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Operational plans should establish the activities and budgets for each part of the
organisation for the next 1 – 3 years. They link the strategic plan with the activities the
organization will deliver and the resources required to deliver them.
An operational plan draws directly from agency and program strategic plans to describe
agency and program missions and goals, program objectives, and program activities. Like
a strategic plan, an operational plan addresses four questions:
The OP is both the first and the last step in preparing an operating budget request. As the
first step, the OP provides a plan for resource allocation; as the last step, the OP may be
modified to reflect policy decisions or financial changes made during the budget
development process.
• clear objectives
• activities to be delivered
• quality standards
• desired outcomes
• staffing and resource requirements
• implementation timetables
• a process for monitoring progress.
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v•d•e
Social movement theory is an interdisciplinary study within the social sciences that
generally seeks to explain why social mobilization occurs, the forms under which it
manifests, as well as potential social, cultural, and political consequences. More recently,
the study of social movements has been subsumed under the study of contentious politics.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Collective behavior
• 2 Relative deprivation
• 3 Rational choice
• 4 Resource mobilization
• 5 Political opportunity/Political process
• 6 Framing
• 7 New Social Movements
• 8 Emerging Cultural Perspective
• 9 References
[edit] Framing
Certain claims activists make on behalf of their social movement "resonate" with
audiences including media, elites, sympathetic allies, and potential recruits. Successful
frames draw upon shared cultural understandings (e.g. rights, morality). This perspective
is firmly rooted in a social constructivist ontology. See the work of Robert Benford and
David Snow.[13] Over the last decade, political opportunity theorists have partially
appropriated the framing perspective.It is called poltitcal theory of a social movement
• Politics and power should be defined more broadly to include "all collective
challenges to constituted authority."[17]
• Structures not only constrain actors but constitute actors (no dichotomy between
culture and structure)
• Contention is as much a contest over meaning as it is a struggle over resources
• The rational actor model is problematic, whether applied to collectives or
individuals
• Opportunities are made as often as they are recognized
While recent years have witnessed new interest in the finance–growth nexus, the
relationship between domestic resource mobilization and financial development remains
relatively unexplored. However, issues related to domestic resource mobilization and
financial development are central to the overall development process. Recently they have
been raised in connection with the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs). Financial development, broadly defined to include not just financial sector
deepening but also improvements in the efficiency of the financial sector, can enhance
domestic resource mobilization – which is vital for pro-poor growth.
The policy agenda has recently moved in new interesting directions partly because of the
relevance as well as the importance of domestic resource mobilization for accelerating
progress in achieving the MDGs, and partly through the emergence of new initiatives.
These include the United Nations International Year of Microcredit (in 2005) and the
'blue book for policy-makers’, Building Inclusive Financial Sectors for Development,
published in 2006 by the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA), which emphasized in
particular the issue of ‘financial access’ and the centrality of ‘inclusive financial sectors’.
It is equally fair to argue that, until very recently, orientating the domestic financial
system towards domestic resource mobilization has been neglected as a potential source
of development financing for the MDGs. However, there is substantial potential here,
which, if realized, can help to accelerate progress significantly towards the MDGs. It also
needs to be stressed that the above important route has the additional advantage of
engaging local communities directly in the overall development financing process.
Further to building the financial system as whole, it is also vital to provide microcredit
and to create insurance mechanisms for the poor.
The above discussion suggests that, while substantial progress has been made in recent
years on the research and policy front in this important area, a number of issues remain
unresolved and require further attention. In this regard, a recently published UNU-
WIDER volume entitled Domestic Resource Mobilization and Financial Sector
Development, brings together a collection of essays by leading experts in the field who
discuss various aspects of the financial development–domestic resource mobilization
nexus in an effort to delve more deeply into the above important relationship. The
volume provides also a good balance of recent theoretical developments in this area; the
application of recent innovations in econometric methodology; important case studies
that discuss country experiences with financial sectors reforms – in both Africa and Asia
(including China); and useful policy lessons. The study was prepared as part of UNU-
WIDER’s research on Globalization, Finance and Growth, linked to the project on
Financial Sector Development for Growth and Poverty Reduction.
A central message that emanates clearly from the study is that policies enhancing domestic resource mobilization – for
example, by mobilizing domestic savings, expanding the tax base in developing countries (particularly in Sub-Saharan
Africa), increasing access to financial services and deepening financial sector development) – have a prominent role to
play in the challenging effort to use all available sources, both domestic and external, so as to accelerate progress with
the MDGs. In particular:
It is hoped that the volume will contribute in a fruitful and forward looking way to the
ongoing debate amongst the international development community regarding the
mobilization of domestic resources in developing countries, and the crucial role that
financial development can and should play in this regard.