5

The Laws of Motion

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

5.1 The Concept of Force
5.2 Newton’s First Law and Q5.1 (a) The force due to gravity of the earth pulling down on
Inertial Frames
the ball—the reaction force is the force due to gravity
5.3 Mass
5.4 Newton’s Second Law of the ball pulling up on the earth. The force of the
5.5 The Gravitational Force hand pushing up on the ball—reaction force is ball
and Weight pushing down on the hand.
5.6 Newton’s Third Law
5.7 Some Applications of
Newton’s Laws (b) The only force acting on the ball in free-fall is the
5.8 Forces of Friction gravity due to the earth -the reaction force is the
gravity due to the ball pulling on the earth.

Q5.2 The resultant force is zero, as the acceleration is zero.

Q5.3 Mistake one: The car might be momentarily at rest, in the

process of (suddenly) reversing forward into backward motion.
In this case, the forces on it add to a (large) backward resultant.

Mistake two: There are no cars in interstellar space. If the car is remaining at rest, there are
some large forces on it, including its weight and some force or forces of support.
Mistake three: The statement reverses cause and effect, like a politician who thinks that his
getting elected was the reason for people to vote for him.

Q5.4 When the bus starts moving, the mass of Claudette is accelerated by the force of the back of the seat
on her body. Clark is standing, however, and the only force on him is the friction between his shoes
and the floor of the bus. Thus, when the bus starts moving, his feet start accelerating forward, but
the rest of his body experiences almost no accelerating force (only that due to his being attached to
his accelerating feet!). As a consequence, his body tends to stay almost at rest, according to Newton’s
first law, relative to the ground. Relative to Claudette, however, he is moving toward her and falls
into her lap. (Both performers won Academy Awards.)

Q5.5 First ask, “Was the bus moving forward or backing up?” If it was moving forward, the passenger is
lying. A fast stop would make the suitcase fly toward the front of the bus, not toward the rear. If the
bus was backing up at any reasonable speed, a sudden stop could not make a suitcase fly far. Fine
her for malicious litigiousness.

Q5.6 It would be smart for the explorer to gently push the rock back into the storage compartment.
Newton’s 3rd law states that the rock will apply the same size force on her that she applies on it. The
harder she pushes on the rock, the larger her resulting acceleration.

117
118 The Laws of Motion

Q5.7 The molecules of the floor resist the ball on impact and push the ball back, upward. The actual force
acting is due to the forces between molecules that allow the floor to keep its integrity and to prevent
the ball from passing through. Notice that for a ball passing through a window, the molecular forces
weren’t strong enough.

Q5.8 While a football is in flight, the force of gravity and air resistance act on it. When a football is in the
process of being kicked, the foot pushes forward on the ball and the ball pushes backward on the
foot. At this time and while the ball is in flight, the Earth pulls down on the ball (gravity) and the ball
pulls up on the Earth. The moving ball pushes forward on the air and the air backward on the ball.

Q5.9 It is impossible to string a horizontal cable without its sagging a bit. Since the cable has a mass,
gravity pulls it downward. A vertical component of the tension must balance the weight for the
cable to be in equilibrium. If the cable were completely horizontal, then there would be no vertical
component of the tension to balance the weight.
Some physics teachers demonstrate this by asking a beefy student to pull on the ends of a
cord supporting a can of soup at its center. Some get two burly young men to pull on opposite ends
of a strong rope, while the smallest person in class gleefully mashes the center of the rope down to
the table. Point out the beauty of sagging suspension-bridge cables. With a laser and an optical lever,
demonstrate that the mayor makes the courtroom table sag when he sits on it, and the judge bends
the bench. Give them “I make the floor sag” buttons, available to instructors using this manual.
Estimate the cost of an infinitely strong cable, and the truth will always win.

Q5.10 As the barbell goes through the bottom of a cycle, the lifter exerts an upward force on it, and the
scale reads the larger upward force that the floor exerts on them together. Around the top of the
weight’s motion, the scale reads less than average. If the iron is moving upward, the lifter can
declare that she has thrown it, just by letting go of it for a moment, so our answer applies also to this
case.

Q5.11 As the sand leaks out, the acceleration increases. With the same driving force, a decrease in the mass
causes an increase in the acceleration.

Q5.12 As the rocket takes off, it burns fuel, pushing the gases from the combustion out the back of the
rocket. Since the gases have mass, the total remaining mass of the rocket, fuel, and oxidizer
decreases. With a constant thrust, a decrease in the mass results in an increasing acceleration.

Q5.13 The friction of the road pushing on the tires of a car causes an automobile to move. The push of the
air on the propeller moves the airplane. The push of the water on the oars causes the rowboat to
move.

Q5.14 As a man takes a step, the action is the force his foot exerts on the Earth; the reaction is the force of
the Earth on his foot. In the second case, the action is the force exerted on the girl’s back by the
snowball; the reaction is the force exerted on the snowball by the girl’s back. The third action is the
force of the glove on the ball; the reaction is the force of the ball on the glove. The fourth action is the
force exerted on the window by the air molecules; the reaction is the force on the air molecules
exerted by the window. We could in each case interchange the terms ‘action’ and ‘reaction.’

Q5.15 The tension in the rope must be 9 200 N. Since the rope is moving at a constant speed, then the
resultant force on it must be zero. The 49ers are pulling with a force of 9 200 N. If the 49ers were
winning with the rope steadily moving in their direction or if the contest was even, then the tension
would still be 9 200 N. In all of these case, the acceleration is zero, and so must be the resultant force
on the rope. To win the tug-of-war, a team must exert a larger force on the ground than their
opponents do.
 Chapter 5 119
Q5.16 The tension in the rope when pulling the car is twice that in the tug-of-war. One could consider the
car as behaving like another team of twenty more people.

Q5.17 This statement contradicts Newton’s 3rd law. The force that the locomotive exerted on the wall is
the same as that exerted by the wall on the locomotive. The wall temporarily exerted on the
locomotive a force greater than the force that the wall could exert without breaking.

Q5.18 The sack of sand moves up with the athlete, regardless of how quickly the athlete climbs. Since the
athlete and the sack of sand have the same weight, the acceleration of the system must be zero.

Q5.19 The resultant force doesn’t always add to zero. If it did, nothing could ever accelerate. If we choose a
single object as our system, action and reaction forces can never add to zero, as they act on different
objects.

Q5.20 An object cannot exert a force on itself. If it could, then objects would be able to accelerate
themselves, without interacting with the environment. You cannot lift yourself by tugging on your
bootstraps.

Q5.21 To get the box to slide, you must push harder than the maximum static frictional force. Once the box
is moving, you need to push with a force equal to the kinetic frictional force to maintain the box’s
motion.

Q5.22 The stopping distance will be the same if the mass of the truck is doubled. The stopping distance will
decrease by a factor of four if the initial speed is cut in half.

Q5.23 If you slam on the brakes, your tires will skid on the road. The force of kinetic friction between the
tires and the road is less than the maximum static friction force. Anti-lock brakes work by “pumping”
the brakes (much more rapidly that you can) to minimize skidding of the tires on the road.

Q5.24 With friction, it takes longer to come down than to go up. On the way up, the frictional force and the
component of the weight down the plane are in the same direction, giving a large acceleration. On
the way down, the forces are in opposite directions, giving a relatively smaller acceleration. If the
incline is frictionless, it takes the same amount of time to go up as it does to come down.

Q5.25 (a) The force of static friction between the crate and the bed of the truck causes the crate to
accelerate. Note that the friction force on the crate is in the direction of its motion relative to
the ground (but opposite to the direction of possible sliding motion of the crate relative to
the truck bed).

(b) It is most likely that the crate would slide forward relative to the bed of the truck.

Q5.26 In Question 25, part (a) is an example of such a situation. Any situation in which friction is the force
that accelerates an object from rest is an example. As you pull away from a stop light, friction is the
force that accelerates forward a box of tissues on the level floor of the car. At the same time, friction
of the ground on the tires of the car accelerates the car forward.
 120 The Laws of Motion

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

The following problems cover Sections 5.1–5.6.

Section 5.1 The Concept of Force

Section 5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames

Section 5.3 Mass

Section 5.4 Newton’s Second Law

Section 5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight

Section 5.6 Newton’s Third Law

P5.1 For the same force F, acting on different masses

F = m 1 a1

and

F = m2 a2

m1 a 1
(a) = 2 =
m2 a1 3

(b) a f c
F = m1 + m 2 a = 4m1 a = m1 3.00 m s 2 h
2
a = 0.750 m s

*P5.2 v f = 880 m s, m = 25.8 kg , x f = 6 m

v 2f = 2 ax f = 2 x f
FG F IJ
H mK
mv 2f
F= = 1.66 ×10 6 N forward
2x f

P5.3 m = 3.00 kg

e
a = 2.00 i + 5.00 j m s 2 j
∑ F = ma = e6.00i + 15.0jj N
∑F = a6.00f + a15.0f N =
2 2
16.2 N
 Chapter 5 121
P5.4 Fg = weight of ball = mg
v release = v and time to accelerate = t :

∆v v v 
a= = = i
∆t t t

(a) Distance x = vt :

FG v IJ t = vt
x=
H 2K 2

Fg v 
(b) Fp − Fg j = i
gt

Fg v 
Fp = i + Fg j
gt

P5.5 e j
m = 4.00 kg , v i = 3.00 i m s , v 8 = 8.00 i + 10.0 j m s , t = 8.00 s
∆v 5.00 i + 10.0 j
a= = m s2
t 8.00
e
F = ma = 2.50 i + 5.00 j N j
2 2
F = ( 2.50) +(5.00) = 5.59 N

P5.6 (a) Let the x-axis be in the original direction of the molecule’s motion.

e
v f = vi + at: −670 m s = 670 m s + a 3.00 × 10 −13 s j
a = −4. 47 × 10 15 m s 2

(b) For the molecule, ∑ F = ma . Its weight is negligible.

e j
Fwall on molecule = 4.68 × 10 −26 kg −4.47 × 10 15 m s 2 = −2.09 × 10 −10 N
G
Fmolecule on wall = +2.09 × 10 −10 N
122 The Laws of Motion

v 2f − vi2
P5.7 (a) ∑ F = ma and v 2f = vi2 + 2 ax f or a = 2x f
.

Therefore,

∑F = m
ev 2
f − vi2 j
2x f
LMe7.00 × 10 5
m s2 j − e3.00 × 10
2 5
m s2 j OPQ
2

∑ F = 9.11 × 10 −31 kg N = 3.64 × 10 −18 N .

2b0.050 0 mg

(b) The weight of the electron is

c hc
Fg = mg = 9.11×10−31 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 8.93 ×10−30 N h
The accelerating force is 4.08 ×10 11 times the weight of the electron.

P5.8 (a) a
Fg = mg = 120 lb = 4.448 N lb (120 lb)= 534 N f
Fg 534 N
(b) m= = = 54.5 kg
g 9.80 m s 2

900 N
P5.9 Fg = mg = 900 N , m = = 91.8 kg
9.80 m s 2

cF hg
on Jupiter
c
= 91.8 kg 25.9 m s 2 = 2.38 kN h
P5.10 Imagine a quick trip by jet, on which you do not visit the rest room and your perspiration is just
canceled out by a glass of tomato juice. By subtraction, Fg = mg p and Fg = mg C give c h p
c h C

c
∆Fg = m g p − g C . h
For a person whose mass is 88.7 kg, the change in weight is

b
∆Fg = 88.7 kg 9.809 5 − 9.780 8 = 2.55 N . g
A precise balance scale, as in a doctor’s office, reads the same in different locations because it
compares you with the standard masses on its beams. A typical bathroom scale is not precise enough
to reveal this difference.
 Chapter 5 123

P5.11 (a) ∑ F = F1 + F2 = e 20.0 i + 15.0 jj N

∑ F = ma: 20.0 i + 15.0 j = 5.00a

e
a = 4.00 i + 3.00 j m s 2 j
or

a = 5.00 m s 2 at θ = 36.9°

(b) F2 x = 15.0 cos 60.0° = 7.50 N

F2 y = 15.0 sin 60.0° = 13.0 N FIG. P5.11

e
F2 = 7.50 i + 13.0 j N j
∑ F = F1 + F2 = e27.5 i + 13.0 jj N = ma = 5.00a
a= e5.50i + 2.60jj m s 2
= 6.08 m s 2 at 25.3°

P5.12 We find acceleration:

1 2
r f − ri = v i t + at
2
1
a
4.20 m i − 3.30 mj = 0+ a 1.20 s = 0.720 s 2 a
2
2
f
e
a = 5.83 i − 4.58 j m s 2 . j
Now ∑ F = ma becomes

Fg + F2 = ma

e j
F2 = 2.80 kg 5.83 i − 4.58 j m s 2 + 2.80 kg 9.80 m s 2 jb ge j
F2 = e16.3 i + 14.6 jj N .

P5.13 (a) You and the earth exert equal forces on each other: m y g = M e a e . If your mass is 70.0 kg,

ae =
a70.0 kg fc9.80 m s h = 2

~ 10−22 m s 2 .
5.98 ×10 24 kg

1 2
(b) You and the planet move for equal times intervals according to x = at . If the seat is
2
50.0 cm high,

2xy 2xe
=
ay ae

xe =
ae
xy =
my
xy =
70.0 kg 0.500 m a
~ 10 −23 m .
f
ay me 5.98 × 10 24 kg
124 The Laws of Motion

P5.14 ∑ F = ma reads
e−2.00 i + 2.00j + 5.00i − 3.00j − 45.0ij N = me3.75 m s ja
2

where a represents the direction of a

e−42.0 i − 1.00jj N = me3.75 m s ja

2

∑F =
2 2 FG 1.00 IJ below the –x-axis
(42.0) +(1.00) N at tan−1
H 42.0 K
∑ F = 42.0 N at 181° = mc3.75 m s ha . 2

For the vectors to be equal, their magnitudes and their directions must be equal.

(a) ∴ a is at 181° counterclockwise from the x-axis

42.0 N
(b) m= = 11.2 kg
3.75 m s 2

(d) e j
v f = v i + at = 0 + 3.75 m s 2 at 181° 10.0 s so v f = 37.5 m s at 181°

v f = 37.5 m s cos 181° i + 37.5 m s sin 181° j so v f = e−37.5 i − 0.893 jj m s

(c) v f = 37.5 2 + 0.893 2 m s = 37.5 m s

P5.15 (a) 15.0 lb up

(b) 5.00 lb up

(c) 0

Section 5.7 Some Applications of Newton’s Laws

dx dy
P5.16 vx = = 10t , v y = = 9t 2
dt dt
dv x dv y
ax = = 10 , a y = = 18t
dt dt

At t = 2.00 s , a x = 10.0 m s 2 , a y = 36.0 m s 2

∑ Fx = ma x : 3.00 kg e10.0 j
m s 2 = 30.0 N

∑ Fy = ma y : 3.00 kg e36.0 m s j = 108 N

2

∑F= Fx2 + Fy2 = 112 N

 Chapter 5 125

P5.17 m = 1.00 kg 50.0 m

mg = 9.80 N α 0.200 m
0.200 m
tan α =
25.0 m T T
α = 0.458°

Balance forces,
mg
2T sin α = mg
9.80 N FIG. P5.17
T= = 613 N
2 sin α

P5.18 T3 = Fg (1)
θ1 θ2
T1 sin θ 1 + T2 sin θ 2 = Fg (2)

T1 cos θ 1 = T2 cos θ 2 (3)

Eliminate T2 and solve for T1

Fg
Fg cos θ 2 Fg cos θ 2
T1 = =
bsinθ 1 cos θ 2 + cos θ 1 sin θ 2 g b
sin θ 1 + θ 2 g T1
T2
T3 = Fg = 325 N θ1 θ2
FG cos 25.0° IJ = 296 N
H sin 85.0° K
T1 = Fg T3

F cos θ IJ = 296 NFG cos 60.0° IJ =

=T G 1
T2
H cos θ K
1
2
H cos 25.0° K 163 N FIG. P5.18

P5.19 See the solution for T1 in Problem 5.18.

126 The Laws of Motion

P5.20 (a) An explanation proceeding from fundamental physical principles will

be best for the parents and for you. Consider forces on the bit of string
touching the weight hanger as shown in the free-body diagram:

Horizontal Forces: ∑ Fx = ma x : −Tx + T cos θ = 0

Vertical Forces: ∑ Fy = ma y : −Fg + T sin θ = 0
FIG. P5.20

You need only the equation for the vertical forces to find that the tension in the string is
Fg
given by T = . The force the child feels gets smaller, changing from T to T cos θ , while
sin θ
the counterweight hangs on the string. On the other hand, the kite does not notice what you
are doing and the tension in the main part of the string stays constant. You do not need a
level, since you learned in physics lab to sight to a horizontal line in a building. Share with
the parents your estimate of the experimental uncertainty, which you make by thinking
critically about the measurement, by repeating trials, practicing in advance and looking for
variations and improvements in technique, including using other observers. You will then
be glad to have the parents themselves repeat your measurements.

(b) T=
Fg
=
e
0.132 kg 9.80 m s 2 j= 1.79 N
sin θ sin 46.3°

P5.21 (a) Isolate either mass

T + mg = ma = 0
T = mg .

The scale reads the tension T,

so FIG. P5.21(a)

e j
T = mg = 5.00 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 49.0 N .

(b) Isolate the pulley

T2 + 2T1 = 0
T2 = 2 T1 = 2mg = 98.0 N .

(c) ∑ F = n + T + mg = 0
FIG. P5.21(b)
Take the component along the incline

n x + Tx + mg x = 0

or

0 + T − mg sin 30.0° = 0

T = mg sin 30.0° = =
a f
mg 5.00 9.80
2 2
= 24.5 N .
FIG. P5.21(c)
 Chapter 5 127

P5.22 The two forces acting on the block are the normal force, n, and the
weight, mg. If the block is considered to be a point mass and the x-
axis is chosen to be parallel to the plane, then the free body
diagram will be as shown in the figure to the right. The angle θ is
the angle of inclination of the plane. Applying Newton’s second
law for the accelerating system (and taking the direction up the
plane as the positive x direction) we have
FIG. P5.22
∑ Fy = n − mg cos θ = 0: n = mg cos θ
∑ Fx = −mg sin θ = ma : a = −g sin θ
(a) When θ = 15.0°

a = −2.54 m s 2

(b) Starting from rest

d i
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f − xi = 2 ax f

e ja
v f = 2 ax f = 2 −2.54 m s 2 −2.00 m = 3.18 m s f
P5.23 Choose a coordinate system with i East and j North.

∑ F = ma = 1.00 kg e10.0 j
m s 2 at 30.0°
a5.00 Nfj + F = a10.0 Nf∠30.0° = a5.00 Nfj + a8.66 Nfi
1
∴ F1 = 8.66 N (East )
FIG. P5.23

*P5.24 First, consider the block moving along the horizontal. The only +x
n T +y
force in the direction of movement is T. Thus, ∑ Fx = ma
T
5 kg 9 kg
a f
T = 5 kg a (1)
49 N Fg = 88.2 N
Next consider the block that moves vertically. The forces on it are
the tension T and its weight, 88.2 N.
FIG. P5.24
We have ∑ Fy = ma
a f
88.2 N − T = 9 kg a (2)

Note that both blocks must have the same magnitude of acceleration. Equations (1) and (2) can be
b
added to give 88.2 N = 14 kg a. Theng
a = 6.30 m s 2 and T = 31.5 N .
128 The Laws of Motion

P5.25 After it leaves your hand, the block’s speed changes only
because of one component of its weight:

∑ Fx = ma x − mg sin 20.0° = ma
i d
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f − xi .

Taking v f = 0 , v = 5.00 m s, and a = −g sina 20.0°f gives

i

2
a fc
0 = (5.00) − 2(9.80) sin 20.0° x f − 0 h
or

25.0 FIG. P5.25

xf = = 3.73 m .
a
2(9.80) sin 20.0° f
P5.26 m1 = 2.00 kg , m 2 = 6.00 kg , θ = 55.0°

(a) ∑ Fx = m 2 g sin θ − T = m 2 a
and

T − m1 g = m1 a
m 2 g sin θ − m1 g
a= = 3.57 m s 2
m1 + m 2
FIG. P5.26
(b) a f
T = m1 a + g = 26.7 N

(c) c h
Since vi = 0 , v f = at = 3.57 m s 2 ( 2.00 s)= 7.14 m s .

*P5.27 We assume the vertical bar is in compression, pushing up

30° 50°
on the pin with force A, and the tilted bar is in tension,
exerting force B on the pin at −50° . 2 500 N A B
∑ Fx = 0: −2 500 N cos 30°+ B cos 50° = 0
2 500 N cos30° B cos50°
B = 3.37 × 10 3 N
∑ Fy = 0: −2 500 N sin 30°+ A − 3.37 × 10 3 N sin 50° = 0
A
A = 3.83 × 10 3 N B sin50°
2 500 N sin30°

Positive answers confirm that FIG. P5.27

B is in tension and A is in compression.

 Chapter 5 129
P5.28 First, consider the 3.00 kg rising mass. The forces on it are
the tension, T, and its weight, 29.4 N. With the upward
direction as positive, the second law becomes

∑ Fy = ma y : T − 29.4 N = a3.00 kg fa (1)

The forces on the falling 5.00 kg mass are its weight and T,
and its acceleration is the same as that of the rising mass.
Calling the positive direction down for this mass, we have
FIG. P5.28
∑ Fy = ma y : 49 N − T = a5.00 kg fa (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved simultaneously by adding them:

a
T − 29.4 N + 49.0 N − T = 3.00 kg a + 5.00 kg af a f
(b) This gives the acceleration as

19.6 N
a= = 2.45 m s 2 .
8.00 kg

(a) Then

a fc
T − 29.4 N = 3.00 kg 2.45 m s 2 = 7.35 N . h
The tension is

T = 36.8 N .

(c) Consider either mass. We have

1 2 1
y = vi t +
2
c 2
h
at = 0 + 2.45 m s 2 (1.00 s) = 1.23 m .
2

*P5.29 As the man rises steadily the pulley turns steadily and the tension in
the rope is the same on both sides of the pulley. Choose man-pulley- T
and-platform as the system:

∑ Fy = ma y
+T − 950 N = 0
T = 950 N . 950 N

The worker must pull on the rope with force 950 N . FIG. P5.29
130 The Laws of Motion

*P5.30 Both blocks move with acceleration a =

FG m 2 − m1
g:
IJ
Hm 2 + m1 K
F 7 kg − 2 kg I 9.8 m s
a= GH 7 kg + 2 kg JK 2
= 5.44 m s 2 .

(a) Take the upward direction as positive for m1 .

v xf2 = v xi
2
d
+ 2 a x x f − xi : i b
0 = −2.4 m s g + 2e5.44 m s jdx − 0i
2 2
f

5.76 m 2 s 2
xf = − = −0.529 m
e
2 5.44 m s 2 j
x f = 0.529 m below its initial level

(b) e
v xf = v xi + a x t: v xf = −2.40 m s + 5.44 m s 2 1.80 s ja f
v xf = 7. 40 m s upward

P5.31 Forces acting on 2.00 kg block:

T − m1 g = m 1 a (1)

Forces acting on 8.00 kg block:

Fx − T = m 2 a (2)

(a) Eliminate T and solve for a:

Fx − m1 g
a=
m1 + m 2

a > 0 for Fx > m1 g = 19.6 N .

(b) Eliminate a and solve for T:

T=
m1
m1 + m 2
a
Fx + m 2 g f
FIG. P5.31
T = 0 for Fx ≤−m 2 g = −78.4 N .

(c) Fx , N –100 –78.4 –50.0 0 50.0 100

ax , m s 2 –12.5 –9.80 –6.96 –1.96 3.04 8.04
 Chapter 5 131
*P5.32 (a) For force components along the incline, with the upward direction taken as positive,

∑ Fx = ma x : − mg sin θ = ma x
e j
a x = − g sin θ = − 9.8 m s 2 sin 35° = −5.62 m s 2 .

For the upward motion,

v xf2 = v xi
2
+ 2 a x x f − xid i
b
0= 5 m s g + 2e−5.62 m s jdx − 0i
2 2
f

25 m 2 s 2
xf = = 2.22 m .
e
2 5.62 m s 2 j
(b) The time to slide down is given by

1
x f = xi + v xi t + axt 2
2
1
0 = 2.22 m + 0 +
2
e−5.62 m s 2 t 2j
t=
a
2 2.22 m f = 0.890 s .
2
5.62 m s

For the second particle,

1
x f = xi + v xi t + axt 2
2

a f e
0 = 10 m + v xi 0.890 s + −5.62 m s 2 0.890 s ja f 2

−10 m + 2.22 m
v xi = = −8.74 m s
0.890 s

speed = 8.74 m s .
132 The Laws of Motion

P5.33 First, we will compute the needed accelerations:

a1f Before it starts to move: ay = 0

v yf − v yi 1. 20 m s − 0
a 2f During the first 0.800 s: ay =
t
=
0.800 s
= 1.50 m s 2
a3 f While moving at constant velocity: a y = 0
v yf − v yi 0 − 1.20 m s
a4f During the last 1.50 s: ay =
t
=
1.50 s
= −0.800 m s 2
FIG. P5.33
Newton’s second law is: ∑ Fy = ma y
b ge j b
+S − 72.0 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 72.0 kg a y g
S = 706 N + b72.0 kg ga y .

(a) When a y = 0 , S = 706 N .

(b) When a y = 1.50 m s 2 , S = 814 N .

(c) When a y = 0 , S = 706 N .

(d) When a y =−0.800 m s 2 , S = 648 N .

P5.34 (a) Pulley P1 has acceleration a 2 .

Since m1 moves twice the distance P1 moves in the same
time, m1 has twice the acceleration of P1 , i.e., a1 = 2 a 2 .

(b) From the figure, and using

∑ F = ma: m 2 g − T2 = m 2 a 2 a1f
T1 = m1 a1 = 2m1 a 2 a 2f
T2 − 2T1 = 0 a3 f FIG. P5.34

Equation (1) becomes m 2 g − 2T1 = m 2 a 2 . This equation combined with Equation (2) yields

T1 FG m
2m1 + 2 = m 2 g
IJ
m1 H 2 K
m1 m 2 m1 m 2
T1 = g and T2 = g .
2m1 + 12 m 2 m1 + 14 m 2

(c) From the values of T1 and T2 we find that

T1 m2 g 1 m2 g
a1 = = and a 2 = a1 = .
m1 2m1 + 12 m 2 2 4m 1 + m 2
 Chapter 5 133
Section 5.8 Forces of Friction

*P5.35 +y +y
n ground = Fg /2 = 85.0 lb n tip
22.0° 22.0°
F2 F1
f
+x +x

F = 45.8 lb
Fg = 170 lb 22.0°
Free-Body Diagram of Person Free-Body Diagram of Crutch Tip

FIG. P5.35

From the free-body diagram of the person,

∑ Fx = F1 sina22.0°f − F2 sina22.0°f = 0 ,
which gives

F1 = F2 = F .

Then, ∑ Fy = 2 F cos 22.0°+85.0 lbs − 170 lbs = 0 yields F = 45.8 lb.

(a) Now consider the free-body diagram of a crutch tip.

∑ Fx = f −( 45.8 lb) sin 22.0°= 0 ,

or

f = 17. 2 lb .

∑ Fy = n tip −( 45.8 lb) cos 22.0°= 0 ,

which gives

n tip = 42.5 lb .

For minimum coefficient of friction, the crutch tip will be on the verge of slipping, so
a f
f = f s max = µ s n tip and µ s =
f
=
17.2 lb
n tip 42.5 lb
= 0.404 .

(b) As found above, the compression force in each crutch is

F1 = F2 = F = 45.8 lb .
134 The Laws of Motion

P5.36 For equilibrium: f = F and n = Fg . Also, f = µ n i.e.,

f F
µ= =
n Fg
75.0 N
µs = = 0.306
a f
25.0 9.80 N
FIG. P5.36
and

60.0 N
µk = = 0.245 .
25.0(9.80) N

P5.37 ∑ Fy = ma y : +n − mg = 0
fs ≤ µ sn = µ s mg

This maximum magnitude of static friction acts so long as the tires roll without skidding.

∑ Fx = ma x : − f s = ma

The maximum acceleration is

a = −µ s g .

The initial and final conditions are: x i = 0 , vi = 50.0 mi h = 22.4 m s , v f = 0

d i
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f − xi : − vi2 = −2 µ s gx f

vi2
(a) xf =
2 µg

xf =
a22.4 m sf =2
256 m
2(0.100 )c9.80 m s h 2

vi2
(b) xf =
2 µg

xf =
a22.4 m sf =2
42.7 m
2(0.600)c9.80 m s h 2
 Chapter 5 135
P5.38 If all the weight is on the rear wheels,

(a) F = ma: µ s mg = ma
But

at 2 µ s gt 2
∆x = =
2 2

2 ∆x
so µ s = :
gt 2

µs =
a fb
2 0.250 mi 1 609 m mi g= 3.34 .
e9.80 m s ja4.96 sf
2 2

(b) Time would increase, as the wheels would skid and only kinetic friction would act; or
perhaps the car would flip over.

*P5.39 (a) The person pushes backward on the floor. The floor pushes forward
on the person with a force of friction. This is the only horizontal
force on the person. If the person’s shoe is on the point of slipping
the static friction force has its maximum value.

∑ Fx = ma x : f = µ sn = ma x
∑ Fy = ma y : n − mg = 0
ma x = µ s mg e j
a x = µ s g = 0.5 9.8 m s 2 = 4.9 m s 2
1 1
x f = xi + v xi t +
2
ax t 2 e
3 m = 0 + 0 + 4.9 m s 2 t 2
2
j FIG. P5.39

t = 1.11 s

1 2x f 2(3 m)
(b) xf = µ s gt 2 , t = = = 0.875 s
2 µs g c
(0.8) 9.8 m s 2 h
P5.40 m suitcase = 20.0 kg , F = 35.0 N

∑ Fx = ma x : −20.0 N + F cos θ = 0
∑ Fy = ma y : +n + F sin θ − Fg = 0

(a) F cos θ = 20.0 N

20.0 N
cos θ = = 0.571 FIG. P5.40
35.0 N
θ = 55.2°

(b) n = Fg − F sin θ = 196 − 35.0(0.821) N

n = 167 N
136 The Laws of Motion

P5.41 m = 3.00 kg , θ = 30.0° , x = 2.00 m, t = 1.50 s

1 2
(a) x= at :
2

2.00 m =
1
2
a
a 1.50 s
2
f FIG. P5.41
4.00
a= = 1.78 m s 2
a f
1.50
2

∑ F = n + f + mg = m a :
Along x: 0 − f + mg sin 30.0° = ma
b
f = m g sin 30.0°− a g
Along y: n + 0 − mg cos 30.0° = 0
n = mg cos 30.0°

(b) µk = =
a
f m g sin 30.0°−a f
, µ k = tan 30.0°−
a
= 0.368
n mg cos 30.0° g cos 30.0°

(c) a f a
f = m g sin 30.0°−a , f = 3.00 9.80 sin 30.0°−1.78 = 9.37 N f
(d) c
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f − xi h
where

x f − xi = 2.00 m

a fa f
v 2f = 0 + 2 1.78 2.00 = 7.11 m 2 s 2

v f = 7.11 m 2 s 2 = 2.67 m s
 Chapter 5 137

*P5.42 First we find the coefficient of friction: n

∑ Fy = 0: +n − mg = 0
f = µ sn = µ s mg
f
mg
∑ Fx = ma x : v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x ∆x = 0

mvi2 n
− µ s mg = − f
2 ∆x
mg sin10°
v2
µs = i =
88 ft s b = 0.981
g 2

e
2 g∆x 2 32.1 ft s 2 123 ft ja f mg cos10°

FIG. P5.42

Now on the slope

∑ Fy = 0: +n − mg cos 10° = 0
f s = µ sn = µ s mg cos 10°
mvi2
∑ Fx = ma x : − µ s mg cos 10°+ mg sin 10° = −
2 ∆x
vi2
∆x =
b
2 g µ s cos 10°− sin 10° g
=
b88 ft sg 2

= 152 ft .
2e32.1 ft s ja0.981 cos 10°− sin 10°f
2

P5.43 T − f k = 5.00 a (for 5.00 kg mass)

9.00 g − T = 9.00 a (for 9.00 kg mass)

Adding these two equations gives:

a f a fa f
9.00 9.80 − 0.200 5.00 9.80 = 14.0 a
a = 5.60 m s 2
a f
∴ T = 5.00 5.60 + 0.200 5.00 9.80 a fa f
= 37.8 N

FIG. P5.43
138 The Laws of Motion

P5.44 Let a represent the positive magnitude of the acceleration −aj of n

m1 , of the acceleration −a i of m 2 , and of the acceleration +aj of m 3 .
Call T12 the tension in the left rope and T23 the tension in the cord
on the right. T12 T23

For m1 , ∑ Fy = ma y +T12 − m1 g = −m1 a

f = µ kn

For m 2 , ∑ Fx = ma x −T12 + µ k n + T23 = −m 2 a m2 g

and ∑ Fy = ma y n − m2 g = 0
T12 T23

for m 3 , ∑ Fy = ma y T23 − m 3 g = +m 3 a

we have three simultaneous equations

b
−T12 + 39.2 N = 4.00 kg ag
+T12 − 0.350a9.80 N f − T = b1.00 kg ga
23
m1 g m3 g

+T − 19.6 N = b 2.00 kg ga .
23
FIG. P5.44
(a) Add them up:

a
+39.2 N − 3. 43 N − 19.6 N = 7.00 kg a f
a = 2.31 m s 2 , down for m1 , left for m 2 , and up for m 3 .

(b) a
Now −T12 + 39. 2 N = 4.00 kg 2.31 m s 2 fc h
T12 = 30.0 N

a fc
and T23 − 19.6 N = 2.00 kg 2.31 m s 2 h
T23 = 24.2 N .

P5.45 (a) See Figure to the right T m2 F

m1

(b) 68.0 − T − µm 2 g = m 2 a (Block #2)

n1 n2
T − µm1 g = m1 a (Block #1)
T T F
m1 m2
Adding, f1 = µ k n 1 f2 = µ k n 2

b g b g
68.0 − µ m1 + m 2 g = m1 + m 2 a
m1 g = 118 N m2 g = 176 N

68.0 FIG. P5.45

1.29 m s 2
a=
bm + m g − µg =
1 2

T = m1 a + µm1 g = 27. 2 N
 Chapter 5 139
P5.46 (Case 1, impending upward motion)
Setting

∑ Fx = 0: P cos 50.0°−n = 0
fs , max = µ sn: fs , max = µ s P cos 50.0°
a f
= 0.250 0.643 P = 0.161 P

Setting

∑ Fy = 0: P sin 50.0°−0.161P − 3.00 9.80 = 0 a f

Pmax = 48.6 N

(Case 2, impending downward motion)

As in Case 1,

fs, max = 0.161P FIG. P5.46

Setting

∑ Fy = 0: P sin 50.0°+0.161P − 3.00 9.80 = 0 a f

Pmin = 31.7 N

*P5.47 When the sled is sliding uphill y

∑ Fy = ma y : +n − mg cos θ = 0 n x
f = µ k n = µ k mg cos θ
mg sin θ
∑ Fx = ma x : + mg sin θ + µ k mg cos θ = ma up
v f = 0 = vi + a up t up f
mg cos θ
vi = − a up t up
1
∆x =
2
d
vi + v f t up i FIG. P5.47

1 1
e j 2
∆x = a up t up + 0 t up = a up t up
2 2

When the sled is sliding down, the direction of the friction force is reversed:
mg sin θ − µ k mg cos θ = ma down
1 2
∆x= a down t down .
2
Now

t down = 2t up
1 1
2
2
a up tup e j
= a down 2t up
2
2

a up = 4a down
b
g sin θ + µ k g cos θ = 4 g sin θ − µ k g cos θ g
5 µ k cos θ = 3 sin θ

µk =
FG 3 IJ tanθ
H 5K
140 The Laws of Motion

*P5.48 Since the board is in equilibrium, ∑ Fx = 0 and we see that the normal
forces must be the same on both sides of the board. Also, if the
minimum normal forces (compression forces) are being applied, the f f
n n
board is on the verge of slipping and the friction force on each side is

f = fs a f max
= µ sn .

The board is also in equilibrium in the vertical direction, so

Fg = 95.5 N
Fg
∑ Fy = 2 f − Fg = 0 , or f=
2
.
FIG. P5.48

The minimum compression force needed is then

f Fg 95.5 N
n= = = = 72.0 N .
µs 2µ s 2(0.663)

*P5.49 (a) a f
n + F sin 15°− 75 N cos 25° = 0 n F
∴ n = 67.97 − 0.259 F 15°
f s, max
fs , max = µ s n = 24.67 − 0.094F
25°
For equilibrium: F cos 15°+24.67 − 0.094F − 75 sin 25°= 0 . 75 N
This gives F = 8.05 N .
FIG. P5.49(a)

(b) F cos 15°−( 24.67 − 0.094F )− 75 sin 25° = 0 . n F

This gives F = 53.2 N . 15°
f s, max
25°
75 N

FIG. P5.49(b)

(c) f k = µ k n = 10.6 − 0.040 F . Since the velocity is constant, the net n F

force is zero:
15°
fk
F cos 15°−(10.6 − 0.040 F )− 75 sin 25° = 0 .
25°
75 N
This gives F = 42.0 N .
FIG. P5.49(c)
 Chapter 5 141
*P5.50 We must consider separately the disk when it is in contact with the roof
and when it has gone over the top into free fall. In the first case, we take
x and y as parallel and perpendicular to the surface of the roof:

∑ Fy = ma y : +n − mg cos θ = 0
n = mg cos θ

then friction is f k = µ k n = µ k mg cos θ

FIG. P5.50
∑ Fx = ma x : − f k − mg sin θ = ma x
a f
a x = − µ k g cos θ − g sin θ = −0.4 cos 37°− sin 37° 9.8 m s 2 = −9.03 m s 2

The Frisbee goes ballistic with speed given by

v xf2 = v xi
2
d i b
+ 2 a x x f − xi = 15 m s g + 2e−9.03 m s ja10 m − 0f = 44.4 m
2 2 2
s2
v xf = 6.67 m s

For the free fall, we take x and y horizontal and vertical:

2
v yf 2
= v yi d
+ 2 a y y f − yi i
b
0 = 6.67 m s sin 37° g + 2e−9.8 m s jdy
2 2
f − 10 m sin 37° i
yf = 6.02 m +
b4.01 m sg = 6.84 m 2

19.6 m s 2

Additional Problems

P5.51 (a) see figure to the right

(b) First consider Pat and the chair as the system.

Note that two ropes support the system, and
T = 250 N in each rope. Applying ∑ F = ma

480
2T − 480 = ma , where m = = 49.0 kg .
9.80
FIG. P5.51
Solving for a gives

500 − 480
a= = 0.408 m s 2 .
49.0

(c) ∑ F = ma on Pat:
320
∑ F = n + T − 320 = ma , where m = 9.80 = 32.7 kg
n = ma + 320 − T = 32.7(0.408)+ 320 − 250 = 83.3 N .
142 The Laws of Motion

P5.52 ∑ F = ma gives the object’s acceleration

∑ F = e8.00 i − 4.00tjj N
 
a=
m 2.00 kg
dv
e j e
a = 4.00 m s 2 i − 2.00 m s 3 tj =
dt
. j
Its velocity is

z z
v t
dv = v − v i = v − 0 = adt
vi 0

ze
t
v=
0
j e
4.00 m s 2 i − 2.00 m s 3 tj dt j
v = e 4.00t m s ji − e1.00t
2 2
m s jj . 3

2
(a) We require v = 15.0 m s , v = 225 m 2 s 2

16.0t 2 m 2 s 4 + 1.00t 4 m 2 s 6 = 225 m 2 s 2

1.00t 4 + 16.0 s 2 t 2 − 225 s 4 = 0

t2 =
−16.0 ± a16.0f − 4a−225f = 9.00 s
2
2
2.00
t = 3.00 s .

Take ri = 0 at t = 0. The position is

z ze
t t
r = vdt =
0 0
j e
4.00t m s 2 i − 1.00t 2 m s 3 j dt j
2 3
e
r = 4.00 m s 2 j t2 i − e1.00 m s j t3 j 3

at t = 3 s we evaluate.

(c) r= e18.0i − 9.00jj m

2 2
(b) So r = (18.0) +(9.00) m = 20.1 m
 Chapter 5 143

*P5.53 (a) Situation A y

n x
∑ Fx = ma x : FA + µ sn − mg sin θ = 0
fs
∑ Fy = ma y : +n − mg cos θ = 0 FA

mg sin θ mg cos θ
Eliminate n = mg cos θ to solve for
FIG. P5.53(a)
a
FA = mg sin θ − µ s cos θ f.
(b) Situation B y
n x
∑ Fx = ma x : FB cos θ + µ s n − mg sin θ = 0 FB
fs
∑ Fy = ma y : − FB sin θ + n − mg cos θ = 0

mg sin θ mg cos θ
Substitute n = mg cos θ + FB sin θ to find
FIG. P5.53(b)
FB cos θ + µ s mg cos θ + µ s FB sin θ − mg sin θ = 0

FB =
a
mg sin θ − µ s cos θ f
cos θ + µ s sin θ

(c) a
FA = 2 kg 9.8 m s 2 sin 25°−0.16 cos 25° = 5.44 N f
FB =
a
19.6 N 0.278 f
= 5.59 N
cos 25°+0.16 sin 25°

Student A need exert less force.

FA F
(d) FB = = A
cos 25°+0.38 sin 25° 1.07

Student B need exert less force.

P5.54 b g
18 N − P = 2 kg a
P − Q = b3 kg ga
Q = b 4 kg ga

Adding gives 18 N = 9 kg a so a f FIG. P5.54

a = 2.00 m s 2 .

(b) e j
Q = 4 kg 2 m s 2 = 8.00 N net force on the 4 kg

e j
P − 8 N = 3 kg 2 m s 2 = 6.00 N net force on the 3 kg and P = 14 N

e j
18 N − 14 N = 2 kg 2 m s 2 = 4.00 N net force on the 2 kg
continued on next page
144 The Laws of Motion

(c) From above, Q = 8.00 N and P = 14.0 N .

(d) The 3-kg block models the heavy block of wood. The contact force on your back is
represented by Q, which is much less than the force F. The difference between F and Q is
the net force causing acceleration of the 5-kg pair of objects. The acceleration is real and
nonzero, but lasts for so short a time that it never is associated with a large velocity. The
frame of the building and your legs exert forces, small relative to the hammer blow, to bring
the partition, block, and you to rest again over a time large relative to the hammer blow.
This problem lends itself to interesting lecture demonstrations. One person can hold a lead
brick in one hand while another hits the brick with a hammer.

P5.55 (a) First, we note that F = T1 . Next, we focus on the

mass M and write T5 = Mg . Next, we focus on the
bottom pulley and write T5 = T2 + T3 . Finally, we
focus on the top pulley and write T4 = T1 + T2 + T3 .

Since the pulleys are not starting to rotate and are

frictionless, T1 = T3 , and T2 = T3 . From this
Mg
information, we have T5 = 2T2 , soT2 = .
2

Mg 3 Mg
Then T1 = T2 = T3 = , and T4 = , and
2 2
T5 = Mg .

Mg
(b) Since F = T1 , we have F = .
2

FIG. P5.55

P5.56 We find the diver’s impact speed by analyzing his free-fall motion:

c h
v 2f = vi2 + 2 ax = 0 + 2 −9.80 m s 2 (−10.0 m) so v f = −14.0 m s.

Now for the 2.00 s of stopping, we have v f = vi + at :

a
0 = −14.0 m s + a 2.00 s f
2
a = +7.00 m s .

Call the force exerted by the water on the diver R. Using ∑ Fy = ma ,

e j e
+ R − 70.0 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 70.0 kg 7.00 m s 2 j
R = 1.18 kN .
 Chapter 5 145
P5.57 (a) The crate is in equilibrium, just before it starts to
move. Let the normal force acting on it be n and
the friction force, fs .

Resolving vertically:

n = Fg + P sin θ
FIG. P5.57
Horizontally:

P cos θ = fs

But,

fs ≤ µ sn

i.e.,

c
P cos θ ≤ µ s Fg + P sin θ h
or

a f
P cos θ − µ s sin θ ≤ µ s Fg .

Divide by cos θ :

a f
P 1− µ s tan θ ≤ µ s Fg sec θ .

Then
µ s Fg sec θ
Pminimum = .
1 − µ s tan θ

0.400(100 N ) sec θ
(b) P=
1 − 0.400 tan θ

b g
θ deg 0.00 15.0 30.0 45.0 60.0
Pa N f 40.0 46.4 60.1 94.3 260

If the angle were 68.2° or more, the expression for P would go to infinity and motion would
become impossible.
146 The Laws of Motion

P5.58 (a) Following the in-chapter Example about a block on a frictionless incline, we have

c
a = g sin θ = 9.80 m s 2 sin 30.0° h
a = 4.90 m s 2

0.500 m
(b) The block slides distance x on the incline, with sin 30.0° =
x

c h c
x = 1.00 m: v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f − xi = 0 + 2 4.90 m s 2 (1.00 m) h
2x f 2(1.00 m)
v f = 3.13 m s after time t s = = = 0.639 s .
vf 3.13 m s

1
(c) Now in free fall y f − yi = v yi t + ayt 2 :
2

b g
−2.00 = −3.13 m s sin 30.0° t −
1
2
e j
9.80 m s 2 t 2

e4.90 m s jt + b1.56 m sgt − 2.00 m = 0

2 2

t=
−1.56 m s ± b1.56 m sg − 4e4.90 m s ja−2.00 mf
2 2

9.80 m s 2

Only one root is physical

t = 0.499 s
b g a
x f = v x t = 3.13 m s cos 30.0° 0.499 s = 1.35 m f
(d) total time = t s + t = 0.639 s + 0.499 s = 1.14 s

(e) The mass of the block makes no difference.

 Chapter 5 147

P5.59 With motion impending,

n + T sin θ − mg = 0
b
f = µ s mg − T sin θ g
and

T cos θ − µ s mg + µ sT sin θ = 0
FIG. P5.59
so

µ s mg
T= .
cos θ + µ s sin θ

To minimize T, we maximize cos θ + µ s sin θ

d
dθ
b g
cos θ + µ s sin θ = 0 = − sin θ + µ s cos θ .

(a) θ = tan−1 µ s = tan−1 0.350 = 19.3°

(b) T=
a fc
0.350 1.30 kg 9.80 m s 2 h= 4.21 N
cos 19.3°+0.350 sin 19.3°

*P5.60 (a) See Figure (a) to the right. a fc h

mg = 36.4 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 357 N

(b) See Figure (b) to the right.

(c) For the pin,

∑ Fy = ma y : C cos θ − 357 N = 0
357 N
C= .
cos θ

For the foot,

FIG. P5.60(a) FIG. P5.60(b)

∑ Fy = ma y : +n B − C cos θ = 0
n B = 357 N .

(d) For the foot with motion impending,

∑ Fx = ma x : + f s − C sin θ s = 0
µ sn B = C sin θ s

µs =
C sin θ s
=
b g
357 N cos θ s sin θ s
= tan θ s .
nB 357 N

(e) The maximum coefficient is

µ s = tan θ s = tan 50.2° = 1.20 .

148 The Laws of Motion

P5.61 ∑ F = ma
For m1 : T = m1 a
For m 2 : T − m2 g = 0

Eliminating T,

m2 g
a=
m1

For all 3 blocks:

FIG. P5.61

a
F = M + m1 + m 2 a = f aM + m + m fFGH mm g IJK
1 2
2

P5.62 af
ts e j
t2 s2 a f
xm
0 0 0
1.02 1.04 0 0.100
1.53 2.34 1 0.200
2.01 4.04 0 0.350
2.64 6.97 0 0.500
3.30 10.89 0.750
3.75 14.06 1.00
FIG. P5.62

1 2 1
From x = at the slope of a graph of x versus t 2 is a , and
2 2

e j
a = 2 × slope = 2 0.071 4 m s 2 = 0.143 m s 2 .

From a ′ = g sin θ ,

a ′ = 9.80 m s 2
FG 1.77 4 IJ = 0.137 m s 2
H 127.1 K , different by 4%.

The difference is accounted for by the uncertainty in the data, which we may estimate from the third
point as

b
0.350 − 0.071 4 4.04 ga f = 18%.
0.350
 Chapter 5 149

P5.63 (1) a f
m1 a − A = T ⇒ a =
T
m1
+A

T
(2) MA = R x = T ⇒ A =
M

(3) b
m2 a = m2 g − T ⇒ T = m2 g − a g
FIG. P5.63
(a) Substitute the value for a from (1) into (3) and solve for T:

LM F T + AI OP .
N GH m JK Q
T = m2 g −
1

Substitute for A from (2):

LM F T + T I OP = LM m M OP
N GH m M JK Q
1
T = m2 g − m2 g .
1 N m M + m am
1 2 1 + Mf Q

(b) Solve (3) for a and substitute value of T:

a=
a
m 2 g m1 + M f .
a
m1 M + m 2 M + m1 f
T
(c) From (2), A = , Substitute the value of T:
M

m1 m 2 g
A= .
a
m1 M + m 2 m1 + M f
Mm 2 g
(d) a− A =
a
m1 M + m 2 m1 + M f
150 The Laws of Motion

P5.64 (a), (b) Motion impending

n = 49.0 N n = 49.0 N
f s1

P
5.00 kg 15.0 kg
f s1
f s2

Fg = 49.0 N 196 N 147 N

fs1 = µn = 14.7 N a f
fs2 = 0.500 196 N = 98.0 N

FIG. P5.64

P = f s1 + f s 2 = 14.7 N + 98.0 N = 113 N

(c) Once motion starts, kinetic friction acts.

a f a
112.7 N − 0.100 49.0 N − 0.400 196 N = 15.0 kg a 2 f b g
a 2 = 1.96 m s 2
a
0.100 49.0 N = 5.00 kg a1f b g
a1 = 0.980 m s 2

*P5.65 (a) Let x represent the position of the glider along the air track. Then z 2 = x 2 + h02 ,

e
x = z 2 − h02 j
12
, vx =
dx 1 2
e
= z − h02
dt 2
j a f
−1 2
2z
dz
dt
. Now
dz
dt
is the rate at which string passes
over the pulley, so it is equal to v y of the counterweight.

c
v x = z z 2 − h02 h
−1 2
v y = uv y

dv x d dv y du
(b) ax = = uv y = u + vy at release from rest, v y = 0 and a x = ua y .
dt dt dt dt

(c) sin 30.0° =

80.0 cm
z
e
, z = 1.60 m , u = z 2 − h02 j −1 2
e
z = 1.6 2 − 0.8 2 j a1.6f = 1.15 .
−1 2

For the counterweight

∑ Fy = ma y : T − 0.5 kg 9.8 m s 2 = −0.5 kga y

a y = −2T + 9.8

For the glider

∑ Fx = ma x : a
T cos 30° = 1.00 kg a x = 1.15 a y = 1.15 −2T + 9.8 = −2.31T + 11.3 N f
3.18T = 11.3 N
T = 3.56 N
 Chapter 5 151

*P5.66 The upward acceleration of the rod is described by

1
y f = yi + v yi t + ayt 2
2
1
1 × 10 −3 m = 0 + 0 +
2
e
a y 8 × 10 −3 s j 2

a y = 31.2 m s 2

The distance y moved by the rod and the distance x

moved by the wedge in the same time are related
y y
by tan 15° = ⇒ x = . Then their speeds and
x tan 15°
FIG. P5.66
accelerations are related by

dx 1 dy
=
dt tan 15° dt

and

d2x 1 d2y 1 FG IJ
31.2 m s 2 = 117 m s 2 .
dt 2
=
tan 15° dt 2
=
tan 15°H K
The free body diagram for the rod is shown. Here H and H ′ are forces exerted by the guide.

∑ Fy = ma y : n cos 15°− mg = ma y
e j
n cos 15°−0.250 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 0.250 kg 31.2 m s 2 e j
10.3 N
n= = 10.6 N
cos 15°

For the wedge,

∑ Fx = Ma x : −n sin 15°+ F = 0.5 kg 117 m s 2 e j

a f
F = 10.6 N sin 15°+58.3 N = 61.1 N

*P5.67 (a) Consider forces on the midpoint of the rope. It is nearly in

equilibrium just before the car begins to move. Take the y-axis
in the direction of the force you exert:

∑ Fy = ma y : −T sin θ + f − T sin θ = 0
f
T= . FIG. P5.67
2 sin θ

100 N
(b) T= = 410 N
2 sin 7°
152 The Laws of Motion

P5.68 Since it has a larger mass, we expect the 8.00-kg block to move
down the plane. The acceleration for both blocks should have the
same magnitude since they are joined together by a non-stretching
string. Define up the left hand plane as positive for the 3.50-kg
object and down the right hand plane as positive for the 8.00-kg
object.

∑ F1 = m1 a1 : − m1 g sin 35.0°+T = m1 a
FIG. P5.68
∑ F2 = m 2 a 2 : m 2 g sin 35.0°−T = m 2 a

and

a fa f
− 3.50 9.80 sin 35.0°+T = 3.50 a
a8.00fa9.80f sin 35.0°−T = 8.00a .
Adding, we obtain

+45.0 N − 19.7 N = 11.5 kg a . a f

(b) Thus the acceleration is

a = 2.20 m s 2 .

By substitution,

a fc
−19.7 N + T = 3.50 kg 2.20 m s 2 = 7.70 N . h
(a) The tension is

T = 27.4 N .

P5.69 Choose the x-axis pointing down the slope. a = 5.00 m s 2

a
v f = vi + at: 30.0 m s = 0 + a 6.00 s f
2
a = 5.00 m s .

Consider forces on the toy.

∑ Fx = ma x : e
mg sin θ = m 5.00 m s 2 j
θ = 30.7°
∑ Fy = ma y : − mg cos θ + T = 0 FIG. P5.69
a
T = mg cos θ = 0.100 9.80 cos 30.7° fa f
T = 0.843 N
 Chapter 5 153
*P5.70 Throughout its up and down motion after release the block has

∑ Fy = ma y : +n − mg cos θ = 0
n = mg cos θ .

Let R = R x i + R y j represent the force of table on incline. We have

∑ Fx = ma x : + R x − n sin θ = 0
R x = mg cos θ sin θ
∑ Fy = ma y : − Mg − n cos θ + Ry = 0
R y = Mg + mg cos 2 θ .

e
R = mg cos θ sin θ to the right + M + m cos 2 θ g upward j FIG. P5.70

*P5.71 Take +x in the direction of motion of the tablecloth. For the mug:

∑ Fx = ma x 0.1 N = 0.2 kg a x
a x = 0.5 m s 2 .

Relative to the tablecloth, the acceleration of the mug is 0.5 m s 2 − 3 m s 2 = −2.5 m s 2 . The mug
reaches the edge of the tablecloth after time given by

1
∆ x = v xi t + axt 2
2
1
−0.3 m = 0 +
2
e
−2.5 m s 2 t 2 j
t = 0.490 s .

The motion of the mug relative to tabletop is over distance

1
2
1
e ja
a x t 2 = 0.5 m s 2 0.490 s
2
f 2
= 0.060 0 m .

The tablecloth slides 36 cm over the table in this process.

154 The Laws of Motion

P5.72 ∑ Fy = ma y : n − mg cos θ = 0
or

a f
n = 8.40 9.80 cos θ
n = a82.3 N f cos θ

∑ Fx = ma x : mg sin θ = ma
or

a = g sin θ

e j
a = 9.80 m s 2 sin θ

θ , deg n , N a, m s 2
0.00 82.3 0.00
5.00 82.0 0.854
10.0 81.1 1.70 FIG. P5.72
15.0 79.5 2.54
20.0 77.4 3.35
25.0 74.6 4.14
30.0 71.3 4.90
35.0 67.4 5.62
40.0 63.1 6.30
45.0 58.2 6.93
50.0 52.9 7.51
55.0 47.2 8.03
60.0 41.2 8.49
65.0 34.8 8.88
70.0 28.2 9.21
75.0 21.3 9.47
80.0 14.3 9.65
85.0 7.17 9.76
90.0 0.00 9.80

At 0°, the normal force is the full weight and the acceleration is zero. At 90°, the mass is in free fall
next to the vertical incline.
 Chapter 5 155
P5.73 (a) Apply Newton’s second law to two points
where butterflies are attached on either half
of mobile (other half the same, by symmetry)

(1) T2 cos θ 2 − T1 cos θ 1 = 0

(2) T1 sin θ 1 − T2 sin θ 2 − mg = 0
(3) T2 cos θ 2 − T3 = 0
(4) T2 sin θ 2 − mg = 0

Substituting (4) into (2) for T2 sin θ 2 ,

T1 sin θ 1 − mg − mg = 0 .
FIG. P5.69
Then

2mg
T1 = .
sin θ 1

Substitute (3) into (1) for T2 cos θ 2 :

T3 − T1 cos θ 1 = 0 , T3 = T1 cos θ 1

Substitute value of T1 :

cos θ 1 2mg
T3 = 2mg = = T3 .
sin θ 1 tan θ 1

From Equation (4),

mg
T2 = .
sin θ 2

(b) Divide (4) by (3):

T2 sin θ 2 mg
= .
T2 cos θ 2 T3

Substitute value of T3 :

tan θ 2 =
mg tan θ 1
, θ 2 = tan−1
tan θ 1 FG IJ
2mg 2 H K .

Then we can finish answering part (a):

mg
T2 = .
sin tan−1 12b tan θ 1 g
(c) D is the horizontal distance between the points at which the two ends of the string are
attached to the ceiling.

D = 2A cos θ 1 + 2A cos θ 2 + A and L = 5A

L RS LM
1
2 cos θ 1 + 2 cos tan−1 tan θ 1
FG IJ OP + 1UV
D=
5 T N
2 H KQ W
156 The Laws of Motion

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P5.2 1.66 × 10 6 N forward P5.42 152 ft

vt F I
Fg v  P5.44 (a) 2.31 m s 2 down for m1 , left for m 2 and
P5.4 (a) ; (b)
2 GH JK
gt
i + Fg j
up for m 3 ; (b) 30.0 N and 24.2 N

P5.46 Any value between 31.7 N and 48.6 N

P5.6 (a) 4.47 × 10 15 m s 2 away from the wall;
(b) 2.09 × 10 −10 N toward the wall P5.48 72.0 N

P5.8 (a) 534 N down; (b) 54.5 kg P5.50 6.84 m

P5.10 2.55 N for an 88.7 kg person

P5.52 e j
(a) 3.00 s; (b) 20.1 m; (c) 18.0 i − 9.00 j m

P5.12 e16.3i + 14.6jj N P5.54 (a) 2.00 m s 2 to the right;

(b) 8.00 N right on 4 kg;
P5.14 (a) 181°; (b) 11.2 kg; (c) 37.5 m s ;
6.00 N right on 3 kg; 4 N right on 2 kg;
e j
(d) −37.5 i − 0.893 j m s (c) 8.00 N between 4 kg and 3 kg;
14.0 N between 2 kg and 3 kg;
P5.16 112 N (d) see the solution

P5.18 T1 = 296 N ; T2 = 163 N ; T3 = 325 N P5.56 1.18 kN

P5.20 (a) see the solution; (b) 1.79 N P5.58 (a) 4.90 m s 2 ; (b) 3.13 m s at 30.0° below
the horizontal; (c) 1.35 m; (d) 1.14 s; (e) No
P5.22 (a) 2.54 m s 2 down the incline;
(b) 3.18 m s P5.60 (a) and (b) see the solution; (c) 357 N;
(d) see the solution; (e) 1.20
P5.24 see the solution; 6.30 m s 2 ; 31.5 N
P5.62 see the solution; 0.143 m s 2 agrees with
P5.26 (a) 3.57 m s 2 ; (b) 26.7 N; (c) 7.14 m s 0.137 m s 2

P5.28 (a) 36.8 N; (b) 2.45 m s 2 ; (c) 1.23 m P5.64 (a) see the solution;
(b) on block one:
P5.30 (a) 0.529 m; (b) 7.40 m s upward 49.0 N j − 49.0 N j + 14.7 N i ;
on block two: −49.0 N j − 14.7 N i − 147 N j
P5.32 (a) 2.22 m; (b) 8.74 m s
+196 N j − 98.0 N i + 113 N i ;
P5.34 (a) a1 = 2 a 2 ; (c) for block one: 0.980 i m s 2 ;
m1 m 2 g m m g for block two: 1.96 m s 2 i
(b) T1 = m2
; T2 = 1 2m ;
2m1 + 2 m1 + 42
m2 g m2 g P5.66 61.1 N
(c) a1 = m2
; a2 =
2m1 + 2 4m 1 + m2
P5.68 (a) 2.20 m s 2 ; (b) 27.4 N
P5.36 µ s = 0.306 ; µ k = 0.245
P5.70 mg cos θ sin θ to the right
P5.38 (a) 3.34; (b) Time would increase e j
+ M + m cos 2 θ g upward

P5.40 (a) 55.2°; (b) 167 N P5.72 see the solution