Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Higher expectations of quality of life
Rising standards of living
TTL 746 Changing attitude
2004: number of people aged over 60 amounts to
p p
40% of the entire population.
Medical Textiles 2009: 66.57 years
Minor 1
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Tata Economic Consultancy Services road map for Indian Technical Textile sector
Market size of Technical textiles in India
Market Size & Potential Market Size & Potential
(Rs. Crore) (Rs. Crore)
1. TISSUE ENGINEERS S.
Technical
Textile Sector Assumed
2003-04 2007-08 2005-06 growth rate 2014-15
2. GENE PROGRAMMERS No (Actual) per (Predicted)
annum (%)
3. Genetic Eng FARMERS 1 Clothtech 6833 8415 7583 15 26677
2 Packtech 4602 7359 5152 12 14288
3 Indutech 2212 2993 1148 12 3182
4 Sporttech 1534 2049 1773 15 6238
5 Meditech 1525 2339 1152 20 % 5945
6 Mobiltech 1323 2046 1532 10 3613
7 Hometech 1029 1897 1398 15 4918
8 Agrotech 303 464 376 20 1938
...and which jobs will disappear? 9 Protech 284 638 819 10 1931
10 Buildtech 281 478 1333 20 6877
11 Oekotech 200 6732 42 10 98
Teachers 12 Geotextiles - 6591 999 10 2357
TOTAL 20128 42006 23307 14.37 78060
‘Technical Textiles and Industrial Nonwovens: World Market Forecast to 2010’ published by
David Rigby Associates
Current Indian scenario
Sanitary napkins, baby & adult diapers : 35%
Surgical wound dressing : 30%
Sutures : 20%
Medical devices & other healthcare textiles: 15%
(angioplasty, bypass surgery,
stent, compression garments, masks)
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Fibres & Yarns ‐ Normal, Functional
Fabrics – Woven, Non‐woven, Knitted, Braided Suture Scaffolds for
Tissue
F b i ti
Fabrication Techniques
T h i – Molding, Casting
M ldi C ti engineering
Products and Technologies
Chemistry, Fibre Technol, Textile Engineering,
Mechanical Eng, Computer Sci,
Product development, Biology, Biotechnology,
Instrumentation & Biomed Eng
Non‐implantable materials Implantable materials
Nerve
Kid
Kidney, U
Urinary
i bl
bladder
dd
(Electrospinning,
(Nonwoven, 3D weaving)
Rapid prototyping)
Tendons, Ligaments
(Mono/multi-filaments, Braiding)
(Nonwoven, Weaving)Skin
Skin
Cartilage(Nonwoven, 3D
Cartilage
weaving)
Commercially available
Knitted heart valve
valve
developed at IITD
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Biocompatible Polymers
Ease of processing ‐ versatility of options
Improve strength ‐ orientation, fibre‐hydrogel composites, crosslinks
Bio‐inert Å……….Æ degradable
FDA Approved synthetic biodegradable polymers ( “ for specific
applications” )
PLA, PGA, PLGA, Poly(caprolactone), Polydioxanone
Biodegradable polymers derived from natural sources
modified polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, dextran, alginate)
Silk,
modified proteins (fibrin, casein)
Keratins: proteins that are major
components of skin, hair, feathers and
horn.
Fibrin: a protein formed when blood
clots.
De Humnai Corporis Fabrica Libri
Collagen fibre Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)
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Courtesy: Prof M Spector, MIT
The major ECM molecules present in tissues
1. Collagen fibres.
2 Elastinfibres
2. Elastinfibres.
4. Cell‐adhesion molecules (fibronectin, laminin, etc).
5. Water (about 65%).
Collagen fibres in Extra cellular matrix of cartilage
Orientation of collagen fibres determines the
mechanical behavior of the tissue.
Uniaxialorientation in tendon,
ligament
Random orientation in skin
Parallelyoriented collagen fibres Randomly oriented collagen fibres on skin
Bone is a composite-
hydroxyapatite reinforced by collagen
fibers.
Large blood vessels are interpenetrating
networks of elastin fibers and collagen
fibers.
Cells in our body produce small collagen fibres
Characteristics of collagen fibres:
digitation on surface
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20 different amino acids…… 6 types of collagen fibres.
Collagen I : striated fibres…….. Blood vessel wall, tendons, ligaments,
bone
80‐160 nm in dia
high tensile str ( Young’ s mod 1 X 109 Pa )
Collagen II :< 80 nm dia…… cartilage, intervertebral disc
Collagen IV : abundant in Basement membrane
Collagen VI : joins cells with surrounding matrix Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran (1922-2001)
Ramachandran plot is a way to visualize dihedral angles phi against psi of amino
residues in protein structures. it shows the possible conformation of of phi and psi
angles for a polypeptide.
Primary structure: complete sequence of amino acids in the
polypeptide chain. Scale: 1 nm.
Secondary structure: single peptide stands that are fold to recurring
structural patterns.…..Alpha‐helix, beta‐sheet, beta‐turn Scale: 10 nm
Tertiary structure: Three helical polypeptide units twist to form a
triple‐helical collagen molecule:
a molecular “rope” which has some bending stiffness and does not
undergo rotation.
Quaternary structure: Several collagen molecules pack side‐by‐side
in a highly specific register to give a crystalline fiber with a 64 to 67‐
nm periodicity (collagen banding pattern)….. H-bonding, salt
bridges, disulfide bonds
Differences in protein function result from differences in amino acid composition
and sequence.
Metalloprotein enzyme Collagenase degrades collagen fibers. collagen fibrils: 10-300 nm
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alanine,
glycine-alanine,
glycine-alanine-serine
Pupa
Sericin
(protein) Fibroin
(protein)
attachment of antimicrobial peptides.
Silica RGD BMP2
hydroxyapatite (iv) Slow Degradability: fast (weeks) to very slow (years)
Seaweed – brown algae
Alginate Azotobactervinelandii, Pseudomonas
Egg box model
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Fibrepropertiesdepend on ratio of G and M Ca2+
High G contentgivesmorebrittlegels, not good forfibreproduction.
High M contentgivesmoreelasticgels.
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Method of isolation
Cospinning of Alginate with other polysaccharides (such as
Seaweed + 0.1‐ 0.2 N mineral acid chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate or
heparin)
Neutralization with NaOH
(Qin Y, Gilding DK, Advanced Medical Solutions Limited (GB) , Fibres
of cospun alginates,
Precipitation in CaCl2
Parameters: United States Patent 6,080,420 , June 27, 2000 )
NaCl/CaCl2 ratio,
Exposure time,
Concentration & mol weight of modifiers
Degradation
Preparation of Alginate fibre for wound care
Lyases (bacteria, fungi) specifically
Wet spinning of alginate fibres containing 25% w/w branan ferulate 1% w/v depolymerise alginate
concentration of calcium chloride.
( Miraftab M, Qiao Q, Kennedy JF, Groocock MR, Anand SC, Advanced wound
care materials: developing an alginate fibre containing branan ferulate. J
Wound Care. 2002;11(9):353‐6 )
Method of isolation
Chitosan Dil NaOH Dil acid
Waste crab shell Deproteinization Demineralization
non‐toxic, non‐allergenic, anti‐microbial, and biodegradable Plasticizer (e.g., PEG, Glycerol) at 1‐2% (w/w) concentration added (optional)
filtered and injected into a coagulation bath at 40oC containing a mixture of 30% 0.5
Deacetylation of chitin by alkali M Na2SO4, 10% 1M NaOH and 60% distilled water.
generates chitosan
Fibers kept in this coagulation medium for 1 day & washed with distilled water.
poly[ β(1→4)‐2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranose]
Fibres are suspended in aq. 30% methanol for 4–5 hr & in 50% methanol overnight.
Extent of deacetylation governed by alkali conc and time of reaction. Hudson SM, Review of Chitin and Chitosan as fibre and film formers, J
Degree of deacetylation & MW influence characteristics of chitosan Mater Sci, Mater Med, C34(3) 375‐437, 1994
‘‘Intelligent’’ or ‘‘smart’’ materials
Smart Hydrogels are water‐swollen polymeric networks containing
chemical or physical crosslinks, which can undergo volume
Chitin and chitosan can be degraded by Lysozyme, Papain
transitions in response to minute changes in environmental
stimuli such as pH , ionic strength , temperature or electric fields which acts slowly to depolymerise the polysaccharide.
etc.
Chitosan is known to degrade in human serum in vitro.
pH sensitive‐ness of Chitosan
Insoluble Soluble
Alginate Ca2+, <pH 2 EDTA, > pH 2
The biodegradation rate of the polymer is determined by
Chitosan > pH 6.5 < pH 6.5 the amount of residual acetyl content.
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Hyaluronic acid Degradation
Hyaluronidase
Hyaff‐11 : degradation time of around 40 days
Alternating β‐1,4 and β‐1,3 glycosidic bonds
During in vivo degradation Hyaff‐11 fibres
Hyaff‐11: an esterified form of hyaluronan. become more and more hydrophilic,
forming a gel similar to native hyaluronan found
The esterification process results in a highly in the extracellular matrix.
hydrophobic polymer that can be spun, or woven.
Fidia Advanced Biopolymers, Italy