City & Guilds Advanced Technician Diploma in

Telecommunication Systems
(2730)

Implementation of a Local Area Network

General Information

Project Title : Local Area Network

Institute : APSS International, 5, Harmers Avenue, Colombo 6, Sri Lanka.
Center Number : 844022

Contact Information:
Name : M.A. Aravinda Lakshan Dhanapala.
Enrolment Number : IHK3845
Address : 166/6, Kirillawala, Weboda, Sri Lanka.
Telephone : 0777336412
E-mail Address : maaravindald@yahoo.com
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me to complete this project.
Specially, I would like to thank the institute who gave me the opportunity to do this. I
have further more to thanks to Mr. K.C. Bose who directed me to do this project. Also to
my friends who help me to gather information.

Thank you.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

• WHAT IS A LOCAL AREA NETWORK?

• HOW WE CAN IMPLEMENT A LOCAL AREA NETWORK?

• BENEFITS OF NETWORKING

SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

• PROBLEMS

• SOLUTION

TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED NETWORK

ARCHITECTURE
• SWITCHES

• TYPES OF NETWORK CONNECTORS AND CABLES

• OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY

• STRUCTURED CABLING PLANNING

• VLAN TECHNOLOGY
 • ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY

• IP ADDRESSING

PROPOSED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

CONCLUTION

• COST

• RELIABILITY

• TECHNOLOGY

• REDUNDANCY
INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A LOCAL AREA NETWORK ?

A computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a
single building or group of buildings. However, one LAN can be connected to other
LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs
connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN).

Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers. Each node (individual
computer ) in a LAN has its own CPU with which it executes programs, but it also is able
to access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that many users can share
expensive devices, such as laser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the LAN to
communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions.

There are many different types of LANs Ethernets being the most common for PCs. Most
Apple Macintosh networks are based on Apple's AppleTalk network system, which is
built into Macintosh computers.

The following characteristics differentiate one LAN from another:

 Topology : The geometric arrangement of devices on the network. For

example, devices can be arranged in a ring or in a straight line.
 Protocols : The rules and encoding specifications for sending data. The
protocols also determine whether the network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server
architecture.
 Media : Devices can be connected by twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, or
fiber optic cables. Some networks do without connecting media altogether,
communicating instead via radio waves.
LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates, much faster than data can be
transmitted over a telephone line; but the distances are limited, and there is also a limit on
the number of computers that can be attached to a single LAN.
HOW WE CAN IMPLEMENT A LOCAL AREA NETWORK?

To implement a local area network (LAN) there are several components that we
have to consider. Those components are;

The following are some common components you may find in a basic network:

Computer

General-purpose machine that processes data according to a set of instructions that are
stored internally either temporarily or permanently. The computer and all equipment
attached to it are called hardware. The instructions that tell it what to do are called
software. A set of instructions that perform a particular task is called a program, or
software program.
The instructions in the program direct the computer to input, process and output as
follows:

• Input/Output - The computer can selectively retrieve data into its main memory
(RAM) from any peripheral device (terminal, disk, tape, etc.) connected to it.
After processing the data internally, the computer can send a copy of the results
from its memory out to any peripheral device. The more memory it has, the more
programs and data it can work with at the same time.
• Storage - By outputting data onto a magnetic disk or tape, the computer is able to
store data permanently and retrieve it when required. A system's size is based on
how much disk storage it has. The more disk, the more data is immediately
available.
• Processing- (The 3 C's*) Once the data is in the computer's memory, the
computer can process it by calculating, comparing and copying it.
o Calculate - The computer can perform any mathematical operation on
data by adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing one set with another.
o Compare - The computer can analyze and evaluate data by matching it
with sets of known data that are included in the program or called in from
storage.
o Copy - The computer can move data around to create any kind of report or
listing in any order.

Computers are based on digital technology; they work on the presence or absence of a
voltage on a wire, similar to a light switch. A value of 0 means no voltage is present, and
a value of 1 would be equivalent to 5 volts. Therefore, data is processed in a binary (or
base 2) numbering system. Humans are used to the decimal system (base 10). In order for
the computer to understand a value such as 25, it would need to convert the decimal value
into binary:
Server / Gateways

In client/server architecture, a server is a single, high-powered machine with a large hard

disk set aside to function as a file server for all the client machines in the network A
server could function as a file server, Web server, Mail server, FTP server, News server,
and many other applications.

A Gateway is a computer that performs protocol conversion between different types of

networks or applications. For example, a gateway can connect a personal computer LAN
to a mainframe network. An electronic mail gateway converts messages from two or
more different e-mail standards.

Network Interface Card

The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical

connection between the network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal,
with the card fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer. Some computers, such as
Mac Classics, use external boxes which are attached to a serial port or a SCSI port.
Laptop computers generally use external LAN adapters connected to the parallel port or
network cards that slip into a PCMCIA slot.

Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and performance of a
network. It is a good idea to use the fastest network card available for the type of
workstation you are using.

The three most common network interface connections are Ethernet cards, LocalTalk
connectors, and Token Ring cards. According to a International Data Corporation study,
Ethernet is the most popular, followed by Token Ring and LocalTalk (Sant'Angelo, R.
(1995). NetWare Unleashed, Indianapolis, IN: Sams Publishing). The network interface
card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the network and the computer
workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into an expansion slot inside the
computer. Some computers, such as Mac Classics, use external boxes which are attached
to a serial port or a SCSI port. Laptop computers generally use external LAN adapters
connected to the parallel port or network cards that slip into a PCMCIA slot.

Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and performance of a
network. It is a good idea to use the fastest network card available for the type of
workstation you are using.

The three most common network interface connections are Ethernet cards, LocalTalk
connectors, and Token Ring cards. According to a International Data Corporation study,
Ethernet is the most popular, followed by Token Ring and LocalTalk (Sant'Angelo, R.
(1995). NetWare Unleashed, Indianapolis, IN: Sams Publishing).

Ethernet

Local area network (LAN) developed by Xerox, Digital and Intel. It connects up to 1,024
nodes in a bus topology at 10 Mbits per second over twisted pair, coax and optical fiber.
Faster Ethernets are coming, including Fast Ethernet, which runs at 100 Mbits per
second, and switched Ethernet, which gives each user a 10 Mbits/sec channel. Ethernet is
the most widely used LAN. Token Ring is next.

Standard Ethernet, or "Thick Ethernet" requires a thicker coax cable, but can run as far as
1,640 feet without using repeaters. Attachment is made by clamping a transceiver, which
is cabled to the adapter card, onto the main bus cable.
Thin Ethernet, also "ThinNet" and "CheaperNet" uses a thinner, less-expensive coax that
is easier to daisy chain together using T-type BNC connectors. The transceivers are built
into the adapter cards.

Twisted pair Ethernet allows installed telephone wire to be used, and Fiber Optic
Ethernet is impervious to external radiation. Both use a star topology for easier
debugging of failed nodes. Ethernet is a data link protocol and functions at the data link
and physical levels of the OSI model (1 and 2). It uses the CSMA/CD access method and
conforms to the IEEE 802.3 standard.

Hub

Central connecting device for communications lines in a star topology. "Passive hubs"
add nothing to the data being transmitted. "Active hubs" regenerate signals and may
monitor traffic for network management. "Intelligent hubs" are computers that provide
network arrangement and may also include bridging, routing and gateway capabilities.
The hub's star topology improves troubleshooting over bus topology, in which all nodes
are connected to a common cable. Hubs can be added to Ethernet (bus) networks for
improved network arrangement. Both hubs and routers may be inserted into the middle of
a network in order to improve performance and network management.
Router

Computer system that routes messages from one LAN (local area network) to another. It
is used to internetwork similar and dissimilar networks and can select the most expedient
route based on traffic load, line speeds and costs and network failures. Routers maintain
address tables for all nodes in the network and work at OSI layer 3. Routers are used to
break apart the LAN into smaller LANs for improved security, troubleshooting and
performance. Routers with high-speed (gigabit) buses may serve as an internet backbone,
connecting all networks in the enterprise.
DSU/CSU

(Data Service Unit/Channel Service Unit) Pair of communications devices that connect
an in house line to an external digital circuit (T1, DDS, etc.). It is similar to a modem, but
connects a digital circuit rather than an analog one. The CSU terminates the external line
at the customer's premises. It also provides diagnostics and allows for remote testing. If
the customer's communications devices are T1 ready and have the proper interface, then
the CSU is not required, only the DSU. The DSU does the actual transmission and
receiving of the signal and provides buffering and flow control. The DSU and CSU are
often in the same unit. The DSU may also be built into the multiplexer, commonly used
to combine digital signals for high-speed lines.
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING

Most of the benefits of networking can be divided into two generic categories:
connectivity and sharing. Networks allow computers, and hence their users, to be
connected together. They also allow for the easy sharing of information and resources,
and cooperation between the devices in other ways. Since modern business depends so
much on the intelligent flow and management of information, this tells you a lot about
why networking is so valuable.

Here, in no particular order, are some of the specific advantages generally associated with
networking:

o Connectivity and Communication: Networks connect computers and the users

of those computers. Individuals within a building or work group can be connected
into local area networks (LANs); LANs in distant locations can be interconnected
into larger wide area networks (WANs). Once connected, it is possible for network
users to communicate with each other using technologies such as electronic mail.
This makes the transmission of business (or non-business) information easier,
more efficient and less expensive than it would be without the network.

o Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the
sharing of data. Before networking was common, an accounting employee who
wanted to prepare a report for her manager would have to produce it on his PC,
put it on a floppy disk, and then walk it over to the manager, who would transfer
the data to her PC's hard disk. (This sort of “shoe-based network” was sometimes
sarcastically called a “sneakernet”.)

True networking allows thousands of employees to share data much more easily
and quickly than this. More so, it makes possible applications that rely on the
ability of many people to access and share the same data, such as databases, group
 software development, and much more Intranets and extranets can be used to
distribute corporate information between sites and to business partners.

o Hardware Sharing: Networks facilitate the sharing of hardware devices. For

example, instead of giving each of 10 employees in a department an expensive
color printer (or resorting to the “sneakernet” again), one printer can be placed on
the network for everyone to share.

o Internet Access: The Internet is itself an enormous network, so whenever you

access the Internet, you are using a network. The significance of the Internet on
modern society is hard to exaggerate, especially for those of us in technical fields.

o Internet Access Sharing: Small computer networks allow multiple users to share
a single Internet connection. Special hardware devices allow the bandwidth of the
connection to be easily allocated to various individuals as they need it, and permit
an organization to purchase one high-speed connection instead of many slower
ones.

o Data Security and Management: In a business environment, a network allows

the administrators to much better manage the company's critical data. Instead of
having this data spread over dozens or even hundreds of small computers in a
haphazard fashion as their users create it, data can be centralized on shared
servers. This makes it easy for everyone to find the data, makes it possible for the
administrators to ensure that the data is regularly backed up, and also allows for
the implementation of security measures to control who can read or change
various pieces of critical information.

o Performance Enhancement and Balancing: Under some circumstances, a

network can be used to enhance the overall performance of some applications by
distributing the computation tasks to various computers on the network.

Entertainment: Networks facilitate many types of games and entertainment. The

Internet itself offers many sources of entertainment, of course. In addition, many multi-
player games exist that operate over a local area network. Many home networks are set
up for this reason, and gaming across wide area networks (including the Internet) has also
become quite popular. Of course, if you are running a business and have easily-amused
employees, you might insist that this is really a disadvantage of networking and not an
advantage.
SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

PROBLEMS

The goal of this project is to provide a Local Area Network (LAN) solution for a medium
scale company which has two buildings each with four floors. Both buildings are located
closely.
Currently the company has about 120 desktop computers, but does not have a computer
network.
The company needs to interconnect all computers, because it needs to enhance the
efficiency of the company to provide services for its customers effectively.

SOLUTION

My work is to use this documentation to provide a Local Area Network (LAN) solution
for the company. The initial goal is to connect all computers in each building into two
switches separately by using VLAN (Virtual LAN) technology. The second goal is to
connect both switches in both buildings using the fiber optic transmission medium.

Following are the main aspects of my enterprise network solution.

1. Use Switches
2. Use Fiber Transmission Media
3. Use Structured Cabling Techniques
4. Implement Virtual LAN (VLAN)
5. Use Ethernet Technology (IEEE 802.3)
6. Use IP addressing
TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE
PROPOSED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

SWITCH

THE SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY

Local Area Network is the interface between the end user and the IT world behind. The
fundamental secret behind a good user experience is an un-congested, high performance
LAN. I proposed the LAN with Cisco® Networking Equipments to address the high
availability, scalability, performance and security. The core switches which are in both
buildings are connected using two fiber optic links. Access switches which are in both
buildings are connected to core switches separately.

There are two types of switches are proposed to use for this LAN. They are,
1. Core Switches
2. Access Switches

CORE SWITCHES

I proposed Cisco Catalyst 4506 switch (6-slot) as the core switches.

 • Resilient Layer 3 switching intelligent Layer 3 and 4 services
• 240 - 10/100/1000 connectivity
• 4 – GbE and 2 – 10 GbE Uplinks
• 11 – RU
• 108 Gbps Backplane

Cisco Catalyst 4506 Chassis Features

Total Number of Slots 6
Supervisor Engine Slots 11
Supervisor Engine Redundancy No
Supervisor Engine II-Plus, II-Plus-10GE,
Supervisor Engines Supported
IV, V, V-10GE
Line Card Slots 5
Number of Power Supply Bays 2
AC Input Power Yes
DC Input Power Yes
Integrated Power over Ethernet Yes
Minimum Number of Power Supplies 1
Number of Fan Tray Bays 1
Location of 19-inch Rack-Mount2 Front
Location of 23-inch Rack-Mount Front (option)

1
Slot 1 is reserved for supervisor engine only; slots 2 and higher are reserved for line
cards.
2
Chassis can be mounted in racks and cabinets that meet ANSI/EIA-310-D and ETS 300
119-3.

Note: Supervisor engine slots do not support switching line card modules. Line card slots
do not support supervisor engines.

ACCESS SWITCHES

I proposed Cisco Catalyst 2960-24TC-L Switch (Layer 2 Switch) as the access switches.

Cisco Catalyst 2960-24TC-L Switch is an Intelligent Ethernet Switch enable entry-level

enterprise, medium-sized, and branch office networks to provide enhanced LAN services.
This switch of fixed-configuration, standalone devices provide desktop 10/100 Fast
Ethernet and 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity.

The switch offers:

• Integrated security, including network admission control (NAC)

• Advanced quality of service (QoS) and resiliency
• Intelligent services for the network edge
• Dual-purpose uplinks for Gigabit Ethernet uplink flexibility, allowing use
of either a copper or a fiber uplink-each dual-purpose uplink port has one
 10/100/1000 Ethernet port and one Small Form-Factor Pluggable (SFP)-based
Gigabit Ethernet port, with one port active at a time
• Limited Lifetime Warranty
• Network security through a wide range of authentication methods, data
encryption technologies, and network admission control based on users, ports,
and MAC addresses
• Auto-configuration for specialized applications using Smartports

This switch has 24 Ethernet 10/100 ports and 2 dual-purpose Gigabit Ethernet uplink
ports; 1 RU.

Floor Building A Building B

number
Number of Number of Number of Number of
computers Access computers Access
required switches required switches
st
1 floor 15 1 15 1
2nd floor 15 1 15 1

3rd floor 15 1 15 1

4th floor 15 1 15 1

Total 60 4 60 4

TYPES OF NETWORK CONNECTORS AND CABLES

NETWORK CONNECTORS

• RJ 45 Connector
• Fiber Connectors

RJ 45 Connector

The RJ-45 connector is commonly used for network cabling and for telephony
applications. It's also used for serial connections in special cases.

Although used for a variety of purposes, the RJ-45 connector is probably most commonly
used for 10Base-T and 100Base-TX Ethernet connections.
 Ethernet
EIA/TIA 568B or AT&T
Pin # 10BASE-T EIA/TIA 568A
258A
100BASE-TX
1 Transmit + White with green strip White with orange stripe
2 Transmit - Green with white Orange with white stripe
stripe or solid green or solid orange
3 Receive + White with orange White with green stripe
stripe
4 N/A Blue with white stripe Blue with white stripe or
or solid blue solid blue
5 N/A White with blue stripe White with blue stripe
6 Receive - Orange with white Green with white stripe or
stripe or solid orange solid
7 N/A White with brown strip White with brown strip or
or solid brown solid brown
8 N/A Brown with white Brown with white stripe or
stripe or solid brown. solid brown.

Because only two pairs of wires in the eight-pin RJ-45 connector are used to carry
Ethernet signals, and both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX use the same pins, a crossover
cable made for one will also work with the other.
 FIBER CONNECTORS

Fiber-to-fiber interconnection can consist of a splice, a permanent connection, or a

connector, which differs from the splice in its ability to be disconnected and reconnected.
Fiber optic connector types are as various as the applications for which they were
developed. Different connector types have different characteristics, different advantages
and disadvantages, and different performance parameters.
Connector Insertion Loss Repeatability Fiber Type Applications
0.50-1.00 dB 0.20 dB SM, MM Datacom,
 Telecommunications
FC

0.20-0.70 dB 0.20 dB SM, MM Fiber Optic Network

FDDI

0.15 db (SM) High Density

0.2 dB SM, MM
0.10 dB (MM) Interconnection
LC

High Density
0.30-1.00 dB 0.25 dB SM, MM
Interconnection
MT Array

0.20-0.45 dB 0.10 dB SM, MM Datacom

SC

0.20-0.45 dB 0.10 dB SM, MM Datacom

SC Duplex
Typ. 0.40 dB Typ. 0.40 dB
(SM) (SM) Inter-/Intra-Building,
SM, MM
Typ. 0.50 dB Typ. 0.20 dB Security, Navy
ST
(MM) (MM)

ST Fiber Connector

NETWORK CABLES

• CAT 5e UTP Cable

 • Fiber Optic Cable

CAT 5e UTP Cable

Cat 5e cable is an enhanced version of Cat 5 that adds specifications for far end
crosstalk. It was formally defined in 2001 in the TIA/EIA-568-B standard, which no
longer recognizes the original Cat 5 specification. Although 1000BASE-T was designed
for use with Cat 5 cable, the tighter specifications associated with Cat 5e cable and
connectors make it an excellent choice for use with 1000BASE-T. Despite the stricter
performance specifications, Cat 5e cable does not enable longer cable distances for
Ethernet networks: cables are still limited to a maximum of 328 ft (100 m) in length
(normal practice is to limit fixed ("horizontal") cables to 90 m to allow for up to 5 m of
patch cable at each end). Cat 5e cable performance characteristics and test methods are
defined in TIA/EIA-568-B.2-2001.

CAT 5e UTP cable provides performance of up to 100 MHz, frequently used for both 100 Mbit/s
and gigabit Ethernet networks.

 Conductor : Solid Copper Wire

 Pairing :
 • Blue + White/Blue
• Orange + White/Orange
• Green + White/Green
• Brown + White/Brown

 Cabling : Four unshielded twisted pairs

 Connector : RJ 45

Applications of CAT 5e Cable

• Ethernet 10/100/1000 BASE-T

• 155 Mbps ATM
• 4/16 Mbps Token Ring
• Analog and Digital VOIP
• 100 Mbps TP-PMD
OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY

A fiber-optic system is similar to the copper wire system that fiber-optics is replacing.
The difference is that fiber-optics use light pulses to transmit information down fiber
lines instead of using electronic pulses to transmit information down copper lines.
Looking at the components in a fiber-optic chain will give a better understanding of how
the system works in conjunction with wire based systems.

Light pulses move easily down the fiber-optic line because of a principle known as total
internal reflection. "This principle of total internal reflection states that when the angle of
incidence exceeds a critical value, light cannot get out of the glass; instead, the light
bounces back in. When this principle is applied to the construction of the fiber-optic
strand, it is possible to transmit information down fiber lines in the form of light pulses.
There are two main types of optical fiber cables: single mode and multimode optical
fiber.

Single Mode Fiber

Single Mode Fiber cable is a single stand of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10
microns that has one mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow
diameter, through which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries
higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral
width. Synonyms mono-mode optical fiber, single-mode fiber, single-mode optical
waveguide, uni-mode fiber.

Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance
than multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than
multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that
could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the
highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.

Multimode fiber

The propagation of light through a multi-mode optical fiber.

Fiber with large (greater than 10 μm) core diameter may be analyzed by geometric optics.
Such fiber is called multimode fiber, from the electromagnetic analysis. In a step-index
multimode fiber, rays of light are guided along the fiber core by total internal reflection.
Rays that meet the core-cladding boundary at a high angle (measured relative to a line
normal to the boundary), greater than the critical angle for this boundary, are completely
reflected. The critical angle (minimum angle for total internal reflection) is determined by
the difference in index of refraction between the core and cladding materials. Rays that
meet the boundary at a low angle are refracted from the core into the cladding, and do not
convey light and hence information along the fiber. The critical angle determines the
acceptance angle of the fiber, often reported as a numerical aperture. A high numerical
aperture allows light to propagate down the fiber in rays both close to the axis and at
various angles, allowing efficient coupling of light into the fiber. However, this high
numerical aperture increases the amount of dispersion as rays at different angles have
different path lengths and therefore take different times to traverse the fiber. A low
numerical aperture may therefore be desirable.

In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction in the core decreases continuously between
the axis and the cladding. This causes light rays to bend smoothly as they approach the
cladding, rather than reflecting abruptly from the core-cladding boundary. The resulting
curved paths reduce multi-path dispersion because high angle rays pass more through the
lower-index periphery of the core, rather than the high-index center. The index profile is
chosen to minimize the difference in axial propagation speeds of the various rays in the
fiber. This ideal index profile is very close to a parabolic relationship between the index
and the distance from the axis.

Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds over medium distances. Light
waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as they travel through the cable's
core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical multimode fiber core diameters are 50, 62.5, and
100 micrometers. However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000 feet [914.4 ml),
multiple paths of light can cause signal distortion at the receiving end, resulting in an
unclear and incomplete data transmission.
Following diagram shows the structure of a Single Mode Fiber cable.
STRUCTURED CABLING PLANNING

Horizontal Cabling System

• All the UTP Data cables will be according to the star Topology.
• Cabling & the Termination standard will be According to TIA/EIA -568B/A
Standard.
• All the horizontal cabling will be CAT6 UTP Giga Speed Cables.
• All the Horizontal Cabling will be within 90 meters length.
• All the Horizontal Cabling will be originated from the Switch / Patch Panel
location from the same floor Area.
• All the Cabling Accessories (Patch Panel, Cables, Outlets, Patch cords And Fly
cords) will be CAT6 Standard.
• Conduits are caring the UTP cables will have 40% leverage.
• Only one cross connect will have between the Outlet and the Switch on the
cabling.
• All the Equipment Mounting cabinets will be according the 19” EIA standard,
lockable Glass Door, Type.
• All the horizontal cabling will be over 350 MHz and 24 AWG Solid Conducting
Cables.
• All the patch Panels designed for Gaga speed data communication , and with
industry Standard with ANSI/TIA/EIA 568A/A compliant, 19 “ rack mountable
and cables guiders on the patch panel it self , and with the cables management
panel at the behind of the patch panel & Paper Numbering System.
• All the Outlets will be RJ45, meet with ISO/IEC 11801:2002 Class EIA/TIA
568A/B CAT6 Compatible Fast Ethernet, And Giga Bit Ethernet.
• Dual face Plates will provide for all the Out lets, for the future expansions the 6”
cables access cable length will be managed every data outlet.
• All the UTP cables will be labeled from each end, patch panel, and on the face
plates according to the Standard numbering system.
• All the patch cords and Fly cord will be 0.9m and 3m respectively and,
Supporting up to Giga Speeds, and Factory terminated, and tested to meet
EIA/TIA 568 B-2.1 Standard.
• All the UTP Outlets Will is RJ45; meet with ISO/IEC 11801:2002 Class EIA/TIA
568A/B CAT6 Compatible.
• All the Racks will ground according to the TIA/EIA -607 Standards.

Fiber Backbone Cabling System

• All the Switch Locations /Rack Locations will be connected according to the
Hierarchical Star Topology.
• All the Indoor Fiber Cables Are according to IEEE 802.3z standards.
• All the indoor Fiber Cables Are Riser rated, Tight Buffered and Consist with 08
cores.
• Fiber Cables will be 50/125 microns.
• All cables are Support to communicate Fast Ethernet & 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
• All the Fiber Connectors will be Sc –MM Simplex type.
• All the Fiber Patch Panel Couplers Will is MM – Duplex Type and meets the
Required Standard.
• All the Fiber Cables will be labeled end to end and will be tested for continuity
before, after and will be certified for the required parameters given after the
termination.

Testing & Certification of the UTP Network and the Fiber back Bone
• UTP Testing & Certification will be done by Fluke DTX 1800 Series Certification
tool & It Will test For , Wire Map, Length & Delay , NEXT, Attenuation, Return
Loss , Power Sum ELFXT, ACR, Power Sum NEXT, ELFEXT , Propagation
Delay, and the Delay Skew.
• Fiber back Bone System Will Be tested By OTDR Tester. For the Following
Parameters 850, 1500 and 1550 ns.
 General
• All the Partition areas will cover with 02 compartments PVC Trunking System.
• Ceiling Area Cables will run through the Proper bracket System and covered with
Conduits.
• Underground Parts will be supplied a 1”X6” compartment GI Trunking System
with a lid (Same floor Lever will be maintaining)
VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (VLANs)

A VLAN consists of several end systems, either hosts or network equipment (such as
switches and routers), all of which are members of a single logical broadcast domain. A
VLAN no longer has physical proximity constraints for the broadcast domain. This
VLAN is supported on various pieces of network equipment (for example, LAN
switches) that support VLAN trunking protocols between them. Each VLAN supports a
separate Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1d).

First-generation VLANs are based on various OSI Layer 2 bridging and multiplexing
mechanisms, such as IEEE 802.10, LAN Emulation (LANE), and Inter-Switch Link
(ISL), that allow the formation of multiple, disjointed, overlaid broadcast groups on a
single network infrastructure. Figure shows an example of a switched LAN network that
uses VLANs. Layer 2 of the OSI reference model provides reliable transit of data across a
physical link. The data link layer is concerned with physical addressing, network
topology, line discipline, error notification, ordered delivery frames, and flow control.
The IEEE has divided this layer into two sub layers: the MAC sub layer and the LLC sub
layer, sometimes simply called link layer.
TYPICAL VLAN TECHNOLOGY

In Figure 10-Mbps Ethernet connects the hosts on each floor to switches A, B, C, and D.
100-Mbps Fast Ethernet connects these to Switch E. VLAN 10 consists of those hosts on
Ports 6 and 8 of Switch A and Port 2 on Switch B. VLAN 20 consists of those hosts that
are on Port 1 of Switch A and Ports 1 and 3 of Switch B.

VLANs can be used to group a set of related users, regardless of their physical
connectivity. They can be located across a campus environment or even across
geographically dispersed locations. The users might be assigned to a VLAN because they
belong to the same department or functional team, or because data flow patterns among
them is such that it makes sense to group them together. Note, however, that without a
router, hosts in one VLAN cannot communicate with hosts in another VLAN.

VALN IMPLEMENTATION

This section describes the different methods of creating the logical groupings (or
broadcast domains) that make up various types of VLANs. There are three ways of
defining a VLAN:

• By port—Each port on the switch can support only one VLAN. With port-based
VLANs, no Layer 3 address recognition takes place, so Internet Protocol (IP), Novell,
and AppleTalk networks must share the same VLAN definition. All traffic within the
VLAN is switched, and traffic between VLANs is routed (by an external router or by a
router within the switch). This type of VLAN is also known as a segment-based VLAN.

• By protocol—VLANs based on network addresses (that is, OSI Layer 3 addresses)

can differentiate between different protocols, allowing the definition of VLANs to be
made on a per-protocol basis. With network address-based VLANs, it will be possible to
have a different virtual topology for each protocol, with each topology having its own set
of rules, firewalls, and so forth. Routing between VLANs comes automatically, without
the need for an external router or card. Network address-based VLANs will mean that a
single port on a switch can support more than one VLAN. This type of VLAN is also
known as a virtual subnet VLAN.
• By a user-defined value—This type of VLAN is typically the most flexible, allowing
VLANs to be defined based on the value of any field in a packet. For example, VLANs
could be defined on a protocol basis or could be dependent on a particular IPX or
NetBIOS service. The simplest form of this type of VLAN is to group users according to
their MAC addresses.

BENEFITS OF VLAN TECHNOLOGY

In a flat, bridged network all broadcast packets generated by any node in the network are
sent to and received by all other network nodes. The ambient level of broadcasts
generated by the higher layer protocols in the network—known as broadcast radiation—
will typically restrict the total number of nodes that the network can support. In extreme
cases, the effects of broadcast radiation can be so severe that an end station spends all of
its CPU power on processing broadcasts.

VLANs have been designed to address the following problems inherent in a flat, bridged
network:

• Scalability issues of a flat network topology

• Simplification of network management by facilitating network reconfigurations

VLANs solve some of the scalability problems of large flat networks by breaking a single
bridged domain into several smaller bridged domains, each of which is a virtual LAN. It
is insufficient to solve the broadcast problems inherent to a flat switched network by
superimposing VLANs and reducing broadcast domains. VLANs without routers do not
scale to large campus environments. Routing is instrumental in the building of scalable
VLANs and is the only way to impose hierarchy on the switched VLAN internetwork.
VLANs offer the following features:

• Broadcast control—Just as switches isolate collision domains for attached hosts and
only forward appropriate traffic out a particular port, VLANs refine this concept further
and provide complete isolation between VLANs. A VLAN is a bridging domain, and all
broadcast and multicast traffic is contained within it.

• Security—VLANs provide security in two ways:

• High-security users can be grouped into a VLAN, possibly on the same physical
segment, and no users outside of that VLAN can communicate with them.

• Because VLANs are logical groups that behave like physically separate entities, inter-
VLAN communication is achieved through a router. When inter-VLAN communication
occurs through a router, all the security and filtering functionality that routers
traditionally provide can be used because routers are able to look at OSI Layer 3
information. In the case of non routable protocols, there can be no inter-VLAN
communication. All communication must occur within the same VLAN.

• Performance—The logical grouping of users allows, for example, an engineer

making intensive use of a networked CAD/CAM station or testing a multicast application
to be assigned to a VLAN that contains just that engineer and the servers he or she needs.
The engineer's work does not affect the rest of the engineering group, which results in
improved performance for the engineer (by being on a dedicated LAN) and improved
performance for the rest of the engineering group (whose communications are not slowed
down by the engineer's use of the network).

• Network management—The logical grouping of users, divorced from their physical or

geographic locations, allows easier network management. It is no longer necessary to pull
cables to move a user from one network to another. Adds, moves, and changes are
achieved by configuring a port into the appropriate VLAN. Expensive, time-consuming
recabling to extend connectivity in a switched LAN environment is no longer necessary
because network management can be used to logically assign a user from one VLAN to
another.

ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY

Ethernet is a large, diverse family of frame-based computer networking technologies

that operate at many speeds for local area networks (LANs). The name comes from the
physical concept of the ether. It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for
the physical layer, through means of network access at the Media Access Control
(MAC)/Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format.

Ethernet has been standardized as IEEE 802.3. The combination of the twisted pair
versions of Ethernet for connecting end systems to the network, along with the fiber optic
versions for site backbones, has become the most widespread wired LAN technology. It
has been in use from the 1990s to the present, largely replacing competing LAN
standards such as coaxial cable Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, and ARCNET. In recent
years, Wi-Fi, the wireless LAN standardized by IEEE 802.11, has been used instead of
Ethernet for many home and small office networks and in addition to Ethernet in larger
installations.

The Ethernet is covered by the IEEE 802.3 standard that defines what is commonly
known as the CSMA/CD protocol. Three data rates are currently defined for operation
over optical fiber and twisted-pair cables:

• 10 Mbps—10Base-T Ethernet

• 100 Mbps—Fast Ethernet

• 1000 Mbps—Gigabit Ethernet

Ethernet’s protocol has the following characteristics:

• Is easy to understand, implement, manage, and maintain

• Allows low-cost network implementations

• Provides extensive topological flexibility for network installation

• Guarantees successful interconnection and operation of standards-compliant products,

regardless of manufacturer.

Ethernet LANs consist of network nodes and interconnecting media. The network nodes
fall into two major classes:

• Data terminal equipment (DTE)—Devices that are either the source or the
destination of data frames. DTEs are typically devices such as PCs, workstations, file
servers, or print servers that, as a group, are all often referred to as end stations.

• Data communication equipment (DCE)—Intermediate network devices that

receive and forward frames across the network. DCEs may be either standalone devices
such as repeaters, network switches, and routers, or communications interface units such
as interface cards and modems.

Throughout this chapter, standalone intermediate network devices will be referred to as

either intermediate nodes or DCEs. Network interface cards will be referred to as NICs.

The current Ethernet media options include two general types of copper cable: unshielded
twisted-pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP), plus several types of optical fiber
cable.

Ethernet Network Topologies and Structures

LANs take on many topological configurations, but regardless of their size or complexity,
all will be a combination of only three basic interconnection structures or network
building blocks.
The simplest structure is the point-to-point interconnection, shown in Figure 7-1. Only
two network units are involved, and the connection may be DTE-to-DTE, DTE-to-DCE,
or DCE-to-DCE. The cable in point-to-point interconnections is known as a network link.
The maximum allowable length of the link depends on the type of cable and the
transmission method that is used.

Figure 7-1 Example Point-to-Point Interconnection

The original Ethernet networks were implemented with a coaxial bus structure, as shown
in Figure 7-2. Segment lengths were limited to 500 meters, and up to 100 stations could
be connected to a single segment. Individual segments could be interconnected with
repeaters, as long as multiple paths did not exist between any two stations on the network
and the number of DTEs did not exceed 1024. The total path distance between the most-
distant pair of stations was also not allowed to exceed a maximum prescribed value.

Figure 7-2 Example Coaxial Bus Topology

Although new networks are no longer connected in a bus configuration, some older bus-
connected networks do still exist and are still useful.

Since the early 1990s, the network configuration of choice has been the star-connected
topology, shown in Figure 7-3. The central network unit is either a multiport repeater
(also known as a hub) or a network switch. All connections in a star network are point-to-
point links implemented with either twisted-pair or optical fiber cable.

Figure 7-3 Example Star-Connected Topology

The IEEE 802.3 Logical Relationship to the ISO Reference Model

Figure 7-4 shows the IEEE 802.3 logical layers and their relationship to the OSI
reference model. As with all IEEE 802 protocols, the ISO data link layer is divided into
two IEEE 802 sublayers, the Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer and the MAC-client
sublayer. The IEEE 802.3 physical layer corresponds to the ISO physical layer.
Figure 7-4 Ethernet's Logical Relationship to the ISO Reference Model

The Basic Ethernet Frame Format

The IEEE 802.3 standard defines a basic data frame format that is required for all MAC
implementations, plus several additional optional formats that are used to extend the
protocol's basic capability. The basic data frame format contains the seven fields shown
in Figure 7-6.

• Preamble (PRE)—Consists of 7 bytes. The PRE is an alternating pattern of ones and

zeros that tells receiving stations that a frame is coming, and that provides a means to
synchronize the frame-reception portions of receiving physical layers with the incoming
bit stream.

• Start-of-frame delimiter (SOF)—Consists of 1 byte. The SOF is an alternating

pattern of ones and zeros, ending with two consecutive 1-bits indicating that the next bit
is the left-most bit in the left-most byte of the destination address.

• Destination address (DA)—Consists of 6 bytes. The DA field identifies which

station(s) should receive the frame. The left-most bit in the DA field indicates whether
the address is an individual address (indicated by a 0) or a group address (indicated by a
1). The second bit from the left indicates whether the DA is globally administered
(indicated by a 0) or locally administered (indicated by a 1). The remaining 46 bits are a
uniquely assigned value that identifies a single station, a defined group of stations, or all
stations on the network.

• Source addresses (SA)—Consists of 6 bytes. The SA field identifies the sending

station. The SA is always an individual address and the left-most bit in the SA field is
always 0.

• Length/Type—Consists of 2 bytes. This field indicates either the number of MAC-

client data bytes that are contained in the data field of the frame, or the frame type ID if
the frame is assembled using an optional format. If the Length/Type field value is less
than or equal to 1500, the number of LLC bytes in the Data field is equal to the
Length/Type field value. If the Length/Type field value is greater than 1536, the frame is
an optional type frame, and the Length/Type field value identifies the particular type of
frame being sent or received.

• Data—Is a sequence of n bytes of any value, where n is less than or equal to 1500. If
the length of the Data field is less than 46, the Data field must be extended by adding a
filler (a pad) sufficient to bring the Data field length to 46 bytes.

• Frame check sequence (FCS)—Consists of 4 bytes. This sequence contains a 32-bit

cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, which is created by the sending MAC and is
recalculated by the receiving MAC to check for damaged frames. The FCS is generated
over the DA, SA, Length/Type, and Data fields.
Figure 7-6 The Basic IEEE 802.3 MAC Data Frame Format
IP ADDRESSING

An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The

address is made up of 32 binary bits which can be divisible into a network portion and
host portion with the help of a subnet mask. The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets
(1 octet = 8 bits). Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot). For
this reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted decimal format (for example,
172.16.81.100). The value in each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 -
11111111 binary.

This is sample shows an IP address represented in both binary and decimal.

10. 1. 23. 19 (decimal)

00001010.00000001.00010111.00010011 (binary)

These octets are broken down to provide an addressing scheme that can accommodate
large and small networks. There are five different classes of networks, A to E. This
document focuses on addressing classes A to C, since classes D and E are reserved and
discussion of them is beyond the scope of this document.

Given an IP address, its class can be determined from the three high-order bits. Figure 1
shows the significance in the three high order bits and the range of addresses that fall into
each class. For informational purposes, Class D and Class E addresses are also shown.
Figure 1

In a Class A address, the first octet is the network portion, so the Class A example in
Figure 1 has a major network address of 10. Octets 2, 3, and 4 (the next 24 bits) are for
the network manager to divide into subnets and hosts as he/she sees fit. Class A addresses
are used for networks that have more than 65,536 hosts (actually, up to 16777214 hosts!).

In a Class B address, the first two octets are the network portion, so the Class B example
in Figure 1 has a major network address of 172.16. Octets 3 and 4 (16 bits) are for local
subnets and hosts. Class B addresses are used for networks that have between 256 and
65534 hosts.

In a Class C address, the first three octets are the network portion. The Class C example
in Figure 1 has a major network address of 193.18.9. Octet 4 (8 bits) is for local subnets
and hosts - perfect for networks with less than 254 hosts.
Network Masks

A network mask helps you know which portion of the address identifies the network and
which portion of the address identifies the node. Class A, B, and C networks have default
masks, also known as natural masks, as shown here:

Class A: 255.0.0.0
Class B: 255.255.0.0
Class C: 255.255.255.0

An IP address on a Class A network that has not been subnetted would have an
address/mask pair similar to: 8.20.15.1 255.0.0.0. To see how the mask helps you identify
the network and node parts of the address, convert the address and mask to binary
numbers.

8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001
255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Once you have the address and the mask represented in binary, then identifying the
network and host ID is easier. Any address bits which have corresponding mask bits set
to 1 represent the network ID. Any address bits that have corresponding mask bits set to 0
represent the node ID.

8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001
255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
-----------------------------------
net id | host id

netid = 00001000 = 8
hostid = 00010100.00001111.00000001 = 20.15.1
Understanding Subnetting

Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class
A, B, or C network. If you do not subnet, you will only be able to use one network from
your Class A, B, or C network, which is unrealistic.

Each data link on a network must have a unique network ID, with every node on that link
being a member of the same network. If you break a major network (Class A, B, or C)
into smaller subnetworks, it allows you to create a network of interconnecting
subnetworks. Each data link on this network would then have a unique
network/subnetwork ID. Any device, or gateway, connecting n networks/subnetworks has
n distinct IP addresses, one for each network / subnetwork that it interconnects.

To subnet a network, extend the natural mask using some of the bits from the host ID
portion of the address to create a subnetwork ID. For example, given a Class C network
of 204.15.5.0 which has a natural mask of 255.255.255.0, you can create subnets in this
manner:

204.15.5.0 - 11001100.00001111.00000101.00000000
255.255.255.224 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
--------------------------|sub|----

By extending the mask to be 255.255.255.224, you have taken three bits (indicated by
"sub") from the original host portion of the address and used them to make subnets. With
these three bits, it is possible to create eight subnets. With the remaining five host ID bits,
each subnet can have up to 32 host addresses, 30 of which can actually be assigned to a
device since host ids of all zeros or all ones are not allowed (it is very important to
remember this). So, with this in mind, these subnets have been created.

204.15.5.0 255.255.255.224 host address range 1 to 30

204.15.5.32 255.255.255.224 host address range 33 to 62
204.15.5.64 255.255.255.224 host address range 65 to 94
204.15.5.96 255.255.255.224 host address range 97 to 126
204.15.5.128 255.255.255.224 host address range 129 to 158
204.15.5.160 255.255.255.224 host address range 161 to 190
204.15.5.192 255.255.255.224 host address range 193 to 222
204.15.5.224 255.255.255.224 host address range 225 to 254

Note: There are two ways to denote these masks. First, since we are using three bits more
than the "natural" Class C mask, we can denote these addresses as having a 3-bit subnet
mask. Or, secondly, the mask of 255.255.255.224 can also be denoted as /27 as there are
27 bits that are set in the mask. This second method is used with CIDR. Using this
method, one of thse networks can be described with the notation prefix/length. For
example, 204.15.5.32/27 denotes the network 204.15.5.32 255.255.255.224. When
appropriate the prefix/length notation is used to denote the mask throughout the rest of
this document.

The network subnetting scheme in this section allows for eight subnets, and the network
might appear as:

Figure 2

Notice that each of the routers in Figure 2 is attached to four subnetworks, one
subnetwork is common to both routers. Also, each router has an IP address for each
subnetwork to which it is attached. Each subnetwork could potentially support up to 30
host addresses.

This brings up an interesting point. The more host bits you use for a subnet mask, the
more subnets you have available. However, the more subnets available, the less host
addresses available per subnet. For example, a Class C network of 204.17.5.0 and a mask
of 255.255.255.224 (/27) allows you to have eight subnets, each with 32 host addresses
(30 of which could be assigned to devices). If you use a mask of 255.255.255.240 (/28),
the break down is:

204.15.5.0 - 11001100.00001111.00000101.00000000
255.255.255.240 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
--------------------------|sub |---

Since you now have four bits to make subnets with, you only have four bits left for host
addresses. So in this case you can have up to 16 subnets, each of which can have up to 16
host addresses (14 of which can be assigned to devices).

Take a look at how a Class B network might be subnetted. If you have network
172.16.0.0 ,then you know that its natural mask is 255.255.0.0 or 172.16.0.0/16.
Extending the mask to anything beyond 255.255.0.0 means you are subnetting. You can
quickly see that you have the ability to create a lot more subnets than with the Class C
network. If you use a mask of 255.255.248.0 (/21), how many subnets and hosts per
subnet does this allow for?

172.16.0.0 - 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
255.255.248.0 - 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
-----------------| sub |-----------

You are using five bits from the original host bits for subnets. This will allow you to have
32 subnets (25). After using the five bits for subnetting, you are left with 11 bits for host
addresses. This will allow each subnet so have 2048 host addresses (211), 2046 of which
could be assigned to devices.
PROPOSED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE