27) to the details of the
acquisition and management of instrumentation aircraft for the Apollo
program. The overall management of the project resides with the Air
Force Systems Command (AFS'C)/Natioual Range Division (NRD).
NASA provides the specifications for Apollo equipment, and the NRD
provides the specifications for general purpose range equipment. The
scheduling and control of aircraft is to be accomplished by a joint
NASA/DOD group.
In early February, NASA and the FAA agreed jointly to the prin-
ciples for the participation of NASA in developing and testing a
U.S. Government supported commercial supersonic transport proto-
type aircraft. NASA is to conduct a continuing research program to
assist in the design of supersonic airframe configurations and propul-
sion systems. In addition, this Agency will provide technical support
PERSONNEL_ MANAGEMEN% PROCUREMENT_ SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 183
for the design, development, and constructionof the prototype

aircraft.
In February,NASA completedarrangements forthe Army Corps
of Engineersto perform certainrealestatemanagement servicesfor
NASA. Through these arrangements,the Corps of Engineerswill
leasethe realpropertyof NASA when itisnot requiredforthe per-
formance of NASA missions.
NASA and the DOD outlinedjointlythe responsibilities and pro-
ceduresforconductinga GravityGra_lientTestSatellite experiment.
The Air Force Space .SystemsDivisionhasoverall management respon-
sibility for'the experiment,and NASA willprovidetechnical guidance
and willalsoprovide $5.0 millionto the Air Force toward the cost
of the experiment.
On February 26, NASA completed arrangements with the Army for
the assignment by the Army of technical and administrative civilian
employees to the Ames Research Center. These employees are to
participate with NASA in the conduct of subsonic and VTOL aero-
nautical research of special interest to the Army.
NASA consummated an agreement with the Federal Aviation
Agency (FAA) on March 24 for the formal coordination of all levels
of aeronautical research and development activities. Coordination
is to be carried out by a joint committee of twelve members cochaired
by the Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technol-
ogy of NASA and the Associate Administrator for Development of
the FAA.
The Defense Supply Agency (DSA) and NASA concluded an agree-
ment which sets forth the methods by which the I)SA furnishes logistic
support to NASA covering certain Federal *Supply Classes.
In addition, a NASA-DSA supply support agreement was consum-
mated whereby the Defense ,Supply Agency (DSA) will provide sup-
port to NASA on electronic items stocked at the Defense Electronics
Supply Center (DESC). Through the use of DESC as a source of
supply, NASA expects to achieve a reduction in administrative work-
crate demands amounting to $1.5 million the first year.

During the period January-April, the NASA research centers re-
viewed the Air Force FORECAST panel reports in detail. The
review was conducted to promote a better understanding by center
personnel of the technological goals of the Air Force, and to give the
Air Force the benefit of the Centers _ comments. The comments were
transmitted to the Air Force Systems Command in May.
NASA and the DOD consummated an agreement covering NASA-
DOD relationships in the management of logistic support and instru-
184 NASA THIRTEF__TH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
mentation operation at those facilities which are collocated at a single

site or at adjacent ones. By this agreement, the policy of single agency.
administrative management and logistic support of collocated facilities
was established.
In May, the annual NA'SA-DOD review of the facilities program
was completed. Its purpose was to assure that no unwarranted dupli-
cation would result from proposed new facilities or from the expansion
of existing facilities, and that maximum common use would be made
of all available facilities. As a result of this review, proposed NASA
and DOD projects of an aggregate cost of $18.1 million were identified
_ts unnecessary duplications and were deleted from the budget submis-
sions of the two agencies.
During the period, agreements were reached for NASA to use the
following DOD aircraft: one C-133A to test drop the Apollo space-
craft (Air Force), one VT-_29 for administrative airlift at LRC (Air
Force), one Ctt--47A Helicopter for the transport of the Lunar Excur-
sion Module (LEM) to KSC (Army), and one UH-34G Helicopter
for planar radar tests in connection with LEM landings (Navy).
Arrangements were made for approximately 128 Air Force junior
officers to receive on-the-job training in manned space flight mission
planning and operational control at the NASA Manned Spacecraft
Center, Houston, Tex. NASA and the Air Force are to share in meet-
ing the pay and allowances costs of these personnel on a 50-50 basis.
Appendix A
CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ON AERONAUTICS

AND SPACE
(Jan. 1-June 30, 1965)
Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences

CLINTON V. ANDERSON, New Mexico, SPESSARD L. HOLLAND, Florida
Chairman WALTER F. MONDALE, Minnesota
RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia JOSEPH D. TYDINGS, Maryland
WAR_N G. MAGNUSON, Washington MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine
STUART SYMINGTON, Missouri BOURKE B. HICKENLOOPEE, Iowa
JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska
STEPHEN M. YOUNG, Ohio LEN B. JORDAN, Idaho
THOMAS J. DODD, Connecticut GEORDE D. AIKEN, Vermont
HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevada
House Committeeon Science and Astronautics

GEORGE P. MILLER, California, Chair- WALTER H. MOELLER, Ohio
man WILLIAM R. ANDERSON, Tennessee
OLIN E. TEAGUE, Texas BROCK ADAMS, Washington
JOSEPH E. EARTH, Minnesota LESTER L. WOLFF, New York
KEN HECHLER, West Virginia WESTON E. Vr_IAN, Michigan
EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, Connecticut GALE SCHISLER, Illinois
J. EDWARD ROUSH, Indiana JOSEPH W. MARTIN, Jr., Massachusetts
BOB CASEY, Texas JAMES G. FULTON, Pennsylvania
JOHN W. DAVIS, Georgia CHARLES A. MOSHEB, Ohio
WILLIAM F. RYAN, New York RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH, Indiana
THOMAS N. DOWNINO, Virginia ALPHONZO BELL, California
JOE D. WAGGONER, Jr., Louisiana THOMAS M. PELLY, Washington
DON FUQUA, Florida DONALD RUMSFELD, Illinois
CARL ALBERT, Oklahoma EDWARD J. GURNEY, Florida
RoY A. TAYLOR, North Carolina JOHN W. WYDLER_ New York
GEORGE E. BROWN, Jr., California BAm3ER B. CONABLE, Jr., New York
Appendix B
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE COUNCIL
(Jan. 1-June 80, 1965)
HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, ChaiTvfft_n

(Jan. SO-June $0, 1965)
Vice President of the United States
DEAN RUSK
Secretary o/ State
ROBERT S. McNAMARA
Secretary of Defen_e
JAMES E. WEBS, Administrator
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
GLENN T. SEABORG, ChaiTvn_ln
Atomic Energy C o_ission
Executive Secretary
EDWARD C. WELSH
186
Appendix C
CurrentOfficial Mailing Addressesfor Field Installations
(June 80, 1965)
Installation and telephone number Official Address
Ames Research Center; 415-Y_- Dr. Smith J. DeFrance, Director__ Moffet Field, Calif., g4065.
9411.
Electronics Research Center; 617- Dr. Winston E. Keek, Director___ 575 Technology Square, Cam-
491-1500. bridge, Mass., 02139.
Flight Research Center; 805-258- Mr. Paul Blkle, Director .......... Post Grace Box 273, Edwards.
3311. Calif., 93523.
Goddard Space Flight Center; 301- Dr. H. J. Gcett, Director ......... Greenbelt, Md., 20771.
474-9000.
Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director ..... 475 Riverside Drive, New
212-UN6-3600. York, N.Y., 10027.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory; .213- Dr. W. H. Pickering, Director .... 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasa-
SY0--6811. dena, Calif., 9110_.
John F. Kennedy Space Center; 305- Dr. Kurt Debns, Director ......... Kennedy Space Center, Fla.,
UL3-6998. 32899.
Langley Research Center; 703-722- Dr. Floyd L. Thompson, Direc- Langley Station, Hampton,
7961. tor. Va., 23365.
Lewis Research Center; 216-433-4000_ Dr. Abe Silverstein, Director_ ..... 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleve-
land, Ohio, 44135.
Manned Spacecraft Center, 713- Dr. R. R. Gilruth, Director ....... Houston, Tex., 77058.
WA8-2811.
George C. Marshall Space Flight Dr. Wernher yon Braun, Direc- Huntsville, Ala., 35812.
Center; 205-877-1000. tor.
Michoud Assembly Facility; 504- Dr. George Constan, Manager .... Post Office Box 26078, New
255-3311. Orleans, La., 70126.
Mississippi Test Facility; 601-688- Mr. Jackson M. Baleh, Manager.. Bay St. Louis., Miss., 39520.
2121.
Pacific Launch Operations Grace; Mr. William H. Evans, Director_. Post Office Box 425, Lompac,
805-R E4-4311. Calif., 93438.
Plum Brook Station; 419-MA5--1123. Mr. Alan D. Johnson, Director_. _ Sandusky, Ohio, 44871.
Wallops Stations; 7_-VA4-3411 ..... Mr. Robert Krieger, Director ..... Wallops Island, Va., 23337.
Western Operations Grace, 213-EX3- Mr. R. W. Kamm, Director ...... 150 Pico Blvd. Santa Monica,
9641. Calif., 90406.
187
Appendix D
Principal NASA Officials at Washington Headquarters

(June SO, 1965)
James E. Webb ................... Administrator.

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden .............. Deputy Administrator.
Dr. George L. Simpson, Jr. 1........ Assistant Deputy Administrator, and As-
sistant Administrator, Office of Technol-
ogy Utilization and Policy Planning.
Walter D. Sohler .................. General Counsel.
Arnold W. Prutkin ................. Assistant Administrator, Office of Interna-
tional Affairs.
Richard L. Callaghan ............. Assistant Administrator. Office of Legis-
lative Affairs.
Julian Scheer ..................... Assistant Administrator, Office of Public
Affairs.
Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr ......... Associate Administrator.
Earl D. Hilburn .................. Deputy Associate Administrator.
John D. Young ................... Deputy Associate Administrator, Office of
Administration.
William B. Rieke ................. Deputy Associate Administrator, Office of
Industry Affairs.
DeMarquis D. Wyatt .............. Deputy Associate Administrator, Office of
Progra ruing.
Adm. W. Fred Boone, USN (Ret.)_ Deputy Associate Administrator, Office of
Defense Affairs.
Edmond C. Buckley ............... Director, Office of Tracking and Data Ac-
quisition.
Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff ....... Associate Administrator, Office of Ad-
vanced Research and Technology.
Dr. George E. Mueller ............ Associate Administrator, Office of Manned
Space Flight.
Dr. Homer E. Newell ............. Associate Administrator, Office of Space
Science and Applications.
( Telephone information : 963-7101)
1 Dr. Simpson resigned on June 25.

188
Appendix E
Membership of Inventionsand Contributiom Board, NASA

(June 30, 1965)
Chairman ..................................... ROBERT E. LITTELL

Vioe Chairman ................................ PAUL G. DEMBLINO
Executive Secretary ........................... JAMES A. HOOTMAN
Members ..................................... J. ALLEN CRO_KER
C. GUY FEROUSON
GERALD D. O'BRIEN
JOHN B. PARKINSON
189
Appendix F
Patent Waivers Granted and Denied by NASA Upon Recommendation

of the Agency's Inventions and ContributionsBoard
(Jan. 1-June 30, 1966)
Invention Petitioner Action on petition
In Line Multiple Circuit Protector ........ McDonnell Aircraft Corp .......... Granted January 27,
1965.
Improvements in Propellant Grain for Lockheed Propulsion Co ............ Denied January 27,
Rocket Motor. 1965.
Re-entry Corridor Indicator ............... North American Aviation, Inc ...... Granted January 27,
1965.
Iterative Division System ................ International Business Machines Granted January 28,
Corp. 1965.
Radiation Monitoring Apparatus .......... Republic Aviation Corp ........... Granted March 8,
1965.
Modulated Power Supply ................ Collins Radio Co ................ Denied March 8, 19_5.
Spacecraft Cabin Facilities ................ Hugo S. Miller_ ..................... Denied March 19,
1965.
Current Steering Using Multiple Aperture Stanford Research Institute ...... Granted March 19,
Device. 1965.
Treatment for Glass To Reduce Helium Midwest Research Institute ......... Do.
Permeation.
Magnetic Recorder ................... Ampex Corp ..................... Granted March 22,
1965.
Folding Structure Fabricated of Rigid Northrop Corp ...................... Granted March 31
Panels. 1965.
Coating Made From Bis(Methylamino) Southern Research Institute ...... Granted April 22,
Diphenylsilane. 19_.
Method of Making Polymeric Diphenyl- _.... do ......................... DO.
silazane.
Elastomer Made From Methylphenyl .... do ............................. DO.
Silazane and Ethylenediamine Sflazane.
Infrared Acquisition Aid for a Tracking Barnes Engineering Co ............ DO.
System.
Treatment for Magnetron Gauges to Cause Midwest Research Institute ......... DO.
Improved and Uniform Response.
Hypervelocity Gun ........................ MB Associates ..................... Granted May 7, 1965.
Segmented Manifold ...................... United Aircraft Corp ................ Do.
Torsion Bar Seal Follow-Up .................... do .............................. Do.
Control System for Fuel Cells .................. do ............................... Do.
Fuel Cell Floating Elements ................... do ............................... Do.
Self-Regulating Liquid Removal System ....... do ............................... Do.
Use of Ion Exchange Membranes in Non- Livingston Electric Corp ........... Do.
aqueous Primary Batteries.

A Method of Evaluating the Energy Den- . .... do ............................... Do.
sity Capabilities of Electrolytes for Use

in Primary Batteries.
190
A_PENDIX F 191
"Patent Waivers Granted and Denied by NASA Upon Recommendation

of the Agency's Inventions and Contributions BoardmContinued
(Jan. 1-June 30, 1965)
Invention Petitioner Action on petition
Use of Coordination Compounds, Com- Livingston Electric Corp ............ Granted May 7, 1965.
plex Ions, and Penetration Complexes
as Conducting Species in Aprotic, Protic
and Other Types of Nonaqueous Pri-
mary Batteries.
Device for Separating a Liquid from a Gas_ Midland-Ross Corp ................ Granted May 21, 1965.
Shear-Plate Mirror Light Beam Deflector. General Telephone and Electronics Do.
Laboratories.
Electro-Optic Light Beam Refractor ....... ..... do_ .............................. Do.
An Omnl-Directional Receiving System_._ Franklin Institute .................. Granted June 2, 1965.
Application of Ceramic Paper to the Con- University of Illinois ................ Do.
struction of Traps for Vacuum Systems.
Dynamic Capacitor ....................... Kinelogic Corp ...................... Granted June 8, 1965.
Glass Electrode ............................ Beckman Instruments, Ine .......... Granted June 24, 1965.
Appendix G
Awards Granted NASA Employees Under Provisions of the

Incentive Awards Act of 1954
(Jan. l-J'une 30, 1965)
Contribution Inventor (s) Employer
Animal Restraint and Method of Albert E. Clarke, Jr., and John M. Ames Research Center.
Making Same. Rietman.
Locking Device ................. Adolf L. Herrmann ............... Marshall Space Flight
Center.
Bonding Procedure ................ Charles B. King ................... Langley Research Center.
Cable Arrangement for Rigid Arthur W. Vogeley and Roy F. Bris- Do.
Tethering. senden.
Technique for Control of Free- Robert J. Keynton ............ Do.
Flight Rocket Vehicles.
Double Hinged Flap .............. Thomas R. Turner ............... Do.
Aircraft "Engine Pods". .......... William C. Sleeman, J'r., and Thomas Do.
A. Toll.
Aircraft"Tail Surfaces"_ ............... do ................................ Do.
Supersonic Aircraft ...................... do .............................. Do.
Swept Wing Aircraft ............... do ............................. Do.
Canister Closing Device ........... Austin D. McHatton, Joseph V. Do.
Boyle, Jr., and Wilbert C. Falk.
Variable Duration Pulse Inte- Arthur L. Newcomb, Jr........... Do.
grator.
Method of Obtaining Permanent Kennedy F. Rubert, Allen R. Vick, Do.
Record of Surface Flow Phe- Earl H. Andrews, Jr., and Charles
nomena. B. King.
Optimum Pre-Detection Diver- Victor R. Simas .................... Ooddard Space Flight
sity Combining System. Center.
Storage Container Mounting for Dolphus H. Black .......... Marshall Space Flight
Space Vehicles. Center.
Small Rocket Engine ............ William T. Latto, Jr .................. Lewis Research Center.
Liquid Gas Separator for Zero Robert E. Smylie, Frank H. Samon- Manned Spacecraft
Oravity Environment. ski,Jr., and Frank Collier. Center.
Indexed Keyed Connection ........ William H. Simmons and Lyle M. Do.
Jenkins.
Thermal Shock Apparatus ....... Alan Arias ........................... Lewis Research Center.
Protective Device for Machine Charles P. Blankeushlp and Charles Do.
and Metal Working Tools. A. Gyorgak.
Electric Are Gas Heater .... William C. A. Carlson and Carl E. Ames Research Center.
Sorensen.
Centrifuge Mounted Motion Jess S. W. Davidsen and Estin N. Do.
Simulator. Baker.
Reactance Control System ........ Richard Schmidt ................... Marshall Space Flight
Center.
Quick-Release Connector ....... Kennedy F. Rubert ................. Langley Research Center.

Control Devices for Flexible Francis M. Rogallo ............... Do.
Wing Aircraft.
Control for Flexible Parawing .... Francis M. Rogallo and William C. Do.
Slceman.
Optical Instrument ................ Arthur W. Vogeley and Alfred J. Do.
Melntel, Jr.
192
APPENDIX G 193
Awards Granted NASA Employees Under Provisionsof the

Incentive Awards Act of 1954--Continued
(Jan. 1.-_une 30, 1965)
Contribution Inventor(s) Employer
Missile Stage Separation Indicator James W. Mayo and James E. Michael. Langley Research Center.
and Stage Initiator.
Umbilical Disconnect ............. Russell E. Cliekner, Jr................ Manned Spacecraft Center.
Pressure Suit Tie-Down James H. O'Kane ..................... Do.
Mechanism.
Method of Making Ceramic, Dumas A. Otterson, Myron O. Lewis Research Center.
Cermet and Refractory Davies, and Warren H. Philipp.
Materials Ductile.
Remote Control Tubular Joseph D. Pride and William E. Langley Research Center.
Disconnect. Zorumski.
Three AxisControUer ........... Earl O. Menefce and Albert A. Ames Research Center.
Puccinelli.
Improved Semiconductor Joseph Mandelkorn .................. Lewis Research Center.
Material and Method of
Making Same.
Improved Silicon Material for ..... do ................................. Do.
Use in Semiconductor Devices.
Improved Semiconductor .....do ................................. Do.
Material and Method of
Making Same.
Steering System ................... Upshur T. Joyner .................... Langley Research Center.
Electron Beam Welding Appa- Richard A. Terselie and Louis Lewis Research Center.
ratus and Method. Rosenblum.
Missile Launch Release System.__ Timothy O. Eddins ................. Marshall Space Flight
Center.
Ablation Material for Heat Kenneth L. Wadlin ................... Langley Research Center.
Dissipation and Insulation.
An Improved Nickel-Base Alloy__ John C. Freche and William J. Waters. Lewis Research Center.
High Temperature Cobalt-Base John C. Freche, Stanley J. Klima, Do.
Alloy. and, Richard L. Ashbrook.
Method and Apparatus for Wilbur C. Heier ...................... Langley Research Center.
Molding Compounds.
Double-Acting Shock Absorber_.__ Josef F. Blumrieh ................... Marshall Space Flight
Center.
Landing Pad Assembly for Aero- ..... do ............................. Do.
space Vehicles.
Electrostatic Plasma Modulator_._ Stuart L. Seaton ..................... Langley Research Center.
Electromagnetic Wave Propaga- .....do ................................. Do.
tion Device.
Composit_ Powerplant and William J. D. Eseher ................. Do.
Shroud Therefor.
Omni-Directional Anisotropic Harold Shapiro and William F. Goddard Space Flight
Molecular Trap. Hardgrove. Center.
Vibration Measurement With John V. Foster ........................ Ames Research Center.
Coherent Light.
Flexible Back-Up Bar ............ Aubrey S. Drummond ................ Marshall Space Flight
Center.
Segmented Back-Up Bar .......... William J. Franklin and Neil C. Do.
Martin.
Apvaratus for Dynamic Testing___ George L. von Pragenau and Do.
Wilhelm Angele.
Thermo-E1ectrestatic Generator___ Benjamin H. Beam .................. Ames Research Center.
An Improved High Temperature John C. Freche, Richard L. Ash- Lewis Research Center.
Cobalt-Base Alloy. brook, and Gary D. Sandrock.
Flexible Wing Deployment De- Charles E. Libby ..................... Langley Research Center.
vice.
Fluid Power Transmission ........ Harold I. Johnson and Orrin A. Manned Spacecraft Center.
Woblg.
194 NASA THIRTF, E:NTI-I SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Awords Granted NASA Employees Under Provisions af the

Incentive Awards Act of 1954--Continued
(Jan. 1--June 80, 1965)
Contribution Inventor(s) Employer
Zero Gravity Measurement Joseph C. Doyle, Frank A. Burgett, Manned Spacecraft Center.
System. Dale G. Sauers, and Robert M.
Bernardln.
Reentry Communication By Clifford H. Nelson, and William F. Langley Research Center.
Material Addition. Cuddihy.
Welding Skate and Track ......... Vaughn Herbert Yost ........... Marshall Space Flight
Center.
Velocity Package ................. John W. Wflkey, Jr .................. Langley Research Center.
Material Test Apparatus .......... Alan Arias .......................... Lewis Research Center.
Traversing Probe ................ Stanley C. Planowski, Edwin J. Flight Research Center.
Saltzman, Meryl D. DeOreer,
and Robert O. Green.
Portable Alignment Tool ....... William J. Franklin and Neil C. Marshall Space Flight
Martin. Center.
Random Function Tracer ........ Paul F. Fuhrmeister and Milner H. Langley Research Center.
Eskew, Jr.
Appendix H
Educational Publications and Motion Pictures
(June 30, 1965)
The following educational publications are available to the public without

charge from the Office of Educational Programs and Services, Educational
Publications Distribution Center, Code AFEE-1, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 20546.
Booklets and Folders

Space, the New Frontier.--An illustrated booklet introducing the reader to
space exploration and the programs of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. 76 pages.
X-15, Aircraft Research e_t the Edge oF Space.--An in-depth booklet on the
X-15 program. 32 pages.
Unmanned Spacecraft ol the United States.--Edgar M. Oortright, NASA's
Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science _nd Applications, describes
past, present, and future scientific space programs in which unmanned
instrumented spacecraft are sent into earth orbit and beyond. 16 pages.
Medical Aspects oi Space Flight.--Frank B. Voris, M.D., former Chief of NASA's
Human Research Branch, discusses some of the major space medicine prob-
lems related to future prolonged manned space flight and exploration missions.
16 pages.
Advanced Research, Key to the Futurc.--In-depth but popular-language descrip-
tion of NASA's research program. Among the topics covered are aircraft
operating problems, launch vehicle and spacecraft dynamics, materials and
structures, hypersonic flight, magnetoplasmadynamics, man in a space en-
vironment, manned space flight simulation, research in low speed flight, and
supersonic aircraft research. 44 pages.
Teaching To Meet the Challenge oF the Space Age.--Information for elementary
teachers to assist them in presenting aerospace facts and concepts. 32 pages.
NASA--_Oth Century Explorcr.--Descriptions of requirements for NASA em-
ployment at the Agency's Headquarters and in its field i.nstallations. 48 pages.
This is NASA.--A summary o£ NASA programs for the e_plorstion and utiliza-
,tionof space. 16 pages.
Educational Programs and Services.--A folder describing NASA's services and
programs for teachers and students. 12 pages.
Science Educatio_ i_ the Space Age.--Proceedings of conferences of State
science supervisors and college representatives with education staffs of NASA
and the U.S. Office of Education. Discussion of curricula through the college
level. 115 pages.
195
Z0_'-820 0 - 66 - 14
196 NASA TI-IIRTEE_TTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
NASA Educational Publications.--A folder listing educational publications which

can also 'be used as a form to order them. 8 pages.
Spacemobile.--Details on the services available through NASA's traveling space
science demonstration u_nits, the spacemobiles. 6-page folder.
Speaking oF Space and Aeronautics._Abstracts from addresses by NASA officials
providing information on the Nation's aeronautics and space programs for
the educational community and the general public. Reproduced in booklet
form, topics now available include: (1) Program Highlights, 8 pages; (2)
New Technology--Its Selection and Development, 13 pages; (3) The Chal-
lenge and the Promise of the Space Age, 11 pages; (4) Looking Ahead in
Space, 21 pages; (5) Manned Space Flight, 13 pages; (6) Aeronautical
Research for Today and Tomorrow, 7 l)ages; (7) NASA Space Science and
Applications Program, 13 pages; (8) Communications Satellites Around the
World, 7 pages; a.nd (9) Interaction Between Space Exploration, Science,
and Technology, 16 pages.
NASA Facts
Descriptions of NASA's programs, with photographs and diagrams of space-
('raft and launch vehicles. (Sheets are designed for bulletin board display or
for insertion in looseleaf notebooks.)
Orbiting Solar Obscrvatory.--Investigation of solar radiation. 8 pages.

Ariel, First International Satellite.--The United Kingdom-United 'States satel-
lite for study of the ionosphere and of cosmic radiation. 4 pages.
Mariner.--A United States spacecraft to study interplanetary space and relay
data on the atmosphere and temperature of Venus. 8 pages.
Mariner II Reports.--A comprehensive summary of the Mariner II findings about
the planet Venus and about interplanetary space between the Earth and
Venus. 8 pages.
The Explorer SateUiles.--Geophysical satellites for studies of the earth's en-
vironment and the upper atmosphere surrounding the earth, including such
phenomena as radiation fields, cosmic rays, micrometeoroids, temperature,
magnetic fields, solar radiation, air density, solar plasma, and gamma rays.
12 pages.
Explorer XVI.--The mierometeroid satellite and its purposes. 4 pages.
Alouette, Canada's First Satellite.--Describes a new way of studying the iono-
sphere by satellite. 6 pages.
Rclay.--The Relay experiment in medium-al'titude active repeater communica-
tions satellites. 9 pages.
Syncom.--An experiment in synchronous-orbit communications satellites. 8
pages.
TIROS.--The satellite whose TV cameras observe the earth's cloud cover from
above. 8 pages.
Interplanetary Explorer Satellites.--A discussion in depth of Explorer XVIII,
the first interplanetary Explorer, which is gathering data on radiation and
magnetic fields in space between the earth and the moon. 8 pages.
Explorer XIX.--A description of Explorer XIX and its goal of supplying in-
formation about air densities at altitudes above 100 miles. 8 pages.
V/STOL Aircralt.--Surveyof NASA's research on aircraft able to take off and
land either vertically or wi¢h a relatively short runway. 12 pages.
Launch Vehicles.--A description of NA, SA's launch vehicles and how they work.
(This 8-page black-and-white sheet is supplemented by an 8-page color sheet
of information. )
APPENDIX
H 197
FIRE /.--Description of a launching to investigate high reentry velocity into

the earth's a_mosphere as a step in preparing for manned lunar exploration.
8 pages.
Pro]cot Ranger.--Describes the Ranger project which provided close-up photo-
graphs of the moon. 12 pages.
Nimbus.--A description of Nimbus spacecraft which are testing advanced equip-
ment for future weather satellite systems. 8 pages.
Mariner IF.--Depicts the spacecraft that NASA launched to fly past and take
close-up pictures of Mars and summarizes some of the current knowledge about
the planet. 8 pages.
BiosateUitcs.--TeUs about NASA's program to test the reactions of living things
to prolonged exposure to the space environment through experiments with
various life forms in orbiting biological laboratories. 8 pages.
Orbiting Geophysical Obscrvatory.--Describes a series of large satellites designed
to broaden significantly knowledge about earth and space and how the sun
affects both. 8 pages.
Man,ted Space Flight--Projects Mercury and Gemitti.--Summarizes the Mercury
project which demonstrated that man can perform effectively in space and
describes the Gemini project designed to extend man's proficiency in space
flight, conduct scientific experiments, and develop advanced technology. With
Project Apollo these make up NASA's three-step program leading to manned
lunar exploration. 12 pages.
Bibliographies
Aeronautics and Space Bibliography 1or Elementary G-fades.---36 pages.
Aeronautics and Space Bibliography for Secondary Grades.--52 pages•
Aeronautics and Space Bibliography ol Adult Aerospaco Books and Materials.--
44 pages.
Motion Pictures
During the first six months of 1965 NASA released the following five new
motion pictures. These are available to the public upon request without charge,
other than return mailing and insurance costs, from the Office of Educational
Programs and Services, Code AFEE-3, National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration, Washington, D.C., 20546. (Other films are listed in a brochure sup-
plied from the same address.)
The Biosatellite Program---Between the Atom and the Star.--28 rain., sound,
color. (16 ram.) How experiments with various life forms conducted aboard
NASA's Biosatellites (orbiting biological laboratories) provide knowledge on
basic life processes and pave the way to, yard man's adjustment _o the space
environment. (U.S. entry at the Rome Film Festival, August 26, 1964.)
The Hard Oncs.--15 rain., sound, color. (16 ram.) The film--featuring the
orbiting geophysical observatory_etails the design, fabrication, and opera-
tion of unmanned satellites for scientific research and practical applications
such as communication_ and weather forecasting. This 1,0(D-pound geo-
physical satellite supplies invaluable data on the earth, the sun, and their
interrelationships.
The Shape of Things to Come.--21 min., sound, color. (16 ram.) Describes the
•,_u---_ for advanced research, with examples o£ promising research programs.
Trial Balance.--27 rain., sound, color. (16 ram.) Current knowledge in space
science, particularly that gained through analyses of information supplied
by spacecraft.
Electric Propulsion.--24 min., sound, color. (16 mm.) Describes electrical

rocket propulsion systems, their intended use in the space program, and the
status of development of these systems. (Another U.S. entry at the Rome
Film Festival, August 26, 1964. )
Appendix I
Technical Publications
The following selected Special Publications, issued by NASA's Scientific and
Technical Information Division, are sold by the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, D.C., 20402, or by the
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information (CFSTI),
Springfield, Va., 22151, at the prices listed.
Aerodynamic Design oi Axial-Flow Compressors (NASA SP-36).*--Results of
the extensive research on the design of axial-flow compressors, formerly scat-
tered, have been assimilated and correlated in this volume. Attention has been
focused primarily on the problems pertinent to the axial-flow compressors of
turbojet or turbaprop engines, but the results should be applicable to any class of
axial-flow compressors. 508 pp. GPO, $3.
Explorer VI (NASA SP-54).*--This volume contains selected papers and
reports on data collected by Explorer VI which was designed to provide a co-
ordinated, comprehensive group of measurements of scientific interest over as
large a region of the magnetosphere as possible. Simultaneous studies were
made of the trapped radiation in the Van Allen region, galactic cosmic rays,
geomagnetism, radio propagation in the upper atmosphere, and the flux of micro-
meteorites or cosmic dust. 381 pp. GPO, $2.25.
X-15 Research Results With a Selected Bibliography (NASA SP-60).*--A
semi-technical summary of the X-15 program directed toward the achievements
in scientific research rather than toward the better-publicized and spectacular
milestones of flight in the near-space environment. The book traces the history
of the joint NASA-Air Force-Navy program from the early hypersonic flight
studies by NACA through the first 120 flights of the three rocket-powered re-
search airplanes. 128 pp. GPO, 55 cents.
Ranger VII Photographs ol the Moon. Part II: Camera "B" Series (NASA
SP-62) .*--Reproduction of the 200 photos from the "B" camera. The B camera,
with an f/2 lens of 38-mm aperture and 76-ram focal length, and a detector of
the same dimension as the "A" camera, had a field of 8.4 x 8.4. 217 pp. GPO,
$6.50.
Proceedings oy the Conlerence on Space Nutrition and Related Waste Problems
(NASA SP-70}.*--The proceedings of a conference held in April 1964 at which
government, industry, and university scientists considered the nutrition and
waste problems associated with maintaining astronauts in space, especially over
extended periods of time. Approximately 60 papers with discussions by con-
ferees. 400 pp. GPO, $2.75.
NASA Symposium on the Analysis ol Central Nervous System and Cardiovas-
cular Data Using Computer Methods (NASA SP-72).*--A conference at which
Government and university authorities discussed the use of computer techniques
in collecting and analyzing data on the central nervous and cardiovascular
systems. 600 pp. CFSTI, $4.50.
*Released during this report period.

199
200 NASATHIRTE.E_TH
SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Electrical Power Generation Systems for Space Applications (NASA SP--

79).*--A state-of-the-art summary of several papers and committee reports on
electric power generation systems for space application, prepared by the Depart-
ment of Defense and NASA for the Supporting Research and Technical Panel of
the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board. 40 pp. CFSTI, $1.
Bioastronautics Data Rook (NASA SP-3006).*--This book is for designers
of aerospace vehicles and equipment. It contains carefully selected applied
research data from the life sciences in consistent engineering units accompanied
by metric scales. 400 pp. GPO, $2.25.
Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1963: Chronology on Science, Tccl_nology, and
Policy (NASA SP-4004).--A chronoh)gy of the significant aerospace events for
the year 1963, compiled by the NASA Historical Staff. 610 pp. GPO, $2.
Physics of Nonthcrn_al Radio So_u'ccs (NASA SP-46).--Proceedings of a con-
ference for an international group of astronomers and physicists, held December
3-4, 1962, at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. The papers cover
radio observations, optical observations, and theory of nonthermal radio sources
outside the solar system. 171pp. GPO, 75cents.
AAS-NASA Symposium on the Physics of Solar Flares (NASA SP-50).--The
published proceedings of a conference of American, European, Asian, and Aus-
tralian scientists reporting on research progress in the field of solar flare ac-
tivity. 466 pp. GPO, $3.25.
Proceedings ol the Fourth Natio_val Conference an the Peacef_l Uses of Space
(NASA SP-51).--Thirty papers delivered at the Conference held in Boston, April
29 to May 1, 1964. Six sessions: Space and the Nation, Congress and Science,
Men in Space, Machines in Space, Practical Uses of Satellites, Living in Space,
and Working for Space. 226 pp. GPO, $1.50.
Quasi, Global Presentation of TIROS III Radiatio_ Data (NASA SP-53).--
Explanatory text, illustrations, and colored maps of the reflected solar radiation
of the earth-atmosphere system on July 16, 1961, superimposed on various
synoptic analyses to study the utility of the satellite radiation data for purposes
of meteorological analysis. 24 pp. GPO, $2.
Concepts for Detection of Extraterrcstrial Life (NASA SP '-56).--The devices
and instruments described in this illustrated booklet are among those planned
for inclusion in vehicles designed to land on planets such as Mars: They con-
stitute techniques for detecting growth and metabolism, for determining the
presence of biologically significant molecules and for actual visual observation of
microorganisms and the planetary terrain. 54 pp. GPO, 50 cents.
Ranger VII Photographs of the Moon. Part I: Can_era "A" Series (NASA
SP-61).--Reproduction of the 199 photographs taken by the "A" camera of
Ranger VII from 1,300 miles to 3 miles altitude above the surface of the Moon.
266 pp. GPO, $6.50.
Clarity in Technical Reporting (NASA SP-7010).--Basic principles of tech-
nical reporting designed to guide engineers and scientists in improving the gen-
eral quality of written and oral reports. 25 pp. GPO, 15 cents.
The International System of U_its--Physical C_mstants and Cow,version Fac-
tors (NASA SP-7012).--This document gives definition of the basic units of
the Systeme International, adopted officially by the 1960 Eleventh General Con-
ference on Weights and Measures, and tables for converting from lr.S. Cus-
tomary Units. 20 PIP. GPO, 20 cents.
Advanced Bearing Technology (NASA SP-38).--An exposition of the fun-
damentals of friction and wear, fluid fihn bearings, and rolling-element bearings,
plus demonstrations of how fundamental principles can be applied to the solu-
APPENDIX I 201
• tion of unique and advanced bearing problems. Authors, Ednmnd E. Bisson

and William J. Anderson, Lewis Research Center. 511 pp. GPO, $1.75.
Selected Listing of NASA Scientific and Technical Reports for 1963 (NASA
SP-7005).--A comprehensive listing, complete with abstracts and indexes, of
the Agency's reports during the year. 230 pp. CFSTI, $3.50.
Conference on the Law of Space and of Satellite Communications (NASA SP-
44) .--Proceedings of a conference organized by Northwestern University School
of Law, May 1-2, 1963, as part of the Third National Conference on the Peace-
ful Uses of Space. 205 pp. GPO, $1.50.
Space-Cabin Atmospheres. Part I--Oxygen Toxicity (NASA SP--47).--A re-
view of the literature on toxicity of oxygen at pressures of less than 1 atmos-
phere and the relation of oxygen to other factors of concern in space cabins,
such as radiation effects and lung blast. 51 pp. GPO, 40 cents.
Space-Cabin Atmospheres. Part ll--Fire and Blast Hazards (NASA SP-
48).--A summary of the open literature on the subject, intended primarily for
biomedical scientists and design engineers. 119 pp. GPO, $1.
Meteorological Observations Above 30 Kilometers (NASA SP49).--Three
papers on meteorolgieal rockets, network data, and rocket soundings comprising
one session of a conference on Meteorological Support for Aerospace Testing and
Operation, July 11-12, 1963. 57 pp. GPO, 40 cents.
Project Mercury Summary Including Results of the Fourth Manned Orbital
Flight, May 15 and 16, 1963 (NASA SP--45).--A review of the planning, prepara-
tion, experiences, and results of the U.S. manned space flight program, with par-
ticular attention to the results of the final, 34-hour mission of Astronaut L.
Gordon Cooper. 444 pp. GPO, $2.75.
Second United States Manned Orbital Space Flight (NASA SP-6).--Results
of the MA-7 flight by Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, May 1962, including space-
craft and launch vehicle performance, Mercury network performance, mission
operations, space science report, aeromedical studies, pilot performance, and
pilot's flight report. 107 pp. GPO, 65 cents.
Third United States Manned Orbital Space Flight (NASA SP-12).--Results
of the MA-8 flight by Astronaut Walter Schirra, October 1962, including space-
craft and launch-vehicle performance, mission operations, aeromedical analysis,
pilot performance, and pilot's flight report. 120 pp. GPO, 70 cents.
Proieet Mercury---a Chronology (NASA SP-4001).--A listing of major events
in the first U.S. manned space flight program from preliminary discussions of
earth satellite vehicles through Astronaut Cooper's 22-orbit flight, May 1963.
238 pp. GPO, $1.50.
Results of the Proiect Mercury Ballistic and Orbital Chimpanzee Flights
(NASA SP-39).--An account of the suborbital and orbital flights conducted in
!96_! with chimpanzees as _ubjects in preparation fer the first U.S. manned sp__ce
flight. 71 pp. GPO, 45 cents.
Space, Science, and Urban Life (NASA SP-37).--Proceedings of a conference
March 1963, on the applicability of the national space program, and the knowl-
edge resulting from aerospace research, to the problems of urban growth. 254
pp. GPO, $1.75.
The Observatory Generation of Satellites (NASA SP-30).--Discussion of the
missions and engineering designs of the Orbiting Geophysical Observatories, the
fl_dvnnced_ {3rbiting S_!ar Ob,_rvat_ry, and th_ Orbiting Asfronomical Observa-
tory. 62 pp. GPO, 50 cents.
202 NASA THIRTE.E(NTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Ariel I: The First International Satellite (NASA SP-43).--Project summary .

of the satellite launched April 26, 1962, in a cooperative effort by the United
Kingdom and the United States 76 pp. GPO, 70 cents.
U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962.--Updated tables of atmospheric parameters
to 700 kilometers, incorporating results of rocket and satellite research through
mid-1962. 278, pp., in hard covers. GPO, $3.50.
Short Glossary of Space Terms (NASA SP-1).--Brief definitions of technical
terms frequently used by space technologists. 57 pp. GPO, 25 cents.
NASA-Industry Program Pla_s Conference, 1963 (NASA SP-29).--State-
ments describing NASA's organization, present plans, and possible future proj-
ects presented for the info_'mation of industrial management as a partner in the
national space program. 231 pp. GPO, $1.25.
Measurement of Thermal Radiation Properties of Solids (NASA SP-31).--
Proceedings of a symposium sponsored Jointly by NASA, the Air Force, and the
National Bureau of Standards. 587 pp. GPO, $3.50.
Proceedings of the NASA-University Conference on the Science and Technology
of Space Exploration, Chicago, Ill., November 1962 (NASA SP-11)--
Volume 1 : NASA's role in space exploration ; developing special skills for
research in the space sciences; impact of .the space program on the univer-
sities; the role of the university in meeting national goals in space explora-
tion; radar astronomy; the sounding rocket as a tool for college and
university research; geophysics and astronomy; lunar and planetary
sciences; celestial mechanics and space flight analysis; data acquisition and
processing; control, guidance, and navigation; bioastronautlcs. 429 pp.
GPO, $2.50.
Volume 2: Chemical rocket propulsion; nuclear propulsion; power for
spacecraft ; electric propulsion ; aerodynamics ; gas dynamics ; plasma physics
and magnetohydrodynamics ; laboratory techniques ; materials ; structures.
532 pp. GPO, $3.
The scientific papers presented at the conference, grouped by topics, are
also available as separate state-of-the-art summaries :
Cents
Geophysics and Astronomy in Space Exploration (NASA SP-
13 ) ....................................................... 35
Lunary and Planetary Sciences in Space Exploration (NASA S1"-
14) ....................................................... 55
Celestial Mechanics and Space Flight Analysis (NASA SP-15)___ 35
Data Acquisition from Spacecraft (NASA SP-16) .............. 40
Control, Guidance and Navigation of Spacecraft (NASA SP-17)__ 40
Chemical Rocket Propulsion (NASA SP-19) ................... 40
Nuclear Rocket Propulsion (NASA SP-20) ..................... 45
Power for Spacecraft (NASA SP-21) .......................... 25
Electric Propmsion for Spacecraft (NASA SP-22) .............. 35
Aerodynamics of Space Vehicles (NASA SP-23) ............... 40
Gas Dynamics in Space Exploration (NASA SP-24) ............ 40
Plasma Physics and Magnetohydrodynamics in Space Exploration
(NASA SP-25) ............................................ 50
Laboratory Techniques in Space Environment Research (NASA
SP-26 ) .................................................... 40
Materials for Space Operations (NASA SP-27) ................. 35
Structures for Space Operations (NASA SP-2_) ................ 35
APPENDIX I 203
Advanced Valve Technology (NASA SP-5019).*--This book identifies present

limitations of commercially available valves, and recognizes current _echnological
ad;cancements beyond the general state-of-the-art industry. Present valve prob-
lem areas are recognized, research and development activities in these areas
discussed, and the newer trends and techniques reported. 181 pp. CFSTI, $5.
Mieropower Logic Circuits (NASA SP-5022).*--Illustrated descriptions of a
number of digital logic circuits that were developed primarily to fill a need for
very low power logic systems in space vehicles but which can easily be adapted
for specific applications in nonspace computer systems. 15 pp. GFSTI, 75 cents.
Measurement oF the Heartbeat ot Bird Embryos with a Micrometeorite Trans-
ducer (NASA SP--5007).--Description of a device consisting of a pair of piezo-
electric beams arranged to serve as springs and acceleration detectors, originally
designed to serve as a detector of the impact of meteorites on spacecraft and
satellites. 10 pp. CFSTI, 50 cents.
Selected Welding Techniques, Part II (NASA SP-5009).--Outlines some of
the more recent and interesting technological developments in welding. Weld-
ing tools and techniques described were selected from those used in welding
aluminum sheet and plate at NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center.
34 pp. GPO, 30 cents.
Effects of Lou_ Te_nperature_ on Structural Metals (NASA SP-5012).--Data
developed by NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center during inhouse
and contractor research on the properties of materials at low temperatures. 55
pp. GPO, 40 cents.
Precision Tooling Techniques (NASA SP-5013).--A description of novel tool-
ing techniques with possible industrial applicaecions developed at NASA's George
C. Marshall Space Flight Center. 25 pp. GPO, 25 cents.
NASA Contributions to the Technology of Inorganic Coatings (NASA SP-
5014).--A survey of NASA's contributions in the areas of thermophototropic
coatings, thermal control coatings for space vehicles, solid lubrication coatings,
thermal insulation coatings, application of coatings to substrates, measurement
/,0f coating optical properties, and refractory metal oxidation-resistant coa1:ings.
268 pp. GPO, $1.
Con[erence on New Technology (NASA SP-5015).--Proceedings of a conference
on technology utilization held to discuss ways of transferring applicable space
research knowledge to the industrial community. 156 pp. GPO, $1.
Selected Welding Techniques (NASA SP-5003).--Descriptions and illustra-
tions of tools and methods developed by NASA, and of potential value to industl_y,
for welding aluminum sheet and plate. 25 pp. GPO, 30 cents.
Space Batteries (NASA SP-5004).--Descriptions of three sealed battery sys-
tems for spacecraft, including discussion of a mechanism of information ex-
change whereby current test data can be sliared among space contractors.
pp. GPO, 25 cents.
The Measurement of Blood Pressure in the Human Body (NASA SP-5006).--
A state-of-the-art smnmary prepared from the open literature for nonmedical
scientists and engineers. 34 pp. GPO, 30 cents.
9.04 I_ASA THIRTEE_ITH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
A comparatively new subseries of Special Publications consists of compilations

and handbooks that present engineering and seientifie information in conveniently
useful form for those working in specific fields, saving them time-eonsumilag
searches to assemble these data. Among these publications are :
Tables oF Energy Losses and Ranges of Electrons and Positrons (NASA SP-
3012) .* 127 pp. CFSTI, $4.
Tables af Energy Losses and Ranges of Heavy Charged Particles (NASA
SP-3013) .* 131 pp. CPSTI, $4.
Equilibrium Thermodynamics Properties of Carbon Dioxide (NASA SP-
3014).* 66 pp. CFSTI, $3.
Charts for Equilibrium Flow Properties of Carbon Dioxide in Hypervelocity
Nozzles (NASA SP-3015).* 71 pp. CFSTI, $3.
Venus and Mars Nominal Natural Environment for Advanced Manned Plane-
tary Mi,_sion Programs (NASA SP-3016).* 48 pp. ('FSTI, $2.
Tables For Supersonic Flow Around Right Circular Cones at Small Angle of
Attack (NASA SP-3007). 422 pp. GPO, $2.25.
Tables of the Complex Fresncl Integral (NASA SP-3010). 294 pp. CFSTI,
$4.
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties for the Hydrogen-Oxygen System
(NASA SP-3011). 419 pp. CPSTI, $6.
Tables of Energy Losses and Ravages of Electrons and Positrons (NASA
SP-3012). 128 pp. CFSTI, $4.
Tables of Energy Losses and Ranges of Heavy Charged Particles (NASA SP-
3013). 132 pp. CFSTI, $4.
Thermodynamic Properties and Mollier Chart for Hydrogen from 800 ° K to
£0,000 ° K (NASA SP--3()02). 64 pp. CFSTI, $1.75.
Tables for Supersonic Flaw Around Right Circular Cones at Zero Angle of
Attack (NASA SP-3004). 422 pp. GPO, $2.25.
Energy Spectra and Angular Distributions of Electrons Transmitted Through
Sapphire (AlcOa) Foils (NASA SP-3008). 108 pp. CFSTI, $2.50.
Tables of the Composition, Opacity, and Thermodynamic Properties of Hydro-
gen at High Temperatures (NASA SP-3005). 186 pp. CFSTI, $3.
Tables of Flow Properties of Thermally Perfect Carbon Dioxide and !gitrogvn
Mixtures (NASA SP-3009). 114 pp. CFSTI, $4.50.
AppendixJ
Major NASA Launches
(Jan. l-June 30, 1.965)
Name, date launched, mission Vehicle Site* Results
Gemini (GT-I1), Jan. 19 ............ Modified Titan IL ETR ..... Demonstrated structural integrity
Unmanned reentry test of Project and systems performance of the
Gemini spacecraft at maximum spacecraft throughout flight,
heating rate. reentry, and parachute water
landing.
TIROS IX, Jan. 22 ................. Thor-Delta ........ ETR ..... Planned for launching into near-
Introduced cartwheel design for polar, sun-synchronous, circular
increased coverage of world's orbit at about 400 miles; elliptical
cloud cover. rather than circular orbit
achieved. Highly eccentric orbit
(apogee, about 1,600 miles, peri-
gee about 435) did not prevent
satellite from providing com-
pintaly useable data. New design
represented an advance in devel-
oping Weather Bureau's TIROS
Operational Satellite System.
Orbiting Solar Observatory II ...... Thor-Delta ........ ETR ..... Seven of this Orbiting Solar Ob-
(OSO II), Feb. 3. servatory's eight experiments
Continues OSO-I studies in solar returned significant data on solar
physics through experiments phenomena. All spacecraft
provided by Harvard College systems operated at or above
Observatory and the Naval Re- expected design goals.
search Laboratory. Has added
ability to scan the entire solar
surfaee and part of its corona.
Pegasus I (SA-9), Feb. 16 ........... Saturn I .......... ETR ..... Provided information for better
Satellite will "sweep" space de- fusing and manufacturing tech-
tecting and reporting coliisions niques to improve detection
with meteoroids by using a new systems on the remaining two
meteoroid-penetration detec- Pegasus spacecraft. Spacecraft
tion system. circling the earth at 451 miles
apogee and 311 miles perigee on
an inclination of 31.75 ° •
Ranger Vlll, Fe',. 17 ............... Atlas-Agena ...... ETR ..... Mid-course trajectory correction
Lunar photography. was successful. Transmitted
7,137 high-quality pictures.
Last photograph taken before
impact revealed objects less thav
30 inches in size.
*See footnote at and of table.
2O5
206 I_qASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANN-tYAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Centaur 5, Mar. 2................... Atlas-Centaur ..... ETR ..... Atlas booster failed about one
A vehicle-development flight con- second after lift-off.
tinuing a series of experimental
test flights planned to prepare
Centaur for future launches of
the Surveyor soft landing lunar
spacecraft.
Ranger IX, Mar. 21................. Atlas-Agona ...... ETR ..... Last of NASA's highly successful
Lunar photography. lunar photographic missions.
Spacecraft provided 5,814high-
resolution pictures of moon's
surface. The Ranger series
supplied over 17,000photographs,
most of which were up to 2,000
times clearer than any ever
provided by the most powerful
earth-based telescopes.
Gemini (GT-III), Mar. 23 .......... Modified Titan ETR ..... This firsttwo-man Gemini flight
To demonstrate manned orbital II. carried Astronauts Virgil I.
flight in the Gemini spacecraft Orissom and John W. Young
and further qualify spacecraft for three orbits (4 hours, 53
and launch vehicle systems for minutes). First use by crew of
future manned missions; dem- orbital maneuvering system;
onstrate and evaluate opera- and firstcontrol of reentry
tions of the worldwide tracking flightpath using variable
network with a spacecraft and spacecraft lift.
crew; evaluate Gemini design
and its effects on crew perform-
aness; demonstrate and evaluate
capability to maneuver the
spacecraft in orbit using the
orbital attitude and maneuver-
ing system; demonstrate capa-
bility to control the reentry
flight path and the landing
point ; evaluate performance of
spacecraft systems; obtain gen-
eral photographic coverage in
orbit; and to recover the space-
craft and evaluate recovery
systems.
Early Bird I, Apr. 6 ................ Thrust-Aug- ETR ...... Experiments, tests and commun-
First commercial communications mented Delta. ications system lineups took
satellitelaunched by NASA for place between April 10 and
Comsat Corp. on a reimbursable June 28 when spacecraft was
basis. placed in commercial service.
Performance equaled or exceeded
expectations.
*See footnote at end of table.

APPE_Dr_ _ 207
Explorer XXVII, Apr. 29 ........... Scout .............. WI ........ The six radio beacons on the
NASA's first satellite with geo- satellite were activated and
detic studies as its primary mis- operating as planned. Joined
sion. Principal function to Explorer XXII, orbited
chart irregularities in earth's October 10, 1964, in geodetic
gravitational field through geo- and ionospheric investigations.
detic measurements using the Laser experiments, using cor-
Doppler effect noted in two ner cube reflectors, were per-

beams continuously t-ans- formed successfully.
mitted from the satellite to the
ground at 162 and 324 mega-
cycles.
Apollo high altitude abort test, Little Joe II ....... WSR ...... Launch vehicle developed a high
May 19. spin during early powered

flight and eventually disinte-
grated. Launch escape system
satisfactorily sensed vehicle
malfunction and separated the
spacecraft without damage.
High altitude abort test ob-
jestives not met.
FIRE II, May 22 ................... Atlas D ........... ETR ..... Reentry spacecraft reached 25,400
To investigate high-reentry veL m.p.h, as it was propelled back
loeity (37,000 feet per second) of into the atmosphere. Atlas
spacecraft into earth's atmos- launch vehicle, velocity package,
phere. FIRE II reentry package, and
data-gathering equipment
performed well. Telemetry
records reveal heating infor-
mation received throughout
reentry. All test sequences
occurred as scheduled.
Pegasus II (SA-8), May 25 .......... Saturn I .......... ETR ..... Orbiting the earth every 97.3
To gather information on the minutes at altitudesranging from
frequency of meteoroids in the 314 to 466 miles, the l_-ton space-
near-earth environment for use craft exposed 2,300 square feet of
in designing future manned and instrumented aluminum panels
unmanned spacecraft. of different thicknesses to
meteoroid penetrations.
Explorer XXVIII (IMP-C), May Thor-Delta ....... ETR ..... Third in the Interplanetary
29. Monitoring Platform (IMP)
To gather data on interplanetary satelliteseries,Explorer XXVIII
._-_et.!c fields and study followed Explorer XVIII (IMP-
charged particles coming from A) __nd _XI (IMP-B) in con-
the sun and elsewhere in the tinuing to monitor and provide
solar system. (Similar informa- data on the radiation environ-
tion supplied by Mariner IV ment ofcislunar space.
on its way to flyby Mars in mid-
July.)
* See footnote at end of table.

208 :NASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
_emini (GT-IV), June 3 ........... Modified Titan II. ETR ..... Astronauts :/ames A. McDivitt anc
To demonstrate and evaluate per- Edward A. White orbited the
formance of spacecraft systems earth 62 times during 97 hours
for 4 days; evaluate effects of and 56 minutes in space. Firs1
prolonged exposure to space U.S. extravehicular activities
environment of 2-man flight (22 rain.) and use of personal
crew in preparing for longer propulsion unit by White. A
flights; demonstrate orbital program of 11 scientific experi-
attitude and maneuvering ments successfully conducted.
system's ability to perform
retrofireback-up; demonstrate
capability of spacecraft and
flightcrew to make in-plane and
out-of-plane maneuvers; per-
form extravehicular activity;
conduct further evaluation of
various other spacecraft systems
while in flight; obtain photo-
graphic coverage in orbit; and
recover the spacecraft and
evaluate recovery system.
*ETR--Eastern Test Range, Cape Kennedy, Fla.

WI--Wallops Island, Va.
WSR--White Sands Missile Range, N. Mex.
Appendix K
NASA Launch Vehicles
[
Payload in pounds [ Principal use

Vehicle Stages
Scout ..................
345-mile orbit Escape [ Mars/
Venus
...............
J Launching small scientific satellites
and probes (Explorer XXVII, SE RT
engine, San Marco I).
Delta .................. 800 ............ 120 ........ Launching scientific, meteorological,
150 to T20 ......
and communications satellites
TIROS IX, Orbiting Solar Observ-
ateries--OSO I and II, Ariel, Tel-
star I, Relay. Syncom II,Interplane-
tary Monitoring Platforms (Explorers
XXI and XXVIII), Energetic par-
i
ticlessatellite(Explorer XXVI).
Thrust Augmented 1,000 .......... 150 120 ] Launching scientific,meteorological,
I
Delta (TAD). communications, and bioscienee sat-

ellitos, and lunar and planetary
probes (Pioneer A--D, TIROS K,
TIROS operational satellitesOT-3
and OT-2, Syncom III, Commercial
Communications Satellite
Early Bird
I, BiosatellitesC--F).
Thor-Agena B ......... 1,800 .......... Launching scientific,communications,
and applications satellite,(Echo II,
Nimbus I, Polar Orbiting Geophysi-
cal Observatory).
Thrust Augmented 2 2,200 .......... Launching geophysiCs and astronomy,
Thor-Agena (TAT). and applications satellites(OGO C,
D, F, and Nimbus B).
Atlas-Agena B ......... 2½] 5,000 .......... 750 400 Launching heavy scientific satellites,
and lunar and planetary probes
(Rangers VII, VIII and IX, Mariners
III and IV, Orbiting Geophysical
Observatory--O GO-I).
Atlas-Centaur ......... 2½ 89500 .......... 2, 300 1,300 Launching heavy unmanned space-
craft as lunar soft landers (Surveyor).
Atlas D ............... 1 (I) ............. Launched manned Mercury spacecraft.
Titan II ............... 2 7,000, 87/161 Launching ...... -ed and manned
elliptical Gemini spacecraft.
orbit.
Saturn I ............... 20,000 (15,000 Orbiting Pegasus I and II spacecraft
without re- to detect and report on meteoroid
start capa- collisions, and launching Project
bility). Apollo spacecraft.
Saturn IB ............. 28,500 ......... Launching Project Apollo spacecraft.
Saturn V .............. 220,000 ........ 95, 000 70,000 Do.
i Only NASA application Project Mercury--2,500 pounds in ll4-mile orbit.
2O9
m
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210
APPENDIX L 211
_._ ",_ =
=_,_
_ -_d
,-., _ =_ _-_
207-820 O-66--15
Appendix M
Grants and ResearchContractsObligated*
(Ja_. l_rune 30, 1.965)
Alabama :
NGR 01-001-003 ...... Alabama A&M College, C. O. LEE ............ $23, 419
Radiation Effects in the Metabolism of
Phosphollldds in the Central Nervous system
of Albino Rats.
NsG-381 .............. University of Alabama, R. HZRMA_N and 400, 000
S 2 G. CaoKER.
Research in the Aerospace Physical
Sciences.
NsG(T)-30 ............ University of Alabama, E. ROD01_RS .......... 192, 0n
S 2 Supporting the Training of Ten Predoc-
toral Graduate Students in Space-Related
Science and Technology.
NsG(T)-18 ............ Auburn University, W. V. PAREZa ........... 184, 100
NSR 01-003_)05 ....... Auburn University, R. I. VACHON ............ 50, 625
A Summer Institute in Space-Related
Engineering.
NASr-ll7 ............. Southern Research Institute, A. C. WILLHELM_- 6, 448
A 5 Investigative Research of Protective Coat-
ing for Sheet Steels in Supert_onlc Transport
Aircraft.
Alaska :
NsG-201 .............. University of Alaska, S. CHAPMAN ............ _, 000

S 4 A Theoretical Study of the Ring Current
and Geomagnetic Field Phenomena.
NsG-406 .............. University of Alaska, W. B. MURCRAY ......... 73, 536
S I Experimental Studies of Auroral Phe-
nomena Including Particulate Fluxes by
Means of Rocket-Borne Experiments.
NsG_t59 .............. University of Alaska, P. MORRISON .......... 48, O00
S 2 Experimental Studies in Physiological
Adaptation to Environmental Extremes.
NsG (T)-1_1 ........... University of Alaska, K. M. RAm .............. 43, 200
S 1 Supporting the Training of Two Predoc-
Sciences and Technology.
NSR_)2-001-020 ....... University of Alaska, G. M. STANLEY .......... 89, 312
Investigation of Auroral Zone Ionospheric
Forward Scatter.
*The grants listed are reported to the Congress in compliance with the requirements of
the Grants Statute, 42 U.S.C. 1891-1893 (72 Stat. 1793).
NOTE: Contracts have prefixes NAS and NSR; grants have prefixes NsG and NGR;
transfer of funds to Government agencies have prefix R. Earlier grants and contracts are
listed in appendices of previous NASA Semiannual Reports to Congress.
212
APPENDIX
M 213
Arizona :
NsG-161 .............. University of Arizona, G. P. KUIPER .......... $250,000
S 5 Planetary Spectroscopic Studies and Seleno-
detic and Physical Studies of the Lunar
Surface.
NsG-458 .............. University of Arizona, S. A. HOENIG .......... 30, 000

S 2 Theoretical and Experimental Studies of
Chemisorption Phenomena and Techniques,
for Detection and Analysis of Tenuous Plane-
tary Atmospheres.
NsG-628 .............. University of Arizona, S. BASHKIN ........... 174, 638
S 1 Studies in Optical Spectroscopy.
NsG-646 .............. University of Arizona, G. A. KOEN ............ 20, 000
S 2 Experimental and Theoretical Investiga-
tions of Advanced Hybrid (Digital-Analog)
Computing Techniques and Devices.
NsG-733 .............. University of Arizona, A. M. J. GEHRELS ...... 16, 292
S 1 Interstellar Polarization and Multicolor
Spectrophotometry of Selected Objects.
NGR 03-002-044 ....... University of Arizona, D. B. KECECIOGLU ...... 27, 450
Investigation of Methodology for Designing
Specified Reliabilities into Mechanical Com-
ponents.
NSR 03-002-048 ....... University of Arizona, H. L. JOHNSON ......... 139, 570
Feasibility and Design Study of a Prime
Experiment in Stellar Photometry and Polar-
imetry in the Ultraviolet, for the Orbiting
Astronomical Observatory.
NGR 03-002-056 ....... University of Arizona, M. V. DAvzs ........... 50, 269
Dynamic Measurements of the Electrical
Properties of Metal Oxides in High Radiation
Fields at High Temperatures.
NSR 03-002-066 ....... University of Arizona, R. H. NOBLE and W.G. 88, 563
TIFFT.
Preliminary Electrical Design Definition for
a Small Space Telescope for Cooperative Use
by Geologists and Astronomers.
NsG(T)-33 ............ University of Arizona, H. D. RHODES ......... 212, 400
S 2 Supporting the Training of Twelve Predoc-
toral Graduate Students in Space-Related Sci-
ences and Technology.
NASr-138 ............. University of Arizona, A. M. J. GEHRELS ...... 41, 670
A 3 Conduct Photopolarimeter Observations on
Four Balloon Flights.
NsG-399 .............. Arizona State University, C. B. MOORE ..... 47, 979
S 1 Investigate, Develop, Evaluate, and Im-
prove Procedures for Sampling, Character-
izing, and Classifying Meteorite Specimens.
NGR03-001-013 ....... Arizona 'State University, J. P. AVERY ...... 8, 020
Investigation of the Dynamic Behavior of
Thin Spherical Shells.
NGR 03-001-01@ ....... Arizona State University, L. P. MEI_OVITCH-- 20, 301
Attitude Stability of a Spinning Passive
Satellite in a Circular Orbit.
NGR 03-001-022 ....... Arizona State University, L. P. MEIROVlTCH-- 18, 616
Study of Dynamic Characteristics of a
Variable Mass Elastic Body Under High
Acceleration.
NsG(T)-32 ............ Arizona State University, W. J. BURKE ...... 141, 600
S 2 Supporting the Training of Eight Predoc-
total Graduate Students in Sp_ce-Related
NsG-260 .............. University of Arkansas, M. K. TESTERMAN .... 16, 880
S 3 Theoretical and Experimental Investiga-
tions of Radio Frequency Mas_ Spectt0metry.
Arizona-_Continued
NsG(T)-12 ............ University of Arkansas, V. W. ADKISSON ...... $180, 000
total Graduate Students in Space-Related
California :
NsG-56 ............... California Institute of Technology, H. BROWN 140, 342
S 6 and B. C. MURRAY.
Investigation of Problems In Lunar and
Planetary Exploration.
NsG-426 .............. California Institute of Technology, R. B. I_IGH- 760, 19,.5
S 2 _0N.
Space-Related Research in Selected Fields
of Physics and Astronomy, Including Cosmic
Rays, Interplanetary Magnetic Fields, Solar
Physics, Theoretical Astrophysics, Planetary
Spectroscopy and Infrared Astronomy.
NGR 05-002_028 ....... California Institute of Technology, W. A. 30, 000
S 1 'FOWLER.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of
Nuclear Activity and Evolutionary Processes
in Stars and Cosmos.
NGR 05-002-034 ....... California Institute of Technology, H. ZIRIN-- 136, 605
Research in Solar Flares and the Solar
Atmosphere.
NGR 05-002-036 ....... California Institute of Technology, J. E. 30, 000
McKEE.
Investigation of Biochemical Stabilization
of Aqueous Solutions or Organic Compounds
by Unsaturated Flow Through Porous Media.
NsG(T)-37 ............ California Institute of Technology, F. BOHNIN- 280, 100
S 2 BLUST.
Supporting the Training of Fifteen Predoc-
toral Graduate Students In Space-Related
NsG-101 .............. University of California (Berkeley), M. CALVXN- 258, 900
S 3 Studies of Reflection Spectra, Meteorite
Analysis, Paleobiochemistry, and Biochemical
Evolution as Bases for Studying Extraterres-
trial Life.
NsG-104- ............. University of California (Berkeley), W. OSWALD_ 20, 000
S 3 Detection and Study of Microorganisms in

the Upper Atmosphere.
NsG-243 .............. University of California (Berkeley), S. SILVEIt__ 1,775, 000
S 3 Interdisciplinary Space-Oriented Research

in the Physical, Biological, Engineering, and
Social Sciences.
NsG-387 .............. University of California (Berkeley), K. A. 81,436
S 2 ANDERSON.
Study of High Energy Radiation Associated

With Solar Flares and Auroral Zone Phe-
nomena.
N.sG-397 .............. University of California (Berkeley), N. PACE__ 90, 000
S 2 Physiological Mechanisms of Hibernation in
Hibernators Living at High Altitudes.
NsG-513 .............. University of California (Berkeley), N. PACE-- 149, 618
S 1 Primate Hemodynamlcs and Metabolism
Under Conditions of Weightlessness, for the
Purpose of Defining and Verifying an Ex-
periment Suitable for Use in a Blosatellite.
NsG-600 .............. University of California (Berkeley), H. JONES 130,000
S 1 and T. JUKES.
Space Physiology-Studies of Methodology
and Instrumentation for Measurement of
Physiological Variable Under Space Flight-
Like Conditions.
APPENDIX M 215
NsG-702 .............. University of California (Berkeley), A. K. $140,000

S 1 OPPE NHEI._I.
Gas-Wave Dynamic Studies of Spray Com-

bustion.
NsG-707 .............. University of California (Berkeley), H. WEAVER_ 82, 550

An Experimental Study of Advanced In-
frared Detectors for Use in Planetary
Spectroscopy.
NGR 05--003-067 ....... University of California (Berkeley), W. B.N. 9, 308
1{ERRS.
Study of Growth in Recent and Fossil
Invertebrate Exoskeletons and its Relation-
ship to Tidal Cycles in the Earth-Moon
Systems.
NGR 05--003-06S ....... University of California (Berkeley), S. 2, 400
S 1 _[ARGEN.
Clinical Nutritional Study of Minimal
Protein and Caloric Requirements.
NGR 05-003-090 ....... University of California (Berkeley), D. B. 28, 301
MENZELL.
Study of Environmental Effects Upon Cel-

lular Autoxidation.
NGR 05-003-091 ....... University of California (Berkeley), D. A. 12S, 289
GLASER.
Automatic Counting and Identification of
Living Microorganisms.
NGR 05-003-096 ....... University of California (Berkeley), R. R. 30, 000
BROWN.
Multi-Balloon Studies of the Spatial Struc-

ture of Fast Time Variations of Auroral Zone
Electron Precipitation.
NGR 05-003-115 ....... University of California (Berkeley), C. A. 29, 908
TOBIAS.
Conference on Space Radiaton Biology.
NGR 05-003-118 ........ University of California (Berkeley), R. 23, 627
OSTWALD.
Study of Nutritional Requirements and
Breeding Behavior of Perognathus.
NsG(T)-ll7 ........... University of California (Berkeley), S. S. 324,000
S 1 ELBERG.
NASr-212 ............. University of California (Berkeley), G. C. 113, 220
A 2 rIMENTEL.
Develop Infrared Spectrometer for Space

Vehicle Study of Planetary Atmospheres.
NSR05_)03-100 ....... University of California (Berkeley), A.E. 44,600
WHITFORD.
Develop Low-Noise Photomultipller Tubes
for Astronomical Applications.
NSR 05-003-117 ....... University of California (Berkeley), H.E. 11,916
WHITE.
Development of Curriculum Materials in
Space Biology for Secondary School Students.
NsG-656 .............. University of California (Davis), J. L. 15, 000
S 1 INGRAHAM.
Investigation of the Genetic Characteristics
of Microbial Growth at Low Temperatures.
NsG-705 .............. University of California (Davis), B. CASWELL__ 9, 300
S 1 Constitutive Equa_Iuns and Ncn-Newtonian
Fluid Mechanics.
NGR 05-004-006 ....... University of California (Davis), J. P. HUaLE£_ 1_, 447
Self-Consistent Study of Trapped Radiation
in the Geomagnetic Field.
216 NASA THIRTEE_TTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
California--Continued
NGR 05-004-008 ....... University of California (Davis), C. F. KELLY_ $80, 000
Investigation of the Physiological Effects
of Chronic Acceleration.
NSO--237 .............. University of California (Los Angeles), W.F. 600, 000
S 5 LIBBY.
Interdisciplinary Space-Related Research
in the Physical Biological Sciences and Engi-
neering.
NsG-249 .............. University of California (Los Angeles), W.F. 220, 000
S 3 LIBBY.
Theoretical and Experimental Investiga-
tions of Particles and Fields in Space, Includ-
ing Construction of Prototype Instrumenta-
tion.
NsG-427 .............. University of California (Los Angeles), F.R. 42, 400
S 1 SHANLI_Yo
Analytical and Experimental Investigation
of Ceramic Materials for Use as Structural
Elements.
NGR 05-007-057 ....... University of California (Los Angeles), W.T. 59, 004)
THOMSON.
A Summer Institute in Space Technology.
NGR05-007-065 ....... University of California (Los Angeles), P.J. 45, 680
COLEMAN.
Reduction and Analysis of Data From Mar-
iner IV Magnetometer Investigations.
NGR 05-007-066 ....... University of California (Los Angeles), A.Y. 23, 000
WONO.
Investigation of Interreaction Between Iron
Beams and Plasma.
NsG(T)-4 ............. University of California (Los Angeles), W.F. 288, 900
S 8 LIBBY.
NSR 05-007-060 ....... University of California (Los Angeles), W.M. 51,295
KAULAo
Data Analysis in Connection with National
Geodetic Satellite Program.
NsG(T)-130 ........... University of California (Riverside), R.B. 77,900
S 1 MARCH.
Supporting the Training of Four Predoc-
NsG-91 ............... University of California (Santa Barbara), W. 34,600
S 3 C. WALKER.
Investigation of the Optical Parameters of
Certain Solids in the Spectral Region Be-
tween 500 and 3,000 Angstroms.
NsG-318 .............. University of California (San Diego), L.E. 87,923
S 2 PETERSON.
Studies for X-ray and Gamma Ray Astron-
omy.
NsG-318 .............. University of California (San Diego), L.E. 87, 923
S 3 PETERSON.
Studies for X-ray and Gamma Ray Astron-
omy.
NsG-3_7 .............. University of California (San Diego), G.R. 50, 000
S 3 BURBIDGE.
Theoretical Studies ill Astrophysics.

NsG-538 .............. University of California (San Diego), C.E. 258, 000
S 1 .'_[CILWAIN.
Theoretical, Experimental, and Analytical
Studies of Geomagnetically Trapped Par-
ticleg.
APPENDIX M 217
NGR 05-009-020 ....... University of California (San Diego), J. H. $71, 303

TAYLOR.
Investigation of Sensitivity of Central and
Peripheral Visual Fields.
NGR 05-009-025 ....... University of California (San Diego), P.A. 25, 662
LIRBY.
Mass Transfer in Laminar Hypersonic
Boundary Layers.
NsG(T)-95 ............ University of California (San Diego), N.W. 153, 300
S 1 RAKESTRAW.
Supporting the Training of Eight Predoe-
toral Graduate Studentg in Space-Related
-
NsG-7,2 o .............. University of California (San Francisco), 42, 270
S 1 H.J. RALSTON.
Relative Roles of Gravitational and Inertial
Work in the Energy Cost and Character of
Human Locomotion.
NGR 05-035-001 ...... Institute for Lipid Research, C. A. OL_ISTSD__ 38, 400
Study of Influence of Altered Environ-
mental Factors on Central Nervous System
Tissues.
NASr-21(07) .......... Rand Corporation, V. H. KATZ ............... 134, 010
A 6 Study of the Scientific Utilization of
Meteorological Data Obtained From Both
Manned and Unmanned Satellites and the
Implications of New Techniques and Meas-
urements to the Science of Meteorology.
NASr-21(08) .......... Rand Corporation, S. FIRSTMAN .............. 465, 650
A 3 Study Program to Assist in Defining an In-
tegrated Checkout System for Manned Apollo
Mission Complexes.
NASr-21(10) .......... Rand Corporation, S. I. FIRSTMAN ............ 22, 768
Man-Rating Contingency Planning for the
Apollo Program.
NASr-21(11) .......... Rand Corporation, E. SCHEUER .............. 200, 605
Development of Methodology for Assess-
ment of Apollo Reliability.
NASr-21(12) .......... Rand Corporation, M. A. MARGOLXS ........... 307, 250
Study and Improvement of Cost-Estimat-
ing Procedures.
NGR 05-029-001 ....... University of San Francisco, A. Ft'RST ........ 37, 022
Study of Brain Amino Acids and Biogenie
Amino Under Various Atmospheric Mixtures.
NsG-178 .............. University of Southern California, G. L. 50, 000
S 2 WEISSLER.
Interactions of Vacuum Ultraviolet Radia-
tion with Solid Materials.
NsG-433 .............. University of Southern California, J. P. HV.NRY 83, 119
S 2 and J. P. MEEHAN.
An Experimental investi_,-ation of th_ Vo!e
of Experiences in the Entology of Animal and
Human Physiological and Behavioral Re-
sponses to Situational Stress in Later Life.
NsG-616 .............. University of Southern California, H. A. 16, 000
S 1 TAYLOR.
An Extension of Second Order Pertur-
bation Theory in Atomic and Molecular Quan-
tum Mechanics.
NGR 05-018-022 ....... University of Southern California, G. A. BEKEY- 23, 940
Study oF New T_chniques for hnolysis of
Manual Control Systems
California--Continued
NsG(T)-75 ............ University of Southern California, M. C. $230, 400
S 2 KLOETZEL.
Supporting the Training of Twelve Pre-
doctoral Graduate Students in Space-Related
NASr-49(07) .......... Stanford Research Institute, R. T. SMITH ..... 39, 389
A 3 Conduct Theoretical Research on Low
Energy Electronic, Ionic. and Atomic Impact

Phenomena.
NASr--49(10) .......... Stanford Research Institute, R. F. MURACA .... 99, 963
A 2 Assist in NASA Industrial Application Pro-
gram with the Basic Objective of Evaluating
and Bringing to Industrial or Commercial
Fruition Technological Developments Result-
ing from the Nation's Space Effort.
NASr--49(15) .......... Stanford Research Institute, N. K. HIESTER .... 74, 943
A 3 Development of Meaningful Standard Pro-
cedures for Evaluating the Effect of Thermal
Environments and Ablating Materials.
NASr-49(19) .......... Stanford Research Institute, F. A. HaLDZN .... 62, 819
A 1 Research on the Optimum Parameters for
the Growing of Refractory Carbide Single
Crystals.
NASr-49(2.2) .......... Stanford Research Institute, A. S. DENNIS .... 61, 061
Study of the Feasibility and Applicability
of Laser Measurements from a Meteorological
Satellite.
NASr--49(23) .......... Stanford Research Institute, A. S. DENNIS .... 29, 236
Conduct a Study of Probability Distribution
of Precipitation-Scatter Interference.
NsG-3D ............... Stanford University, O. K. GARRIOTT .......... 95, 526
S 5 Electron Content Distribution and Tem-
poral Variation in the Ionosphere by Means of
Scintillation and Faraday Rotation of Satel-
lite Radio Transmissions, Including Consider-
ation of Latitudinal Effects of Magnetic
Storms.
NsG--81 ............... Stanford University, J. LEDEEBEafi ........... 349, 899
S 5 Cytochemical Studies of Planetary Micro-
organisms.
NsG-133 ............. _Stanford University, R. H. CA,_NOr_ .......... 100,000
S 3 Research on Space Vehicle Attitude Control
Systems.
NsG--331 .............. Stanford University, A. L. SCHAWLOW ........ 150, 000
$2 Spectroscopy and Solid State Quantum
Electronics at Optical and Infrared Wave
Lengths.
NsG-377 .............. Stanford University, V. R. ESHLEMAN ........ 150, 000
S 2 Theoretical and Experimental Radio and
Radar Studies of Lunar and Planetary
Ionospheres, Atmospheres, and Surfaces of
tile Sun, and ttle Interplan,tary Medium.
NsG-378 .............. Stanford University, W. M. FAIl{BANK ....... 70,000
S 2 Gravitational and Resonance Experiments
on Very Low Energy Free Electrons and
Positrons.
NsG-582 .............. Stanford University, R. It. CANNON .......... 180, 000
S 2 Investigations, Theoretical and Experi-
mental Analysis for a Zero-G Satellite
Development, and Schlff Gyro Test of Gen-
eral Theory of Relativity.
APPENDIX M 219
NsG-622 .............. Stanford University, A S. TETELMAN .......... $29,700

S 1 An Investigation of the Mechanisms of
Strengthening and Fracture in Composite
Systems.
NGR 05-020-036 ....... Stanford University, R. C. ATKINSON ........ 74, 168
Study of Decision Making and Information
Processing.
NGR 05-020-066 ...... Stanford University, W. E. SPIC_:R .......... 43, 627"
Photoemission Studies of Solids.
NGR 05-020-073 ...... Stanford University, R. E. KALMAN ......... 32, 401
Research on Stability and Stochastic
Optimal Control.
NGR 05-020_)77 ....... Stanford University, F. W. CRAWFORD ........ 39, 996
the Nature and Characteristics of Space-
Related Plasma Resonance Phenomena.
NGR 05-020A081 ...... Stanford University, T. K. LANDAUER ....... 6, 043
Effects of Anttmetabolites on Learning and
on Brain Metabolism.
NGR 05-020-084 ...... Stanford University, 0. B. SHERBY .......... 20, 000
Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior
of Polycrystalline Non-Metallics at Elevated
Temperature, with Emphasis on the Mecha-
nisms of Creep.
NGR 05-020-089 ....... Stanford University, O. K. (_ARRIOTT ......... 40, 000
Analysis of Topside Ionograms.
NGR05-020-091,_ ...... Stanford University, D. BERSHADER ......... 42, 500
Experimental and Analytical Studies of
Plasma Transport Properties.
NGR 05-020-117 ....... Stanford University, D. BROUWER ........... 15, 000
Summer Institute in Dynamical Astronomy.
NsG(T)-76 ............ Stanford University, F. E. TFRMAN ........... :_22, 200
S 2 SupPorting the Training of Fifteen Predoe-
NASr-136 ............. Stanford University, 0. K. GARRIOTT .......... 81, 500
A 5 Research to Obtain Information About the
Electron Content in the Ionosphere and Its
Variation.
NSR05-020-088 ....... Stanford University, M. ANLIKER ........... 90,100
Support of a Ten-Week Specialized Snmmer
Progrum in Space-Related Engineering.
R 05-030-001 .......... U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, E. BAt!I_R___ 32, 491
Theoretical and Experimental Research to
Provide Qtmntitative Knowledge on the Influ-
ence of Surface Energy and Structure on the
Electron Emission Properties of Materials.
Colorado :
NsG-709 .............. I'niverslty of Celorado, J. W. I_IARII........ 10, 000
S 1 Studies of Plant Physics.
NsG(T)-46 ............ University of _,,,,_"_1
............1_, ....l_..¥ ARCHER ........ 222, 100
S 2 Supporting the Training of Twelve Pre-
NASr-86 .............. University of Colorado, J. LONDON .......... 66, 057
A 3 Investigation of the Sohtr Ultraviolet
Radiation.
NsG(T)-92 ............ Colorado School of Mines, A. R. JORDAN ...... 54, 800
S 1 Supporting the Training of Four Predoc-
toral Students in Space-Related Sciences
NsG-78 ............... Colorado State University, F. B. SALISBURY___ 30, 00U

S 3 Research on Pathogen-Free Plants in a
Microcosm and on the Effects of High In-
tensity Light on Plant Growth.
220 I_ASA THIRTERNTI-I SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Colorado---Continued
NsG-570 .............. Colorado State University, V. A. SANDBORN__- $84, 068"
S 1 Experimental and Theoretical Studies of
the Influence of Countercurrent Electrons
Flows on the Performance of Ion Accelerators.
NGR-06-002-015 ...... Colorado State University, F. E. SOUTH ...... 50, 000
Studies on Adaption to Prolonged Deep
Hypothermia and Its Relation of Hibernation.
NsG(T)-45 ............ Colorado State University, W. H. BRAOONIZR-- 137, 400
S 2 Supporting the Training of Eight Pre-
doctoral Graduate Students in Space-Re-
lated Sciences and Technology.
NASr-147 ............. Colorado State University, W. E. MARLATT .... 99, 999
A 3 Investigations of the Temperature and
Special Emissivity Characteristics of Cloud
Tops and Earth's Surface.
NAG--518 .............. University of Denver, S. A. JOHNSON .......... 150, 000
S 1 Multidisciplinary Research in Space-Re-
lated Sciences and Engineering.
NsG(T)-49 ............ University ot Denver, W. C. MILLER ........ 100, 800
S 2 Supporting the Training of Six Pre-
R-45 ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, R. B. 560, 000
A 5 STEWART.
Investigations and Studies of Liquid Hydro-
gen and Other Cryogenic Fluids.
R--45 ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards ........... I0, 000
A 6 Ihvestigations and Studies of Liquid Hydro-
gen and Other Cryogenic Fluids.
R-83 ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, K. L. 135,000
A 2 .B0wLEs.
Support of Observations and Experiments

at the Jicamarca Radar Observatory, Em-
phasizing Incoherent Backscatter Studies of
the Magnetosphere.
R-126 ................ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, J. W. 90,006
A 1 WRmHT.
Studies of Ionospheric Electron Densities
and Related Atmospheric Properties, to Pro-
vide Data for Ionospheric Sounding Rocket
and Satellite Flights.
R-133 ................ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, W. CAL- 40, 000
A 1 VERT.
Investigations in the Ionosphere with a

Multiple Ionospheric Probe.
NsG-726 .............. University Corporation for Atmospheric Re- 55,000
S 1 search, L. L. HOUSF..
An Investigation of the Wavelengths and
Energy Levels of High Ionized Elements,
Utilizing Vacuum UV Spectroscopy.
Connecticut :
NsG-3O9 .............. University of Connecticut, D. P. LINDORFF ..... 25, 000
S 3 Analytical and Experimental Research on
Reducing the Sensitivity of Sampled Data
Systems to Parameter Variations and Dis-
turbances.
NsG(T)-47 ............ University of Connecticut, N. L. WHETTEN .... 166, 400
NsG--716 .............. Wesleyan University, F. R. ZABRISKXE'- ........ 17, 500
S 1 Studies of the Spectra of Radiant Energy
of Planets.
ArPENDIX M 221
NsG-1 ................ Yale University, V. HuGEs and R. KROTKOV___ $60, 000

S 5 Theoretical and Experimental Investigation
of Collision Cross-Sections in Atomic Proc-
esses.
NsO--29 ............... Yale University, D. BROUWER ................ 92, 490
S 2 Problems in Satellite and Planetary Motion.
NsG-138 .............. Yale University, R. C. BANKER ............... 51, 296
S 4 Low-Power, Low-Speed Data Storage and
Processing Techniques.
NsG-163 .............. Yale University, V. HUGES .................. 50, 652
S 3 Theoretical Research in Relativity, Cosmol-
ogy and Nuclear Astrophysics.
NsG-407 .............. Yale University, ft. N. DOUGLAS ............... 119, 729
S 1 Investigations of the Polarization and Time
Structure of ffovlan Decametric Radiation and
the Structure of Interplanetary Plasma.
NGR 07-004-028 ....... Yale University, ft. HIRSHFmLD and I. 42, 202
BERNSTEIN.
Plasma Physics in Planetary and Solar
Environments.
NGR 07-004_035 ....... Yale University, W. E. LAMB ................. 59, 902
Investigation of the Basic Foundations of
Masers and Lasers.
NGR 07-004-036 ....... Yale University, H. ft. MOROWlTZ ............. 31,536
Study of Techniques for the Use of Rotifers,
Nematodes and Tardigrades in Behavioral
Experiments.
NsG(T)-34 ............ Yale University, ft. P. MILLER .............. 318,000
$2 Supporting the Training of Fifteen Pro-
Delaware :
NsG--573 .............. University of Delaware, K. W. BOER ........ 29, 040

S 1 Study of X-ray and Electron Damage and
Photo-Chemical Reactions in CdS Single
Crystals and Layers, Annealing of These
Defects, and Influence of Desorption Caused
by Irradiation.
NGR 0_001--010 ....... University of Delaware, L. B. WILLIAbIS ..... 12, 000
TO Analyze, and Edit into a Single Book-
Length Manuscript the Proceedings of the
National Conference on the Administration
of Research.
NsG(T)-29 ............ University of Delaware, C. E. BIRCHENALL-- 147, 900
$2 Supporting the Training of Eight Pre-
District of Columbia :
NASr-196 ............. Aerospace Medical Association, W. ft. KENNaSD- 6, 084
A 9 Services and Materials Necessary to Ad-
minister a i'rogram £or Publication and Dis-
tribution of Current Medical Abstracts.
NASr-132 ............. American Institute of Biological Sciences, 146, 617
A 6 F. SMITH.
Conduct Symposium on tile Minimum
Ecological Systems for Man.
NASr-246 ............. American Institute of Biological Sciences, 100, OO0
ft. R. 0LIVe.
Basic Life Science Experiments Program
for Manned Earth Orbiting Missions.
NGR 09-003-007 ...... American University, A. D. MORRIS ........ 11,965
Analysis of Direct-Current Inert-Gas Ares.
222 NASATHIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
District of Columbia----Contint, ed
NsG-647 .............. Catholic University, P. H. E. MmZJIJR and $23,250
S 1 R. ,_IEISTER.
Spin-Photon Coupling Effects in Paramag-
netic Crystals.
NsG-649 .............. Catholic University, T. TANAKA ............ 24,108
S 1 Anaylsis of Radiation Damage in Solar
Cells.
NGR 09-005-022 ....... Catholic University, B. T. D_.Czcco ......... 21,300
Genetic Study of Hydrogen Bacteria and
Their Application to Biological Life Support
Systems.
NsG(T)-39 ............ Catholic University, J. P. O'CONNOR ........ 230,400
NSR 09-131-001 ....... Elementary Science Project, J. C. PAzor. .... 18, 434
The Development and Testing of an Experi-
mental Community Oriented Adult Space
Literacy Project, Involving Culturally De-
prived Persons in Three Geographical Areas.
NASr-238 ............. Federation of American Societies for Ex- 40, 000
perimental Biology, P. L. ALTMAN.
The Accumulation, Analysis, Compilation
of Data, and Preparation of a Camera-Ready
of a Handbook on Environmental Biology.
NsG-428 .............. Georgetown University, W. J. THALER ........ 82, 106
Radiation Absorptance and Emittance Char-
acteristics and Their Control for Potential
Space Vehicle Surface Materials.
NsG-(T)98 ............ Georgetown University, J. B. HORIGAN ........ 141, 600
total Graduate Students in Space-Related Sci-
NAG--485 .............. George Washington University, C. W. SHILLING_ 53, 000
S 2 Scientific Communication Research in Space
Biology.
NAG-603 .............. George Washington University, N. FILIPESCU--- 28, 983
S 1 Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of
Rare Earth Chelates in Solvents and Poly-
mers for Optical Masers.
NAG-603 .............. George Washington University, N. FILIPESCU___ 4, 000
S 2 Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of
Rare Earth Chelates in Solvents and Poly-
mers for Optical Masers.
NsG--727 .............. George Washington University, V. ROCK ....... 300, 000
S 1 Policy Studies of Interest to the Govern-
ment-Industry-University Community.
NsG-(T)51 ............ George Washington University, A. E. BURNS___ 109, 800
S 2 Supporting the Training of Six Predoctoral
Graduate Students in Space-Related Sciences
and Technology.
NASr-171 ............. George Washington University, C. W. SHILLING_ 36, 117
A 1 Professional Supporting Services for the
Review and Evaluation of New Technology
Identified by the Technology Utilization Pro-
gram in the Biomedical Field.
NSR 09-010-019 ....... George Washington University, A. M. 1,600
ROTHROCK.
Lectures on the Exploration of Space.

NGR 09--011-004 ....... Howard University, H. BRANSON ............. 84,000
Research in the Space Sciences.
APPENDIX M 223
NsG-(T)IIO ........... Howard University, C. L. MILLER ............ $104,000

S 1 Supporting the Training of Five Predoctoral
and Technology.
NSR 09-120_)01 ....... International Development Services, J. F. I_E__ 7, 240
A Preliminary Study of the Potential Con-
tributions of Space and Technology to the
Alliance for Progress.
NsG-492 .............. National Academy of Sciences, H. B. SPRAGUE_ 11, 520
S 1 Partial Support for the Committee on the
Use of Aerial Photographic Surveys in Agri-
culture. Criteria for Feasibility of Identify-
ing Vegetation by Spectral Signatures will be
Examined.
NGR 09-012_)24 ....... National Academy of Sciences, H. N. GARDNER- 15, 000
Partial Support of the XXIII International
Congress of Physiological Sciences.
NGR 09-012-026 ....... National Academy of Sciences, S. D. CORNELL_ 10, 000
Support of Conference on Electron Spin
Resonance and the Effects of Radiation on
Biological Systems.
NGR 09-012-027 ....... National Academy of Sciences, I. M. HERMANN_ 5, 000
Partial Support for a Symposium on Molec-
ular Biophysics.
NASr-62 .............. National Academy of Sciences, M. H. TRYTTEN_ 88, 000
A 4 The Administration of the NASA Interna-
tional University Program.
NRS 09-012-901 ....... National Academy of Sciences, C. J. LAPP .... 100, 000
Provide Facilities and Personnel to Admin-
ister for NASA a Postdoctoral and Senior
Postdoctoral Resident Research Associateship
Program in Space Sciences and Technology.
NSR 09-012-903 ....... National Academy of Sciences, D. ODISHAW-- 243, 500
To Support the Space Science Board Decem-
ber 1, 1964_-November 30, 1965.
NSR09-012-904 ....... National Academy of Sciences, F. SEITz ...... 199, 603
Study of Space Research, Including Utiliza-
tion of Man in Space-Research, Planetary
Exploration and Future Needs of Astronomy
in Space.
NSR 09-125-002 ....... National Art Education Association .......... 5, 004
Develop Two Forty-Frame Sound, Color,
Filmstrips of Art Work on Space-Related
Subjects.
NASr-170 ............. National Science Teachers Association, R.H. 2, 355
A 2 CARLETON.
A program of National and Regional Youth

Activities in Science.
NSR 09-014-005 ....... Science Service, Inc., W. DAVIS .............. 4, 070
Administering the NASA Trip Awards
Made at the 16th Nationa/ Science Falr-Intcr
national.
NsG-71 ............... Smithsonian Institution, E. P. HENDERSON-- 20, 000
S 2 Investigation and Collection of Meteorites,
Tektites and Related Material.
NsG-87 ............... Smitbsonian Institution, F. L. WHIPPLE .... 950, 000
S 12 Optical Satellite Tracking Program.

NsG-87 ............... Smithsonian Institution, F. L. WHIPPLE .... 2, 050,000
S 13 Optical Satellite Tracking Program.

N_G-688 .............. Smtthsonian Institution, K. FREDRIKSSON .... 105, 340
S 1 Studies of Constiment_, Composition_, and
Textures of Meteorites and Their Bearing
Theoretical Problems.
NGR 09--015-021 ...... Smithsontan Institution, F. L. WHIPPLE ...... 9, 924
Symposium on Meteoritic Orbits and Dust.
District of Columbia--Continued
NSR 09-015-018 ...... Smithsonian Institution, F. L. WHIPPLE ...... $99, 593
Data Analysis in Connection with the Na-
tional Geodetic Satellite Program.
NsG_5 ............... Society of Photographic Scientists and En- 38, 352
S 5 gtneers, N. GOODWIN.
Independent Tracking Coordination Pro-
gram.
R-104(01) ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, E. P. 372,000
A 1 BLIZARD.
Basic Theoretical and Experimental Studies
of Penetration of Space Vehicle Structural
Material by High Energy Radiation.
R-104 (02) ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, C. A. TOBXAe__ 506, 000
A 1 Studies of Heavily Ionizing Particles and
Space Biology.
R-104(03) ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, A. HOL- 150,000
A I LAENDER.
Research on Biological Effects of Proton
and Other Radiation; Directed Toward De-
velopment of Biosatelllte Experiments.
R-104(05) ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, S. GORDON .... 75, 000
A 1 Study of Effect of Gravity and Electrical
Fields on Plants, Especially with Clinostats.
R-104(06) ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, J. V. SLATER_ 20, 522
A 1 Conduct a Feasibility Study for an Experi-
ment Suitable for Use in a Biosatellite to De-
termine the Effect of the Space Environment
Complex on Insect Growth and Development.
R-104 (07) ............ U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, A. H. SPARROW 22, 000
A 1 and L. A. SCHAIR_.R.
Conduct Feasibility Studies for Experiments
Suitable for Use in a Blosatellite to Determine
the Influence of Space.
R-104(08) ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, R. C. VON- 156,000
A 1 BORSTEL and F. J. DESERRES.
Conduct Research and Development in Con-
nectlon with Two Biological Experiments for
Possible Inclusion on Blosatellite Environ-
ment on Mutation Process Using Controlled
Gamma Ray Exposures as a Standard.
R-104(09) ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, G. A. 190, 000
A 1 ANDREWS.
Conduct Retrospective Study of Radiation
Effects.
R 09-038-001 .......... U.S. Department of Agriculture, N. M. KOFFSKY- 75, 000
Study of the Potential Economic Benefits of
Agricultural Resource Surveys from Earth
Orbiting Research Laboratories.
R 09-040--001 .......... U.S. Department of Interior, T. C. ATCHESON__ 300, 000
Multldisciplinary Research Program Lead-
ing to the Utilization of Extraterrestrial
Resources.
R 09-020-009 .......... U.S. Department of Interior, H. E. SKIBITZKE--- 74,994
Conduct a Feasibility Study of Remote
Sensing of Hydrologic Phenomena from Orbit-
ing Vehicles.
R 09-020-013 .......... U.S. Department of the Interior, R. REEVES___ 30, 000
Remote Terrain Sensing.
R-3 .................. U.S. Library of Congress .................... 27, 500
A 2 Abstract and Index a Representative Selec-
tion of World Literature on Aerospace Medi-
cine and Biology.
APPENDIX M 225
R-141 ................ U.S. Library of Congress, W. J. WSLSH ....... $41,000

A2 Scanning, Selecting, Abstracting, and In-
dexing Current Literature in Aerospace Medi-
cine, Biology, and Related Subjects, Under
the Aerospace Medicine and Biology Bibliog-
raphy Project.
R-I_ ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, J. A. BEN- 26, 000
A 4 N_.
Fatigue Tests of AISI 4340 Steel C130 AM
Titanium Alloy will be Made in Controlled
Atmospheres of Dry Oxygen, Moist Hydrogen,
and Dry Hydrogen.
R-56 ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, L. A. 49,960
A 3 WALL.
Investigation of the Effects of Vacuum
Ultraviolet Radiation (1000-2000 A) and of
Ionizing Radiations on Polymers in the Tem-
perature Range from Ambient to 500 ° C.
R-64 ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, A. M. BASS_ 31,700
A 2 Investigate the Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectra
of Atoms and Low Molecular Weight Diatomic
Molecules.
R-73 ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, R. P. MAD- 52,300
A 2 V_.N.
Investigation of the Physical Properties of
Far Ultraviolet Light Sources and Detectors
and the Development of Radiometric Stand-
ards for the Spectral Region.
R-80 ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, M. J. 43,769
A 3 BERGER.
Studies of the Penetration of High En-
ergy Radiation Through Matter.
R-98 ................. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, H. H. 6,000
A 1 LOWeLl.
Development of Standard Mensurative Com-
puter Programs.
11-11"/ ................ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, H. 25,000
A 1 KOSTKOWSKI.
Development of a Stable Ultraviolet Source
and Techniques for Accurate Radiometry.
R 09-022-029 ........ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, W. HAMER- 45, 000
A 1 Compilation of Critically Evaluated Data
of Electrochemical Properties of Solutions In-
cluding Activities and Activity Coefficients,
Standards Electrical Potentials, Electronic
Conductlvities, Ionic Mobilities and Heats of
Solution.
R 09-022-032 ......... U.S. National Bureau of Standards .......... 50,000
Conduct Thermal Radiation Measurements
Related te the Problem of Determining the
Reflectivity and Absorptivity of Spacecraft
Thermal Control Surfaces.
R 09-022-033 ......... U.S. National Bureau of Standards, H. P. R. 28,000
FREDERIKSE.
Conduct Theoretical and Experimental In-
vestigation of the Electronic Energy Band
Structure of Solids.
R 09--022-039 ......... U.S. National Bureau of Standards .......... 50,000
Research in Computer Technology and Data
Processing.
226 NASA THIRTEE_NTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
District of Columbla_Continued
R 09-022-042 ......... U.S. National Bureau of Standards, B. L, $12,000
WILSON.
Conduct Investigations to Develop One or
More Methods for Making Mechanical Com-
pliance Measurements of Crack Toughness
Test Specimens and to Determine the Com-
pliance Characteristics and the Significant
Parameters of Selected Specimens with Sig-
nificant Precision that Comparisons can be
Made.
R 09-022-043 ......... U.S. National Bureau of Standards, G. 30, 000
SHAPIRO.
Develop Techniques for Evaluating the
Dynamic Measurements Capabilities of
Transducers Required for Advanced Missions.
R-33 ................. U.S. National Science Foundation, E. G. 32, 700
A 3 DROESSLER.
Support of the Rockets and Satellites Sub-
Center of the World Data Center.
R 09-023-010 ......... U.S. National Science Foundation, R. 75,000
FLEISCHER.
Balloon Expedition to India During IQSY
to Study Cosmic Rays.
R-131 ................ U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships, S. Q. DUNTLEY .... 110, 93_
A 1 Investigation of Visual Acuity of Astro-
nauts' Space Environment.
R-131 ................ U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships, S. Q. DUNTLEY .... 80,000
R-131 ................ U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships, S. Q. DUNTLEY .... 68, 000
R 09-029-036 .......... U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, M. J. KOOMEN- 130, 000
Observation of the White Light Corona
from a Rocket.
R-48 ................. U.S. Navy-Office of Naval Research, F. B. ISAK- 272, 106
A 5 SON.
Support of Twenty-Two Large Balloon and
Ten Small Balloon Flights to be Conducted by
NASA Sponsored Scientists.
R-91 ................. U.S. Navy-Office of Naval Research, S. GALLER_ 24, 00fi
A 1 Support of Bio-Telemetry Workshops and
an Advisory Council for Bio-Instrumentation
in Areas of Importance and Interest to NASA
and the Biological Community.
R-122 ................ U.S. Navy-Office of Naval Research, H W. HAYS- 20, 000
A 1 Partial Support for the Advisory Center on
Toxicology of the National Academy of Sci-
ences.
R-128 ................ U.S. Navy-Office of Naval Research, J. E. CON- 40, 000
A 1 nON.
Partial Support of the Interagency Re-
search Program in Statistical Quality Control
and Reliability.
R-144 ................ U.S. Navy-Office of Naval Research, S. OALLER_ 40, 000
A 1 Support of a Series of Interdisciplinary
Conferences on a Variety of Biological Sub-
Jects to be Organized by N. Y. Academy.
R 09-030-027 ......... U.S. Navy-Office of Naval Research, H. ENG- 65,040
STROM.
Provide Detailed Anatomical Information
of the Vestibular System Needed to Assess
Changes or Damage to that System from Pro-
longed Weightlessness or Excessive Stimula-
tion.
APPENDIX M 227
R-55 ................. U.S. Weather Bureau ....................... $55, 000

A 3 Partial Support for Severe Storms Study
Program.
Florida :
NsG-512 .............. University of Florida, P. O. LowDxN ......... 50, 000
S 1 Study of the Structure of Atoms, Molecules
and Ions in Excited States.
NsG-542 .............. University of Florida, L. E. GRINTER ......... 335, 000
S 1 Multldiseiplinary Program of Research in
Space*Related Sciences and Technology.
NsG(T)-13 ............ University of Florida, L. E. GRINTEa ......... 212, 400
S 2 Supporting the Training of Twelve Predoe-
toral Students in Space-Related Science and
Technology.
NsG-224 .............. Florida State University, C. H. BARROW ....... 100, 000
S 2 A Study of Polarization of the Decameter-
Wave Radiation from Jupiter, with Particular
Emphasis on the Correlation Between Jupiter
and Solar Activity.
NsG-247 .............. Florida State University, L. MANDELKBRN .... 33, 290
S 2 A Study of Crystallization, Crosslinking
and Dimensional Changes during the Crystal-
Liquid Phase Transition of Oriented Poly-
meric Systems.
NsG(T)-50 ............ Florida State University, J. K. FOLGER ........ 160,900
S 2 Supporting the Training of Ten Predoetoral
and Technology.
NsG-424 .............. University of Miami, A. H. STENNING ........ 6, 0O0
S 2 Instabilities in the Flow of Boiling Liquid.
NsG-621 .............. University of Miami, H. S. RoB_nTSON ........ 20, 000
S 1 TheQretlcal and Experimental Investiga-
tions of Anode Spot Oscillations in Alkali
Vapor Plasmas.
NsG-689 .............. University of Miami, S. W. Fox .............. 100, 000
S 2 Investigations in Space-Related Biology,
Including Molecular Evolution and Relevant
Aspects of the Extraterrestrial Environment.
NGR 10--007-005 ....... University of Miami, R. W. BAGLEY .......... 13, 700
Reeurstve Properties of Topological Trans-
formation Groups.
NGR 10-007-001 ....... University of Miami, S. F. SINGES ............ 60, 000
Research on Interplanetary Gas and Dust.
NGR 10-007-015 ...... University of Miami, B. KURSUNOGLU ......... 1, 387
,Symmetry Principles at High Energy.
NGR 10-007-017 ...... University of Miami, S. SINGER .............. 26, 500
Summer Institute for Fundamental Concepts
in Environmental and Planetary Sciences.
NsG ( T )-126 .......... University of Miami, A. H. GROPP ............ 106, 200
S 1 Su_portLng the Training of Six Predoctoral
Students in Space-Related _ciencu_ and
Technology.
R-75 ................. U.S. Na_al School of Aviation Medicine, H. J.
A 2 SCHO_.F_R .................................. 15, 000
Examine the Bases for the Establishment of
More Reliable Means of Assessing the Bio-
logical Effects of Proton Radiation Expo-
sure and of Assessing the REM/RAD
Ratios of Proton Radiation Spectra.
R-10-009--O22 ......... U.S. Naval School of Aviation Medicine, H. W.
ADF.S ..................................... 43, 320
Studies to Determine Physiological Responses
of Central Vestibular Pathways and Diffuse
Ascending Systems to Vestibular Stimula-
tion.
20 - 20 0-66--16
228 I_TASA THIRTEE_NTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Georgia :
NsG-545 .............. Emory University, T. FORT .................. $13, 981
S 1 Study of Differential Equations with Vary-
ing Difference Intervals and Differential Equa-
tions with Almos_ Periodic Coefficients.
NGR 11-001-009 ....... Emory University, V. P. PoPOVIC ............. 49, 241
Study of Cardiovascular Adaptation during
Long-Term Weightlessness.
NGR 11-001-012 ....... Emory University, B. W. ROBINSON .......... 100, O0O
Control and Analysis of Primate Behavior
by Brain Telestimulation and Telemetry.
NsG (T)-123 ........... Emory University, T. LESTER ................ 57, 600
S 1 Supporting the Training of Three Predoc-
NsG (T)-125 ........... University of Georgia, G. B. HUFF ............ 192, 000
NsG-304 .............. Georgia Institute of Technology, H. D. EDWARDS 111, O00
$2 Theoretical and Experimental Studies of
High Altitude Chemical Release, Using Digi-
tal Computing, Photochemical and Spectro-
photographic Analyses.
NsG-657 .............. Georgia Institute of Technology, V. CRAWFORD 300, 00O
S 1 and K. G. PICHA
Multidisciplinary Research in the Space
NGR 11-002-020 ...... Georgia Institute of Technology, K. L. Su .... 19, 640
Analytical and Experimental Investigation
of RC Distributed Networks.
NGR 11-002-028 ...... Georgia Institute of Technology, H. F. BAUER__ 21, 757
Investigation of the Coupling of Liquid with
Container Structures.
NGR 11-002-033 ...... Georgia Institute of Technology, C. S. MARTIN-- 16, 952
tion of the Hydrodynamics of Aircraft Tire
Hydroplaning.
NsG(T)-I ............ Georgia Institute of Technology, M. J. GOGLIA_._ 288, 00n
S 3 Supporting the Training of Fifteen Pre-
Hawaii :
NASr-5 ............... University of Hawaii, H. C. MCALI,ISTER ...... 142, 364
A 6 Research with the Ultimate Objective of De-
signing, Constructing and Testing an Echene
Spectrograph-Spectrometer for Use in Earth
Satellite.
NsG-328 .............. University of Hawaii, W. Polo and K. WATA- 35,000
S 1 NABS.
tions of Electron Emission, Conductivity and
Luminescence of Selected Solids Under Vac-
uum Ultraviolet Excitation.
NsG-676 .............. University of IIawail, J. L. _VEINBERG ........ 71, 844
S 1 Photoelectric Study of the Night-Sky Radia-
tion from Zodiacal Light, Airglow and Star-
light.
NGR 12-001_012 ....... University of Hawaii, J. J. NAUGHTON ......... 20, 318
Elemental and Molecular Constituents in
Volcanic Volatile Systems, Emphasizing Com-
pounds of Biological Importance.
NSR 12-001-019 ....... University of Hawaii, J. T. JEF_.aI_.S ........ 475,000
Design, Development, Fabrication and In-
stallation of 84-inch Telescope Suitable for
Lunar, Planetary and Stellar Observations.
APPENDIX
M 229
NsG(T)-108 ........... University of Hawaii, W. GORTna ............. $60, O00

Idaho :
NsG(T)-I_5 ........... University of Idaho, M. L. JACKSON ......... 70, 800

Supporting the Training of Four Predoc.
torai Graduate Students in Space-Related Sci-
Illinois :
NsG-144 .............. University of Chicago, P. MEYBa ............. 201, 913
S 5 Research on Composition, Energy Spectrum
and Intensity of Primary Cosmic Radiation.
NsG-179 .............. University of Chicago, J. SIMPSON ............. 85, 755
Energetic Particles and Electrodynamical
Processes in Interplanetary Space.
NsG-179 .............. University of Chicago, J. SIMPSON ........... 229, 878
Energetic Particles and Electrodynamical
Processes in Interplanetary Space and in the
Vicinity of Planets.
NsG-352 .............. University of Chicago, M. H. COHEN .......... 70, 000
S 2 Theoretical and Experiment Investigations
of Superconductivity.
NsG-366 .............. University of Chicago, E. ANDERS ............ 70, 000
S 3 An Investigation of the Origin, Age and
Composition of Meteorites.
NsG-441 .............. University of Chicago, H. FERNANDEZ-MORAN-- 194, 805
S 2 Investigations in Space-Related Molecular
Biology, Including Considerations of the Mole-
cular Organization of Extraterrestrial Matter.
NsO-690 .............. University of Chicago, E. GAUGLER and J. SI_P- 140, 509
S 1 SON.
Post Launch Processing and Preliminary
Analysis of Experimental Data for Mariner
C(1).
NGR-14_)01--050 ...... University of Chicago, R. W. THOMPSON ...... 30, 000
Partial Support for a Study of the Nature
and Interactions of High Energy Elementary
Particles.
NGR-ld--O01-054 ....... University of Chicago, W. A. HH,TN_.R ........ 18, 584
Study of the Variable Pollarization of the
Visible Radiation from Magnetic Variable
Stars.
NGR-14_)01-060 ....... University of Chicago, C. R. O'DELL .......... 38, 121
Study of Comet Tails by Photoelectric Spec-
trophotometry.
NsG(T)-2 ............. University of Chicago, W. A. WICK ........... 310, 500
S 3 Supporting the Training of Fifteen Predoc-
toral Graduate Students in Space Rc!stcd Srl-
NsG-24 ............... University of Illinois, G. W. SWZ_SON ........ 78, 442
the Electron Content and Variations in the
Upper Ionosphere, by Ground Observation of
Scintillations and Faraday Rotation of Satel-
lite Radio Transmissions, Including Consider-
ation of Radio Wave Propagation in Mag-
nctoionic Media.
I_TsG-195 .............. University u£ Illinois, W. 7. FRY .......... I00, 000
S 2 Experimental Analysis of the Microneuro-
anatomy of the Central Nervous System.
NsG-228 .............. University of Illinois, W. D. COMPTON ........ 42, 000
S 1 Study of Radiation Effects in Semiconduc-
tors.
Illinois_Continued
NsG-376 .............. University of Illinois, D. ALpERT ............ $101, 860
the Underlying Processes and Techniques of
Low Pressure Measurement.
NsG-504 .............. University of Illinois, D. ALPERT ............ 100, 000
S 1 Study of Electron Density and Collision
Frequency Obtained from Differential Absorp-
tion and Faraday Rotation.
NsG-511 .............. University of Illinois, S. A. BOWHILL ......... 110, 000
S I Investigation of the D and E Regions of
the Ionosphere by Ground and Rocket Meth-
ods.
NGR-14-005-025 ....... University of Illinois, J. D. MORROW .......... 75, 231
Study of the Cause and Significance of
Accelerated Creep Resulting from Repeated
Stress Reversals.
NGR-14--005-032 ....... University of Illinois, H. H. KORST ........... 39, 100
Analytical Investigations of the Flow Mech-
anism in Ejectors and Thrust Augmentation
Devices.
NGR-14-005-036 ....... University of Illinois, R. G. HERING ........... 20, 713
Theoretical Study of Radiant Heat Ex-
change for Non-Gray, Non-Diffused Surfaces
in a Space Environment.
NsG(T)-24 ............ University of Illinois, D. ALPERT ............. 310, 500
2 Supporting the Training of Fifteen Pre-
NsG-694 .............. Illinois Institute of Technology, H. WEINSTEIN_ 10, 000
S 1 Turbulence Coefficients and Stability Stud-
ies for the Coaxial Flow of Dissimilar Fluids.
NGR-14-004-006 ....... Illinois Institute of Technology, T. P. TOREA__ 60, 000
Investigation of Liquid Propellants in High
Pressure and High Temperature Environ-
ments.
NsG (T)-25 ............ Illinois Institute of Technology, M. A. ELLIOTT_ 250, 700
NASr-22 .............. IIT Research Institute, E. J. HAWRYLEWICZ___ 52, 424
A 4 Life in Extraterrestrial Environments.
NASr-65(01) .......... IIT Research Institute, W. O. DAVIES ......... 67, 500
A 5 Research on Radiative Energy Transfer on
Entry into the Atmosphere of Mars and Venus.
NASr-65(02) .......... IIT Research Institute, E. VEY .............. 70, 542
A 2 Conduct Experimental Investigations on
Simulated Lunar and Planetary Soils for the
Purpose of Providing Data on the Basic Prop-
erties of Such Soils.
NASr-65(06) .......... IIT Research Institute, C. A. STONE .......... 450, 000
A 2 Conduct Studies and Analyses of Space Sci-
ence Problems Related to the Planning and
Directing of NASA Lunar and Planetary Pro-
grams.
NASr-65(06) .......... IIT Research Institute, C. A. STONE ........... 37, 316
ence Problems Related to the Planning and Di-
recting of NASA Lunar and Planetary Pro-
grams.
NASr-65(06) .......... IIT Research Institute, C. A. STONE .......... 18, 720
ence Problems Related to the Planning and
Directing of NASA Lunar and Planetary Pro-
grams.
APPENDIX
M 231
NASr-65(07) .......... liT Research Institute, G. A. ZtltLaUT ......... $74, 839

A 2 Investigation of Light Scattering in Highly
Reflecting Pigmented Coatings.
NASr-65(10) .......... IIT Research Institute, C. A. S_ONE .......... 216, 000
A 1 Conduct Scientific and Engineering Studies
Related to Manned Space Science Problems.
NASr-65(ll) .......... IIT Research Institute, J. A. GRgENSPAN ...... 18, 832
Conduct Airglow Observations during NASA
Mobile Launch Expedition Number One.
NASr-65(12) .......... IIT Research Institute, G. Hg_DgRSON ...... 14, 950
Conduct a Series of Observations during the
May 30 Eclipse, as Part of the U.S. Eclipse
Expedition to Manuae Island.
NASr--65(13) .......... IIT Research Institute, G. HENDERSON and 43,271
H. BETz.
Conduct Phase I of a Program for High Al-
titude Measurement to Determine the Ratio
of Deuterium to Hydrogen in the Solar Atmos-
pheres.
NASr-65(14) .......... IIT Research Institute, P. DICKERMAN ........ 5, 764
Conduct a Review of Accomplishments in
Solar Physics.
NsG-547 .............. Northwestern University, A. B. CXMEEL ...... 20, 00O
Magnetoaerodyuamic Drag and Shock Stand-
Off Distance, Using Simple Aerodynamic
shapes.
NsG-597 .............. Northwestern University, J. A. HYNEK ........ 68, 535
S 1 Optical Study and Analysis of Transient
Lunar Phenomena.
NsG-t605 ............. Northwestern University, G. HERRMANN ........ 53, 892
S 1 Study of Stability of Nonconservative Sys-
tems.
NGR 14-007-021 ....... Northwestern University, A. FREIDMAN ....... 21, 650
Selected Problems in the Solutions of Par-
tial Differential Equations.
NGR 14-007-033 ....... Northwestern University, J. A. HYNEK ........ 58, 408
Study of Electro-Optical Sensors for the
Detection, Location and Observation of Arti-
ficial and Natural Celestial Objects.
NsG(T)-17 ............ Northwestern University, R. H. BAKER ....... 269, 900
Indiana :
NsCr-446 .............. Association for the Advancement of Mental 37,048
S 2 Health Research and Education, Inc., F. C.
CLARK.
Experimental Study of Effect of Schedule
and Stimulus Parameters on Monitoring and
Observing Beh__vtor
NsG-4O8 .............. Indiana University, S. ROtor*SON ............ 20, 100
S 2 An Experimental Investigation of Anaero-
bic Work Capacity of Humans as Affected by
Stress.
NGR 15-093-007 ....... Indiana University, W. D. NEFF ............. 37, 500
An Experimental Investigation of the
Neurological Correlates of Information Re-
ception.
NsG(T)-15 ............ Indiana University, R. B. CURTIS ............ 246, 100
S 2 Sup.vorting the Training of Twelve Pre-
doctoral Graduate Students in Space-Reiated
232 NASA TttIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Indiana_ontinued
NASr-162 ............. Indiana University, A. M. WEIMER ............ $400, 000
A 2 Pilot Program for Investigating Various
Techniques to Enhance the Utilization of
New Knowledge Related to or Stemming from
Aerospace Research and Technology.
NASr-232 ............. Indiana University, R. L. BENNERMAN ....... 4, 374
A 1 The Production of "Their Other World"
Series of Thirteen One-Half Hour Radio
Programs on Bioastronauties.
NsG-339 .............. University of Notre Dame, G. F. D'AL_LIO .... 57, 084
S 2 Synthesis of Heat Resistant Polymers and
Directed Polymerizations.
NSR 15-004-016 ....... University of Notre Dame, J. D. NICOLAIDES--- 16, 008
A Study of the Rolling Motion of the Aero-
bee 350.
NsG(T)-65 ............ University of Notre Dame, C. A. SOLETA ...... 192, 000
S 2 Supporting the Training of Ten Predoctoral
and Technology.
NsG-301 .............. Purdue University, K. L. ANDREW ............ 79, 326
S 1 High Precision Spectroscopy with Appli-
cations to the Study of the Atomic Spectra
of the Carbon Group, to Secondary Standards
in the Vacuum Ultraviolet, and to the Devel-
opment of Computer Methods of Data
Analysis.
NsG-543 .............. Purdue University, G. R. COOPER ............. 48, 935
S 1 Study of Lunar Reflective Components of
Solar Radio Emission.
NGR-15-007-004 ....... Purdue University, P. F. Low ................ 32, 894
Effect of Water Properties in Thixotropic
Clay Systems on Biological Activity.
NsG(T)-27 ............ Purdue University, F. N. ANDREWS ........... 288, O00
NGR-15-005-021 ....... Purdue University, F. N. ANDH_.WS .......... 600, 0O0
Multidisciplinary Research in Space-Related
Science and Engineering.
Iowa :
NsG-233 .............. University of Iowa, $. A. VAN ALLEN .......... 300° 00O
S 3 Theoretical and Experimental Studies Re-
lated to the Particles and l_telds Associated
with the Major Bodies of the Solar System
and with Interplanetary Space.
NsG-576 .............. University of Iowa, K. RIM .................. 18, 115
S 1 Two-Dimensional Elastic and Viscoelastic
Problems with Star-Shaped or Curvllinear
Polygonal Boundary.
NsG(T)-6 ............. University of Iowa, 0. A. HITCHCOCK ......... 264, 200
NsG-62 ............... Iowa State University, G. K. SEROVY .......... 32, 640
S 4 A Study and Investigation of the Applica-
tion of Blade-Element Techniques and Per-
formance Prediction Problems for Axial-Flow
Turbo-Machinery.
NsG(T)-35 ............ Iowa State University, J. B. PAo_ ............ 265, 500
_PE_ix M 233
• Kansas :
NsG-298 .............. University of Kansas, J. S. McNowN ........ $100, 000
S 3 Interdisciplinary Studies in Space Science
and Technology.
NsG(T)-55 ............ University of Kansas, J. S. McNow._ ......... 178, 500
NSR-17-004--003 ....... University of Kansas, R. K. MOOR_ .......... 4@5, 040
A 2 Conduct Radar and _Iicrowave Radiometry
Investigations Related to Orbiting Research
Laboratories.
NSR-17-004-@03 ....... University of Kansas, R. K. MOORE ........... 19, 750
A 3 Conduct Radar and Microwave Radiometry
Investigations Related to Orbiting Research
Laboratories.
NsG(T)-54 ............ Kansas State University, W. L. STAMIY ...... 177, S00
S 2 Supporting the Training of Ten Predoe-
Kentucky :
NsG-456 .............. University of Kentucky, K. LANGE and F. 300, 000
S 2 CLARK.
An Investigation of Gravity Level Prefer-
ence and the Effects of Gravitational Forces
on Small Animals and Primates, and of Tech-
niques for Related Space Flight Experiments.
NGR-18-001-008 ....... University of Kentucky, R. E. SMITH ......... 99, 933
Study Of Circadian Rhythms in Primates as
Influenced by Latitude, Longitude, Gravity,
and Confinement.
NGR-18-001-012 ....... University of Kentucky, P. A. THORNTON" ...... 33, 486
An Investigation of Skeletal Response to
Immobilization.
lqsG(T)-122 ........... University of Kentucky, A. D. KIRWAN ........ 153, 600
NGR-18-002-007 ....... University of Louisville, E. FOULKE ......... 20, 000
Study of Use of Location and Location-
Intensity Patterns in Electro-Cutaneous
Communication.
_1GR-18-002-007 ....... University of Louisville, E. FOULK_ .......... 1, 645
,S 1 Study of Use of Location and Location-
Intensity Patterns in Electro-Cutaneous Com-
munication.
NsG(T)-136 ......... University of Louisville, R. L. BARBER ....... 95, 400
Supporting the Training of Five Predoc-
Louisiana ;
NGR-19-001-009 ....... Louisiana State University, A. U. l_A._noL____ 22, 607
Investigation of Luminosity Criteria in 0
and of Stars.
NGR-19-001-011 ....... Louisiana State University, A. ZETTL ........ 4, 890
Hermetian and Anti-Hermetian Properties
of Green's Functions.
NsG(T)-19 ............ Louisiana State University, M. GOODRICH ...... 1"(0, 800
and Technology.
NGR-19-005-001 ....... Southern University, 1. V. NEL_UN ............ 10:558
Effect of Foreign Ligands on the Behavior
of Metal Ions in Non-Aqueous Solvents.
234 NASA THIRTEE_ITH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Louisiana--Continued
NsG(T)-84 ............ Tulane University, J. L. SNELL .............. $198, 000
and Technology.
Maine :
NsG-338 .............. University of Maine, T. H. CURRY ............ 75, 000
S 2 Interdisciplinary Studies in Space-Related
NsG(T)-ll6 ........... University of Maine, F. P. E_RT ............ 97, 400
and Technology.
Maryland :
NsG-450 .............. Institute for Behavioral Research, I. GOLDIA- 64, 000
S 3 MOND and C. B. F_RSTER.
Experimental Studies of Perceptual Proc-
esses.
NsG--193 .............. Johns Hopkins University, G. H. DIEKE ...... 340, 000
S 4 Rocket and Laboratory Experiments and
Analysis on the Ultraviolet Spectra of the
Upper Atmosphere.
NsG-361 .............. Johns Hopkins University, G. H. DIEK]$ .... 50,00_
S 2 Theoretical and Experimental Investigation
of the Fundamental Properties of Rare Earth
Crystals.
NsG-520 .............. Johns Hopkins University, J. PEREz-CSUET .... 35, 000
S 1 Psychocardiovascular Reactions During
Conditions of Weightlessness in an Orbiting
Satellite.
NsG(T)-53 ............ Johns Hopkins University, G. W. SHAFF_.R .... 2_4, 600
NsG-5 ................ University of Maryland, E. Mason and J. 33, 000
S 3 VANDERSLICE.
An Investigation of the Forces between

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions at Small Sepa-
ration Distances for Use in the Evaluation of
Properties of Cases at Very High Tempera-
tures.
NsG-58 ............... University of Maryland, H. LASTER and E. 60, 000
$2 OPIK.
Theoretical Studies in Atmospheric and

Space Physics.
NsG-220 .............. University of Maryland, D. A. TIDMAN ........ 60, 000
S 3 Theoretical Investigations of the Dynamics
of Astrophysical and Geophysical Plasmas.
NsG-283 .............. University of Maryland, T. D. WILKERSON .... 4_, 000
S 2 Studies of Particle Phenomena in the Inter-
planetary Plasma and of the Excitation and
Ionization Cross-Section of the Hydrogen,
Helium, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Atoms and
Molecular Combinations.
NsG-359 .............. University of Maryland, T. D. WILKERSON .... 18, 322
S 2 _tesearch on Measurement of Atomic Transi-
tion Probabilities of High Temperature Cases_
NsG-398 .............. University of Maryland, W. RHEINBOLDT ...... 350, 000
S 2 Multidisciplinary Research on the Applica-
tion of High Speed Computers to Space-Re-
lated Research Problems.
NsG-436 .............. University of Maryland, J. WEBER ........... 200, 000
S 3 Theoretical and Experimental Studies on
Gravitational Radiation, Including Consid-
eration of Relativity Experiments Applicable
to Manned Space Flight.
APPENDIX
1_ 235
NsG-642 ............... University of Maryland, W. M. MACDONALD_-- $23, 5O0

S 1 Theoretical Investigations of Nuclear Reac-
tions and Structure.
NsG-695 .............. University of Maryland, H. LASTER .......... 175, 000
S 1 Theoretical and Experimental Studies in

Space Sciences, Including Consideration of
Rocket, Probe and Satellite Techniques.
NGR-21-002-040 ....... University of Maryland, R. G. GRENELL ....... 13, 746
Study of Protein Hydration in Isolated Cell
Surface Structure.
NGR-21-002-053 ....... University of Maryland, R. B. BECKMAN ...... 46, 880
Critical Evaluation and Compilation of Vis-
cosity and Diffusity Data.
NGR-21-002-054 ....... University of Maryland, S. GOLDBERG ........ 6, 120
Research in Functional Analysis.
NSR-21-002-056 ....... University of Maryland, H. TOMPKINS ........ 74, 300
A Summer Institute in Space-Related Engi-
neering.
NGR-21-002-057 ....... University of Maryland, R. T. BETTINGER ...... 37, 118
Ionospheric Investigations with In Situ
Probes.
NGR-21-002-060 ....... University of Maryland, R. T. BETTINGER ..... 16, 545
Analysis of Satellite Data for Studies Re-
lated to Ionospheric Plasma Research.
NGR-21-002-065 ...... University of Maryland, A. M. DECKER ........ 22, 038
Study of Effect of Environment on Plant
Growth and Development.
NsG(T)-3 ............. University of Maryland, R. BAMFORD ......... 192, 000
S 3 Supporting the Training of Ten Predoctor_l
and Technology.
R-35 ................. U.S. Army Chemical Corporation Biological 30, 000
_k 4 Laboratory, C. R. PHILLIPS.
Space Vehicle Sterilization.
R-76 ................. U.S. Navy, Bureau of Naval Weapons, G.L. 505, 077
A 1 DUGGER.
Research on Supersonic Combustion of
Hydrogen for Mach 10 Vehicles.
R-21_009-007 ......... U.S. Navy, Bureau of Naval Weapons, R.B. 33, 555
KERSHNER.
Conduct a Study of the Efficacy of Alkali-
Superoxide Beds for Bacterial Removal from
Air.
R-21_)09-009 ......... U.S. Navy, Bureau of Naval Weapons, R.B. 96, 500
KERSHNRR.
Conduct a Study of Advanced Concepts
for Extravehicular Protection and Operation.
R-38 ................. U.S. Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 58,000
A 4 T.H. BENZINGER.
Investigations in the Life Sciences.
R-134 ................ U.S. Navy, _¢aval _cdic_-i Research Institute, 17, 000
Lk 1 D.E. COLDMAN.
Investigation of the Mechanism of Axonal
Conduction in Nonmyelinuted Nerve.
R-21-01(_010 ......... U.S. Navy, Naval Medical Research Institute 50, 000
F. B. GORDON.
Study of Effects of High and Low Baromet-
ric Pressure on Susceptibility and Resistance
to Infection.
R-120 ................ U.S. Navy, Naval Ordnance Laboratory, 125, 000
A 2 E.T. HOOPE,-
Research on Improved Space Magnetomeier_
of the Fluxgate Type.
236 I_ASA THIRTEENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Massachusetts :
NSR 22-100-001 ....... J. G. Beckeriey, J. G. BECKERLEY ............ $2, 40_
Significant Achievements During Six Years
of Space Research.
NsG(T)-120 ........... Boston College, J. A. DEVENNY .............. 61, 200
NsG-246 .............. Boston University, G. S. HAWKINS ........... 12, 000
S 3 Study of Lunar Craters and Their Relation
to Meteorites and Asteroids.
NsG(T)-107 ........... Boston University, R. S. BEAR ............... 106, 200
Graduat_ Students in Space-Related Sciences
and Technology.
NsG-375 .............. Brandeis University, N. O. KAPLAN ........... 50, 000
S 2 A Comparative Study of the Evaluation of
Enzymes and Nucleic Acids.
NsG-612 .............. Brandeis University, S. P. HEI._IS ............ 26, 000
S 1 Theoretical Studies in Statistical Me-
chanics, Particularly as Related to Rotation
Phenomena.
_sG(T)-ll2 ........... Brandeis University, H. WEISBERG ............ 115, 200
and Technology.
NsG(T)-93 ............ Clark University, D. E. L_E ................. 43, 000
NsCr-262 .............. Harvard University, W. H. SWEZT ........... 20, 000
S 3 Interdisciplinary Studies of the Effects of
High Protons on Biologic Systems, Including
Participation in the Nationwide Cooperative
Study on Shielding Materials as Related to
the Apollo Mission.
NsG-282 .............. Harvard University, C. FRONDEL ............. 72, 916
S 1 Research on Mineral Constituents of
Meteorites.
NsG-438 .............. Harvard University, L. GOLDBERG ............ 327, 162
Ultraviolet Solar Physics.
NsG-579 .............. Harvard University, R. W. P. KING .......... 2_, 000
S 2 Investigation of the Radiation and Circuit
Properties of Satellite-Borne V-Antenna.
NsCr-679 .............. Harvard University, D. M. HEGSTED .......... 21, 894
S 1 Investigation of the Roles of Fluoride and
Adaption in the Conversion of Bone Mate-
rials.
NsG-685 .............. Harvard University, A. E. LILLEY ............ 28, 000
tions in Radio Astronomy.
NsG-685 .............. Harvard University, A. E. LILLEY ........... 72, 302
S 2 Long Wavelengths Extension of Solar Radio
Burst Observations.
NsG(T)-89 ............ Harvard University, R. A. MCFARLAND ....... 71, 200
S 1 MD Training in Aerospace Medicine and
Btoastronauties for Three Physicians.
NASty158 ............ Harvard Uniwrsity, G. S. HAWKINS .......... 269, 974
A 4 The Investigation of Properties, Flux, and
Trajectories of Meteors.
NSR 22-008-002 ....... Lowell Institute Cooperative Broadcasting 130, 000
Council, D. M. DAvis.
The Production of a Series of Thirteen 28-
Minute Educational Television Programs,
Entitled "Science Reporter."
APPENDIX
M 237
NsG-107 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, T. B. $39,770

S 2 SHERIDAN.
Investigation of the Requirements for
Measuring and Displaying Information to
Human Senses to Achieve Optimum Control
of Artificial Manipulation Devices.
NsG-496 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, J.V. 16, 320
S 2 HARRINGTON.
Multidiscipliuary Research in the Space-

Related Physical, Engineering, Social and
Life Sciences.
NsG-496 .............. bIassachusetts Institute of Technology, J. V. 1,093, 000
S 3 HARRINGTON.
Multidisciplinary Research in the Space-
Related Physical, Engineering, Social and
Life Sciences.
NsG-577 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Y.T. 162, 875
S 2 LI and L. R. YOUNG.
Studies of Human Dynamic Space Orienta-

tion Using Techniques of Control Theory.
NGR22-009-064 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, J.V. 280. 000
HARRINGTON.
Radar Investigations of Solar Coronal
Structures and Motions at the El Campo,
Texas, Radar Astronomy Facility.
NGR 22-009_)65 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, W.M. 25, 152
ROHSENOW.
Investigation of Thermal Contact Con-
ductance.
NSR 22-009--068 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, C.S. 150, 000
A 2 DRAPES.
Conduct Guidance and Navigation Study of
the LEM Truck.
NGR 22_)09-075 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E. 41,302
OROWAN.
Fatigue Mechanisms in Crystalline Mate-
rials.
NGR 22-009-077 ....... biassachusetts Institute of Technology, L.L. 50, 000
SUTRO.
Techniques for Automatic Object Recog-
nition for Detection of Extraterrestrial Life.
NGR 22-009-078 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B.E. 50, 000
BLOOD.
Guidance System Component Correlation
Testing and Studies.
NGR 22-009-080 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, W.R. 50,000
MARKEY.
Analytical and Experimental Investiga-
tions of Low Level Accelerometer Techniques.
NsG(T)-20 ............ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, H.L. 315, 000
S 2 HAZr3N.
NsG-117 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, N.J. 52,000
S 5 GRANT.
Research on Mechanisms of Alloy Strength-
ening by Fine Particle Dispersion, with Par-
ticular Emphasis on Selective Reduction of
Non-Refractory Oxides, Stability of Metal-
Metal Oxide Sy._tems, and Solid Solution in
Metal-Metal Oxide Alloys.
Massachusetts-_Continued
NsG-234 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, J. F. $150,000
S 3 REINTJES.
Investigation of Radar Techniques and
Devices Suitable for the Exploration of
Planet Venus.
NsG-235 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, D.G. 150, 04)0
S 2 MARQUIS and E. B. ROBERTS.
Research in Organizational and Manage-
ment Concepts Suitable for Large-Scale Tech-
nology-Based Enterprises with Particular
Applications to NASA.
NsG-334_ .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, J.M. 100, 000
S 2 WOZENCRAFT.
Techniques of Communication in the Space
Environment.
NsG-368 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, H.H. 58, 003
S 2 WOODSON.
tions in Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) and
Wave-Type Magnetohydrodynamies (MHD).
NsG-386 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B. 410, 666
S 2 RossI.
tions of the Interplanetary Medium and in
Gamma-Ray Astronomy.
NsG_19 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, A.H. 230,000
S 2 BARRETT.
Electromagnetic Investigations of Plane-
tary and Solar Atmosphere and Lunar Sur-
face, Including Balloon-Borne Experiments
and Constructions of Laboratory Prototype
Instrumentation.
NsCr-462 .............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, F.O. 149, 844
S 2 SCH MITT.
Partial Support of Multidisctplinary
Studies in Neurosciences.
NASr-249 ............. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, J.V. 175, 000
A I HARRINGTON.
Investigations Directed to Measuring Elec-
tron Densities and Magnetic Field Distribu-
tion in the Extended Solar Corona.
NsG-(T)137 ........... Massachusetts University, E. C. MOORE ....... 118, 100
Supporting the Training of Six Prednctoral
and Technology.
NsG-(T)64 ............ Northeastern University, A. A. VERNON ........ 65, 500
NsG-(T)103 ........... Tufts University, P. L. FLINT ............... 68, 800
R-125 ................ U.S.A.F. Cambridge Research Laboratory, R.K. 15, 430
A 1 SOBER.MAN.
Construct, Test and Analyze Data for a
Noctilucent Cloud Dust Collection Payload to
be Flown on a Nike-CaJon Rocket.
R 22-015-004 ......... U.S. Army Natick Laboratories .............. 29, 600
Develop Freeze Dried Food for Space Use
Having Maximum Acceptability, Variety,
and Nutrition with Minimum Storage Volume.
APPENDIX
M 239
NSR 22-014-001 ....... Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, E. T. $65, 000

DEGENS.
Study the Biogeochemlstry of Terrestrial
and Extraterrestrial Organic Matter.
NsG-(T)142 ........... Worcester Polytechnic Institute, R. F. MORTON__ 78, 000
Michigan :
NsG-2 ................ University of Michigan, F. $. BEUTLER ...... 36, 400
S 4 Investigations in Space Communication
Theory, Including Topics Related to Random
Processes, Filtering, Telemetry, Statistical
Methods, Modulation, Information Trans-
mission, and Mathematical Techniques.
NsG-86 ............... University of Michigan, $. A. NICHOLLS ...... 39, 240
the Dynamics of Reacting and Charged
Particles in Solid Propellant Rocket Motor
Nozzles.
NsG-115 .............. University of Michigan, C. KIKUCHI and 34, 704
S 1 D. VINCENT.
Investigation of the Electromagnetic Prop-
erties of Materials for Applications to
Masers, Lasers and Other Solid State
Devices.
NsG-344 .............. University of Michigan, S. K. CLARK .......... 27, 732
S 2 Structural Analysis of Aircraft Tires.
NsG-472 .............. University of Michigan, R. HIAT'r ........... 50, 000
S 2 Study of Plasma Sheath Associated with
Communications Blackout.
NsG-525 .............. University of Michigan, C. R. CARIGNAN ...... 39, 990
tions of Plasma Waves and Space Vehicle
Plasma Sheaths.
NsG-558 .............. University of Michigan, F. T. SUN ............ 35, 594
_S 1 Hodographic Methods for the Analysis and
Solution of Problems Related to Orbit and
Trajectory Determination.
NsG--572 .............. University of Michigan, F. T. HADDOCK ...... 290, 000
S 1 Investigations of Galactic and Planetary
Radio Astronomy, Including Research on
Cosmic Background Spectrum Using Rockets
and Satellites, and Study of Radio Experi-
ments from Space Probes.
NsG-640 .............. University of Michigan, H. C. EARLY ......... 71, 324
S 2 Study of Techniques for Acceleration of
Particles to Hypervelocity by an Electrically
Heated Prapellant Plasma.
NsG-698 .............. University of Michigan, G. W. STROKE ........ 146, 874
S I To Investigate Novel Techniques for Im-
proved Large Defraction Gratir, gs.
NsG-715 .............. University of Michigan, M. R. HOLTER ........ 27, 488
S 2 Study Of Altitude Effects on Multispectral
Imagery.
NGR 23-005-107 ....... University of Michigan, C. T. TAX........... 30, 000
Electrodynamics of Moving Media.
NGR 23-005-116 ....... University of Michigan, E. MANN ............ 44, 920
A Study of Processes for the Utilization of
Scientific Findings from Organizational
Behavior Research.
NGR 23-005-116 ....... University of Michigan, E. M_ ............ 49, 823
S 1 A Study of Processes for the Utilization of
Scientific Findings from Organizational
Behavior Research.
• :_ -..--
240 NASA THIRTEE_TTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Michigan-_3ontinued
NsG(T)-5 ............. University of Michigan, 1_. D. MIDLI_R ........ $288,000
NASr-54(03) .......... University of Michigan, L. M. JONES .......... 400, 000
A 2 Laboratory and Flight Experimental Tech-
niques Directed Toward Obtaining Data to be
Used in Interpreting TIROS and NIMBUS
Satellite Radiation Measurements.
NASr-54(05) .......... University of Michigan, L. M. JONES ......... 370, 000
A 4 A Rocket Experimental Program in
Aeronomy.
NASr-54(06) .......... University of Michigan, R. M. HOWE .......... 135,000
A 2 Development of On-Line Man-Machine Sys-
tem Performance Measurement and Display
Techniqucs.
NASr-54(07) .......... University of Michigan, J. A. NICHOLLS ...... 100,000
A 1 Studies of Detonation Phenomena and Its
Relation to Liquid Rocket Motor Combustion
Instability.
NASr-54(09) .......... University of Michigan, A. TESKE ........... 20, 100
Conduct a Design Study of a Visual
Coronagraph Suitable for Operation in a
Manned Earth-Orbiting Vehicle.
NSR 23-005-085 ....... University of Michigan, O. C. MOHLER ....... 18, 800
The Design of an Improved Spectrohelio-
scope Utilizing Modern Components and De-
sign Technology.
NsG(T)-58 ............ Michigan State University, M. E. MUELDER .... 230, 400
NGR 23-007-001 ....... Michigan Technological College, C. E. WORK__ 13, 124
Investigation of the Influence of Cyclic Pre-
stressing on Fatigue of Metals.
NsG(T)-102 ........... Wayne State University, R. M. WHALEY ...... 95, 400
S 1 Supporting the Training of Six Predoetoral
and Technology.
Minnesota :
NASr-81 .............. General Mills, Inc., S. P. JONES .............. 2,424
A 1 Research to Determine the Existence and
Identity of Viable Microorganisms in the
Stratosphere.
NsG-327 .............. Mayo Foundation, E. H. WOOD .............. 124, 902
S 3 Studies of the Effects of Acceleration on
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Dynamics.
NsG-137 .............. University of Minnesota, E. M. SFARROW ..... 13, 140
S 1 Research on Radiation Heat Transfer.
NsG-281 .............. University of Minnesota, J. R. WINCKLER and 400, 000
S 2 E.P. NEY.
Studies of Cosmic Rays, Astrophysics, and
Energetic Electrons in Space, Including
Balloon and Rocket Flight Experiments.
NsG-28_ .............. University of Minnesota, A. O. C. NIER ...... 231, 743
S 1 Research on Mass Spectrometric Tech-
niques for the Study of Planetary and Upper
Atmosphere Composition.
NsG-517 .............. University of Minnesota, F. HALEER(] ......... 82, 500
S I Spectra of Metabolic Rhythms in Inbred
C Mice as Temporal Gauge of Mammalian
Performance in Extraterrestrial Space for the
Purpose of Defining and Verifying an Experi-
ment Suitable for Use in Blosatellites.
APPENDIX
M 241
NsG-517 .............. University of Minnesota, F. HALBERG ........ $90, 000

S 2 Spectra and Cross-Spectra of Metabolic
Rhythms in Inbred C Mice as Temporal Gauge
of Mammalian Performance in Extraterres-
trial Space, for the Purpose of Defining and
Verifying an Experiment Suitable for Use in
Biosatellites.
NGR 24-005--050 ....... University of Minnesota, W. R. WSBBEa and 83. 000
C. S. WADDINGTON.
Measurement of the Gamma Ray Flux of
Various Celestial Point Sources from High
Altitude Balloons.
NGR 24-005-056 ....... University of Minnesota, H. M. TSUCHZYA ..... 45, 95"_
Techniques for Continuous Growth of Hy-
drogenomonas.
NGR 24--00_-059 ....... University of Minnesota, C. N. D_SILvA ...... 15, 668
Theoretical Research on Non-Linear Re-
sponse of Elastic Shells to Time-Dependent
Loads and Temperature Fields.
NGR 24-005-063 ....... University of Minnesota, R. A. SWALIN ....... 983, 828
Multidisciplinary Research in Space Science
and Technology.
NGR 24-005-070 ....... University of Minnesota, C. C. HSIAO ......... 27, 595
tion of the Mechanical Strength of Solids.
NsG-(T)7 ............. University of Minnesota, B. CRAWFORD ........ 288, 0O0
NsG-(T)145 ........... University of Minnesota. G. W. ANDERSON ..... 21, 600
Supporting the Training of Four Graduate
Engineers or Physical Scientists in En-
vironmental Health Sciences.
NsG-(F)31 ............ University of Minnesota .................... 2, 500, 000
Construction of Research Laboratory Fa-
cilities Housing the Space Science Center.
NSR 24-005-047 ....... University of Minnesota, J. COLLINS .......... 125, 000
Organization and Administration of a
Manned Space Science Study Group in
Physics.
NSR 24-005-047 ....... University of Minnesota, J. COLLINS .......... 39, 175
A 1 Conduct a Study of the Scientific Utiliza-
tion of a Man in Space.
NSR 24-005-062 ....... University of Minnesota, W. J. LUYTEN and 276, 748
J. E. CARROLL.
Automatic Proper Motion Survey of the
Stellar System.
NSR 24-005-071 ....... University of Minnesota, G. S. MICHAELSEN_-- 26, 172
A Training Program in Space-Related En-
vironmental Contamination Problems.
Mississippi :
NsG(T)-ll8 ........... University of Mis_i_slppl, L. NO'-L_-S ...... 76, 800
NsG-650 .............. Mississippi State University, R. G. TISCHER--- 19, 200
S 1 Influence of Metabolic Accumulation of
Products of Hydrogenomonas Cells and Their
Continued Growth.
NsG(T)-106 ........... Mississippi State University, J. C. McKEE ..... 67, 200
total Graduate Student_ |n Space-Related Sci-
Mississippi---Continued
NsG(T)-139 ........... University of Southern Mississippi, R. S. $38, 400
OWINGS.
Supporting the Training of Two Predoc-
Missouri :
_NASr-63(03) .......... Midwest Research Institute, E. SNEEGAS ...... 252, 784
A 5 Acquire and Evaluate Space Generated
Technical Information for Industrial Poten-
tial, for Reporting to NASA and Dissemina-
tion to Midwest Industry.
NASr-63(07) .......... Midwest Research Institute, Y. L. LUKE ...... 48, 333
A 1 Research on the Nonlinear Dynamics of
Thin Shells and Plates Directed Toward Im-
proving Analytical Methods for Predicting
Their Nonlinear Response Characteristics.
NGR 26-004--011 ....... University of Missouri, Columbia, C. W. 10, 000
GEHRKE.
Gas Chromatographic Techniques for the
Identification and Study of Nucleosides.
NsG(T)-60 ............ University of Missouri, Columbia, H. E. BENT__ 224, 400
NSR 26--001-003 ........ University of Missouri, Kansas City, D. 214, 422
WILLIAMS.
Production of Ten Educational Films of
NASA Supported Research Scientists in
Selected Universities at Work.
NGR 26-004-014 ....... University of Missouri, Rolla, J. P. WESLEY_- 8, 881
Study of the Application of Thermodynamic
Principles to Estimate the Likelihood of Life
in the Solar System.
NsG(T)-59 ............ University of Missouri, Rolla, W. BOSCH ...... 115,400
and Technology.
NSR 26-003-003 ....... University of Missouri, Rolla, J. L. ZAKIN .... 34, 696
Study of Intensity of Turbulence in Drag
Reducing and Non-Drag Reducing Organic
Solutions.
NsG(T)-74 ............ Saint Louis University, H. HOwE ............ 175, 500
S 2 Supporting tile Training of Ten Pr_,doetoral
and Technology.
NsG-342 .............. "_Vashington University, H. J. BARNETT ...... 150, 000
S 1 Analyses of the Impact of Space Activities
on tile National Economy.
NsG-5,ql .............. Wasi_ington University, G. E. PAKE ......... 300, 000
S 1 University-Wide Research Program in ttle
Space-Related Sciences and Engineering.
NsG(T)-86 ............ Washington University, G. E. PA_(E ........... 251, 400
Montana :
NsG-562 .............. Montana State College, C. P. QU_S_Nn_:RRY .... 16, 320
S 1 Investigations of Non-Parametric Discrimi-
nation Theory and Procedures Applicable to
Problems in Electronic Component Screening.
NsG(T)-ll3 ........... Montana State College, L. DE. SMITH ........ 102, 300
Students in Space-Related Sciences and
Technology.
APPENDIX M 243
NsG(T)-114 ........... Montana State University, F. S. HONKALA .... $79, 200

Nebraska:
NsG(T)-94 ............ University of Nebraska, M. HOBSON ........... 104, 400
and Technology.
Nevada :
NsG-464 .............. University of Nevada, H. MoziN6o and D. 10,017
S 2 COOH_Y.
Experiments on the Effects of Exobiological
Factors on the Growth, Cellular Ultrastroc-
ture and Cytochemistry in Plants.
NGR 29-001-008 ....... University of Nevada, P. ALTICK, E. MOORE .... 11, 266
S 1 Investigation of Methods for the Calcula-
tions of Atomic Photoionization Cross Sec-
tions.
NSR 29-001-015 ....... University of Nevada, M. J. HIBBARV, J. LINTZ 131, 188
and D. B. SL_tCMONS.
Ground Data Support for Geologic Test
Sites.
NsG(T)-61 ............ University of Nevada, T. D. O'BRX_H ......... 57, 000
- Graduate Students in Space-Related Sciences
and Technology.
New Hampshire :
NGR 30-001-011 ....... Dartmouth College, B. U. O. SONNV.RUP ......... 17, 158
Study of the Structure of the Magneto-
pause, Utilizing Satellite-Obtained Magnetom-
eter Data.
NsG(T)-128 ........... Dartmouth College, J. F. HORNIO ............ 109, 800
S 1 Supporting the Training of Six Predoc-
NsG-624 .............. University of New Hampshire, L. J. CAHILL__- 120, 819
S 1 Studies and Analyses of the Magneto-
spheric Boundary, the Geomagnetic Tall, and
Correlation with Trapped Particle Measure-
meuts in the Outer Magnetosphere.
NOR 30-002-018 ....... University of New Hampshire, E. L. CHUrP--- 17, 199
Investigation of Energy Levels in Foil Ex-
cited Atomic-Beams.
NsG(T)-91 ............ University of New Hampshire, E. S. MILLS ..... 96, 500
S 1 Supporting the Training of Five Predoe-
NASr-164 ............. University of New Hampshire, J. A. LOCKWOOD-- 12, 960
A 3 Research and Development on an Instru-
ment Suitable for Measuring Neutron In-
tensity in Space.
NASr-211 ............. University of New Hampshire, E. L. CHUPP .... 75, 00U
A 1 To Develop, Design, Fabricate, Calibrate
and Test Neutron and Gamma Ray Detectors
Suitable for Application on Various Space
Vehicles in Studies of Solar Flare Phe-
nomena.
New Jersey :
NsG-414 .............. Princeton University, L. SPITZER ............ 87, 000
U!travio!et Atomic and Molecular Spectra
of Astrophysical Interest.
NsG--556 .............. Princeton University, W. M. ELSASSER ........ 22, 944
S 1 Study Of Creep in Planetary Interiors.
207-820 O-66-- 17
New Jersey _Continued

NsG-641 .............. Princeton University, I. GLASSMAN .......... $44, 702
S 1 An Investigation of Pre-Ignition and Igni-
tion Processes in the Combustion of Metals.
NsG-665 .............. Princeton University, W. R. SCHOWALTZR--- 36, 926
S 1 Constitutive Equations for Nonviseometric
l_lows.
NGR 31-001-044 ....... Princeton University, L. SHTZER ........... 85,000
Design Study of a Diffraction-Limited Orbi-
tal Telescope for Direct Imagery and Ultra-
violet Spectrophotometry.
NsG(T)-38 ............ Princeton University, D. R. HAMILTON ....... 231, 300
NASr-36 .............. Princeton University, J. P. LAITON ......... 3, 500
A 4 Research in Transient Pressure Measuring
Techniques for Advanced Liquid Propellant
Rocket Engines.
NASr-36 ............... Princeton University, J. P. LAYTON .......... 25, 000
Rocket Engines.
NASr-36 .............. Princeton University, J. P. LAYTO._" .......... 6, 00O
Rocket Engines.
NASr-215 ............. Princeton University, O. W. DILLOn .......... 56, 81S
A 1 Experimental and Theoretical Research on
Coupled Theranomechanical Effects in
Solids.
NASr-216 ............. Princeton University, J. GREY ............... 100, 000
A 1 Experimental and Analytical Studies in Ad-
vanced Nuclear Propulsion Concepts, In-
cluding Fundamental Energy Exchange
Processes.
NASr-2Z7 ............. Princeton University, D. T. HARkJE .......... 250, 00O
A 1 Theoretical and Experimental Studies of
Combustion Instability in Liquid Propellant
Rocket Motors, Including Linear and Non-
Linear Aspects.
NASr-217 ............. Princeton University, D. T. HARRJE .......... J4, 500
A 2 Theoretical and Experimental Stndles of
Combustion Instability in Liquid Propellant
Rocket Motors, Including Linear and Non-
Linear Aspects.
NASr-223 ............. Princeton University, C. S. PZTT_NDRIOH ...... 90, 371
A 1 Circadian Rhythms; An Analysis Under
Theoretical Conditions and in an Orbiting
Biological Satellite.
NASr-231 ............. Princeton University, J. P. LAYTON ......... 186, 420
A 1 Aerospace Propulsion System and Mission
Analysis Pertaining to Advanced Launch Ve-
hicle Technology.
NsG-550 ............... Rutgers, The State University, B. CARROLL .... 47, 740
2 Design and Construction of a Spectro-
polarimeter and Ellipsometer for Astrophysi-
cal Research.
NsG(T)-97 ............ Rutgers, The State University, R. SCHLATTER_ 189, 600
S I Supporting the Training of Twelve Pre-
APPENDIX_ 245
NsG-594 .............. Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry, $67, 624
S 1 C.M. LEEvY and G. R. CHERRICK.
An Investigation of the Effects of Ionizing
Radiation on Biologic Systems and Related
Metabolic Processes.
NsG-596 .............. Stevens Institute of Technology, W.H. 40, 000
S 1 BOSTICK.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
of Turbulence Instabilities at Plasma and
Magnetic Field Interfaces.
NGR 31-003-020 ....... Stevens Institute of Technology, H. MEISSNER_ 15, 004)
Proximity Effects Between Superconduct-
ing and Normal Metals.
NsG(T)-77 ............ Stevens Institute of Technology, R. A. MORGEN- 144, O00
NSR-31_)03-016 ....... Stevens Institute of Technology, I. R. EHRLICH_ 59, 984
Aircraft Tire Hydroplaning.
R 31-010_001 .......... U.S. Army Electronics Command ............ 160, 00O
Modification and Use of APQ 97 Radar in
an Army YEA 3A Aircraft.
New Mexico
NGR-32-001-004 ....... Lovelace Foundation, A. H. SCHWICHTENBERG-- 28, 200
Investigations of Flight-Related Physical,
Psychophyslological and Cardiorespiratory
Stresses.
NASr-ll5 ............. Lovelace Foundation, E. M. ROTH ............ 318, 171
A 2 The Preparation of an Atlas of Aerospace
Medical Information required to Support
Manned Space Flight.
NsG-332 .............. University of New Mexico, C. P. LEAVITT ..... 72,450
S 2 Measurement of High Energy Neutron
Flux in Space.
NsG-_66 .............. University of New Mexico, V. H. REGENER .... 108, 984
S 1 Experimental Techniques for Making Zodi-
acal-Light Observations from an Orbiting So-
lar Observatory.
NsG(T)-62 ............ University of New Mexico, A. ROSENZWEI0--- 149, 1O0
1_SR-32-004--013 ....... University of New Mexico, H. L. ENARSON .... 76, 064
A Program to Accelerate the Industrial Ap-
plication of Aerospace Related Technology.
NsG-142 .............. New Mexico State University, C. W. TOMBAUGH- 114, 955
S 4 Photographic, Photoelectric and Spectro-
graphic Observations and Studies of the
Planets.
NsG-372 .............. New _Mexico State University, R. LIEFELD ...... 24, 041
Long Wave Length X-ray Spectroscopy.
NsG(T)-129 ........... New Mexico State University, E. WALDEN .... _161, 800
New York :
NsG-394 .............. Adelphi University, D. E. CUN_XNGHAM ...... 80, 000
S 2 Multldiscipltnary Research in Space-Re-
iate_l Sciences and Technology.
NsG(T)-90 ............ Adelphi University, M. C. MCC_RILLIES ..... 79,900
New York--Continued
NSR 33-001-008 ....... Adelpht University, D. E. CUNNINGHAM ...... $45, 000
A study of NASA-University Relationships.
NsG(T)-lll ........... Alfred University, J. F. McMAHo._ .......... 26,400
S 1 Supporting the Training of Two Predoc-
NASr-130 ............. American Institute of Aeronautics and AstrO- 273, 125
A 6 nauties, J. J. GLENNON.
Preparation and Publication of Interna-
tional Aerospace Abstracts.
NSR 33-027-001 ....... American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 10, 000
W. E. CAMPBELL.
Prepare and Publish a Critical Appraisal
of World Literature on Boundary Lubrica-
tion.
NsG-197 .............. City College of New York, R. I. WOLFF ...... 3_l, 500
S 3 Support of Theoretical Research.
NGR 33-013--009 ....... City College of New York, R. SHINNAR ...... 49, 610
Study of Atomization of Viscoelastic
Fluids.
NGR 33-013-011 ....... City College of New York, D. H. CHANG ..... 20, 866
Dynamic Response of Structural Elements
to Sonic Booms.
NGR 33-013-017 ....... City College of New York, M. EOLODNEY and 86, 167
R. A. GRAFF.
Study of Oxidation Protection of Colum-
bium and Tantalum.
NsG(T)-109 ........... City University of New York, M. REtSS ..... 118, 800
S 1 Supporting the Training of Six Predoe-
NsG(T)-101 ........... Clarkson College of Technology, H. L. SHUL- 82, 800
S 1 MAN.
NsG-229 .............. Columbia University, J. E. NAFE ........... 85, 600
S 6 Support of a Summer Program in Space
Physics and in Space Science and Engineer-
lng.
NsG-229 .............. Columbia University, J. E. NAFE ............. 4, 1O0
S 7 Support of a Summer Institute in Space
Physics and in Space Science and Engineer-
ing.
NsG-294 .............. Columbia University, E. S. MACHLIN ......... 40, 000
S 3 Field Ion Microscopy Study of Lattice De-
fects in Metals.
NsG-302 .............. Columbia University, R. A. GROSS .......... 35, 000
S 2 Theoretical Research in Plasma Physics.
NsG-360 .............. Columbia University, R. NOVICK ............ 57, 970
tions of Helium and Lithium Atoms and
Ions with Emphasis on Excited Energy Levels
and the Mechanism of Energy Transfer from
Metastable States.
NsG-442 .............. Columbia University, H. M. FOLEY ......... 30, 000
tions of the Microwave Properties of Plane-
tary Atmospheres.
NGR 33-008-037 ....... Columbia University, J. E. NAFE ........... _1, 500
Theoretical and Experimental Geology and
Geophysics.
NGR 33-008-053 ....... Columbia University, L. WOLTJ_R ............ 19, 920
Research in Theoretical Astrophysics.
APPENDIX
NI 247
NsG(T)-26 ............ Columbia University, R. S. HALFORD .......... $275,500

I_SR 33-008-046 ....... Columbia University, W. A. OWENS--- ...... 39, 000
A Special Program of Summer Faculty Fel-
lowships in Space Sciences.
NSR 33-008--052 ....... Columbia University, W. A. OWSNS .......... 11, 615
Development of Curriculum Materials in
the Space Sciences for Secondary School
Students.
NASr-10_ ............. Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., A. 134, 996
A 5 HERTZBERG.
Study of Non-Equilibrium Gas Dynamics.
NASr-ll9 ............. Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., A. 119, 995
A 3 HERTZBERG.
Conduct a Research Program to Determine
the Non-Equilibrium Flow Field and the Op-
tical Radiation Around Vehicles Traveling
at High Altitudes and Super-Orbital Speeds.
NSR 33-009-029 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., K.D. 71, 105
BIND.
Conduct Shock Tunnel Investigations of
Turbulent Flow at High Mach Numbers.
NSR 33-009-030 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., K.C. 49, 157
HENDERSHOT.
Rocket Base Flow Field Studies Using
an Electron Beam Probe.
NsG--ll6 .............. Cornell University, S. H. BAUER ............ 31, 310
Kinetics of Chemical Reaction in Gases at
High Temperatures, by Shock Tube and
Other Gas Dynamic Techniques.
NsG-382 .............. Cornell University, T. GOLD ................. 217, 106
S 2 Lunar Surface and Solar System Studies.
NsG(T)-4$ ............ Cornell University, F. S. ERDMAN ........... 279, 004)
N6R 33-010-026 ....... Cornell University, M. O. HARWIT ........... 101, 425
Conduct an Investigation with the Ultimate
Objective of Making Astronomical Observa-
tions in the Far Infrared Region.
NSR 33-026-001 ....... Flight Safety Foundation, Inc., J. LmDERER .... 71, 516
Listing and Evaluation of Projects Relat-
ing to Turbulence.
NsG(T)-12A ........... Fordham University, J. F. MULLIGAN .......... 70,800
NsG-76 ............... New York University, R. C. SAHNI ........... 44, 267
S 5 Investigation in the Field oi' Mo!eculRr
Quantum Mechanics and Transport Proper-
ties of Dlatomie Molecules.
NsG-90 ............... New York University, H. MARGOLIN ......... 17, 955
S 4 Investigation of the Effect of Pressure on
Metallurgical Phenomena.
NsG--499 .............. New York University, J. E. MILLER ......... 50, 000
S 3 Theoretical Research on the Properties of
the Atmospheres of the Earth and Other
P!__nets and on the Atmospheric Effects of
Solar Activity.
NsG--617 .............. New York University, B. JOSEPHSON, Jr ...... 30, 000
S 1 An Experimental Investigation of Spin-
Lattice Interactions.
248 I_ASA THIRTEENTH SEI_vIIAN-NUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
New York--Continued
NAG-699 .............. New York University, S. BOR0WITZ .......... $14, 000
S 1 Selected Topics in Atomic Physics.
NGR 33-016-038 ....... New York University, H. FREEMAN ........... _, 982
Investigation of Computer Techniques for
Analyzing Three-Dimensional Geometric Con-
figurations.
NGR 33-016-057 ....... New York University, M. A. RUDEBMAN ...... 21, 118
Selected Topics in Astrophysics.
NGR 33-016-066 ....... New York University, S. P. SH_N ............ 18, 498
Study of High Energy Nuclear Reactions
and Space Radiation Shielding.
NaG(T)--40 ............ New York University, J. R. RAGAzzINI ........ 256, 000
NASr-183 ............. New York University, C. J. MARSEL ......... 56, 000
A 2 Investigation of the Chemical Kinetics of
an Advanced High Energy Propellant .Sys-
tem.
NGR 33-015-013 ....... State University of New York, R. P. TEWARSON_ 16, 128
Product Form of Inverses of Sparse Ma-
trices.
NsG(T)-ll9 ........... State University of New York, K. D. HARTZELL- 64, 600
NsG-409 .............. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, M. H. 75, 000
S 1 PBLOOM.
tions in the Electromagnetic, Radiative and
Thermo-dynamle Properties of Ionized l_lows
of Gases, and in Plasma Boundary Conditions
at Conducting and Non-Conducting Walls.
NAG-589 .............. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, J. H 73, 556
S 1 JURETSCHKE.
Theoretical and Experimental _tudles of
the Electronic Propertses of Thin Films.
NGR 33-006-017 ....... Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, G. OSTER__ 29, 418
Study of Photosensltized Decomposition
of Hydroperoxides.
NaG(T)-71 ............ PolyteChnic Institute of Brooklyn, E. WEBER_ 288, 000
NASr-78 .............. Radiation Applications, Inc., G. OOIAN ........ 2, 782
A 3 Conducting Research on Radiation-Induced
Plastic Memory in Polymers Suitable for
Self-Erecting Space Structures.
NAG--100 .............. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, S. E. WIB- 300, 04)0
.S 5 ERLEY.
Interdisciplinary Materials Research Pro-
gram.
NAG-113 .............. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, J. M. GREEN- 35, 100
S 2 BERG.
Study of Interstellar Clouds and Extinction
and Polarization in tile Ultraviolet.
NAG-261 .............. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, P. HARTECK_ 114, 000
S 1 Chemistry of Planetary Atmospheres.
NAG-290 .............. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, J. C. COB- 65,000
S 2 ELLI and H. B. HUNTINGTON.
Studies of Radiation Damage to Semi-Con-
ductors and Thin Metallic Films by High-
Energy Electron, Proton, and Neutron-Gamma
Radiation.
APPZNDIX M 249
NGR 33--018-050 ....... Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, J. M. GREEN- $8, 000

BERG.
Colloquium on Interstellar Grains.

NsG(T)-10 ............ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, S. E. WIR- 297, 500
S 3 ERLY.
Supporting the Training of Fifteen Predoe-

Sciencee and Technology.
NsG-209 .............. University of Rochester, W. VISH_XAC ......... 30, 000
S 3 Microbiological and Chemical Studies of
Planetary Soils.
NsG-350 .............. University of Rochester, M. LESSEN ......... 29, 982
S 2 Study of the Interaction of a Traveling
Magnetic Field with a Plasma.
NGR 33-019-042 ....... University of Rochester, M. F. KAPLON ...... 34, 268
Cosmic Ray Research.
NsG(T)-73 ............ University of Rochester, W. O. FENN ......... 186, 000
S 2 Supporting the Training of Ten Predoe-
NASr-14 ............... University of Rochester, R. E. Hopkins ........ 8_, 200
A 6 Investigation of Optical Systents and In-
struments Suitable for Incorporation in an
Orbiting Astronomical Observatory.
NASw-107 ............ University of Rochester, R. E. HOPKINS ..... 50, 000
A 7 Developmental Research on Solid State
Photodetectors and Associated Optical Ma-
terials.
NsCr-684 .............. St. John's University, M. A. PISANO .......... 14, 900
S 1 Investigation in SonG-Chemical 'Steriliza-
tion.
NsG--&83 .............. Syracuse University, D. V. KELLER .......... 42, 560
S I Theoretical and Experimental Studies of
Adhesion of Metals in High Vacuum.
NsG-619 .............. Syracuse University, K. SCHRODER .......... 18, 984
S I Experimental Studies of Creep in Metals
Under Elevated Temperatures and High Vac-
uum Conditions.
NsG-693 .............. Syracuse University, R. A. SLZrECKY ........ 15, 433
S 1 Studies on Trace Elements in the Sporula-
tion of Bacteria and the Germination of Bac-
terial Spores.
NGR 33-022-023 ....... Syracuse University, V. WEISS .............. 61,986
Crack Propagation in Strain Controlled Fa-
tlgue.
NsG(T)-78 ............ Syracuse University, F. P. PISKOR .......... 177, 000
R-IC_I(01) ............ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, E. P. BLIZZARD_ 473, 000
A 1 Theor_tical and Exverilnental Studies of
Penetration of Space Vehicle Structural _,fa _
terial by High Energy Radiation.
NsG-227 .............. Yeshiva University, L. F. LANDOVITZ ........ 24, 000
S 3 Studies in Astrophysical Sciences.
NsG-489 .............. Yeshiva University, S. WEINSTEIN .......... 6, 216
S 2 Investigation of Effects of Sensory Dep-
privations of Varying Durations on Sensory
Perceptual, Physiological, Emotional, and
Spatial Orientation of the Individual.
NsG(T)-144 ........... _eshiva Univers!ty, A. GELBART ............. 106, 200
Supporting the Training of Six Predoctor*-!
and Technology.
250 NASA TttIRTEENTH SEMIA_NUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
North Carolina :
NsG 152 ............. Duke University, T. G. WILSON ...........
$57, 782
S 4 Satellite Electrical Power Conversion Sys-

tems and Circuit Protection.
NGR 34_)01-005 ....... Duke University, It. _V. LEWIS .............. 200. 000
Multidiseiplinary Space-Related Research

in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sci-
ences.
NsG(T)16 ............. Duke University, R. L. PREDMORE .......... 177,000
torial Graduate Students in Space-Related
NGR 34-003-02l ....... University of North Carolina, If. A. TYROLER- 14, 793
Study and Assessment of Cnmmunity
Health Factors Near Major Aerospace In-
stallations.
NsG-(T)(;3 ............. University of North Carolina, C. Y[. Hor,M._N- 230, 400
toral Graduate Stu2ents in Space-Related Sci-
NsG-363 .............. North Carolina State College, H. A. HASSAN__ 30. 000
S 1 Shaping Effects of Electric and Magnetic
Fields on Performance and Instabilities in
Hall Current Accelerators.
NsG-588 ............... North Carolina State College, R. W. LADE ..... 59, 821
Radiation-Induced Damage and Damage Ef-
fects on Semiconductor Surfaces and Device
Performance.
NsG-678 .............. North Carolina State College, D. S. GROSCtt__- 19, 565
S 1 The Utilization of Habrobraeon and Ar-
temis as Experimental Materials in Bloas-
tronautic Studies.
NGR [,4-_)02-024 ....... North Carolina State College, F. O. SMETANA- 12, 387
Study of Transportation Effects on Pressure
Indications in the Transition Regime.
NsG-(T)31 ............ North Carolina State College, W. J. PET_RSO.__ 212, 400
NsG--723 .............. Research Triangle Institute, H. CRAMER and 3, 475
S 1 M. LEADBETTER.
Normal Stochastic Processes and Their
Sample Function Properties.
NASTY0 .............. Researe'_, Triangle Institute, G. M. Cox ....... 5, 000
A 4 An Abstracting and Review Service for
Technical Literature on Reliability.
North Dakota :
NsG(T)-132 ........... North Dakota State University, G. S. SMITH___ 53, 100
S 1 Supporting the Training of Three Predoe-
Ohio :
NASr-100(02) ......... Battelle Memorial Institute, H. R. BATCHELDER_ 100, 000
A 4 To Assist NASA in Evaluating and Pre-
paring for Dissemination NASA Techno-
logical Developments which have Non-Space
Applications.
NASr-100(03) ......... Battelle Memorial Institute, J. F. FOSTER___ 54, 275
A 2 Conduct Experimental Research on Tech-
niques and Procedures for the Cultivation of
Hydrogen-Fixing Bacteria.
NASr-100(06) ......... Battelle Memorial Institute, J. M. ALLEN ..... 23, 956
Establish Experimental and Technical Ca-
pability to Analyze the Performance of Com-
bustion-Instahility Pressure Transducers.
APPENDIX M 251
NASw-101 ............ Battelle Memorial Institute, R. I. JAFFEE ..... $40,000

A 6 Investigation of Mechanical Properties of
Chromium, Chromium-Rheaium and Derived
Alloys.
NsG-36 ............... Case Institute of Technology, H. W. MERGLER__ 60,000
S 4 Investigation of Hybrid Numerical Circuit-
ry in Closed Loop Control Systems.
NsG-110 .............. Case Institute of Technology, L. A. SCHMIT___ 60,600
S 5 Study of Method of Systematic Structural
Synthesis Suitable for Use With Digital Com-
puting Equipment.
NsG-34_ .............. Case Institute of Technology, W. TOBOCMAN___ 25,485
S 2 Investigation of the Direct Interaction
Theory of Nuclear Reactions.
NsG-63fi .............. Case Institute of Technology, J. F. WALLACE__ 10,290
S 1 An Experimental Investigation on Modi-
fied Eutectic Alloys for High Temperature
Service.
NsG-654 .............. Case Institute of Technology, S. V. RADCLIFFE- 29,230
S 1 An Investigation of the Effects of Hydro-
static Pressure Cycling on the Mechanical Be-
havior of Body Centered Cubic Refractory
Metals and Alloys.
NGR 36-003-021 ....... Case Institute of Technology, R. J. ADLER___ 20,570
Research in Computer Solution of Non-
Linear Algebraic Equations.
NGR-36-003-054 ....... Case Institute of Technology, J. L. KOENIO .... 43,000
Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene
Terephthalate Under Selected Conditions and
Methods of Preparation.
NGR-36-0¢3-064 ....... Case Institute of Technology, S. OSrRACH___ 100,000
Basic Scientific Research in Fluid Physics.
NsG(T)--42 ............ Case Institute of Technology, L. GORDON ..... 258,000
NSR-36-003-051 ....... Case Institute of Technology, I. GREBEB ...... 79,967
A Summer Institute in Space-Related Engi-
neering.
NsG(T)-43 ............ University of Cincinnati, C. CROCKETT ........ 147, 000
NsG-568 .............. Kent State University, T. N. BHARGAVA ....... 19,080
S 1 Stochastic Models for Multi-Dimensional,
Multi-Valued Relations.
NsG(T)-56 ............ Kent State University, M. NURMI ........... 80,900
NsG(T)-124 ........... Ohio University, 1). F. CL:rP:_ov, n........... 44,100
NsG-213 .............. Ohio State University, C. LEvIs ............. 100,000
S 3 Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of
the Electromagnetic Scattering and Radiative
Properties of Terrain with Emphasis on
Lunar-Like Surfaces.
NGR-3_vo-v ......... Ohio State University, J. D. L_E ........... 67,000
Boundary Layer Studies in an Arc-Heated
Wind Tunnel.
NGR-36-008-041 ...... Ohio State University, J. H. DINES and L. B. 55,170
ROBERTS.
Cardiovascular Responses to Environmental
Vibrations.
252 NASATI-IIRTEE_TH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Ohio--Continued
NsG(T)-66 ............ Ohio State University, R. ARMITAGD .......... $177, 004)
S 2 Supporting the Training of Ten Predoetoral
and Technology.
NSR-36-008-028 ....... Ohio State University, A. W. LEISSA .......... 58, 2#94
Study of Continuum Vibrations.
NSR-36-008-033 ....... Ohio State University, I. I. I_UELLER .......... 36, 980
Data Analysis in Connection with the Na-
tional Geodetic Satellite Program.
NsG (T)-104 ........... University of Toledo, A. N. SOLBERG ........... 75, 000
S 1 Supporting the Training of Five Predoc-
R-115 ................ U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Research Labora- 50, 000
A 1 tories, M. SNYDER.
Partial Support for an Air Force Project
Leading to the Development of a Methodology
fur Providing a Computerized Data Bank for
Manipulation and Analysis of Information Re-
lated to Space Task Descriptions.
R-36_)11--014 ......... U.S.A.F. Aerospace Medical Research Labora- 139,796
tories, W. J. Evo_.
Design and Construct an Experimental
Tank for Orientation of Subcritical Cryogenic
Fluids in a Weightless Environment.
R-36--015_)01 ......... U.S. Department of Health, Education, and 104,640
Welfare, K. H. LEWIS.
Conduct an Investigation of the Ecology
and Thermal Inactivation of Microbes in and
on Space Vehicle Components.
NsG-653 .............. Western Reserve University, B. S. CHANDRA- 30, 000
S 1 SEKHAR.

tions of Electronic Transport Phenomena in
Semimentals.
NsG-655 .............. Western Reserve University, K. J. CASPER ..... 48, 350
$2 Fundamental Studies on Semi-Conductor
Radiation Detectors.
Nsg(T)-88 ............ Western Reserve University, F. It. HuRL_£ ..... 192, 000
and Technology.
Oklahoma :
NsG-300 .............. Oklahoma City University, J_ P. JORDAN ....... 40, 009
S 2 Interdisciplinary Studies of the Effects of
the Space Environment.
NsG(T)-36 ............ University of Oklahoma, A. H. DOERR ......... 212, 400
NsG-454 .............. Oklahoma State University, J. A. WIEBELT ..... 22, 613
S 2 Study of Self-Regulating Spacecraft Tem-
perature Control Systems.
NGR 37-002-028 ....... Oklahoma State University, D. R. HAWORTH___ 9, 730
Analytical Investigations of Laminar Sepa-
rations Using the "Crocco-Lees Mixing Para-
meter" Method.
NASr-7 ............... Oklahoma State University, F. C. TODD ........ 41, 975
A 6 An Analytical and Experimental Study of
the Mechanisms of Impact, Penetration and
Light Emission for Mlerometeorites on an
Aluminum-Coated Photomultlplier.
APPENDIX
M 253
NASr-7 ............... Oklahoma State University, F. C. Tonn ........ $37, 914

A7 Shock from the Hypervelocity Impact of
Microparticles and from the Giant Pulse from
a Laser.
NsG(T)-67 ............ Oklahoma State University, M. T. EDMISON .... 165, 000
and Technology.
NASr-178 ............. Southeastern State College, W. N. PEACH ...... 23, 000
A 1 To Construct a Profile of the Existing Eco-
nomic Structure of the Region Surrounding
Southeastern State College.
Oregon :
NGR-38-003-004 ....... University of Oregon, R. V. HILL ............. 93, 695
Investigation of and Methodology for
Measuring Ocular Impedance during Stress.
NsG (T)-68 ........... Oregon State University, H. P. HA._SEN ....... 187, 200
and Technology.
Pennsylvania :
NASr-107 ............. Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., C. MCKZNLEY- 4, 169
A 1 Experimental Research on the Heat Trans-
fer Characteristics of Neon Boiling in Narrow
Annull.
NGR 39--002-011 ....... Carnegie Institute of Technology, J'. J. WOLKEN- 50, 000
Microspectrophotometric Techniques for
Studying the Constituents of Living Cells and
Organelles.
NsG-(T)41 ............ Carnegie Institute of Technology, C. L. McCAB_._ 323, 200
NsG-(T)134 ........... Duquesne University, J. G. WALSH ........... 31, 000
Supporting the Training of Two Predoctroal
and Technology.
NSR 39-005-018 ....... Franklin Institute, R. M. GOODMAN ........... 85, 105
Conduct Research on and Devise Instru-
mentation Suitable for Use in Biological
Studies.
NSR 39-005-018 ....... Franklin Institute, R. M. GOODMAN ........... 7, 000
A 1 Research in Life Sciences Instrumentation
Pertinent to Studies in Space Biology.
NSR 39-005-020 ....... Franklin Institute, M. H. HALPEEN ........... 31, 000
Effects of Reproducible Magnetic Fields on
the Growth in Cells in Culture in a Constant-
Stimulus Environment.
NGR 39-021-002 ....... Hahnemann Medical College, L. W. REYNOLDS-- 19, 211
Study of External Bioelectrodes : A Battery
Substitute £or Biolo_eal Telemetry Systems.
NsCr-466 .............. Lehigh University, F. B. BESR ............... 19. 700
S 2 Study of Atmospheric Turbulence and its
Effect on a Vehicle During Launch.
NGR 39--007-007 ....... Lehigh University, R. W. KRAFT .............. 33, 530
Investigation of the Solidification Structure
and Properties of Euctectic Alloys ; Including
Properties Control.
NsG--(T)57 ........... Lehigh University, R. D. STOUT ............ 192,000
S 2 Supporting the Training of Ten Pre-
doctur_l Gr__duate Students in Space-Related
NsG-14_7 .............. Mellon Institute, D. J. PLAZEK .............. _1_, 282
S 3 Experimental and Theoretical Investiga-
tions of Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers at
Long Times.
254 NASA TI=HRTEE_qTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Pennsylvania--Continued
NSR 39-020-001 ....... Metropolitan Pittsburgh Educational Televi- $124,445
sion, Inc.
"NASA on Space" Television Series.
NsG-316 .............. University of Pennsylvania, M. ALTMAN ...... 275, 000
S 3 Research in Conversion of Various Forms
of Energy by Unconventional Techniques.
NsG-325 .............. University of Pennsylvania, J. O'M. BOCKRIS_- 299, 915
S 3 Studies in Fundamental Chemistry of Fuel
Cell Reactions.
NsG-335 .............. University of Pennsylvania, E. THOI{OGOOD .... 17, 443
S 1 Molecular Biology of Nitrogen Fixing
Nodules in Common Legumes.
NsG-500 .............. University of Pennsylvania, S. SOBIESK! ...... 1, 863
S 1 Study of Improved Methods for the Investi-
gation of the Infrared Spectrum.
NGR 39-010-030 ....... University of Pennsylvania, R. M. S_OWERS__ 40, 000
Investigations in and Evaluation of Aero-
space-Related Microwave- Technology.
NGR 39-010-031 ...... University of Pennsylvania, S. SOBIESKI ...... 7, 000
A 1 Near Infrared Spectrophotometric Studies
at the May 1965 Total Solar Eclipse.
NGR 39-010-032 ...... University of Pennsylvania, W. M. PROTHEROE__ 23, 695
Coronal and Chromospheric Studies of the
May 1965 Total Solar Eclipse.
NsG-(T)69 ............ University of Pennsylvania, A. N. HIXSON .... 288,000
NASr-191 ............ University of Pennsylvania, P. S. BALAS ...... 175, 299
A 2 Support of the Power Information Center
at the University of Pennsylvania.
NASr-191 ............. University of Pennsylvania, P. S. BALAS ...... 25, 000
A 3 Support of the Power Information Center
at the University of Pennsylvania.
NsO-114 .............. Pennsylvania State University, W. J. Ross 20, 400
S 2 and J. HAGEN.
Study of Ionospheric Electron Content and
_Distribution Using the Satellite Doppler
Effect.
NsG-114 .............. Pennsylvania State University, W. J. R_ss .... 26, 640
S 3 Studies Using Beacon Satellite Transmis-
sions.
NsG-134 .............. PennsylwLnia State University, J. S. NISBET .... 178, 07,5
S 4 Research on Electron Densities in the Upper
Ionosphere, Including Studies of a Rocket and
Separating Capsule Exemptional Techniques.
NsG-537 .............. Pennsylvania State University, G. F. WISLI- 30, 000
S 1 CENUS.
Investigations and Analyses of Flow Phe-
nomena of Secondary Motions in Axial Flow
Inducers.
NGR 39-009-031 ....... Pennsylvania State University, J. P. HAOEN--- 47, 220
Feasibility Study of an Orbiting Low-Fre-
quency Radio Astronomy Satellite.
NGR 39-009-032 ....... Pennsylvania State University, B. R. F. KEN- 31, 464
DALL.
Study and Evaluation of the Constant-Mo-
mentum Mass Spectrometer for Ion Analysis
in the D and E Regions of the Ionosphere.
NGR 39-099-033 ....... Pennsylvania State University, B. W. McColt- 3, 210
MICK.
Measurements on Ground-Effects, Machine,
GEM III.
APPENDIX M 255
NGR 39-009-034 ....... Pennsylvania State University, J. MARIN ..... $24, 971
Study of Low Cycle Fatigue Under Multi-
axial Strain Cycling.
NGR 39-009-041 ....... Pennsylvania State University, A. M. KRALL___ 15, 480
Stabilization of Differential Systems.
NGR 39-009-04_ ....... Pennsylvania State University, K. VEDAM ..... 31,937
Mechanism and Kinetics of Oxidation of
Silicon in Air.
NSR 39-009-049 ....... Pennsylvania State University, O. E. LAN- 52, 600
CASTER.
Study of NASA-University Relationships.

NsG--(T)22 ............ Pennsylvania State University, M. N. McGEARY_ 310, 500
doctoral Graduate Students in Spaee-Rleated
NGR 39-011-013 ...... University of Pittsburgh, W. L. FITE ........ 125, 393
Investigation of Airglow Excitation Mecha-
nisms Using Atomic Beam Techniques.
NGR 39-011-030 ...... University of Pittsburgh, E. C. ZIPF .......... 96, 511
Studies of the Excitation and Collisional
Deactivation of the Measurable A3 State of
Nitrogen in the Aurora and Day Airglow.
NsG-(T)70 ............ University of Pittsburgh, P. F. JONES ........ 272, 000
NASr-169 ............. University of Pittsburgh, N. WALD ............ 136, 976
A 3 Extend the Usefullness of Cytogenic Meth-
odology as a Research Technique.
NASr-179 ............. University of Pittsburgh, T. M. DONAHUE ...... 150, 000
A 1 Conduct Studies, Development, and an Ex-
perimental Program for Helium Geocorona
Measurements from Sounding Rockets.
NASr-234 ............. University of Pittsburgh, A. KENT ............ 220, 000
A 1 Transferring Space Technology to the
Civilian Sector in the Pittsburgh Region.
NsG(T)-140 ........... Temple University, G. H. HUNGANIR ........... 74, 400
Supporting the Training of Four Pre-
doctoral Graduate Students in Space-Belated
R-121 ................ U.S. Bureau of Weapons, Naval Air Engineer- 151, 402
A 1 ing Center, J. PICKTELBERGER.
The Determination of Detailed Design and
Performance Parameters for Varions Types
of Plenum Chamber Combustors.
NGR-39-023-004 ...... Villanova University, T. YANG ............... 28, 752
Study of Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis.
Rhode Island :
NsG-358 .............. American Mathematical Society, G. WALKZR--- 33, 000
S 1 Partial Support of a 1965 Summer Seminar
on "Relativity Theory and A_tropby,_ies."
NGR_t0-002-009 ....... Brown University, P. F. MAEDER ............. 2U0, 06G
Multidiseiplinary Space-Related Research
Program.
NGR-40-002-012 ....... Brown University, P. D. RICHARDSON ......... 16, 244
Variational Methods for Solving Heat Con-
duction Problems.
NGR-40-002,-02.6 ....... Brown University, J. J. LOFERSKI ............ 24, 000
Photovoltaic Effects in Semiconductors, In-
cluding Consideration of Radiation Damage.
NsG(T)-127 ........... Brown University, R. B. L!NnSAY ............ 223, 200
256 NASA THIRTEENTI-I SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Rhode Island--Continued
NsG(T)-72 ............ University of Rhode Island, R. H. NASH ...... $70, 800
South Carolina :
NGR_I-001-008 ....... Clemson University, J. C. MARTIN ............ 42, 870
Investigation of the Use of Stellar Refer-
ences for Automatic Orientation of Theodo-
lite Platforms.
NsG(T)--44 ............ Clemson University, H. H. MACAULAY ........ 117, 600
and Technology.
NGR-41-O02_)01 ....... University of South Carolina, T. F. BRIDGLAND- 20, 384
Study of Optimal Feedback Control.
NGR-41-002-003 ....... University of South Carolina, J. R. DUEIG ..... 23, 820
Infrared Spectra of Molecules and Materials
of Astro-Physical Interest.
NsG(T)-ll5 ........... University of South Carol!na, R. H. WIENEF_LD- 118, O00
Graduate 1Students in Space-Related Sciences
and Technology.
R-124 ................ U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, S. P. RIDEOUT- 67, 000
A 1 Conduct an Investigation of Stress Corro-
sion Cracking of Alloy Ti 8 AI,-IV.
South Dakota :
NsG(T)-138 ........... University of South Dakota, W. W. GUTZMAN-- 62, 800
Supporting the Training of Three Pre-
doctoral Gradute Students in Space-Related
Tennessee :
NsG-351 .............. University of Tennessee, J. C. HUNG .......... 25, 0OO
S 3 Investigations in Control System Theory.
NsG-539 .............. University of Tennessee, N. M. GAILAR ........ 98, 247
S 1 Theoretical and Experimental Very High
Resolution Spectroscopic Studies of Line
Shapes of Atmospheric Gases and of Absorp-
tion Bands of Inorganic Solids.
NsG-587 .............. University of Tennessee, W. K. STAIR ...... 30, 074
Vlsco-Type Shaft Seals.
NsG--671 .............. University of Tennessee, D.C. BoGum ........ 8, 307
S 1 Study of Constitutive Equations in Two-
Dimensional Flow.
NGR--43-001-018 ...... University of Tennesee, J. E. SPRUIELL ...... 19, 950
Experimental and Theoretical Investiga-
tion of the Relation between Structure and
the Physical Properties of Metallic Solid
Solutions.
NsG(T)-81 ............ University of Tennessee, H. A. SMITH ........ 212, 400
NsG(T)-85 ............ Vandcrbilt University, L. B. BEACH .......... 194, 400
Texas :
NsG-390 .............. Baylor University, P. KELLAWAY ............. 25, 946

S 2 A Study of its Physiological Mechanism and
of Correlations Between Physiological and
Psychological Observations.
APPENDIX M 257
NsG-269 .............. Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, L. $6, 492

S 3 V. BERKNER.
Multidiseiplinary Research in Space-
Related Science and Technology.
NsG-269 .............. Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, L. 840, 000
S 4 V. BERKNER.
Multidisciplinary Research in Space-
NGR 44-004-026 ....... Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, F. 142,325
S. JOHNSON.
Investigation Into the Mechanism and
Rates of Atmospheric Mixing in the Lower
Thermosphere.
NGR 44-004-030 ....... Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, W. 27, 636
J. HEIKKILA.
Study Of Electron Collision Frequency Un-
der Ionospheric Conditions.
NASr-177 ............. Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, W. 13, 727
A 1 B. HANSON.
Investigations of the Neutral Composition
of the Upper Atmosphere.
NASr-177 ............. Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, W. 9, 698
A 2 B. HANSON.
Investigations of the Neutral Composition
of the Upper Atmosphere.
NASr-198 ............. Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, K. 6, 600
A 3 G. MCCRACKEN.
Develop and Evaluate Techniques and In-
strumentation for the Measurement of Cosmic
Radiation Auisotropies.
NsG-257 .............. University of Houston, J. Ono ............... 71, 640
S 1 Studies in Organic Cosmochemistry.
NGR 44-005-010 ....... University of Houston, D. R. TRAYLOR ......... 8, 972
Metrization of Normal Moore Spaces.
NsG(T)-52 ............ Vniversity of Houston, J. C. ALLRED .......... 177, 000
NSR 44--005-016 ....... University of Houston, C. J. HUANG .......... 58, 920
The Support of a Ten Week Specialized
Summer Program in Space-Related Engineer-
ing.
NGR 44-018-001 ...... Houston State Psychiatric Institute, H. B. 53, 316
KAPLAN.
Psychophysiological and Performance Cor-
relates of Information Processing in Small
Groups.
NsG-6 ................ Rice University, F. R. BROTZEN ............ 200, 000
S 6 Studies of the Physics of Solid Mate-
rials Including Investigation of the Basic
Laws Governliig the Behavior of Solids at
High Temperatures.
NsG-673 .............. Rice University ............................ 95, 640
S 1 An Experimental Investigation of the Meth-
odology and Techniques for Measuring the
Relative Abundance of Heavy Ions in the
Solar Wind.
NsG(T)-9 ............. Rice University, F. R. BROTZEN .............. 288, 000
Sciences aiid Tee!:no!ogy.
NASr-209 ............. Rice University, B. J. O'BRIEN .............. 308, 000
A 3 Rocket-Borne Study of Particles and Light
in Auroras.
Texas---Continued
NSR 44-006-023 ....... Rice University, R. C. HAYES ................ $98, 955
A Definitive Test of the Theory that Attri-
butes the Solar-Quiet-Day Variation to an
Ionospheric Current System.
NSR 44-006-031 ....... Rice University, A. J. DESSLER .............. 11, 960
Conduct a Study of Space Science Training
for Astronauts Involved in NASA Manned
Space Flight Missions.
NsG-708 .............. Southern Methodist University, G. W. CRAW- 52, 000
S 1 FonD.
Study of Semiconductor-Dosimeter Charac-
teristics, as Applied to the Problems of Whole
Body Dosimetry.
NsG-711 .............. Southern Methodist University, H. A. BLUM___ 16, 050
S 1 Study of Heat Transfer Across Surfaces in
Contact.
NGR 44-007-006 ....... Southern Methodist University, C. C. ALBRIT- 200, O00
TON.
Multidiseiplinary Research in Space-
NsG-(T)99 ............ Southern Methodist University, C. C. ALBRIT- 72, 00O
S 1 TON.
Supporting the Training of Four Predoe-
NASr-94(02) .......... Southwest Research Institute, H. ft. KORP ...... 110, OO0
A 3 Evaluation and Bringing to Industrial or
or Commercial Fruition, Technological De-
velopments Resulting from the Nation's Space
Effort.
NASr-94(06) .......... Southwest Research Institute, U. S. LINDHOLM 59, 482
A 1 and W. C. L. Hu.
Investigations of Dynamics of Shells of
Arbitrary Geometry.
NsG-239 .............. Texas A&M University, H. E. WHITe, ORE ...... 150, 000
S 3 Interdisciplinary Space-Oriented Research
Program in the Physical, Life, and Engineer-
ing Sciences.
NGR 44-001-024 ....... Texas A&M University, H. A. LUTHER ........ 40, 860
Comparative Study of Some Numerical So-
lutions of Systems of Ordinary Differential
Equations.
NGR 44-001-027 ....... Texas A&M University, A. W. WORTHAM ....... 51, 103
Determination of Empirical and Analytical
Spacecraft Parametric Curves.
NsG-(T)8 ............. Texas A&M University, W. C. HAL r'........... 288, 00O
NGR 44-009-003 ....... Texas A&M University, E. B. ELAM ........... 22, 0O0
Integration of Stimulus Cues in Control
Decisions.
NGR 44-009-008 ...... Texas Christian University, S. B. SELLS ...... _7, 840
Study of Social Structure and Group Be-
havior in Extended Duration Space Missions.
NsG-(T)105 ........... Texas Christian University, J. M. MouI)Y ...... 74, 800
S 1 Supporting the Training of Four Pre-
NsG-(T)82 ............ Texas Technological College, F. D. RIGBY ...... 135, 500
APPENDIX IV£ 259
NsG-210 .............. University of Texas (Southwestern Medical $20, 000

S 3 School), P. O'B. MONTGO-_IERY.
Study of the Influence of Gravity on Unicel-
lular Organisms.
NsG-263 .............. University of Texas, F. A. MATSEN ........ 35, 000
S 3 Research in Quantum Mechanical Calcula-
tions and Studies on Atomic Systems of
Astrophysical Interest.
NsG-353 .............. University of Texas, A. A. DOUGAL ............ 39, 935
S 2 Propagation and Dispersion of Hydromag-
netic and Ionic Cyclotron Waves in Plasmas
Immersed in Magnetic Fields.
NsG-432 .............. University of Texas, C. W. TOLBERT ........ 213, 600
S 2 Investigation of Millimeter Wavelength Radi-
ation from Solar System Bodies.
NsG-551 .............. University of Texas, B. D. TAPLEY ............ 31, 339
S 2 Study of Low Thrust Guidances Toehniques.
NsG-604 ............. _ University of Texas, L. C. REESE ............ 50, 000
S 1 Investigate Soil Modeling Problems Re-
lated to Impact Studies.
NSR 44-012-039 ....... University of Texas, L. D. CADY, Jr .......... 50, 000
Reduction of Astronaut's Clinical Medical
History Data for Use on Computers.
NsG-(T)83_ ........... University of Texas, W. G. WHALEY .......... 198,000
NASr-242 ............. University of Texas, H. J. SMITH ............. 1, 200, 000
A 2 Design, Development, Fabrication and In-
stallation at McDonald Observatory of 105
Inch Telescope Suitable for Lunar and Plane-
tary Observation.
NGR 44-020-001 ....... Texas Western College, A. SHLAr_TA ........... 17, 130
Investigation of Relationship Between So-
lar Phenomena and Solar Particle, Empha-
sizing Establishment of Criteria for Solar
Proton Event Prediction.
R-99 ................. U.S. Air Force Aerospace Medical Laboratory, 20, 400
A 2 J.E. MOYEa.
Investigations of Ecologic Relationships
Between Bacteria and Algae in Photosynthetic
Gas Exchangers.
Utah :
NGR-45-001-011 ...... Brigham Young University, D. E. JONES ...... 15, 480
Analysis and Interpretation of Magnetic
Field Measurements between Earth and Mars
Received from Mariner IV.
NsG(T)-96 ............ Brigham Young University, W. P. LLOYD ..... 61, 200
S 1 Supporting the Training of Six Predoetoral
and 'l'echiiology.
NGR-45-003-016 ...... University of Utah, O. C. HAYCOCK ........... 9, ._22
Falling Sphere-Radar Mathematical Simu-
lation Techniques.
NsG(T)-79 ............ University of Utah, H. EYRINO ............... 177, 000
and Technology.
NsG(T)-80 ............ Utah State University, J. S. WILLIAMS ........ 1'15, 200
and Technology.
9,60 NASA THIRTEE_TTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Vermont : o
NOR 46-001_)08 ...... University of Vermont, C. D. COOK .......... $300, 000
Multidiscipltnary Research Program in
Space Sciences and Engineering with Particu-
lar Emphasis on Bio-Engineering.
NGR 46-001-014 ....... University of Vermont, B. E. MESZRVE ...... 9, 876
Partial Support of Summer Seminar in
Space Oriented Mathematics.
NsG(T)_-28 ............ University of Vermont, W. H. MACMILLAN .... 93,000
S 2 Supporting the Training of Five Pre-
Virginia :
NASr-10 .............. Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., G. V. LEVINE .... 52, 362
A 8 Radioisotoptc Biochemical Probe for Extra-
terrestrial Life Detection.
NsG-396 .............. Hollins College, R. C. BOLLES .............. 29, 400
S 1 Study of Temporal Factors Controlling
Animal Activity.
NsG-266 .............. Medical College of Virginia, J. L. PATTERSON-- 14, 432
S 2 Physiological Effects of Labyrinthine Stim-
ulation.
NGR 47-002-005 ...... Medical College of Virginia, W. T. HA_X! ...... 59,954
Radiation Hazards to the Eye.
NsG-602 .............. Old Dominion College, W. M. PRITCHARD .... 4, 500
S 1 Defect Annealing in Irradiated Semicon-
ductors.
R 47-009-4)06 ......... U.S. Army-Corp of Engineers, J. GILLIS ...... 347, 760
Determine the Mapping Capability of Orbit-
ing Spacecraft.
NSR 47-007-003 ....... Virginia Associated Research Center, W.H. 75, 213
MCFARLANE.
Support for About Twenty-Three Par-
ticipants in a Ten Week Specialized Summer
Program in Space-Related Engineering.
NGR 47-004-006 ...... Virginia Polytechnic Institute, F. W. BULL-- 200, 000
Multidisciplinary, Space-Related Research
In Engineering and the Physical and Life
Sciences.
NGR 47-004-008 ...... Virginia Polytechnic Institute, W. G. WOE- 30, 000
CESTER.
Conference on the Exploration of Mars
and Venus.
NsG-(T) 11 ............ Virginia Polytechnic Institute, W. W. BRANDT__ 212, 400
NsG-682 .............. University of Virginia, F. L. HEREFORD ...... 200, 000
S 1 Multidisclplinary Research In the Space-
Related Sciences and Technology.
NGR 47-005-026 ...... University of Virginia, E. McVEY ............ 44, 604
Investigation of Systems and Techniques
for Multi-Component Micro-Force Measure-
ments on Wind Tunnel Models.
NGR 47-005-026 ....... University of Virginia, E. McVEY ............ 28, 800
S 1 Investigation of Systems and Techniques
for Multi-Component Micro-Force Measure-
ments on Wind Tunnel Models.
NGR 47-005-029 ....... University of Virginia, H. M. PARKER ........ 16, 906
Studies Related to the Dynamic Stability
Application of the 3-D Magnetic Balance.
NGR 47-005-036 ....... University of Virginia, J. C. WYLLIE ......... 30, 000
Investigation of a Systems Development for
Cataloging and for Computer Tape Control of
Conference and Monographlc Literature in the
Aerospace and Assiclated Sciences.
L_
APPENDIX M 261
NsG-(T)14 ............ University of Virginia, F. L. HEREFORD ........ $196,500

S 2 Supporting the Training of Twelve Predoc*
NASr-233 ............. University of Virginia, L. W. FREDRICK ....... 2, 119
A 1 Use of 26-Inch Telescope at Leander Mc-
Cormick Observatory, University of Virginia.
NsG-567 .............. College of William and Mary. W. M. JONES .... 200, 000
S 1 Multidisciplinary Research in Space Sci-
NsG_567 .............. College of William and Mary, W. M. JO?,'ES .... 7, 500
$2 Multidlsciplinary Research in Space Sci-
NsG-710 .............. College of William and Mary, J. D. LAWRENCE__ 41, 670
S 1 Atmospheric Investigations by Laser Tech-
niques.
NsG-(T) 141 ........... College of William and Mary, W. M. JONES .... 39, 900
Supporting the Training of Two Predoctoral
and Technology.
Washington :
R--48-005-001 ......... U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, O. J. WICK__ 60, 000
A Study of Tungsten-Technetium Alloys.
NsG-590 .............. University of Washington, N. F. SATHER ...... 9, 000
the Relationship between the Behavior and
the Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids.
NsG(T)-87 ............ University of Washington, J. L. MCCARTHY__- 196, 300
NsG(T)-100 ........... Washington State University, J. F. SHORT ..... 126, 400
West Virginia :
NsG-533 .............. West Virginia University, J. F. GOLAY ........ 50, 000
S 1 Space-Related Studies in the Physical, Life,
and Engineering Sciences.
NGR-49-001_012 ...... West Virginia University, E. C. CARTER ...... 46, 709
Study of the Economic Feasibility and Im-
pact of Vertical or Short Take-Off and
Landing Aircraft for Mountainous Regions.
NsG(T)-21 ............ West Virginia University, J. F. GOLAY ........ 189, 800
Wisconsin :
NASr-I¢3 ............. Astronautics Corporation of America, R.D. 59, 344
A 3 ,_EINFELD.
Support Services for thc Stable Platform

and Star-Tracker Equipment for Use on the
X-15A-2 Research Airplane.
NsG-275 .............. University of Wisconsin, J. HIRSCttFELDEI{ .... 900, 000
S 3 Space-Related Research in Ttmoretlcal
Chemistry and Other Areas of Space Science
and Engineering.
NsG-601 .............. University of Wisconsin, P. S. MYERS, O.A. 50, 000
S 1 UYEHARA, and G. L. BORMAN.
Oscillatory Combustion and Fuel Vaporiza-
tion.
NGR-5O-002 028 ...... University of Wisconsin, J. B. ROSEN ........ 28, 236
Nonlinear Programming Solution of Opti-
mum Control Processes.
Wisconsin---Continued
NsG(T)-23 ............ University of Wisconsin, R. A. ALBIDRTY ...... $285, 804)
NASw-65 ............. University of Wisconsin, V. E. SUOMI and 237, 000
A 11 R.J. PARENT.
Meteorological Satellite Data Processing.
Wyoming :
NsG(T)-143 ........... University of Wyoming, R. H. BRUCE ......... 72, 700
Foreign :
NsG-54 ............... University of Auckland, New Zealand, J.E. 28, 610
S 5 TITHERIDG_.
An Investigation of the Propagation of
Radio Signals from Artiflcal Satellites, Con-
sideration of Ionospheric Electron Content
and Irregularities.
NsG_t78 .............. University of Iceland, Iceland, T. SIGURGEIRS- 2, 000
S 1 SON.
Determining and Recording of Geomagnetic
Field Intensity.
NGR 52-046-001 ....... Innsbruck University, Austria, F. CAP ........ 5, 500
Lie Series Solutions of Partial Differential
Equations.
NsG-305 .............. Univeraity of Munich, Germany, F. MOLLER .... 18, 300
$2 Investigation of Atmospheric Properties
Based Upon Evaluation of Infrared Radiation
Data Obtained from TIROS Satellites.
NGR 52-052-001 ....... University of Newcastle, Australia, C. D. 4,700
ELLYETT.
Studies of the Behavior of Meteors in the
Southern Hemisphere.
NsG--367 .............. University of Toronto, Canada, J. B. FRENCH-- 15, 180
S 1 Study of the Performance of a High-Energy
Molecular Beam Apparatus, and the Interac-
tion of the Beam with Monocrystalline and
Engineering-Class Surfaces in an Ultra-Clean
High Vacuum Environment.
NGR 52--026-009 ....... University of Toronto, Canada, K. C. FISHER-- 8, 200
Partial Support of the Third-International
Symposium on Natural Mammalian Hiberna-
tion.
Appendix N
Institutions Currently Participating in NASA's Predoctoral Training Program
(June 30, 1965)
Adelphi University Illinois Institute of Technology

Alabama, University of Illinois, University of
Alaska, University of Indiana University
Alfred University Iowa, State University of
Arizona State University Iowa State University
Arizona, University of Johns Hopkins University
Arkansas, University of Kansas State University
Auburn University Kansas, University of
Boston College Kent State University
Boston University Kentucky, University of
Brandeis University Lehigh University
Brigham Young University Louisiana State University
Brooklyn, Polytechnic Institute of Louisville, University of
Brown University Maine, University of
California Institute of Technology Maryland, University of
California, University of, Berkeley Massachusetts Institute of Technology
California, University of, Los Angeles Massachusetts, University of
California, University of, Riverside Miami, University of
California, University of, San Diego Michigan State University
Carnegie Institute of Technology Michigan, University of
Case Institute of Technology Minnesota, University of
Catholic University of America Mississippi State University
Chicago, University of Mississippi, University of
Cincinnati, University of Missouri, University of
Clark University Missouri, University of, Rolla
Clarkson College of Technology Montana State College
Clemson University Montana State University
Colorado School of Mines Nebraska, University of
Colorado State University Nevada, University of
Colorado, University of New Hampshire, University of
Columbia University New Mexico State University
Connecticut, University of New Mexico, University of

Cornell University New York, The City University of
Dartmouth College New York, State University of, Stony
Delaware, University of Brook
Denver, University of New York University
Duke Ualver_ity North Carolina State College
Duquesne University .\orti_ Carolina, University of
Emory University North Dakota State University
Florida State University Northeastern University

Florida, University of Northwestern University
Fordham University Notre Dame, University of
George Washington University Ohio State University
Georgetown University Ohio University
Georgia Institute of Technology Oklahoma State University
Georgia, University of Oklahoma, University of
Hawaii, University of Oregon State University
Houston, University of Fennsy!vanin State University
Howard University Pennsylvania, University of
Idaho, University of Pittsburgh, University of
263
264 NASA THIRTEENT_ SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Princeton University Toledo, University of

Purdue University Tufts University
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Tulane University
Rhode Island, University of Utah State University
Rice University Utah, University of
Rochester, University of Vandcrhtlt University
Rutgers--The State University Vermont, University of
Saint Louis University Virginia Polytechnic Institute
South Carolina, University of Virginia, University of
South Dakota, State University of Washington State University
Southern California, University of Washington University, St. Louis
Southern Methodist University
Washington, University of, Seattle
Southern Mississippi, University of
Wayne State University
Stanford University
West Virginia University
Stevens Institute of Technology
Western Reserve University
Syracuse University
Temple University William and Mary, College of
Tennessee, University of Wisconsin, University of
Texas A. & M. University Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Texas Christian University Wyoming, University of

Texas Technological College Yale University
Texas, University of Yeshiva University
U.S. GOVERNMENTPRINIlHG OFFICE: 1966 0---207-820

National Aeronautics and POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND
Space Administration
SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546
OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Thirteenth Semiannual Report To Congress

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Thirteenth Semiannual Report To Congress

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N66 -235 2 7

This report to the Congress describes six months of great achieve-

THE WHITE HOUSE,

April 18, 1966.

JANUARY 1 -JUNE 30r :1965

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

March '24, 1966.

Chapter 1--Manned Space Flight--Continued ra_

Chapter 2--Scientific Investigations in Space--Continued

Standard Atlas Development .......... 68

Meteoroid Technology ................... 88

Chapter 4--Advanced Research and Technology--Continued Pa_,

Chapter 5--Nuclear Propulsion and Power Generation ...... 118

Chapter 7--International Affairs--Continued

Chapter 10---Personnel, Management, Procurement, and

Labor Relations ............................. 181

A--Congressional Committees on Aeronautics and Space (Jan.

Gemini II launch, January 19, 1965 ....................... 14

First test firing of Saturn V systems test first stage .......... 31

An electrically heated 30-watt SNAP-19 unit ............... 128

Distribution by discipline, NASA predoctoral trainees, 1964-65

On March 24, Ranger IX crashed on the moon after taking more

A Surveyor spacecraft was being readied to soft land instruments

On April 6, NASA launched Early Bird I, the first com-

Significant progress was made on NASA's two lifting body research

thrustors capable of operating for up to 10,000 hours are within reach.

NASA initiated new cooperative projects with the Argentine, Bra-

The Sustaining University Program provided grants to 142 univer-

for faculty members and for advanced undergraduates and specialized

NASA's spacemobiles provided information on space science and

The Employee-Management Cooperation program achieved signif-

NASA's cost reduction efforts showed savings of $114,781,000 during

Among NASA's manned space flight achievements during this pe-

The Gemini Program

Gemini Program Objectives

and other national efforts in space. (These were described in detail

Specific Gemini Missions

As stated earlier, three of the 12 planned Gemini missions took

support manned operations. This mission served as the final flight

ll[_ll_uv_l" S_S_¢_iI! alld [lie spacecrafL guKiallce auu (_oi1[i'Ol 8ys[elll

were successfully operated during the flight. Landing occurred in

Figure 1-2. Gemini 111 launch, M a r c h 23, 1965.

combined effects, if any, of zero gravity and controlled radiation

cilities of the world-wide Manned Space Flight Network for space-

evaluate performance and management of the spacecraft systems for

Figure 1-4. Launch of Gemini IV.

long space flights. Engineering experiments were to measure electro-

before reentry, after parachute deployment, and after landing. This

Figure 1-6. “I’m going to work on getting some pictures . . .” (White).

Figure 1-7. "The maneuvering unit i s good . . ." (White).

From a space medicine viewpoint, tentative conclusions based 011

Figure 1-8. Astronauts McDivitt and White coming aboard “Wasp”.

Evaluation of the experiments performed was still in progress at

Development o€ Gemini flight hardware (spacecraft, launch vehicle,

It is to be launched by the Atlas booster. Modifications provided the

The Apollo Program

The Apollo program continued toward development of the capa-

Apollo mission objectives in mid-1965 were unchanged from the

Apollo spacecraft launched by the Saturn V launch vehicle are sched-

Hardware development for the overall Apollo program includes

in 1968 will further verify the performance of the Apollo spacecraft

Apollo Spacecraft Design Status

During the period, considerable progress was achieved in the de-