ABB AG Phase-Shifting

Power Technologies Division

Transformers Transformers
© ABB Group - 1 -

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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third
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30-Jul-08

© ABB AG - Transformers 2008

 Phase-Shifting Transformers

„ Power Flow Control

„ Use of Phase-Shifting Transformers
„ Pay-back-Considerations
„ How does a Phase-Shifting
Transformer work?
„ Examples of Technically and
Commercially Driven Applications
„ Differences to power transformers
© ABB Group - 2 -
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 Phase-Shifting Transformers
© ABB Group - 3 -
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 Power Flow Control with PST
Phase Shifting
X Transformers are Power
S L
Flow Controllers
VSVL
P= sin(φS − φL ) The phase angle
X between two systems
determine the power
exchange

VS-VL
X XT
S L I
VS VL
VSVL
P= sin(φS − φL + α )
X + XT φS - φL + α
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 Power Flow Control with PST

Power-flow between VS , φ S VL , φ L
two synchronous systems
The “natural” phase angle
G P L
difference φS - φL leads to PP
uncontrolled power flow at
G
G L P
the interfaces.

To change the angle φS or φL L

may affect third party power L L
exchange
P G
P
The use of Phase-Shifting Transformers allows the
© ABB Group - 5 -

independent control of power flow!

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 Power Flow Control
Network Solutions
„ Control power flow between
networks of different utilities
„ No influence on power flow
to other networks
„ Control load sharing between
parallel lines
„ Increase total transfer
of power
„ Transmit forced power flow
down the contract path
„ Blocks parasitic power flow from
other networks
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 Energy Efficiency
PSTs are a means to control power
flows in transmission system.
With control on power flows existing
assets can be used more efficiently
by
„ Allowing higher total flow in a
given corridor w/o violation of N-
1 criterion
„ Optimization of total losses
„ Allowing access of new
generation (e.g. wind turbine
parks)
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 Pay-Back-Consideration
Improvement and Control of the power flow,
independent of the phase angle of the system:

Increased supply of power to the

customer
e.g.
100 MW for 2000 h/a will result in
approximately 4 MEuro/a revenues (at ~ 20
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Euro/MWh)
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 Pay-Back- Consideration

The control of power flow is a pre-

requisite for marketing
transmission capacity

Selling transmission capacity

100 MW may have a value of
2 MEuro/year (at ~ 20 Euro/kW-year)

Pay back is possible within a period of

2 - 3 years !
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 Pay-Back- Consideration - Example
„ Italy‘s import capacity increased
by ~ 1000 MW
„ “N-1” Criterion fulfilled at
increased imports
„ Rapid move from stand-by to max.
phase shift
in case of other import lines trips
CH AT
EdF

F SLO
Milan
Torino
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30-Jul-08
 Principle of Phase Shifting Transformers
Transformation of
V1S the injected
V1L
voltage
V2S V2L

V3S V3L

Two core design

Series
transformer

Excited by the Tapped voltage of the neighboring

source phases, optimized intermediate
voltage Voltage
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Exciter transformer
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 Principle of Phase Shifting Transformers

V1S ∆V V1L Source voltage Ue

excites the Exciter
U1e
transformer
α
Tapped voltage of the
neighbouring phases, optimised
intermediate voltage to utilize the
U1reg tap changer best

The resulting quadrature

u1in voltage uinj
j Will be transformed and will
be injected between source
and load (Voltage ∆V)
© ABB Group - 12 -
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 Principle of Phase Shifting Transformers
The phase shifter rotates In pure phase shifting
the phasor orientation transformers a voltage in
between the source and quadrature to the source
load side. voltage is injected into the line

∆V VS
V1L VL
V3S

φL
V3L V1S

φS

αadv

V2S V2L
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30-Jul-08
 Increase of Transmission Capability

3 x 600 MVA
232/232 kV
± 35° in 59 steps
Two core design

3 units delivered Aug,

Sept, Oct 2006.
Incl. sound enclosures
+ PSGuard WAM

In operation since Dec

1, 2006
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30-Jul-08
 Example: Two Core Design
Power: 600 MVA
Voltage: 232 / 232 kV
Angle: +/- 35°

PST without cooling

equipment during
dielectric tests
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 Example: PST with Sound House
Power: 600 MVA
Voltage: 232 / 232 kV
Angle: +/- 35°

-17dB
sound enclosure
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 Example: 1630MVA, 400kV PST in Test Field
„ 1630 MVA
„ 400/ 400 kV
„ +18°
„ Losses ~ 2600 kW
„ Mass ~ 820000 kg

„ Dimensions
„ 13.2 x 15.3 x 10.2 m
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 Ratings of Phase Shifting Transformers
„ Typical specification:
„ 1630 MVA through power
„ 400 kV + 18° in certain increments
„ Impedances
„ Insulation levels BIL and AC

„ The resulting equivalent rating or physical size is a result

of the shifting power of
„ 1630 MVA x 2 sin Φ/2 = 528 MVA for the main unit and
„ 1630 MVA x 2 sin Φ/2 = 528 MVA for the series unit
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 Example: 1630MVA, 400kV in the substation

„ 1630 MVA
„ 400/ 400 kV
„ +18°
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© ABB Group - 20 -
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Transportation
 Example: Loss Minimization
Optimum sharing of flow on parallel 400 kV and 132 kV systems
„ Power: 500 MVA
„ Voltage: 400 / 132 kV
„ Regulation: + 22°, ± 12 %
„ 1 active part
„ Separate windings
„ Losses: ~ 1200 kW
„ Weight: 617,000 kg
„ Tank 13.2 x 4.4 x 5.2 m
V1L
∆V1

wr2
-vr1 V2L
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V3L
 Principle of Phase Shifting Transformers
Asymmetrical extended Delta
design
Excitation of the core
V1S ∆V V1L by the phase voltage
connected in Delta

α
A part of the resulting
voltage between
phase 2 and 3
V3L
Will be transformed
and will be injected
V2S between source and
V3S
load (Voltage ∆V)

V2L
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30-Jul-08
 Principle of Phase Shifting Transformers
Extended Delta Design
Excitation of the core
by the phase voltage
connected in Delta
V1S V1L

A part of the resulting

voltage between
V2S V2L phase 2 and 3
∆V will be transformed
and will be injected
V3S V3L
between source and
load (Voltage ∆V)
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 Principle of Phase Shifting Transformers
Single-core,
symmetric
V1S V1L design

V3L V2S

V3S V2L
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 Principle of Phase Shifting Transformers
V1S
ue11

V1L
ue12 Single-core,
symmetric design
V2S

V2L

V3S

V3L
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30-Jul-08
 Example: Control of Loading of a Cable

450 MVA
138 / 138 kV
+/- 58°
extended delta
design,
with separate
reactor
14.7 x 10.8 m
553,000 kg
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30-Jul-08
 Active Part of an Extended Delta PST
Tanking of a
450 MVA,
138 / 138 kV, 58 °

active part,
247,000 kg
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 Example 1 for economically driven PST project
Municipal utility of
Ulm, DE
EnBW

Supply from EnBW via

~ 0 MW three 110 kV substations
~ 0 MW
UW Ost One line leased with very
favorable conditions up
UW West to 80 MW
SWU
Incentive for PST:
Dellmensingen
UW Süd
Savings in
transmission fees
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0 – 80 MW
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 Example 1 for economically driven PST project
100 MVA
110/110 kV
+7° in 32 steps
Asymmetrical two core
design

ABB scope:
Support of load flow study
Technical proposal
Support in specification of
power flow controller
Delivery and erection

In operation since 12/07

Payback within about 2

© ABB Group - 29 -

years
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 Example 1 for Economically Driven PST Project
Viertelstundenwerte vom 25.11.2005 - 1.12.2005
¼ hour values of Nov 25, 2005 – Dec 1, 2005
90
Dellmensingen in MW in MW

80

70
Benefit
Dellmensingen

60 With PST
50

40
Wirkleistung
Real Power

30

20
Without PST
10

0
© ABB Group - 30 -

25-11-2005 26-11-2005 27-11-2005 28-11-2005 29-11-2005 30-11-2005 01-12-2005 02-12-2005

00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00
Zeit
Time
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 Example 2 for economically driven PST project
© ABB Group - 31 -
30-Jul-08
 Example 2 for Economically Driven PST Project
330 MVA
230/230 + 5% kV
± 79° in 32 steps
Two core design

ABB scope:
Load flow studies
Equipment rating study
Specification of PST
Delivery to site and
erection of PST
Substation designs
Protection & Control?

Line construction
starting fall 2007
© ABB Group - 32 -
30-Jul-08
 Differences to normal power transformers
„ Power for which phase shifter is dimensioned
depends on maximum phase angle
„ Higher insulation demands
„ Larger, more complex tapped windings
„ Demanding specs on OLTCs: step voltages,
switching power, reactance and capacitance of large
tapped windings
„ Phase shift in load currents on a given core limb
cause additional stray flux, forces, losses
„ Multitude of load cases to be checked for optimisation
© ABB Group - 33 -
30-Jul-08